1.
Atmospheric icing
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Atmospheric icing occurs when water droplets in the atmosphere freeze on objects they contact. This can be dangerous to aircraft, as the built-up ice changes the aerodynamics of the flight surfaces. For this reason, ice protection systems are considered critical components of flight. Not all water freezes at 0 °C or 32 °F, liquid water below this temperature is called supercooled, and such supercooled droplets cause the icing problems on aircraft. Below −20 °C, icing is rare because clouds at these usually consist of ice particles rather than supercooled water droplets. Below −48 °C, supercooled water cannot exist, therefore icing is impossible, icing also occurs on towers, wind turbines, boats, oil rigs, trees and other objects exposed to low temperatures and water droplets. Ice loads are a cause of catastrophic failures of overhead electric power lines. Their estimation is, therefore, crucial in the design of power line systems. And can be done by numerical icing models that include meteorological data, a number of aircraft crashes have been caused by ice. In other incidents icing was a contributory factor
2.
Ida Township, Michigan
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Ida Township is a civil township of Monroe County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,964 at the 2010 census, the township was organized in 1837 and was named after Ida M. Taylor, a local civic leader. The township is served by Ida Public Schools, Ida is an unincorporated community on the northern boundary of the township at 41°54′39″N 83°34′25″W. There is a Glacial Erratic rock visible from Geiger Road ~1 mile northeast of the Ida High School just north of Ida East Road. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 36.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,949 people,1,622 households, the population density was 134.7 per square mile. There were 1,655 housing units at a density of 45.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 98. 48% White,0. 14% African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 20% Asian,0. 51% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 25% of the population. 12. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.32. In the township the population was out with 29. 5% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,29. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 105.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males, the median income for a household in the township was $57,106, and the median income for a family was $60,990. Males had an income of $46,130 versus $28,456 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,074, about 1. 9% of families and 2. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 7% of those under age 18 and 4. 4% of those age 65 or over
3.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia
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The Embraer EMB120 Brasilia is a twin-turboprop commuter airliner, produced by Embraer of Brazil. After the success of the EMB110 Bandeirante, Embraer began the development of their first transport category airliner in 1974, the so-called Family 12X comprised three models with modular concept designs, EMB120 Araguaia, EMB123 Tapajós and EMB121 Xingu. EMB121 was the sole 12X model effectively produced, thus, a completely new aircraft – no longer related to the 12X family – was launched. No common parts from EMB121 Xingu were used, and the capacity was revised from 24 to 30 seats, originally designed to utilise the new 1500 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PW115 turboprop, it was later upgraded to the 1892 eshp PW118. The Brasilia attracted immediate interest from many airlines, particularly in the USA. The size, speed and ceiling allowed faster and more services around the US and Europe. The first aircraft entered service with Atlantic Southeast Airlines in October 1985, the basic EMB 120RT was upgraded to the extended range EMB120 ER, with older aircraft retrofitted via a Service Bulletin. Most of the EMB 120s were sold in the United States, some European airlines such as Régional in France, Atlant-Soyuz Airlines in Russia, DAT in Belgium, and DLT in Germany also purchased EMB-120s. As of 2007, it is available for one-off orders, as it shares much of the production equipment with the ERJ-145 family. The Angolan Air Force, for example, received a new EMB120 in 2007, great Lakes Airlines operates six EMB 120s in its fleet, and Ameriflight flies 10 as freighters. EMB 120ER Extended range and increased capacity version, All EMB-120ER S/Ns may be converted into the model EMB-120FC or into the model EMB-120QC. EMB 120QC Quick change cargo version, All EMB-120RT S/Ns may be converted into the model EMB-120ER. VC-97 VIP transport version for the Brazilian Air Force, as of May 2014,132 EMB120 aircraft are in airline service around the world. On July 8,1988, Brazilian Air Force Embraer EMB 120RT Brasília FAB-2001 crashed during a landing at São José dos Campos. Five of the 9 occupants died, on April 5,1991, Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 crashed on approach to Glynco Jetport in Brunswick, Georgia. The crash claimed the lives of all people on board. Senator John Tower of Texas and astronaut Sonny Carter and this was due to propeller control failure. The aircraft was operating for Delta Connection, on September 11,1991, Continental Express Flight 2574, broke up in flight and crashed at Eagle Lake, Texas, killing all 14 passengers and crew members
7.
Comair
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Operating under the brand name Delta Connection, Comair operated passenger services to destinations in the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Bahamas. Comair and Delta Air Lines announced on July 27,2012, the airline was established in March 1977, and started operations in April 1977. Patrick J. Sowers, Robert T. Tranter, David Mueller, Comair suffered a fatal crash the year following their departure. Comair began scheduled services to Akron/Canton, Cleveland, and Evansville with two Piper Navajo aircraft, Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante twin-engine turboprop commuter aircraft were added to Comairs fleet in 1982. Under its parent Comair Holdings, it became a company in July 1981 to support the growth. In 1984, Comair became a Delta Connection carrier with Delta Air Lines establishment of a hub at CVG and that same year, Comair introduced its first international flights from Cincinanti to Toronto. In July 1986 Delta Air Lines acquired 20% of Comair stock, in 1992, Comair moved into Concourse C at CVG, as Delta Air Lines gradually continued to acquire more of the airlines stock. In 1993, Comair was the customer for the Canadair Regional Jet. By 1999, Comair was the largest regional airline in the country worth over 2 billion, Delta Air Lines acquired full ownership on October 22,1999 at a cost of over $2 billion. On March 26,2001, Comairs pilots went on strike, the strike cancelled the airlines flights and grounded its fleet. The strike ended 89 days later when a new contract was agreed to, however, there were seeds sown of a bitter animosity between the Delta pilot group and Comair. During the labor dispute in early 2001, there were some Delta pilots who contributed financially to the funds of Comair pilots. Like many legacy carriers, Delta furloughed a number of pilots after the September 11 attacks in 2001. While waiting to be recalled, some Delta pilots were able to work at some of the regionals such as Atlantic Southeast Airlines. This would intensify a rift between both parties, Comair came to nationwide attention during winter 2004 when it canceled all of its flights on Saturday, December 25 and Sunday, December 26, stranding 30,000 people. The reason was a combination of snow and a crew scheduling software flaw. On December 23 and 24, a record hit the Cincinnati area. With the area highways closed due to the blizzard, no additional deicing fluid could be delivered to the airport, after receiving necessary supplies overnight, the airline began the process of startup when the computer system that handled flight crew assignments shut down
8.
Delta Connection
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Delta Connection is a regional airline brand name for Delta Air Lines, under which a number of individually owned regional airlines operate short- and medium-haul routes. Deltas lone wholly owned airline, Endeavor Air, also resides under the Delta Connection banner. Mainline carriers often use regional airlines to operate services in order to increase frequency, serve routes that would not sustain larger aircraft, Delta Connection was founded in 1984 as a means of expanding the Delta network to smaller markets via partnerships with regional airlines. Atlantic Southeast Airlines began Delta Connection service on March 1,1984, from their hub in Atlanta, ransome Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1,1984 to June 1,1986, when it was purchased by Pan Am. Comair began Delta Connection service on September 1,1984, in January,2000, Comair became a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines. Rio Airways operated Delta Connection flights from their hub in Dallas/Fort Worth from June 1,1984 to December 14,1986, business Express Airlines operated Delta Connection flights in the northeastern US and Canada from June 1,1986 to March 15,2000. The company was purchased by AMR Corporation in 1999 and integrated into the American Eagle Airlines system in 2000, Trans States Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1998 to March 31,2000, mainly from their focus cities in Boston and New York. On November 2,2004 Atlantic Coast Airlines ended service as a Delta Connection Carrier, Atlantic Coast Airlines reinvented itself as a low fare carrier called Independence Air, based at Washington Dulles International Airport. On December 22,2004, Delta Air Lines announced that Republic Airways would order, since then, it has been announced that Republic Airways subsidiary Shuttle America would operate the flights. The initial flight took place on September 1,2005, shortly after the announcement, the decision was made for Freedom Airlines to operate the Embraer ERJ145 for Delta Connection instead of the CRJ. After a legal battle with Mesa Air Group, Delta and Freedom Airlines terminated their contract on September 1,2010. On December 21,2006, it was announced that Big Sky Airlines would become a Delta Connection carrier and it was later announced that ExpressJet would operate an additional eight aircraft as Delta Connection. On July 3,2008, Delta and ExpressJet announced that they had terminated their agreement, on April 30,2007, it was announced that Pinnacle Airlines would operate 16 Bombardier CRJ-900 under the Delta Connection banner starting in December 2007. The merger of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines meant that Northwests regional brand, Northwest Airlink, the new Delta Connection would include the regional airlines from both the original Delta and Northwest. Citing cost reductions, Delta Air Lines sold former Northwest regional subsidiary Mesaba Airlines on July 1,2010 to Pinnacle Airlines Corp. for $62 million and its headquarters were moved to Pinnacles in Memphis on December 26,2011. Mesaba merged its operations into Pinnacle on January 4,2012, the same day, Trans States Holdings purchased Compass Airlines for $20.5 million USD. It has maintained both regional operations with the airlines as of January 1,2012, Delta announced that it would add in-flight WiFi to 223 Delta Connection aircraft beginning in 2011. Following a merger between Atlantic Southeast Airlines and ExpressJet, Delta Connection flights operated under the name and ceased operations as ASA
9.
Aircraft registration
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In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft, an aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft, most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers, although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F and it had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza. Also note that an aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft ownership, jurisdiction of registration. The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913, the format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters. The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a letter prefix. Smaller countries had to share a single letter prefix, but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix and this was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23,1913. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a then a group of four letters that must include a vowel. This system operated until the adoption of the system in 1928. The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings and these were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique registration, which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, the aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the countrys callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, a supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries. When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash, when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted. In some countries use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States, South Korea, and Japan
10.
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
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Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is a public international airport located in Hebron, Kentucky, United States. It serves the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area as well as portions of Northern Kentucky, the airports code, CVG, comes from the nearest major city at the time of its opening, Covington, Kentucky. CVG covers an area of 7,000 acres and it is the only airport in either Indiana, Kentucky, or Ohio that features nonstop service to Europe. The airports international destinations include Cancún, Montego Bay, Paris, Punta Cana, the airport is the busiest in Kentucky and the second busiest serving an Ohio metropolitan area. Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is the 9th largest hub for Delta Air Lines and plays host to the headquarters, the airport is a focus city for Ultra Low Cost Carriers Allegiant Air and Frontier Airlines, as well as being the largest market for Vacation Express. In addition to a rapidly diversifying list of airlines, CVG is the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America. The airport will be the hub for Amazon Prime Air. It is the largest global hub for DHL Aviation and DHL Express, ranking 6th in North America, the airport is headquarters and hub for Southern Air, which operates flights around the world for DHL Aviation. The airport offers non-stop passenger service to 56 destinations with 195 peak daily departures, president Franklin D. Roosevelt approved preliminary funds for site development of the Greater Cincinnati Airport on February 11,1942. This was part of the United States Army Air Corps program to training facilities during World War II. At the time, air traffic in the centered on Lunken Airport just southeast of central Cincinnati. Lunken opened in 1926 and was located in the Ohio River Valley, due to its location, the airport frequently experienced fog, and the 1937 flood completely submerged its runways and two-story terminal building. While federal officials wanted a site that would not be prone to flooding. A coalition of officials from Boone, Kenton and Campbell Counties in Kentucky took advantage of Cincinnatis short-sightedness, Boone County officials offered a suitable site on the provision that Kenton County paid the acquisition cost. In October 1942, Congress provided $2 million to construct four runways, the field officially opened August 12,1944, with the first B-17 bombers beginning practice runs on August 15. As the tide of the war had turned, the Air Corps only used the field until 1945 before it was declared surplus. On October 27,1946, a wooden terminal building opened. The first commercial flight, on an American Airlines DC-3 from Cleveland, Ohio, landed at the airport January 10,1947, a Delta Air Lines flight followed moments later
11.
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
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It is Michigans busiest airport, and one of the largest airline hubs in the country. The Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a large hub primary commercial service facility, the airport is Delta Air Lines second-largest hub by flight count. Detroit serves as the gateway to Asia for the Eastern United States for Delta and is also the third-busiest gateway to Europe for the airline. The airport is a gateway for tourism in metropolitan Detroit and is one of SkyTeams major Midwestern hubs. It is also the fourth-largest base for Spirit Airlines and is a connecting point between the Eastern and the Western United States. Detroit Metropolitan Airport has maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400, in 2012 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport was the 16th-busiest airport in the United States and the 44th-busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger traffic. In terms of operations, it remains one of the ten busiest airfields in North America. Metro Airport also serves the Toledo, Ohio, area, approximately 40 miles south of the airport, the airport serves over 140 destinations and was named the best large U. S. airport in customer satisfaction by J. D. Power & Associates in 2010. Wayne County began to plan an airport in the townships of the county as early as 1927. Construction was completed in 1929, and the first landing was on February 22,1930 and that year Thompson Aeronautical Corporation, a forerunner of American Airlines, began service from the airport. From 1931 until 1945 the airport hosted Michigan Air National Guard operations gained by the United States Army Air Forces and it was named Romulus Field during the war, it was then all east of Merriman Rd and north of Goddard Rd. It was renamed Detroit-Wayne Major Airport in 1947, and in the three years expanded threefold as three more runways were built. In 1949 runways 3L/21R and 9L/27R were built, and in 1950 runway 4R/22L was added, pan-Am, and BOAC, were the first passenger airlines at Detroit-Wayne Major. In the April 1957 Official Airline Guide, they were the only passenger airlines, three Pan Am DC-7Cs per week FRA–LHR–SNN–DTW–ORD and back, and one BOAC DC-7C per week LHR–PIK–YUL–DTW–ORD, aerial photographs of DTW from 1949 and 1956 show the airports expansion. American Airlines shifted to Detroit-Wayne in October 1958, followed by Northwest, Allegheny, also in 1958, the L. C. Smith Terminal was completed and the airport was given its present name. Northwests flights to MSP were DTWs only nonstops west beyond Chicago and Milwaukee until 1966, the North Terminal opened in 1966 and a third terminal, the Michael Berry International Terminal, opened in 1974. The last of its original three runways was completed in 1976. A new parallel crosswind runway opened in 1993, Republic Airlines began hub operations in 1984, and its merger with Northwest Airlines in 1986 expanded the hub
12.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
13.
National Transportation Safety Board
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The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent U. S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents. When requested, the NTSB will assist the military and foreign governments with accident investigation, the NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D. C, as of December 2014, it has four regional offices located in Anchorage, Alaska, Denver, Colorado, Ashburn, Virginia, and Seattle, Washington. The agency also operates a training center at its Ashburn facility. The origin of the NTSB was in the Air Commerce Act of 1926, the USAs first independent Air Safety Board was established in 1938, it lasted only fourteen months. In 1940, this authority was transferred to the Civil Aeronautics Boards newly formed Bureau of Aviation Safety, in 1967, Congress created a separate cabinet-level Department of Transportation, which among other things established the Federal Aviation Administration as an agency under the DOT. At the same time, the NTSB was established as an independent agency which absorbed the Bureau of Aviation Safetys responsibilities. However, from 1967 to 1975, the NTSB reported to the DOT for administrative purposes, while conducting investigations into the Federal Aviation Administration, also a DOT agency. To avoid any conflict, Congress passed the Independent Safety Board Act, as of 2015, the NTSB has investigated over 140,000 aviation incidents and several thousand surface transportation incidents. Formally, the National Transportation Safety Board refers to a five-manager investigative board whose five members are nominated by the President, no more than three of the five members may be from the same political party. This board is authorized by Congress under Chapter 11, Title 49 of the United States Code to investigate civil aviation, highway, marine, pipeline, and railroad accidents and incidents. This five-member board is authorized to establish and manage separate sub-offices for highway, marine, aviation, railroad, pipeline, collectively, National Transportation Safety Board, the Safety Board or NTSB is used to refer to the entire investigative agency established and managed by this five-member board. As of December 2015, Christopher A. Hart is Chairman of the NTSB, the board also includes Robert L. Sumwalt and Earl F. Weener, and has one vacant seat. Based on the results of investigations within its jurisdiction, the NTSB issues formal safety recommendations to agencies, the NTSB considers safety recommendations to be its primary tool for preventing future civil transportation accidents. However, the NTSB does not have the authority to enforce its safety recommendations, the NTSB is the lead agency in the investigation of a civil transportation accident or incident within its sphere. The go team can have as few as 3-4 people or as many as a dozen, following the investigation, the agency may then choose to hold public hearings on the issue. Ultimately, it will publish a report which may include safety recommendations based on its findings
14.
Icing conditions
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In aviation, icing conditions are those atmospheric conditions that can lead to the formation of water ice on the surfaces of an aircraft, or within the engine as carburetor icing. Inlet icing is another engine-related danger, often occurring in jet aircraft and these icing phenomena do not necessarily occur together. Many aircraft, especially general aviation aircraft, are not certified for flight into known icing—icing conditions certain or likely to exist, based on reports, observations. These parameters affect the extent and speed that characterize the formation of ice on an aircraft, federal Aviation Regulations contain a definition of icing conditions that some aircraft are certified to fly into. So-called SLD, or supercooled large droplet, conditions are those that exceed that specification, qualitatively, pilot reports indicate icing conditions in terms of their effect upon the aircraft, and will be dependent upon the capabilities of the aircraft. Different aircraft may report the same conditions as different levels of icing as a result. Clear ice is often clear and smooth, Supercooled water droplets, or freezing rain, strike a surface but do not freeze instantly. Often horns or protrusions are formed and project into the airflow, rime ice is rough and opaque, formed by supercooled drops rapidly freezing on impact. Forming mostly along an airfoils stagnation point, it conforms to the shape of the airfoil. Mixed ice is a combination of clear and rime ice, frost ice is the result of water freezing on unprotected surfaces while the aircraft is stationary. SLD ice refers to ice formed in Supercooled Large Droplet conditions and it is similar to clear ice, but because droplet size is large, it extends to unprotected parts of the aircraft and forms larger ice shapes, faster than normal icing conditions. This was a factor in the crash of American Eagle Flight 4184, the wing will ordinarily stall at a lower angle of attack, and thus a higher airspeed, when contaminated with ice. Even small amounts of ice will have an effect, and if the ice is rough, thus an increase in approach speed is advisable if ice remains on the wings. How much of an increase depends on both the type and amount of ice. Stall characteristics of an aircraft with ice contaminated wings will be degraded, the ice accretion may be asymmetric between the two wings. Also, the part of a wing, which is ordinarily thinner and thus a better collector of ice. Several methods exist to reduce the dangers of icing, the first, and simplest, is to avoid icing conditions altogether, but for many flights this is not practical. If ice are present on a prior to takeoff, they must be removed from critical surfaces
15.
Federal Aviation Administration
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The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers, Aviation Safety — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics. Commercial Space Transportation — ensures protection of U. S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles, the FAA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. as well as the William J. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, in fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the system of lighted airways. The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways, in 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency. The legislation also expanded the role by giving them the authority. President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Civil Aeronautics Board, CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines, the CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency, on the eve of Americas entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war, the application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions and this legislation gave the CAAs functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, the FAAs first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower
16.
Airspeed
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Airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air. Among the common conventions for qualifying airspeed are indicated airspeed, calibrated airspeed, equivalent airspeed, true airspeed, true airspeed is equivalent airspeed adjusted for air density, and is also the speed of the aircraft through the air in which it is flying. Calibrated airspeed is typically within a few knots of indicated airspeed, with EAS constant, true airspeed increases as aircraft altitude increases. The measurement and indication of airspeed is ordinarily accomplished on board an aircraft by an airspeed indicator connected to a pitot-static system. The pitot-static system comprises one or more pitot probes facing the air flow to measure pitot pressure. These two pressures are compared by the ASI to give an IAS reading, indicated airspeed is the airspeed indicator reading uncorrected for instrument, position, and other errors. Outside the former Soviet bloc, most airspeed indicators show the speed in knots, some light aircraft have airspeed indicators showing speed in statute miles per hour or kilometers per hour. An airspeed indicator is a pressure gauge with the pressure reading expressed in units of speed. The airspeed is derived from the difference between the ram air pressure from the tube, or stagnation pressure, and the static pressure. The pitot tube is mounted facing forward, the pressure is frequently detected at static ports on one or both sides of the aircraft. Sometimes both pressure sources are combined in a probe, a pitot-static tube. The static pressure measurement is subject to error due to inability to place the static ports at positions where the pressure is true static pressure at all airspeeds, the correction for this error is the position error correction and varies for different aircraft and airspeeds. Further errors of 10% or more are common if the airplane is flown in “uncoordinated” flight, calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument errors, position error and installation errors. Calibrated airspeed values less than the speed of sound at sea level are calculated as follows. Units other than knots and inches of mercury can be used and this expression is based on the form of Bernoullis equation applicable to a perfect, incompressible gas. The values for P0 and A0 are consistent with the ISA i. e. the conditions under which airspeed indicators are calibrated. Equivalent airspeed is defined as the speed at sea level that would produce the same incompressible dynamic pressure as the true airspeed at the altitude at which the vehicle is flying, an aircraft in forward flight is subject to the effects of compressibility. Likewise, the airspeed is a function of the compressible impact pressure
17.
Flight envelope
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In aerodynamics, the flight envelope, service envelope, or performance envelope of an aircraft refers to the capabilities of a design in terms of airspeed and load factor or altitude. The term is loosely applied, and can also refer to other measurements such as maneuverability. When a plane is pushed, for instance by diving it at speeds, it is said to be flown outside the envelope. Flight envelope is one of a number of related terms that are all used in a similar fashion and it is perhaps the most common term because it is the oldest, first being used in the early days of test flying. It is closely related to more modern terms known as extra power, extra power, or specific excess power, is a very basic method of determining an aircrafts flight envelope. It is easily calculated, but as a downside does not tell much about the actual performance of the aircraft at different altitudes. Choosing any particular set of parameters will generate the power for a particular aircraft for those conditions. For instance a Cessna 150 at 2,500 ft altitude and 90 mph speed needs about 60 hp to fly straight, the C150 is normally equipped with a 100 hp engine, so in this particular case the plane has 40 hp of extra power. In overall terms this is very little power, 60% of the engines output is already used up just keeping the plane in the air. The leftover 40 hp is all that the aircraft has to maneuver with, meaning it can climb, turn, to put this in perspective, the C150 could not maintain a 2g turn, which would require 120 hp under the same conditions. For the same conditions a fighter aircraft might require more power due to their wings being inefficient at low speeds. However modern jet engines can provide power, the equivalent of 50,000 hp typically. With this amount of power the aircraft can achieve very high maximum rate of climb, even climb straight up, make powerful continual maneuvers. A doghouse plot generally shows the relation between speed at level flight and altitude, although other variables are also possible and it takes more effort to make than an extra power calculation, but in turn provides much more information such as ideal flight altitude. The plot typically looks something like an upside-down U and is referred to as a doghouse plot due to its resemblance to a doghouse. The diagram on the shows a very simplified plot which shall be used to explain the general shape of the plot. The outer edges of the diagram, the envelope, show the conditions that the aircraft can reach in straight. For instance, the described by the black altitude envelope on the right can fly at altitudes up to about 52,000 feet
18.
American Eagle Flight 4184
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American Eagle Flight 4184 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Indianapolis, Indiana to Chicago, Illinois, United States. On October 31,1994, the ATR72 performing this route flew into severe icing conditions, lost control, all 68 people aboard were killed in the high speed impact. The aircraft involved, registration N401AM, was built by the French-Italian aircraft manufacturer ATR and was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 turbo-prop engines and it made its first flight on March 7,1994, and was delivered to American Eagle on March 24,1994. It was operated by Simmons Airlines on behalf of American Eagle, American Eagle was the banner carrier regional airline branding program of AMR Corporations regional system, prior to the formation of the fully certificated carrier named American Eagle Airlines. The captain of Flight 4184 was Orlando Aguiar,29 and he was an experienced pilot with almost 8,000 hours of flight time, including 1,548 hours in the ATR. Colleagues described Aguiars flying skills in terms and commented on the relaxed cockpit atmosphere that he promoted. The first officer was Jeffrey Gagliano,30 and he was also considered to be a competent pilot by colleagues and he had accumulated more than 5,000 flight hours, of which 3,657 hours in the ATR. The two flight attendants were 27-year-old Sandi Modaff, and 23-year-old Amanda Holberg, the weather condition of the area of Roselawn, Indiana, was recorded by National Weather Service. A cold front was extended from the low pressure center in a southwesterly direction. The surface temperatures of the accident site was reported of 7 degrees Celsius, nWSs analysis indicated a low pressure area with the center located in west central Indiana at 1800. The temperatures in the area where flight 4184 was holding were reported near 3 degrees Celsius with moisture evident, temperatures were near minus 4 degrees Celsius with moisture evident in northern Indiana. However, the report was estimated that the observation was made about 30 minutes after the accident, the flight was en route from Indianapolis International Airport, Indiana, to OHare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois. Bad weather in Chicago caused delays, prompting air traffic control to hold Flight 4184 over the nearby LUCIT intersection at 10,000 ft, while holding, the plane encountered freezing rain, a dangerous icing condition where supercooled droplets rapidly cause intense ice buildup. Soon after, they were cleared to descend to 8,000 ft, after this descent the pilots were ordered to enter another hold. During the descent, a warning sound indicating an overspeed warning due to the flaps was heard in the cockpit. After the pilot took action by retracting the flaps, a noise was heard on the cockpit voice recorder. Flight recorder data showed that the aircraft went through at least one full roll, after which Aguiar. However, another roll occurred shortly thereafter, fewer than thirty seconds later, at 3,59 p. m. contact was lost as the plane crashed into a soybean field near Roselawn, Indiana, killing all 64 passengers and 4 crew on board
19.
Aviation safety
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Aviation safety is a term encompassing the theory, investigation, and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation, education, and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of air travel, during the 1920s, the first laws were passed in the USA to regulate civil aviation. Based on the current numbers flying, this would equate to 7,000 fatal incidents per year, the World Bank has published the reliable data of the frequency of passengers carried by Air Transport in the Year 2012 obtained from the International Civil Aviation Organization. The United States of America has the largest number of Commercial Air Transport Passengers, china the next largest with 318,475,924. The United States had an International Flight frequency of 9,560,451 in 2012, the Civil Aviation Authority, JAR and EASA have published that there is a fatal accident ratio of one per million flights. The main cause is Pilot in Command error, between 1990–2006, there were 1441 commuter and air taxi crashes in the U. S. of which 373 were fatal, resulting in 1063 deaths. A disproportionate number of all U. S. aircraft crashes occur in Alaska, Alaska accounted for 513 of the total U. S. crashes. Another aspect of safety is protection from attack currently known as Security, the terrorist attacks of 2001 are not counted as accidents. However, even if they were counted as accidents they would have added about 2 deaths per 2,000,000,000 person-miles. Two months later, American Airlines Flight 587 crashed in New York City, killing 256 people including 5 on the ground, even so, the rate that year including the attacks, is safe compared to some other forms of transport when measured by distance traveled. Safety has improved from better aircraft design, engineering and maintenance, the evolution of navigation aids and it is often reported that air travel is the safest in terms of deaths per passenger mile. The National Transportation Safety Board reports 1.3 deaths per hundred million miles for travel by car. However, airplanes often have hundreds of passengers, unlike road vehicles, the number of deaths per passenger mile on commercial airlines in the United States between 1995 and 2000 is about 3 deaths per 10 billion passenger miles. A modern-day Honeywell Intuvue weather system visualizes weather patterns up to 300 miles away, one of the first navigation aids to be introduced was airfield lighting to assist pilots to make landings in poor weather or after dark. The Precision Approach Path Indicator was developed from this in the 1930s and this later became adopted internationally through the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization. In 1929 Jimmy Doolittle developed instrument flight, with the spread of radio technology, several experimental radio based navigation aids were developed from the late 1920s onwards. A form of ILS was adopted by the ICAO for international use in 1949, VHF omnidirectional range stations became the predominant means of route navigation during the 1960s, superseding the low frequency radio ranges and the non-directional beacon. The ground based VOR stations were often co-located with DME transmitters, with the proper receiving equipment in the aircraft, pilots could know their radials in degrees to/from the VOR station, as well as the slant range distance
20.
The Cincinnati Enquirer
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The Cincinnati Enquirer is a morning daily newspaper published by Gannett Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The Enquirer has the highest circulation of any print publication in the Cincinnati metropolitan area, a daily local edition for Northern Kentucky is published as The Kentucky Enquirer. The Enquirer is available online at the Cincinnati. com website, the Enquirer is regarded as a conservative, Republican-leaning newspaper, in contrast to The Cincinnati Post, a former competing daily. From 1920 to 2012, the board endorsed every Republican candidate for United States president. By contrast, the current editorial board claims to take a pragmatic editorial stance, according to editor Peter Bhatia, It is made up of pragmatic, solution-driven members who, frankly, don’t have much use for extreme ideologies from the right or the left. The board’s mantra in our editorials has been about problem-solving and improving the quality of life for everyone in greater Cincinnati, on September 24,2016, the Enquirer endorsed Hillary Clinton for president, the first endorsement of a Democrat for president since Woodrow Wilson in 1916. The Kentucky Enquirer consists of an additional section wrapped around the Cincinnati Enquirer, the front page is remade from the Ohio edition, although it may contain similar elements. Since September 2015, the Enquirer and local Fox affiliate WXIX-TV have partnered on news gathering and have shared news coverage and video among the paper, broadcasts, the Enquirers predecessor was the Phoenix, edited by Moses Dawson as early as 1828. It later became the Commercial Advertiser and in 1838 the Cincinnati Advertiser, by the time John and Charles Brough purchased it and renamed it the Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, it was considered a newspaper of record for the city. The Enquirers first issue, on April 10,1841, consisted of just four pages of squint-inducing text that was, at times and it declared its staunch support for the Democratic Party, in contrast to the three Whig papers and two ostensibly independent papers then in circulation. A weekly digest edition for regional farmers, the Weekly Cincinnati Enquirer, began publishing on April 14 and would continue until November 25,1843, in November 1843, the Enquirer merged with the Daily Morning Message to become the Enquirer and Message. In January 1845, the dropped the Message name, becoming The Cincinnati Daily Enquirer. Finally, in May 1849, the paper became The Cincinnati Enquirer, on April 20,1848, the Enquirer became one of the first newspapers in the United States to publish a Sunday edition. In 1844, James J. Faran took an interest in the Enquirer, in 1848, Washington McLean and his brother S. B. Wiley McLean acquired an interest in the Enquirer. On March 22,1866, a gas leak caused Pikes Opera House to explode, a competitor, the Cincinnati Daily Times, allowed the Enquirer to print on its presses in the wake of the disaster. As a result, the Enquirer missed only one day of publication, however, archives of the papers first 25 years were lost. Washington McLean was a leading Copperhead whose editorial policies led to the suppression of the paper by the United States government during the Civil War, after the war, McLean pursued an anti-Republican stance. One of his star writers was Lafcadio Hearn, who wrote for the paper from 1872 to 1875, James W. Faulkner served as the papers political correspondent, covering the Ohio State Legislature and Statehouse, from 1887 until his death in 1923
21.
Cincinnati Enquirer
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The Cincinnati Enquirer is a morning daily newspaper published by Gannett Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The Enquirer has the highest circulation of any print publication in the Cincinnati metropolitan area, a daily local edition for Northern Kentucky is published as The Kentucky Enquirer. The Enquirer is available online at the Cincinnati. com website, the Enquirer is regarded as a conservative, Republican-leaning newspaper, in contrast to The Cincinnati Post, a former competing daily. From 1920 to 2012, the board endorsed every Republican candidate for United States president. By contrast, the current editorial board claims to take a pragmatic editorial stance, according to editor Peter Bhatia, It is made up of pragmatic, solution-driven members who, frankly, don’t have much use for extreme ideologies from the right or the left. The board’s mantra in our editorials has been about problem-solving and improving the quality of life for everyone in greater Cincinnati, on September 24,2016, the Enquirer endorsed Hillary Clinton for president, the first endorsement of a Democrat for president since Woodrow Wilson in 1916. The Kentucky Enquirer consists of an additional section wrapped around the Cincinnati Enquirer, the front page is remade from the Ohio edition, although it may contain similar elements. Since September 2015, the Enquirer and local Fox affiliate WXIX-TV have partnered on news gathering and have shared news coverage and video among the paper, broadcasts, the Enquirers predecessor was the Phoenix, edited by Moses Dawson as early as 1828. It later became the Commercial Advertiser and in 1838 the Cincinnati Advertiser, by the time John and Charles Brough purchased it and renamed it the Daily Cincinnati Enquirer, it was considered a newspaper of record for the city. The Enquirers first issue, on April 10,1841, consisted of just four pages of squint-inducing text that was, at times and it declared its staunch support for the Democratic Party, in contrast to the three Whig papers and two ostensibly independent papers then in circulation. A weekly digest edition for regional farmers, the Weekly Cincinnati Enquirer, began publishing on April 14 and would continue until November 25,1843, in November 1843, the Enquirer merged with the Daily Morning Message to become the Enquirer and Message. In January 1845, the dropped the Message name, becoming The Cincinnati Daily Enquirer. Finally, in May 1849, the paper became The Cincinnati Enquirer, on April 20,1848, the Enquirer became one of the first newspapers in the United States to publish a Sunday edition. In 1844, James J. Faran took an interest in the Enquirer, in 1848, Washington McLean and his brother S. B. Wiley McLean acquired an interest in the Enquirer. On March 22,1866, a gas leak caused Pikes Opera House to explode, a competitor, the Cincinnati Daily Times, allowed the Enquirer to print on its presses in the wake of the disaster. As a result, the Enquirer missed only one day of publication, however, archives of the papers first 25 years were lost. Washington McLean was a leading Copperhead whose editorial policies led to the suppression of the paper by the United States government during the Civil War, after the war, McLean pursued an anti-Republican stance. One of his star writers was Lafcadio Hearn, who wrote for the paper from 1872 to 1875, James W. Faulkner served as the papers political correspondent, covering the Ohio State Legislature and Statehouse, from 1887 until his death in 1923
22.
Aviation accidents and incidents
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If the aircraft is destroyed or severely damaged so that it must be written off, it is further defined as a hull loss accident. Annex 13 further defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident,583, The Tenerife airport disaster, which occurred on March 27,1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 attempted to take off without clearance, there were no survivors from the KLM aircraft,61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error was the cause, as the KLM captain began his takeoff run without obtaining air traffic control clearance. A contributing factor was the dense fog, the KLM flight crew could not see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately before the collision. The accident had a influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control communication by controllers and pilots alike. Furthermore, all members of the crew are now able to question the captains judgment concerning the safety of the airliner. 520, The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 on August 12,1985, is the disaster with the highest number of fatalities,520 people died on board a Boeing 747. Pilots were able to keep the plane flying for 32 minutes after the mechanical failure before crashing into a mountain, all 15 crew members and 505 of the 509 passengers on board died. The death toll was exacerbated by delays in the rescue operation, although a number of people survived the impact, by the time the Japanese rescue teams arrived at the crash site all but four had succumbed to their injuries. 349, On November 12,1996, the worlds deadliest mid-air collision was the Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision involving Saudia Flight 763 and Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 over Charkhi Dadri, the collision was mainly the result of the Kazakh pilot flying lower than the assigned clearance altitude. All 349 passengers and crew on both aircraft died. The Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Commission, empowered to study the causes, recommended the creation of the semi-circular rule,346, On March 3,1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashed in a forest northeast of Paris, France. The London-bound plane crashed shortly after taking off from Orly airport and it was later determined that the cargo door detached, which caused an explosive decompression, this caused the floor just above to collapse. The collapsed floor severed the control cables, which left the pilots without control of the elevators, the plane entered a steep dive and crashed. It was the deadliest plane crash of all time until the Tenerife disaster in 1977,329, On June 23,1985, Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747-237B crashed off the southwest coast of Ireland when a bomb exploded in the cargo hold. All 307 passengers and 22 crew members died, one passenger had checked in as M. Singh
23.
1997 Israeli helicopter disaster
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The crash brought about widespread national mourning, and is considered a leading factor in Israels decision to withdraw from southern Lebanon in 2000. Following the 1982 Lebanon War, Israel had withdrawn to a security zone in southern Lebanon, Israel had originally moved troops by ground, but this policy was changed as the threat of roadside bombs increased. As a result, Israel increasingly began ferrying soldiers by air into southern Lebanon, on February 4, the weather conditions were still poor for flying due to fog, but in the afternoon visibility improved, and the mission was allowed to go forward. The two helicopters took off from Tel Nof Airbase and flew to Rosh Pina Airport, from where they collected the troops, one helicopter, numbered 903, was designated to fly to the Pumpkin Outpost, east of Nabatiyeh, and had four crew and 32 passengers on board. The second helicopter,357, was to fly to an Israeli position at Beaufort Castle, at 6,48 PM, after final approval was given and the soldiers had been briefed, both helicopters were cleared to take off. Three minutes later, the disappeared from radar. The two helicopters collided over Shear Yashuv in northern Israel, an Israeli investigation concluded that the rotor of helicopter 357 had struck the tail of helicopter 903. Helicopter 357 immediately crashed, while the crew of helicopter 903 attempted to control of it, but failed. The crash brought about widespread national grieving,6 February was declared an official day of mourning. In addition, thousands of Israelis went to pray at the Western Wall, a commission headed by David Ivry was set up to investigate the cause of the collision, the deadliest air disaster in Israeli history. The committee finished its investigation in mid-April of the same year, the disaster sparked renewed debate about Israels occupation of southern Lebanon. Later that year, the Four Mothers, an anti-war protest movement dedicated to pressing for an Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon, was founded and this event is seen as a catalyst for Israels withdrawal from the security zone in Lebanon in 2000. A memorial to the 73 dead IDF soldiers was created near the site next to the cemetery of Kibbutz Dafna. The memorial consists of a number of elements, the most visible being 73 stones erected around a pool to which water is directed through a channel. The 73 names are written on black blocks placed under the water of the pool, the monument was designed by architect Shlomit Shlomo, landscape architects Haim Cohen and Gilad Sharon, sculptor Rami Feldstein, sculptor Dani Caravan acted as an adviser for the project. 1977 Israeli Air Force Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion crash Segal, Naomi, pilot error may be cause of horrific helicopter crash, Jewish Telegraphic Agency,14 February 1997. Discipline recommended in copter crash that killed 73, Jewish Telegraphic Agency,25 April 1997, military helicopters collide in Israel, killing scores, CNN,4 February 1997. The Israeli Helicopter Crash- Reactions in Lebanon, News at Lebanon,5 February 1997
24.
Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 106
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Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 106 crashed on 19 April 1997, taking the lives of 11 of the 48 passengers and 4 of the 5 crew. The plane crashed during landing after a failed go-around in bad weather and this was the first hull loss of a British Aerospace ATP. The aircraft was a BAe ATP C/n / msn 2048, Which had its first flight in 1992, there were five crew, And 48 passengers,11 passengers and 4 crew died in the accident. 53 passengers and crew were on board, merpati flight 106 departed Jakarta on a domestic flight to Tanjung Pandan. The BAe ATP airplane named Sangeang had been cleared for a runway 36 approach at Tanjung Pandan and it reportedly entered a steep left bank while descending through 2,000 feet. Control was lost and the plane crashed in a coconut grove, one of the propellers was found to be feathered
25.
China Southern Airlines Flight 3456
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China Southern Airlines Flight 3456 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Chongqing to Shenzhen Huangtian Airport, Guangdong, China. On May 8,1997, the Boeing 737 performing this route crashed during the attempt to land in a thunderstorm. The flight number 3456 is still used by China Southern for the Chongqing-Shenzhen route but with Airbus A320 family aircraft. The captain of Flight 3456 was 36-year-old Yougui Lin, at the time of the crash, he had logged 12,738 hours of flying time. The first officer, Dexin Kong,45, had 15,537 hours of flying time. At 21,33, the weather recorded was 290 degrees wind at 7 metres per second, visibility 2,000 metres, showers, low clouds at 210 metres, cumulonimbus at 1,200 metres, temperature at 23 ℃. On May 8,1997, Flight 3456 took off from Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport at 19,45 local time, at 20,07, the Shenzhen Airport approach controller cleared the flight to the approach of Runway 33. At 20,17, the Tower informed the crew heavy rain on final, at 20,18,07, the crew stated they have established ILS approach. At 21,18,53, the crew advised ATC that they spotted the approach lightings, the controller was able to see the landing light of the plane, but it was not clear due to the rain. At 21,19,33, the aircraft touched down on the south of the runway, the crew decided to go around. The aircraft made a turn while climbing up to 1,200 metres. The crew were asked to turn on the transponder to show the ATC their position, at 21,23,57, the crew informed the ATC they are on the downwind side, and requested other aircraft to clear off the airspace for Flight 3456s landing. At 21,23,40, the crew declared an emergency, at the time, the main warning, hydraulic system warning and the gear warning were all triggered in the cockpit. At 21,24,58, the crew asked for an emergency airfield support. The aircraft then turned around, reported will land towards the south, at 21,28,30, the aircraft skidded off the runway, broke into three pieces and caught on fire, killing 33 passengers and 2 crew members. The first landing attempt was toward north, debris from the nose gear was found scattered near the southern end of the runway, indicating the left front tyre had exploded during the first touch down. Fallouts including rivets, metal sheets, rubber tube and retaining clip could also be found on the runway surface, the second landing attempt was toward south. A clear surface scratch from the fuselage was found 427 metres from the runway threshold, the aircraft disintegrated after rolling approximately 600 metres across the runway and burst into flames
26.
FedEx Express Flight 14
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FedEx Express Flight 14 was a scheduled cargo flight from Singapore to Newark, New Jersey, via Malaysia, Taiwan, and Alaska. On July 31,1997, the aircraft flying this route crashed during landing on its final segment at Newark Liberty International Airport, Flight 14 crashed while landing on runway 22R at Newark Airport on July 31,1997. The flight originated in Singapore with intermediate stops in Penang, Malaysia followed by Taipei, Taiwan, in addition to the Captain and First Officer there were three passengers on board, including one riding in the jump seat. During the flight, the pilots were concerned that they would have little stopping distance after landing, the aircraft had departed with one thrust reverser inoperative, and the pilots knew of incidents in the crafts maintenance log where the auto-brakes had failed to activate during landings. They had also misinterpreted the data, and so believed they had less stopping distance than was actually available. The landing was normal until the beginning of the flare phase, the MD-11 touched down, bounced, and rolled to the right. On the second touchdown, about 1,100 feet later, the gear snapped. The aircraft came to rest off the side of the runway, on its back. All five occupants escaped through a cockpit window, the airplane was destroyed by fire. The aircraft, named Joshua by FedEx, construction number 48603 and line number 553, was a McDonnell Douglas MD-11F freight model, registered in the United States as N611FE, the aircraft was delivered new to FedEx in September 1993. Prior to the crash, the aircraft had a total of 13,034 flight hours and 2,950 flight cycles, in January 1994, when it sustained underbelly damage during a bounced landing at Memphis International Airport. Then in November 1994, the aircraft was involved in a tailstrike at Anchorage International Airport, permanent repairs were made from the Anchorage incident within days of the tailstrike, and permanent repairs to the Memphis incident were made at the next C check in August 1995. FedEx Express Flight 80 China Airlines Flight 642 List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network Images of the crash on Airliners. net
27.
Korean Air Flight 801
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Korean Air Flight 801 crashed on August 6,1997, on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, in the United States territory of Guam, the aircraft crashed on Nimitz Hill in Asan, Guam, while on approach to the airport. Flight 801 departed from Seoul-Kimpo International Airport at 8,53 p. m. on August 5 on its way to Guam and it carried two pilots, a flight engineer,14 flight attendants, and 237 passengers, a total of 254 people. Of the passengers, three were children between the ages of 2 and 12 and three were 24 months old or younger, six of the passengers were Korean Air flight attendants who were deadheading. Park had originally scheduled to fly to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, since he did not have enough rest for the Dubai trip. The flight experienced some turbulence but was uneventful until shortly after 1,00 a. m. on August 6, there was heavy rain at Guam so visibility was significantly reduced and the crew attempted an instrument landing. The crew noticed that the aircraft was descending steeply. Of the 254 people on board,228 died as a result of the crash, the rescue effort was hampered by the weather, terrain, and other problems. Emergency vehicles could not approach due to a fuel pipeline destroyed by the crash, United States Navy Seabees of NMCB133 were some of the first on the scene as they utilized their earth moving equipment to clear roadways and timber from the crash site approach. The Seabees used backhoes to crack open the plane to rescue survivors. There was confusion over the administration of the effort, the crash occurred on land owned by the United States Navy, the hull had disintegrated, and jet fuel in the wing tanks had sparked a fire which was still burning eight hours after impact. Gutierrez found 11-year-old Rika Matsuda, a South Korean citizen from Japan who boarded the flight with her mother, Rika Matsuda described what happened to her and her mother to interpreters. Cho could not free herself from the aircraft and told Rika to run away, luggage piled on the girl and her mother as the crash occurred, Rika Matsuda said her mother, unable to free herself, asked her to leave. After escaping from the aircraft, Rika discovered a flight attendant. They stayed together until Gutierrez discovered them, Rika Matsuda, treated at Guam Memorial Hospital in Tamuning, was released on August 7,1997.85 inches Hg. The U. S. National Transportation Safety Board investigation report stated that a factor was that the ATC Minimum Safe Altitude Warning system at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport had been modified so as to limit spurious alarms. The DME was sited at the NIMITZ VOR some 3, nevertheless the correct DME distances were shown on the approach chart
28.
Vietnam Airlines Flight 815
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Vietnam Airlines Flight 815 was a scheduled Vietnam Airlines flight from Ho Chi Minh City to Phnom Penhs Pochentong Airport. The Tupolev Tu-134B-3 aircraft crashed on final approach approximately 800 meters short of the runway, Flight 815 departed Ho Chi Minh City around 1 oclock in the afternoon for the 45-minute flight to Phnom Penh. The aircraft was approaching the Phnom Penh airport from the east in heavy rain, the airport previously had a VOR/DME located on station, but it had been looted the previous July. As a result, the frequency of aborted landings had increased over the rainy season, the runway lights had also been looted, but were reportedly replaced and illuminated at the time. Once in range of the NDB, the pilot asked the tower for permission to land at 5,000 feet. The control tower agreed, but requested the pilot remind the control tower often of its approach, however, when the plane approached the airport it was at 3,000 feet when the pilot again asked for permission to land, stating that he could not find the runway. The pilot was given permission to drop to 2,000 feet and was told to keep in contact, after a moment the control tower inquired if the pilot had found the runway, to which the pilot replied that he could not see the runway. The control tower informed the pilot that the wind direction was changing. The pilot was on an approach to runway 23, the tower requested that the pilot instead approach runway 5 from the west. Continuing on the eastern approach would cause the pilot to attempt to land downwind, the pilot acknowledged the request, and had no further contact with the control tower. Two minutes later, Flight 815 was spotted still approaching from the east, the plane kept descending until it was 200 feet above the ground. The cockpit voice recorder showed at that time the first officer, Hoang Van Dinh, asked the captain, Pham Van Tieu, to pull up and abort the landing, the captain said he would wait a little. The plane descended to 100 feet, still with no visual of the runway, at point the first officer. It was too late, however, four seconds later the wing of the plane struck a palm tree. At that time they were not in line with the runway, striking the tree caused one engine to stop. The right wing skimmed across a house, the plane tilted to the left and hit the ground at 270 kph. Eyewitnesses state that began to spew out of the planes tail after it struck the tree. One witness states he saw a door open and could see passengers crowded at the door
29.
Royal Brunei Airlines Flight 238
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Royal Brunei Airlines Flight 238 was a scheduled flight from Labuan to Bandar Seri Begawan and Miri. On 6 September 1997, the Dornier Do 228 registered as 9M-MIA crashed on approach to Miri, killing both crew members and all eight passengers on board. Flight 238, a Dornier Do 228 took off from Brunei International Airport at 19,03 local time with 8 passengers, the flight crew of flight 238 requested clearance to land at the airport. Air traffic control cleared the flight for the approach to runway 02. At 19,42 while on approach to the runway, Flight 238 crashed into a slope at 500m in Lambir Hills National Park, the wreckage of the Dornier Do 228 was found at 07,10 the next morning. Aviastar Flight 7503 ASN Aircraft accident Dornier 228-212 9M-MIA Miri
30.
Helikopter Service Flight 451
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The aircraft was en route from Brønnøysund Airport, Brønnøy to Norne, an offshore Floating production storage and offloading vessel. The accident was caused by a crack in a spline of a power transmission shaft connector. All twelve people on board were killed in the crash, the accident aircraft was an AS332 L1 Super Puma helicopter, manufactured by Eurocopter, registration LN-OPG. At 06,00 a. m. local time, Helikopter Service Flight 451 took off from Brønnøysund Airport with two pilots and ten passengers, heading for the Statoil operated FPSO Norne. The route was a daily shuttle due to lack of accommodation on Norne during the period when the vessel was under commissioning. The flight proceeded as normal until 06,50,07 hours when the engine overspeed light was observed for a short time, the co-pilot read out the corresponding information from the emergency checklist, before they continued the approach to land on Norne. At 06,52,41 hours the crew contacted Transocean Prospect, at 06,54,42 hours they informed Bodø ATCC that they were leaving 2,000 ft. with an estimated time of arrival of 07,05 hours. According to the cockpit voice recorder, the abnormal indications recurred at 06,55,37 hours before something strange was observed at 06,55,55 hours. A thud was heard at 06,56,30 hours, then, after a loud crunching sound 1.7 seconds later, the helicopter fell to the sea from around 1,800 ft. and all on board were killed as a result of the impact. The wreckage sank and came to rest at a depth of 830 meters, retrospective analysis of HUMS data showed that vibrations at the location where this accelerometer was mounted was above the setpoint value before the accident. The part of HUMS that was serviceable stored relevant information, but those data had to be retrieved by maintenance staff, at the time of the accident, usage of HUMS in offshore helicopters was in an early phase and not required by regulations. Regulation of HUMS in offshore helicopters was one of 18 recommendations in the final AIBN report
31.
Garuda Indonesia Flight 152
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All 234 passengers and crew were killed in the disaster. The crash site was in a ravine near the village of Buah Nabar in the Sibolangit district south of Medan, Flight 152 remains the deadliest single-plane crash in Indonesia, and the deadliest aviation accident in 1997. 120 seconds prior to impact, the crew was asked to turn left further, to 215 degrees, and descend to 1500 feet,500 feet below the approved altitude for the procedure. At 1. 30pm, ATC directed the flight to turn right heading 045 to line up for arrival into runway 5, air traffic controllers then became confused as to which plane they were talking to, as a Merpati flight was also in the area at the time. This confusion led to the failure to notice that the Garuda plane was flying dangerously low in a hilly area. The crew confirmed they had initiated the right turn towards Runway 5 after they were asked to, shortly after this, the pilots screamed Allahu Akbar. as the mountain in front came into view. A transcript of the communications between the aircraft and Medan ATC shows this confusion. The directions brought the plane to a mountainous area requiring an altitude of at least 7,500 feet, normally, the plane would descend to 2,000 feet at 6.6 miles. According to the transcript, the pilot asked for confirmation of the instructions and was told to go on, yanto Tanoto, the Chief Executive Officer of pulp and rayon company PT Inti Indorayon Utama Polar. The remaining 186 bodies were identified and returned to their families for private burial, the cause of the crash, according to the official report of the National Transportation Safety Board, were, The aircraft turned left instead of right as instructed by the ATC due to miscommunication. The aircraft descended below the altitude of 2,000 feet. The following transcript is an extract of the air traffic control communications as appeared in the press. MNA241 is Merpati Flight 241 BOU683 is Bouraq Flight 683 GIA152 is Garuda Flight 152 MEDAN is the Medan air traffic controller Exchange between MEDAN and GIA152 are in bold. The first lawsuit was filed by Nolan Law Group in Chicago, Illinois on September 24,1998 on behalf of American passengers Fritz and Djoeminah Baden. Additional lawsuits were filed in state and federal courts in Chicago related to more victims from Indonesia, Germany, England, Italy. The sole defendant in the lawsuits was Sundstrand Corporation, the company designed and manufactured the Mark-II ground proximity warning system installed on the Airbus 300. The flight data recorder revealed that the warning from the GPWS sounded only five seconds before the airplane made contact with the treetops, perhaps the most critical memo was one written by Hamilton-Sundstrand engineer Donald Bateman, who wrote, Based on recent flight demonstrations. Of the MK II GPWS, I have become concerned about the Excessive Rate Detector Circuits in the MK II computers
32.
Tajikistan Airlines Flight 3183
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Tajikistan Airlines Flight 3183 was a Tupolev Tu-154B-1 which crashed on 15 December 1997 on approach to Sharjah Airport in the United Arab Emirates. There was a survivor, the navigator, from a crew of seven. It is the third-worst aviation disaster in the history of the United Arab Emirates, the aircraft departed from Khujand Airport in the afternoon of 15 December 1997. Upon entering the airspace of the Emirate of Sharjah the aircraft began to descend, preparing for final approach, the crew did not notice they were too low, and the aircraft crashed into the desert approximately 13 kilometres east of Sharjah airport. All 79 passengers were killed along with 6 of the crew, the sole survivor was identified as the flight navigator, 37-year-old Sergei Petrov. The International Civil Aviation Organization suggested the cause was The pilot descended below the assigned altitude. Contributing factors were self-induced stress, slight turbulence and non-adherence to operating procedures, the President of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, offered condolences to his Tajik counterpart Emomalii Rahmon after the crash. All 85 victims were from Khujand, the coffins were flown there for burial. As many as 3,000 people gathered in the square of Khujand for the mourning, while Tajik Prime Minister, Yahyo Azimov. Nineteen of the bodies were severely damaged and could not be identified, they were subsequently buried in a mass grave
33.
Aerosvit Flight 241
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On 17 December 1997, the Yakovlev Yak-42 operating the flight registered as UR-42334 flew into a mountainside during a missed approach into Thessaloniki in Greece. All 70 people aboard the aircraft were killed, the crash was the third deadliest plane crash in Greeces history, behind Olympic Airways Flight 954 and Helios Airways Flight 522 and was the fifth deadliest plane crash involving a Yakovlev Yak-42. It was the 14th loss of a Yakovlev Yak-42, Investigation carried out by the Greek Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board concluded that the cause of the crash was due to pilot error. The crew lost their situational awareness while carrying a missed approach in Thessaloniki, as a result, the plane flew onto terrain. Aerosvit Flight 241 was originally scheduled to be operated by a Boeing 737, the first sector of the flight from Kiev-Odessa was operated by the Boeing 737 but due to engine issues the aircraft was swapped to a Yakovlev Yak-42. The flight continued onwards towards Thessaloniki, Greece, flying through Ukrainian and Bulgarian airspace, according to the Greek investigation team, this was the first time the crew flew to Thessaloniki. The weather was snowing at the time, at the time, Thessaloniki Tower was communicating with an Olympic Airways flight. Thessaloniki Tower was asking an Olympic Airways flight to descent, the crew of Flight 241, however, misinterpreted this and thought that the descent was meant for them. Thessaloniki Tower then clarified that the order was meant for Olympic Airways, Flight 241 later cleared to decrease its altitude to FL100. After its clearance to FL100, Flight 241 was ordered to approach waypoint LAMBI, everything was normal in the cockpit until Flight 241 arrived at point LAMBI. In the following minutes, confusion started to prevail in the cockpit, the flight did not follow the arc of LAMBI arrival as instructed by the ATC. Instead, they followed another direction, towards THS/NDB, the Ground Proximity Warning System then sounded twice. However, the crew didnt react and ignored the warnings, Flight 241 then missed the localizer course twice, in trying to establish on the localizer course. The crew didnt realize that they had overshot the airport, by not following the published procedure for transitioning to and engaging the localizer and with the rapid descent required, the flight crew was unable to establish a stabilized approach. Thessaloniki Tower reported to the crew of Flight 241 that they had overshot the airport, confusion occurred on the cockpit as they didnt know the heading for an approach. They later asked for a heading, however their request was not heard by the controller, the crew were told to head north and hold for a second attempt. The crew failed to do the published missed ILS approach procedure, instead of flying to the north as instructed by the ATC, Flight 241 headed west-southwest, flying into the side of Mount Pieria at 3,300 feet. Shortly afterwards, Flight 241 went missing, a search party was formed when the flight went missing
34.
SilkAir Flight 185
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The NTSB, which had jurisdiction based on Boeings manufacture of the aircraft in the United States, investigated the crash under lead investigator Greg Feith. Its investigation concluded that the crash was the result of flight control inputs. The Indonesian NTSC, led by Engineering Professor Oetarjo Diran, was unable to determine a cause of the crash, another potential factor that led to the crash of the 737 aircraft was the power control unit that controlled the aircrafts rudder. The cause of some 737 crashes such as USAir Flight 427 had been attributed to the 737s rudder issues, the manufacturer of the aircrafts rudder controls and the families later reached an out-of-court settlement. The aircraft operating flight 185 was a Boeing 737-300 with manufacturer serial number 28556, having completed its maiden flight in January 1997, the aircraft was delivered to SilkAir in February 1997,10 months before the crash. At the time of the accident, it was the newest aircraft in SilkAirs fleet and had accumulated 2,238 flight hours in 1,306 cycles, generally fair weather was expected for the route, except for some thunderstorms near Singkep Island,120 km south of Singapore. The aircraft was cleared to climb to flight level 350, about 35,000 ft, at 15,47,06, while climbing through 24,500 ft, the crew requested clearance to proceed directly to waypoint PARDI. At 15,53, the crew reported reaching the altitude of FL350 and was cleared to proceed directly to PARDI. At 16,05, the voice recorder ceased recording. The TV series Mayday argues Captain Tsu may have taken the opportunity of leaving the cockpit for tripping the CVR circuit breaker in order to turn off the CVR. At 16,10, the air traffic controller informed the flight that it was abeam Palembang and instructed the aircraft to maintain FL350, first Officer Ward acknowledged this call. At 16,11, nearly six minutes after the CVR ceased recording, Mayday shows that Ming is thought of as having likely came up with an excuse to get Duncan out of the cockpit. Flight 185 remained level at FL350 until it started a rapid, seconds later, the aircraft impacted the Musi River, near Palembang, Sumatra, killing all 104 people on board. The time it took the aircraft to dive from cruise altitude to the river was less one minute. The plane was travelling faster than the speed of sound for a few seconds before impact, parts of the wreckage were embedded 15 feet into the riverbed. The aircraft broke into pieces before impact, with the debris spread over several kilometres, no complete body, body part or limb was found, as the entire aircraft and passengers disintegrated upon impact. Only six positive identifications were later obtained from the few recovered human remains, silk Air issued a press release on 19 December 1997 with a passenger count by nationality, and another the following day with crew details and a complete passenger manifest. Among those killed in the crash was Singaporean model and author Bonny Hicks, the accident was investigated by the Indonesian NTSC, which was assisted by expert groups from the US, Singapore, and Australia, and the American NTSB
35.
United Airlines Flight 826
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On December 28,1997, United Airlines Flight 826 was operated by a Boeing 747-100 flying from New Tokyo Airport, Japan to Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii. Two hours into the flight, at an altitude of 31,000 feet, the plane received reports of severe turbulence in the area. Moments later, the aircraft suddenly dropped around 100 feet, seriously injuring 15 passengers and 3 crew members, the plane turned around and landed safely back in Tokyo, but one passenger, a 32-year-old Japanese woman, was killed. Flight 826 departed Tokyos Narita airport on December 28,1997 at 20,30 local time and it reached a cruising altitude of 31,000 feet just under a half-hour later. The flight was planned to cruise at 35,000 feet. The captain chose the only authorized route at the time in which severe turbulence or thunderstorms were not forecast to occur, at cruising altitude, the flight initially encountered enough turbulence for the captain to turn on the fasten seatbelt sign. Fifteen minutes later, the turbulence subsided and the fasten seatbelt sign was switched off, at the time the captain announced to the passengers that turbulence was still a possibility and that the seat belts should be fastened when seated. A flight attendant made a Japanese announcement that was similar, about an hour later after calm conditions, the fasten seat belt sign came on again without any announcement. The airplane then pitched up and steeply climbed before heavily falling again, after another moderate climb, the flight returned to normal. After the incident, a Japanese woman who had her belt unfastened was found lying unconscious, despite quick resuscitation efforts by injured flight attendants and a passenger doctor, she was soon pronounced dead. Fifteen passengers and three flight attendants had spine and neck fractures, another 87 other passengers had bruises, sprains and other minor injuries. Three hours later, the aircraft landed safely at Narita airport, the flight data recorder, as analyzed by the National Transportation Safety Board, found that the sensors had initially recorded a peak normal acceleration of 1. 814G in the first sharp ascent. Then the data showed that the aircraft had an out of control roll by 18°, the NTSB investigation found a potential issue that could have prevented the death and many injuries. The airline also took measures to enforce its policy of encouraging passengers to keep their seat belts fastened even if the seat belt sign is off, United Airlines had previously intended to sell the aging aircraft to a salvage company in early 1998. After this incident, the airline opted to retire the aircraft soon afterwards with Flight 826 being the last revenue flight, accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
