1.
Atmospheric icing
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Atmospheric icing occurs when water droplets in the atmosphere freeze on objects they contact. This can be dangerous to aircraft, as the built-up ice changes the aerodynamics of the flight surfaces. For this reason, ice protection systems are considered critical components of flight. Not all water freezes at 0 °C or 32 °F, liquid water below this temperature is called supercooled, and such supercooled droplets cause the icing problems on aircraft. Below −20 °C, icing is rare because clouds at these usually consist of ice particles rather than supercooled water droplets. Below −48 °C, supercooled water cannot exist, therefore icing is impossible, icing also occurs on towers, wind turbines, boats, oil rigs, trees and other objects exposed to low temperatures and water droplets. Ice loads are a cause of catastrophic failures of overhead electric power lines. Their estimation is, therefore, crucial in the design of power line systems. And can be done by numerical icing models that include meteorological data, a number of aircraft crashes have been caused by ice. In other incidents icing was a contributory factor
2.
Ida Township, Michigan
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Ida Township is a civil township of Monroe County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,964 at the 2010 census, the township was organized in 1837 and was named after Ida M. Taylor, a local civic leader. The township is served by Ida Public Schools, Ida is an unincorporated community on the northern boundary of the township at 41°54′39″N 83°34′25″W. There is a Glacial Erratic rock visible from Geiger Road ~1 mile northeast of the Ida High School just north of Ida East Road. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 36.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,949 people,1,622 households, the population density was 134.7 per square mile. There were 1,655 housing units at a density of 45.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 98. 48% White,0. 14% African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 20% Asian,0. 51% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 25% of the population. 12. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.32. In the township the population was out with 29. 5% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,29. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 105.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males, the median income for a household in the township was $57,106, and the median income for a family was $60,990. Males had an income of $46,130 versus $28,456 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,074, about 1. 9% of families and 2. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 7% of those under age 18 and 4. 4% of those age 65 or over
3.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia
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The Embraer EMB120 Brasilia is a twin-turboprop commuter airliner, produced by Embraer of Brazil. After the success of the EMB110 Bandeirante, Embraer began the development of their first transport category airliner in 1974, the so-called Family 12X comprised three models with modular concept designs, EMB120 Araguaia, EMB123 Tapajós and EMB121 Xingu. EMB121 was the sole 12X model effectively produced, thus, a completely new aircraft – no longer related to the 12X family – was launched. No common parts from EMB121 Xingu were used, and the capacity was revised from 24 to 30 seats, originally designed to utilise the new 1500 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PW115 turboprop, it was later upgraded to the 1892 eshp PW118. The Brasilia attracted immediate interest from many airlines, particularly in the USA. The size, speed and ceiling allowed faster and more services around the US and Europe. The first aircraft entered service with Atlantic Southeast Airlines in October 1985, the basic EMB 120RT was upgraded to the extended range EMB120 ER, with older aircraft retrofitted via a Service Bulletin. Most of the EMB 120s were sold in the United States, some European airlines such as Régional in France, Atlant-Soyuz Airlines in Russia, DAT in Belgium, and DLT in Germany also purchased EMB-120s. As of 2007, it is available for one-off orders, as it shares much of the production equipment with the ERJ-145 family. The Angolan Air Force, for example, received a new EMB120 in 2007, great Lakes Airlines operates six EMB 120s in its fleet, and Ameriflight flies 10 as freighters. EMB 120ER Extended range and increased capacity version, All EMB-120ER S/Ns may be converted into the model EMB-120FC or into the model EMB-120QC. EMB 120QC Quick change cargo version, All EMB-120RT S/Ns may be converted into the model EMB-120ER. VC-97 VIP transport version for the Brazilian Air Force, as of May 2014,132 EMB120 aircraft are in airline service around the world. On July 8,1988, Brazilian Air Force Embraer EMB 120RT Brasília FAB-2001 crashed during a landing at São José dos Campos. Five of the 9 occupants died, on April 5,1991, Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 crashed on approach to Glynco Jetport in Brunswick, Georgia. The crash claimed the lives of all people on board. Senator John Tower of Texas and astronaut Sonny Carter and this was due to propeller control failure. The aircraft was operating for Delta Connection, on September 11,1991, Continental Express Flight 2574, broke up in flight and crashed at Eagle Lake, Texas, killing all 14 passengers and crew members
6.
Comair
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Operating under the brand name Delta Connection, Comair operated passenger services to destinations in the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Bahamas. Comair and Delta Air Lines announced on July 27,2012, the airline was established in March 1977, and started operations in April 1977. Patrick J. Sowers, Robert T. Tranter, David Mueller, Comair suffered a fatal crash the year following their departure. Comair began scheduled services to Akron/Canton, Cleveland, and Evansville with two Piper Navajo aircraft, Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante twin-engine turboprop commuter aircraft were added to Comairs fleet in 1982. Under its parent Comair Holdings, it became a company in July 1981 to support the growth. In 1984, Comair became a Delta Connection carrier with Delta Air Lines establishment of a hub at CVG and that same year, Comair introduced its first international flights from Cincinanti to Toronto. In July 1986 Delta Air Lines acquired 20% of Comair stock, in 1992, Comair moved into Concourse C at CVG, as Delta Air Lines gradually continued to acquire more of the airlines stock. In 1993, Comair was the customer for the Canadair Regional Jet. By 1999, Comair was the largest regional airline in the country worth over 2 billion, Delta Air Lines acquired full ownership on October 22,1999 at a cost of over $2 billion. On March 26,2001, Comairs pilots went on strike, the strike cancelled the airlines flights and grounded its fleet. The strike ended 89 days later when a new contract was agreed to, however, there were seeds sown of a bitter animosity between the Delta pilot group and Comair. During the labor dispute in early 2001, there were some Delta pilots who contributed financially to the funds of Comair pilots. Like many legacy carriers, Delta furloughed a number of pilots after the September 11 attacks in 2001. While waiting to be recalled, some Delta pilots were able to work at some of the regionals such as Atlantic Southeast Airlines. This would intensify a rift between both parties, Comair came to nationwide attention during winter 2004 when it canceled all of its flights on Saturday, December 25 and Sunday, December 26, stranding 30,000 people. The reason was a combination of snow and a crew scheduling software flaw. On December 23 and 24, a record hit the Cincinnati area. With the area highways closed due to the blizzard, no additional deicing fluid could be delivered to the airport, after receiving necessary supplies overnight, the airline began the process of startup when the computer system that handled flight crew assignments shut down
7.
Delta Connection
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Delta Connection is a regional airline brand name for Delta Air Lines, under which a number of individually owned regional airlines operate short- and medium-haul routes. Deltas lone wholly owned airline, Endeavor Air, also resides under the Delta Connection banner. Mainline carriers often use regional airlines to operate services in order to increase frequency, serve routes that would not sustain larger aircraft, Delta Connection was founded in 1984 as a means of expanding the Delta network to smaller markets via partnerships with regional airlines. Atlantic Southeast Airlines began Delta Connection service on March 1,1984, from their hub in Atlanta, ransome Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1,1984 to June 1,1986, when it was purchased by Pan Am. Comair began Delta Connection service on September 1,1984, in January,2000, Comair became a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines. Rio Airways operated Delta Connection flights from their hub in Dallas/Fort Worth from June 1,1984 to December 14,1986, business Express Airlines operated Delta Connection flights in the northeastern US and Canada from June 1,1986 to March 15,2000. The company was purchased by AMR Corporation in 1999 and integrated into the American Eagle Airlines system in 2000, Trans States Airlines operated Delta Connection flights from March 1998 to March 31,2000, mainly from their focus cities in Boston and New York. On November 2,2004 Atlantic Coast Airlines ended service as a Delta Connection Carrier, Atlantic Coast Airlines reinvented itself as a low fare carrier called Independence Air, based at Washington Dulles International Airport. On December 22,2004, Delta Air Lines announced that Republic Airways would order, since then, it has been announced that Republic Airways subsidiary Shuttle America would operate the flights. The initial flight took place on September 1,2005, shortly after the announcement, the decision was made for Freedom Airlines to operate the Embraer ERJ145 for Delta Connection instead of the CRJ. After a legal battle with Mesa Air Group, Delta and Freedom Airlines terminated their contract on September 1,2010. On December 21,2006, it was announced that Big Sky Airlines would become a Delta Connection carrier and it was later announced that ExpressJet would operate an additional eight aircraft as Delta Connection. On July 3,2008, Delta and ExpressJet announced that they had terminated their agreement, on April 30,2007, it was announced that Pinnacle Airlines would operate 16 Bombardier CRJ-900 under the Delta Connection banner starting in December 2007. The merger of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines meant that Northwests regional brand, Northwest Airlink, the new Delta Connection would include the regional airlines from both the original Delta and Northwest. Citing cost reductions, Delta Air Lines sold former Northwest regional subsidiary Mesaba Airlines on July 1,2010 to Pinnacle Airlines Corp. for $62 million and its headquarters were moved to Pinnacles in Memphis on December 26,2011. Mesaba merged its operations into Pinnacle on January 4,2012, the same day, Trans States Holdings purchased Compass Airlines for $20.5 million USD. It has maintained both regional operations with the airlines as of January 1,2012, Delta announced that it would add in-flight WiFi to 223 Delta Connection aircraft beginning in 2011. Following a merger between Atlantic Southeast Airlines and ExpressJet, Delta Connection flights operated under the name and ceased operations as ASA
8.
Aircraft registration
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In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft, an aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft, most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers, although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F and it had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza. Also note that an aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft ownership, jurisdiction of registration. The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913, the format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters. The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a letter prefix. Smaller countries had to share a single letter prefix, but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix and this was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23,1913. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a then a group of four letters that must include a vowel. This system operated until the adoption of the system in 1928. The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings and these were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique registration, which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, the aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the countrys callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, a supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries. When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash, when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted. In some countries use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States, South Korea, and Japan
9.
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
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Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is a public international airport located in Hebron, Kentucky, United States. It serves the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area as well as portions of Northern Kentucky, the airports code, CVG, comes from the nearest major city at the time of its opening, Covington, Kentucky. CVG covers an area of 7,000 acres and it is the only airport in either Indiana, Kentucky, or Ohio that features nonstop service to Europe. The airports international destinations include Cancún, Montego Bay, Paris, Punta Cana, the airport is the busiest in Kentucky and the second busiest serving an Ohio metropolitan area. Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is the 9th largest hub for Delta Air Lines and plays host to the headquarters, the airport is a focus city for Ultra Low Cost Carriers Allegiant Air and Frontier Airlines, as well as being the largest market for Vacation Express. In addition to a rapidly diversifying list of airlines, CVG is the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America. The airport will be the hub for Amazon Prime Air. It is the largest global hub for DHL Aviation and DHL Express, ranking 6th in North America, the airport is headquarters and hub for Southern Air, which operates flights around the world for DHL Aviation. The airport offers non-stop passenger service to 56 destinations with 195 peak daily departures, president Franklin D. Roosevelt approved preliminary funds for site development of the Greater Cincinnati Airport on February 11,1942. This was part of the United States Army Air Corps program to training facilities during World War II. At the time, air traffic in the centered on Lunken Airport just southeast of central Cincinnati. Lunken opened in 1926 and was located in the Ohio River Valley, due to its location, the airport frequently experienced fog, and the 1937 flood completely submerged its runways and two-story terminal building. While federal officials wanted a site that would not be prone to flooding. A coalition of officials from Boone, Kenton and Campbell Counties in Kentucky took advantage of Cincinnatis short-sightedness, Boone County officials offered a suitable site on the provision that Kenton County paid the acquisition cost. In October 1942, Congress provided $2 million to construct four runways, the field officially opened August 12,1944, with the first B-17 bombers beginning practice runs on August 15. As the tide of the war had turned, the Air Corps only used the field until 1945 before it was declared surplus. On October 27,1946, a wooden terminal building opened. The first commercial flight, on an American Airlines DC-3 from Cleveland, Ohio, landed at the airport January 10,1947, a Delta Air Lines flight followed moments later
10.
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
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It is Michigans busiest airport, and one of the largest airline hubs in the country. The Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a large hub primary commercial service facility, the airport is Delta Air Lines second-largest hub by flight count. Detroit serves as the gateway to Asia for the Eastern United States for Delta and is also the third-busiest gateway to Europe for the airline. The airport is a gateway for tourism in metropolitan Detroit and is one of SkyTeams major Midwestern hubs. It is also the fourth-largest base for Spirit Airlines and is a connecting point between the Eastern and the Western United States. Detroit Metropolitan Airport has maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400, in 2012 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport was the 16th-busiest airport in the United States and the 44th-busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger traffic. In terms of operations, it remains one of the ten busiest airfields in North America. Metro Airport also serves the Toledo, Ohio, area, approximately 40 miles south of the airport, the airport serves over 140 destinations and was named the best large U. S. airport in customer satisfaction by J. D. Power & Associates in 2010. Wayne County began to plan an airport in the townships of the county as early as 1927. Construction was completed in 1929, and the first landing was on February 22,1930 and that year Thompson Aeronautical Corporation, a forerunner of American Airlines, began service from the airport. From 1931 until 1945 the airport hosted Michigan Air National Guard operations gained by the United States Army Air Forces and it was named Romulus Field during the war, it was then all east of Merriman Rd and north of Goddard Rd. It was renamed Detroit-Wayne Major Airport in 1947, and in the three years expanded threefold as three more runways were built. In 1949 runways 3L/21R and 9L/27R were built, and in 1950 runway 4R/22L was added, pan-Am, and BOAC, were the first passenger airlines at Detroit-Wayne Major. In the April 1957 Official Airline Guide, they were the only passenger airlines, three Pan Am DC-7Cs per week FRA–LHR–SNN–DTW–ORD and back, and one BOAC DC-7C per week LHR–PIK–YUL–DTW–ORD, aerial photographs of DTW from 1949 and 1956 show the airports expansion. American Airlines shifted to Detroit-Wayne in October 1958, followed by Northwest, Allegheny, also in 1958, the L. C. Smith Terminal was completed and the airport was given its present name. Northwests flights to MSP were DTWs only nonstops west beyond Chicago and Milwaukee until 1966, the North Terminal opened in 1966 and a third terminal, the Michael Berry International Terminal, opened in 1974. The last of its original three runways was completed in 1976. A new parallel crosswind runway opened in 1993, Republic Airlines began hub operations in 1984, and its merger with Northwest Airlines in 1986 expanded the hub
