1.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
2.
Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia
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The Embraer EMB120 Brasilia is a twin-turboprop commuter airliner, produced by Embraer of Brazil. After the success of the EMB110 Bandeirante, Embraer began the development of their first transport category airliner in 1974, the so-called Family 12X comprised three models with modular concept designs, EMB120 Araguaia, EMB123 Tapajós and EMB121 Xingu. EMB121 was the sole 12X model effectively produced, thus, a completely new aircraft – no longer related to the 12X family – was launched. No common parts from EMB121 Xingu were used, and the capacity was revised from 24 to 30 seats, originally designed to utilise the new 1500 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PW115 turboprop, it was later upgraded to the 1892 eshp PW118. The Brasilia attracted immediate interest from many airlines, particularly in the USA. The size, speed and ceiling allowed faster and more services around the US and Europe. The first aircraft entered service with Atlantic Southeast Airlines in October 1985, the basic EMB 120RT was upgraded to the extended range EMB120 ER, with older aircraft retrofitted via a Service Bulletin. Most of the EMB 120s were sold in the United States, some European airlines such as Régional in France, Atlant-Soyuz Airlines in Russia, DAT in Belgium, and DLT in Germany also purchased EMB-120s. As of 2007, it is available for one-off orders, as it shares much of the production equipment with the ERJ-145 family. The Angolan Air Force, for example, received a new EMB120 in 2007, great Lakes Airlines operates six EMB 120s in its fleet, and Ameriflight flies 10 as freighters. EMB 120ER Extended range and increased capacity version, All EMB-120ER S/Ns may be converted into the model EMB-120FC or into the model EMB-120QC. EMB 120QC Quick change cargo version, All EMB-120RT S/Ns may be converted into the model EMB-120ER. VC-97 VIP transport version for the Brazilian Air Force, as of May 2014,132 EMB120 aircraft are in airline service around the world. On July 8,1988, Brazilian Air Force Embraer EMB 120RT Brasília FAB-2001 crashed during a landing at São José dos Campos. Five of the 9 occupants died, on April 5,1991, Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 crashed on approach to Glynco Jetport in Brunswick, Georgia. The crash claimed the lives of all people on board. Senator John Tower of Texas and astronaut Sonny Carter and this was due to propeller control failure. The aircraft was operating for Delta Connection, on September 11,1991, Continental Express Flight 2574, broke up in flight and crashed at Eagle Lake, Texas, killing all 14 passengers and crew members
3.
Comair
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Operating under the brand name Delta Connection, Comair operated passenger services to destinations in the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Bahamas. Comair and Delta Air Lines announced on July 27,2012, the airline was established in March 1977, and started operations in April 1977. Patrick J. Sowers, Robert T. Tranter, David Mueller, Comair suffered a fatal crash the year following their departure. Comair began scheduled services to Akron/Canton, Cleveland, and Evansville with two Piper Navajo aircraft, Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante twin-engine turboprop commuter aircraft were added to Comairs fleet in 1982. Under its parent Comair Holdings, it became a company in July 1981 to support the growth. In 1984, Comair became a Delta Connection carrier with Delta Air Lines establishment of a hub at CVG and that same year, Comair introduced its first international flights from Cincinanti to Toronto. In July 1986 Delta Air Lines acquired 20% of Comair stock, in 1992, Comair moved into Concourse C at CVG, as Delta Air Lines gradually continued to acquire more of the airlines stock. In 1993, Comair was the customer for the Canadair Regional Jet. By 1999, Comair was the largest regional airline in the country worth over 2 billion, Delta Air Lines acquired full ownership on October 22,1999 at a cost of over $2 billion. On March 26,2001, Comairs pilots went on strike, the strike cancelled the airlines flights and grounded its fleet. The strike ended 89 days later when a new contract was agreed to, however, there were seeds sown of a bitter animosity between the Delta pilot group and Comair. During the labor dispute in early 2001, there were some Delta pilots who contributed financially to the funds of Comair pilots. Like many legacy carriers, Delta furloughed a number of pilots after the September 11 attacks in 2001. While waiting to be recalled, some Delta pilots were able to work at some of the regionals such as Atlantic Southeast Airlines. This would intensify a rift between both parties, Comair came to nationwide attention during winter 2004 when it canceled all of its flights on Saturday, December 25 and Sunday, December 26, stranding 30,000 people. The reason was a combination of snow and a crew scheduling software flaw. On December 23 and 24, a record hit the Cincinnati area. With the area highways closed due to the blizzard, no additional deicing fluid could be delivered to the airport, after receiving necessary supplies overnight, the airline began the process of startup when the computer system that handled flight crew assignments shut down
4.
Delta Connection
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Delta Connection is a regional airline brand name for Delta Air Lines, under which a number of individually owned regional airlines operate short- and medium-haul routes. Deltas lone wholly owned airline, Endeavor Air, also resides under the Delta Connection banner. Mainline carriers often use regional airlines to operate services in order to increase frequency, serve routes that would not sustain larger aircraft, Delta Connection was founded in 1984 as a means of expanding the Delta network to smaller markets via partnerships with regional airlines. Atlantic Southeast Airlines began Delta Connection service on March 1,1984, from their hub in Atlanta, ransome Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1,1984 to June 1,1986, when it was purchased by Pan Am. Comair began Delta Connection service on September 1,1984, in January,2000, Comair became a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines. Rio Airways operated Delta Connection flights from their hub in Dallas/Fort Worth from June 1,1984 to December 14,1986, business Express Airlines operated Delta Connection flights in the northeastern US and Canada from June 1,1986 to March 15,2000. The company was purchased by AMR Corporation in 1999 and integrated into the American Eagle Airlines system in 2000, Trans States Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1998 to March 31,2000, mainly from their focus cities in Boston and New York. On November 2,2004 Atlantic Coast Airlines ended service as a Delta Connection Carrier, Atlantic Coast Airlines reinvented itself as a low fare carrier called Independence Air, based at Washington Dulles International Airport. On December 22,2004, Delta Air Lines announced that Republic Airways would order, since then, it has been announced that Republic Airways subsidiary Shuttle America would operate the flights. The initial flight took place on September 1,2005, shortly after the announcement, the decision was made for Freedom Airlines to operate the Embraer ERJ145 for Delta Connection instead of the CRJ. After a legal battle with Mesa Air Group, Delta and Freedom Airlines terminated their contract on September 1,2010. On December 21,2006, it was announced that Big Sky Airlines would become a Delta Connection carrier and it was later announced that ExpressJet would operate an additional eight aircraft as Delta Connection. On July 3,2008, Delta and ExpressJet announced that they had terminated their agreement, on April 30,2007, it was announced that Pinnacle Airlines would operate 16 Bombardier CRJ-900 under the Delta Connection banner starting in December 2007. The merger of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines meant that Northwests regional brand, Northwest Airlink, the new Delta Connection would include the regional airlines from both the original Delta and Northwest. Citing cost reductions, Delta Air Lines sold former Northwest regional subsidiary Mesaba Airlines on July 1,2010 to Pinnacle Airlines Corp. for $62 million and its headquarters were moved to Pinnacles in Memphis on December 26,2011. Mesaba merged its operations into Pinnacle on January 4,2012, the same day, Trans States Holdings purchased Compass Airlines for $20.5 million USD. It has maintained both regional operations with the airlines as of January 1,2012, Delta announced that it would add in-flight WiFi to 223 Delta Connection aircraft beginning in 2011. Following a merger between Atlantic Southeast Airlines and ExpressJet, Delta Connection flights operated under the name and ceased operations as ASA
5.
Aircraft registration
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In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft, an aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft, most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers, although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F and it had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza. Also note that an aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft ownership, jurisdiction of registration. The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913, the format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters. The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a letter prefix. Smaller countries had to share a single letter prefix, but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix and this was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23,1913. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a then a group of four letters that must include a vowel. This system operated until the adoption of the system in 1928. The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings and these were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique registration, which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, the aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the countrys callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, a supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries. When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash, when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted. In some countries use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States, South Korea, and Japan
6.
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
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Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is a public international airport located in Hebron, Kentucky, United States. It serves the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area as well as portions of Northern Kentucky, the airports code, CVG, comes from the nearest major city at the time of its opening, Covington, Kentucky. CVG covers an area of 7,000 acres and it is the only airport in either Indiana, Kentucky, or Ohio that features nonstop service to Europe. The airports international destinations include Cancún, Montego Bay, Paris, Punta Cana, the airport is the busiest in Kentucky and the second busiest serving an Ohio metropolitan area. Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is the 9th largest hub for Delta Air Lines and plays host to the headquarters, the airport is a focus city for Ultra Low Cost Carriers Allegiant Air and Frontier Airlines, as well as being the largest market for Vacation Express. In addition to a rapidly diversifying list of airlines, CVG is the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America. The airport will be the hub for Amazon Prime Air. It is the largest global hub for DHL Aviation and DHL Express, ranking 6th in North America, the airport is headquarters and hub for Southern Air, which operates flights around the world for DHL Aviation. The airport offers non-stop passenger service to 56 destinations with 195 peak daily departures, president Franklin D. Roosevelt approved preliminary funds for site development of the Greater Cincinnati Airport on February 11,1942. This was part of the United States Army Air Corps program to training facilities during World War II. At the time, air traffic in the centered on Lunken Airport just southeast of central Cincinnati. Lunken opened in 1926 and was located in the Ohio River Valley, due to its location, the airport frequently experienced fog, and the 1937 flood completely submerged its runways and two-story terminal building. While federal officials wanted a site that would not be prone to flooding. A coalition of officials from Boone, Kenton and Campbell Counties in Kentucky took advantage of Cincinnatis short-sightedness, Boone County officials offered a suitable site on the provision that Kenton County paid the acquisition cost. In October 1942, Congress provided $2 million to construct four runways, the field officially opened August 12,1944, with the first B-17 bombers beginning practice runs on August 15. As the tide of the war had turned, the Air Corps only used the field until 1945 before it was declared surplus. On October 27,1946, a wooden terminal building opened. The first commercial flight, on an American Airlines DC-3 from Cleveland, Ohio, landed at the airport January 10,1947, a Delta Air Lines flight followed moments later
7.
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
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It is Michigans busiest airport, and one of the largest airline hubs in the country. The Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a large hub primary commercial service facility, the airport is Delta Air Lines second-largest hub by flight count. Detroit serves as the gateway to Asia for the Eastern United States for Delta and is also the third-busiest gateway to Europe for the airline. The airport is a gateway for tourism in metropolitan Detroit and is one of SkyTeams major Midwestern hubs. It is also the fourth-largest base for Spirit Airlines and is a connecting point between the Eastern and the Western United States. Detroit Metropolitan Airport has maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400, in 2012 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport was the 16th-busiest airport in the United States and the 44th-busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger traffic. In terms of operations, it remains one of the ten busiest airfields in North America. Metro Airport also serves the Toledo, Ohio, area, approximately 40 miles south of the airport, the airport serves over 140 destinations and was named the best large U. S. airport in customer satisfaction by J. D. Power & Associates in 2010. Wayne County began to plan an airport in the townships of the county as early as 1927. Construction was completed in 1929, and the first landing was on February 22,1930 and that year Thompson Aeronautical Corporation, a forerunner of American Airlines, began service from the airport. From 1931 until 1945 the airport hosted Michigan Air National Guard operations gained by the United States Army Air Forces and it was named Romulus Field during the war, it was then all east of Merriman Rd and north of Goddard Rd. It was renamed Detroit-Wayne Major Airport in 1947, and in the three years expanded threefold as three more runways were built. In 1949 runways 3L/21R and 9L/27R were built, and in 1950 runway 4R/22L was added, pan-Am, and BOAC, were the first passenger airlines at Detroit-Wayne Major. In the April 1957 Official Airline Guide, they were the only passenger airlines, three Pan Am DC-7Cs per week FRA–LHR–SNN–DTW–ORD and back, and one BOAC DC-7C per week LHR–PIK–YUL–DTW–ORD, aerial photographs of DTW from 1949 and 1956 show the airports expansion. American Airlines shifted to Detroit-Wayne in October 1958, followed by Northwest, Allegheny, also in 1958, the L. C. Smith Terminal was completed and the airport was given its present name. Northwests flights to MSP were DTWs only nonstops west beyond Chicago and Milwaukee until 1966, the North Terminal opened in 1966 and a third terminal, the Michael Berry International Terminal, opened in 1974. The last of its original three runways was completed in 1976. A new parallel crosswind runway opened in 1993, Republic Airlines began hub operations in 1984, and its merger with Northwest Airlines in 1986 expanded the hub
8.
National Transportation Safety Board
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The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent U. S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents. When requested, the NTSB will assist the military and foreign governments with accident investigation, the NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D. C, as of December 2014, it has four regional offices located in Anchorage, Alaska, Denver, Colorado, Ashburn, Virginia, and Seattle, Washington. The agency also operates a training center at its Ashburn facility. The origin of the NTSB was in the Air Commerce Act of 1926, the USAs first independent Air Safety Board was established in 1938, it lasted only fourteen months. In 1940, this authority was transferred to the Civil Aeronautics Boards newly formed Bureau of Aviation Safety, in 1967, Congress created a separate cabinet-level Department of Transportation, which among other things established the Federal Aviation Administration as an agency under the DOT. At the same time, the NTSB was established as an independent agency which absorbed the Bureau of Aviation Safetys responsibilities. However, from 1967 to 1975, the NTSB reported to the DOT for administrative purposes, while conducting investigations into the Federal Aviation Administration, also a DOT agency. To avoid any conflict, Congress passed the Independent Safety Board Act, as of 2015, the NTSB has investigated over 140,000 aviation incidents and several thousand surface transportation incidents. Formally, the National Transportation Safety Board refers to a five-manager investigative board whose five members are nominated by the President, no more than three of the five members may be from the same political party. This board is authorized by Congress under Chapter 11, Title 49 of the United States Code to investigate civil aviation, highway, marine, pipeline, and railroad accidents and incidents. This five-member board is authorized to establish and manage separate sub-offices for highway, marine, aviation, railroad, pipeline, collectively, National Transportation Safety Board, the Safety Board or NTSB is used to refer to the entire investigative agency established and managed by this five-member board. As of December 2015, Christopher A. Hart is Chairman of the NTSB, the board also includes Robert L. Sumwalt and Earl F. Weener, and has one vacant seat. Based on the results of investigations within its jurisdiction, the NTSB issues formal safety recommendations to agencies, the NTSB considers safety recommendations to be its primary tool for preventing future civil transportation accidents. However, the NTSB does not have the authority to enforce its safety recommendations, the NTSB is the lead agency in the investigation of a civil transportation accident or incident within its sphere. The go team can have as few as 3-4 people or as many as a dozen, following the investigation, the agency may then choose to hold public hearings on the issue. Ultimately, it will publish a report which may include safety recommendations based on its findings
9.
Aviation safety
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Aviation safety is a term encompassing the theory, investigation, and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation, education, and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of air travel, during the 1920s, the first laws were passed in the USA to regulate civil aviation. Based on the current numbers flying, this would equate to 7,000 fatal incidents per year, the World Bank has published the reliable data of the frequency of passengers carried by Air Transport in the Year 2012 obtained from the International Civil Aviation Organization. The United States of America has the largest number of Commercial Air Transport Passengers, china the next largest with 318,475,924. The United States had an International Flight frequency of 9,560,451 in 2012, the Civil Aviation Authority, JAR and EASA have published that there is a fatal accident ratio of one per million flights. The main cause is Pilot in Command error, between 1990–2006, there were 1441 commuter and air taxi crashes in the U. S. of which 373 were fatal, resulting in 1063 deaths. A disproportionate number of all U. S. aircraft crashes occur in Alaska, Alaska accounted for 513 of the total U. S. crashes. Another aspect of safety is protection from attack currently known as Security, the terrorist attacks of 2001 are not counted as accidents. However, even if they were counted as accidents they would have added about 2 deaths per 2,000,000,000 person-miles. Two months later, American Airlines Flight 587 crashed in New York City, killing 256 people including 5 on the ground, even so, the rate that year including the attacks, is safe compared to some other forms of transport when measured by distance traveled. Safety has improved from better aircraft design, engineering and maintenance, the evolution of navigation aids and it is often reported that air travel is the safest in terms of deaths per passenger mile. The National Transportation Safety Board reports 1.3 deaths per hundred million miles for travel by car. However, airplanes often have hundreds of passengers, unlike road vehicles, the number of deaths per passenger mile on commercial airlines in the United States between 1995 and 2000 is about 3 deaths per 10 billion passenger miles. A modern-day Honeywell Intuvue weather system visualizes weather patterns up to 300 miles away, one of the first navigation aids to be introduced was airfield lighting to assist pilots to make landings in poor weather or after dark. The Precision Approach Path Indicator was developed from this in the 1930s and this later became adopted internationally through the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization. In 1929 Jimmy Doolittle developed instrument flight, with the spread of radio technology, several experimental radio based navigation aids were developed from the late 1920s onwards. A form of ILS was adopted by the ICAO for international use in 1949, VHF omnidirectional range stations became the predominant means of route navigation during the 1960s, superseding the low frequency radio ranges and the non-directional beacon. The ground based VOR stations were often co-located with DME transmitters, with the proper receiving equipment in the aircraft, pilots could know their radials in degrees to/from the VOR station, as well as the slant range distance
10.
The Cincinnati Enquirer
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The Cincinnati Enquirer is a morning daily newspaper published by Gannett Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The Enquirer has the highest circulation of any print publication in the Cincinnati metropolitan area, a daily local edition for Northern Kentucky is published as The Kentucky Enquirer. The Enquirer is available online at the Cincinnati. com website, the Enquirer is regarded as a conservative, Republican-leaning newspaper, in contrast to The Cincinnati Post, a former competing daily. From 1920 to 2012, the board endorsed every Republican candidate for United States president. By contrast, the current editorial board claims to take a pragmatic editorial stance, according to editor Peter Bhatia, It is made up of pragmatic, solution-driven members who, frankly, don’t have much use for extreme ideologies from the right or the left. The board’s mantra in our editorials has been about problem-solving and improving the quality of life for everyone in greater Cincinnati, on September 24,2016, the Enquirer endorsed Hillary Clinton for president, the first endorsement of a Democrat for president since Woodrow Wilson in 1916. The Kentucky Enquirer consists of an additional section wrapped around the Cincinnati Enquirer, the front page is remade from the Ohio edition, although it may contain similar elements. Since September 2015, the Enquirer and local Fox affiliate WXIX-TV have partnered on news gathering and have shared news coverage and video among the paper, broadcasts, the Enquirers predecessor was the Phoenix, edited by Moses Dawson as early as 1828. It later became the Commercial Advertiser and in 1838 the Cincinnati Advertiser, by the time John and Charles Brough purchased it and renamed it the Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, it was considered a newspaper of record for the city. The Enquirers first issue, on April 10,1841, consisted of just four pages of squint-inducing text that was, at times and it declared its staunch support for the Democratic Party, in contrast to the three Whig papers and two ostensibly independent papers then in circulation. A weekly digest edition for regional farmers, the Weekly Cincinnati Enquirer, began publishing on April 14 and would continue until November 25,1843, in November 1843, the Enquirer merged with the Daily Morning Message to become the Enquirer and Message. In January 1845, the dropped the Message name, becoming The Cincinnati Daily Enquirer. Finally, in May 1849, the paper became The Cincinnati Enquirer, on April 20,1848, the Enquirer became one of the first newspapers in the United States to publish a Sunday edition. In 1844, James J. Faran took an interest in the Enquirer, in 1848, Washington McLean and his brother S. B. Wiley McLean acquired an interest in the Enquirer. On March 22,1866, a gas leak caused Pikes Opera House to explode, a competitor, the Cincinnati Daily Times, allowed the Enquirer to print on its presses in the wake of the disaster. As a result, the Enquirer missed only one day of publication, however, archives of the papers first 25 years were lost. Washington McLean was a leading Copperhead whose editorial policies led to the suppression of the paper by the United States government during the Civil War, after the war, McLean pursued an anti-Republican stance. One of his star writers was Lafcadio Hearn, who wrote for the paper from 1872 to 1875, James W. Faulkner served as the papers political correspondent, covering the Ohio State Legislature and Statehouse, from 1887 until his death in 1923
11.
Aviation accidents and incidents
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If the aircraft is destroyed or severely damaged so that it must be written off, it is further defined as a hull loss accident. Annex 13 further defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident,583, The Tenerife airport disaster, which occurred on March 27,1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 attempted to take off without clearance, there were no survivors from the KLM aircraft,61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error was the cause, as the KLM captain began his takeoff run without obtaining air traffic control clearance. A contributing factor was the dense fog, the KLM flight crew could not see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately before the collision. The accident had a influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control communication by controllers and pilots alike. Furthermore, all members of the crew are now able to question the captains judgment concerning the safety of the airliner. 520, The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 on August 12,1985, is the disaster with the highest number of fatalities,520 people died on board a Boeing 747. Pilots were able to keep the plane flying for 32 minutes after the mechanical failure before crashing into a mountain, all 15 crew members and 505 of the 509 passengers on board died. The death toll was exacerbated by delays in the rescue operation, although a number of people survived the impact, by the time the Japanese rescue teams arrived at the crash site all but four had succumbed to their injuries. 349, On November 12,1996, the worlds deadliest mid-air collision was the Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision involving Saudia Flight 763 and Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 over Charkhi Dadri, the collision was mainly the result of the Kazakh pilot flying lower than the assigned clearance altitude. All 349 passengers and crew on both aircraft died. The Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Commission, empowered to study the causes, recommended the creation of the semi-circular rule,346, On March 3,1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashed in a forest northeast of Paris, France. The London-bound plane crashed shortly after taking off from Orly airport and it was later determined that the cargo door detached, which caused an explosive decompression, this caused the floor just above to collapse. The collapsed floor severed the control cables, which left the pilots without control of the elevators, the plane entered a steep dive and crashed. It was the deadliest plane crash of all time until the Tenerife disaster in 1977,329, On June 23,1985, Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747-237B crashed off the southwest coast of Ireland when a bomb exploded in the cargo hold. All 307 passengers and 22 crew members died, one passenger had checked in as M. Singh
12.
Korean Air Flight 801
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Korean Air Flight 801 crashed on August 6,1997, on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, in the United States territory of Guam, the aircraft crashed on Nimitz Hill in Asan, Guam, while on approach to the airport. Flight 801 departed from Seoul-Kimpo International Airport at 8,53 p. m. on August 5 on its way to Guam and it carried two pilots, a flight engineer,14 flight attendants, and 237 passengers, a total of 254 people. Of the passengers, three were children between the ages of 2 and 12 and three were 24 months old or younger, six of the passengers were Korean Air flight attendants who were deadheading. Park had originally scheduled to fly to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, since he did not have enough rest for the Dubai trip. The flight experienced some turbulence but was uneventful until shortly after 1,00 a. m. on August 6, there was heavy rain at Guam so visibility was significantly reduced and the crew attempted an instrument landing. The crew noticed that the aircraft was descending steeply. Of the 254 people on board,228 died as a result of the crash, the rescue effort was hampered by the weather, terrain, and other problems. Emergency vehicles could not approach due to a fuel pipeline destroyed by the crash, United States Navy Seabees of NMCB133 were some of the first on the scene as they utilized their earth moving equipment to clear roadways and timber from the crash site approach. The Seabees used backhoes to crack open the plane to rescue survivors. There was confusion over the administration of the effort, the crash occurred on land owned by the United States Navy, the hull had disintegrated, and jet fuel in the wing tanks had sparked a fire which was still burning eight hours after impact. Gutierrez found 11-year-old Rika Matsuda, a South Korean citizen from Japan who boarded the flight with her mother, Rika Matsuda described what happened to her and her mother to interpreters. Cho could not free herself from the aircraft and told Rika to run away, luggage piled on the girl and her mother as the crash occurred, Rika Matsuda said her mother, unable to free herself, asked her to leave. After escaping from the aircraft, Rika discovered a flight attendant. They stayed together until Gutierrez discovered them, Rika Matsuda, treated at Guam Memorial Hospital in Tamuning, was released on August 7,1997.85 inches Hg. The U. S. National Transportation Safety Board investigation report stated that a factor was that the ATC Minimum Safe Altitude Warning system at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport had been modified so as to limit spurious alarms. The DME was sited at the NIMITZ VOR some 3, nevertheless the correct DME distances were shown on the approach chart
