1.
Anime
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
2.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
3.
Comet
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A comet is an icy small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to evolve gasses, a process called outgassing. This produces an atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred metres to tens of kilometres across and are composed of collections of ice, dust. The coma may be up to 15 times the Earths diameter, if sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from the Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures, Comets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt or its associated scattered disc, long-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star. Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun from the Oort cloud by gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars, hyperbolic comets may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition, Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma and the tail, however, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System, the discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets. As of November 2014 there are 5,253 known comets, however, this represents only a tiny fraction of the total potential comet population, as the reservoir of comet-like bodies in the outer Solar System is estimated to be one trillion. Roughly one comet per year is visible to the eye, though many of those are faint. Particularly bright examples are called Great Comets, the word comet derives from the Old English cometa from the Latin comēta or comētēs. That, in turn, is a latinisation of the Greek κομήτης, Κομήτης was derived from κομᾶν, which was itself derived from κόμη and was used to mean the tail of a comet. The astronomical symbol for comets is ☄, consisting of a disc with three hairlike extensions. The solid, core structure of a comet is known as the nucleus, cometary nuclei are composed of an amalgamation of rock, dust, water ice, and frozen gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ammonia. As such, they are described as dirty snowballs after Fred Whipples model
4.
Tove Jansson
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Tove Marika Jansson was a Swedish-speaking Finnish novelist, painter, illustrator and comic strip author. For her contribution as a writer she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966. Brought up by parents, Jansson studied art from 1930 to 1938 in Stockholm, Helsinki. Her first solo art exhibition was in 1943, at the same time, she was writing short stories and articles for publication, as well as creating the graphics for book covers and other purposes. She continued to work as an artist for the rest of her life, Jansson is best known as the author of the Moomin books for children. Starting with the semi-autobiographical Bildhuggarens dotter in 1968, she wrote six novels, Tove Jansson was born in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire. Toves siblings also became artists, Per Olov Jansson became a photographer and Lars Jansson an author, whilst their home was in Helsinki, the family spent many of their summers in a rented cottage on an island near Porvoo,50 km east of Helsinki. She displayed a number of artworks in exhibitions during the 30s and early 40s, aged 14, she wrote and illustrated her first picture book Sara och Pelle och näckens bläckfiskar although it was not published until 1933, and had drawings published in magazines in the 1920s. During the 1930s she made trips to other European countries. During this period, Jansson designed many covers, adverts and postcards, and, following her mother, she drew illustrations for Garm. Briefly engaged in the 1940s to Atos Wirtanen, she later during her studies met her future partner Tuulikki Pietilä, the two women collaborated on many works and projects, including a model of the Moominhouse, in collaboration with Pentti Eistola. This is now exhibited at the Moomin museum in Tampere, Jansson wrote and illustrated her first Moomin book, The Moomins and the Great Flood, in 1945, during World War II. She said later that the war had depressed her and she had wanted to write something naïve and this first book was hardly noticed, but the next Moomin books, Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll, made her famous. She went on to six more Moomin books, a number of picture books. Her fame spread quickly and she became Finlands most widely read author abroad, for her lasting contribution to childrens literature she received the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing in 1966. Jansson continued painting and writing for the rest of her life and her first foray outside childrens literature was Bildhuggarens dotter, a semi-autobiographical book written in 1968. After that, she authored five more novels, including Sommarboken, although she had a studio in Helsinki, she lived many summers on a small island called Klovharu, one of the Pellinki Islands near the town of Porvoo. Janssons and Pietiläs travels and summers spent together on the Klovharu island in Pellinki have been captured on several hours of film, several documentaries have been made of this footage, the latest being Haru, yksinäinen saari and Tove ja Tooti Euroopassa
5.
Kaleva (newspaper)
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Kaleva is a Finnish subscription newspaper published in Oulu, Finland. Kaleva was founded in 1899 by Juho Raappana, the owner of the paper is Kaleva Kustannus Oy and its publisher is Kaleva publishing house. The paper is based in Oulu and is published in broadsheet format, although Kaleva has a neutral stance and no political affiliation, the paper supported the Progress Party until 1953. Since 2009 Markku Mantila has been serving as the editor-in-chief of Kaleva, in 2011 Kaleva published a report on the sexual abuse of children by the members of the Conservative Laestadianism, leading to public anger and the cancellation of subscription by nearly 200 readers. In 1993 Kaleva had a circulation of 95,118 copies and its circulation was 83,151 copies in 2001. It had a circulation of 82,600 copies in 2003, the 2004 circulation of the paper was 82,566 copies and it was the fourth best-selling paper in the country. The same year the paper had a readership of 221,000, Kaleva had the fourth biggest circulation of seven-day newspapers in Finland with 82,000 copies in 2007. The circulation of the daily was 81,716 copies in 2008 and 80,826 copies in 2009 and it fell to 78,216 copies in 2010 and to 74,787 copies in 2011. The circulation of the paper was 72,107 copies in 2012, the same year its website visited by 0.19 million people per week. In 2013 Kaleva had a circulation of 69,540 copies
6.
Moomin (1990 TV series)
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Moomin is a Japanese-Finnish anime television series produced by Telecable Benelux B. V. It is based on the Moomin novels and comic strips by the Finnish illustrator and author Tove Jansson and it was the third anime adaptation of Moomins but the first to be distributed and dubbed in other countries worldwide. Moomin first aired on TV Tokyo from April 12,1990 to October 3,1991, the series has also been dubbed English and aired on CBBC in United Kingdom during the same year. Moomin takes place the peaceful Moominvalley, where young Moomin along with his parents Moominpappa and Moominmamma live at the large, the series follows many fun or even obscure adventures of Moomin family and their friends around the Moominvalley or sometimes outside of it. Most of the stories involve discovering magical objects/creatures, adventures in different locations or dealing with everyday situations, while many episodes are faithful or at least loosely based on the novels and comic strips, the series has its own consistent continuity. The series helped fuel the Moomin boom of the 1990s, including an obsession with The Moomin plush toys in Japan, after the high success, a sequel series called Delightful Moomin Family, Adventure Diary was made. When the sequel series aired around several countries outside the Japan, CBBC has left out the sequel series and has never dubbed it in English. The original series spawned a theatrical prequel film Comet in Moominland that is based on the second novel of the same name. The series begins with the arrive of spring in Moominvalley, Moomin, along with Little My, Moominpappa and Moominmamma wake up in Moominhouse, while Snufkin also comes back from his south travel on the first day of spring. The first eight episodes create coherent storyline that is based on the third novel, during the story, Moomin and his friends find out the magical silk hat, that turns out to belong to the Hobgoblin. He later gets his hat back from the Moomin family, the Moomins later find a wrecked boat, fix it and travel to a lonely island which is full of Hattifatteners. Next, two creatures called Thingumy and Bob with a large suitcase arrive to the Moominhouse. After the Moomins manage to evict the Groke from their way by giving her Moomins seashell, it out that Thingumy. After Thingummy and Bob return Moominmammas missing handbag, the Moomins celebrate the event with a large junket, finally the problem of the Kings Rubys ownership is solved with the Hobgoblins magic. Moomin takes place between a period of time. Moomin and his family or friends manage to part in two winter periods through the series, although the Moomins are normally supposed to fall into hibernation. Before the second period, the Moomins and their friends also get to know Alicia and her grandmother. She teaches Alicia to become a witch and has a negative opinion about the Moomins
7.
Comet in Moominland
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Comet in Moominland is the second in Tove Janssons series of Moomin books. Published in 1946, it marks the first appearance of main characters, like Snufkin. The English translation, published in 1951, is a translation of the first version of Janssons book, the revised version was published in 1968. It contains a number of differences, for instance, the Silk Monkey character is changed to a kitten. The story begins a few weeks after the events of The Moomins, Sniff, who is now living with the Moomins, discovers a mysterious path in a nearby forest. As he and Moomintroll explore it, they meet the mischievous Silk Monkey and arrive at a beach, meanwhile, Sniff and the Silk Monkey find a cave, and the three decide to hide Moomintrolls pearls there. The next day, as go back to the cave. Back at Moominhouse, the Muskrat, a philosopher whose home was ruined by Moominpappas bridge-building and he directs Moomintroll to the Observatory on the Lonely Mountains, where the Professors would be able to tell him whether the comet will hit the Earth. Moomintroll and Sniff set sail towards the Lonely Mountains, and on the way they meet Snufkin and they find themselves in the Lonely Mountains and set off towards the Observatory. On the way they are attacked by an eagle and Moomintroll finds a gold ring, at the Observatory, one of the professors tells them that the comet is going to hit the Earth, and gives them the exact date and time that its going to happen. Realising they only have a few left, they hurry back towards Moominvalley. In a forest they come across the Snork Maiden being attacked by a poisonous bush, Moomintroll saves her, and she and her brother join them. Further on, they arrive at the sea to find it all dried up and they use stilts to cross it, and the Snork Maiden saves Moomintroll from a giant octopus. On the other side of the sea they meet another Hemulen, finally they arrive in Moominvalley and the whole family, together with the Hemulen, the Muskrat and the Snorks, go to the cave, making it there just in time to seek shelter from the comet. Jansson wrote and illustrated a comic strip version for newspapers. In this version the comet hits Moominvalley dead on, laying the landscape bare, right away, however, flowers bloom, and life begins again
8.
Pierre Kartner
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Petrus Antonius Laurentius Pierre Kartner is a Dutch musician who sings under the alias Vader Abraham, and who has written around 1600 songs. Kartner started his career at the age of eight, by winning a local festival. He lived with his family in Amsterdam and worked in a chocolate factory, Kartner worked as a promoter and producer at record label Dureco with Annie de Reuver, who he played with in Duo X. Together with the band Corry & de Rekels he sold over 1 million records in the 1960s and he created his well-known alter ego, Father Abraham, after writing a Dutch Carnival song, Father Abraham had seven sons. He at first used a fake beard, but a real beard replaced this, with Wilma Landkroon he sang the Dutch 1971 number one hit single Zou het erg zijn, lieve opa. In 1975, Kartner scored his second biggest hit, Het kleine café aan de haven and this song has since been covered over 250 times in various languages. In French the song was recorded as Le café de la Rue dAmérique by Mireille Mathieu and Le café des trois Colombes by Joe Dassin, in May 1977, Kartner was asked to make a promotional song about The Smurfs. The record company pressed only 1,000 copies of the single, called The Smurf Song, however, they were all sold within one day at a Schlager festival. After a repress,400,000 singles were quickly sold, a full Smurfs album was then created, which also climbed the charts, with 500,000 copies sold. The album was released in several countries, including France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, and Sweden. The album scored a number one hit in 16 countries, subsequently, Kartner released other Smurf-themed albums, again in various countries and languages, such as Ga je mee naar Smurfenland and Vater Abraham im Land der Schlümpfe. In all, Kartners Smurf works have sold around 25 million copies, in 1981 Kartner recorded a song about Wuppies, Wij zijn de wuppies, but this did not repeat the success of his Smurfs hit. Kartner wrote the music for the opening and closing credits on the Japanese cartoon adaption of the 1990 TV series and he also sang a song about politician Pim Fortuyn in 2002 and wrote Ik ben verliefd, the Dutch entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. Kartner won the BUMA Lifetime Achievement Award in 2015, Kartner lives in Breda with his wife Annie. Official home page Official home page
9.
Telescreen (company)
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Not to be confused with the Japanese company, Telescreen Japan Inc. Telescreen is a Dutch/Finnish/Japanese television production company that has produced and distributed childrens TV series such as Miffy, Moomin, the international Consumer Products department manages and develops the merchandising programs of animated properties worldwide, such as Frog & Friends and Lizzie McGuire. Telescreen B. V. was founded in 1983 under the name Telecable Benelux BV by Dennis Livson, in 1994, the name Telecable Benelux B. V. was changed into Telescreen B. V. Soon thereafter, Livson sold the company to the giant Japanese entertainment firm Mitsui & Co. Ltd. which acquired the company through a spin-off subsidiary, Pri-mation Media BV. In 1998, Dutch producer & distributor Palm Plus Produkties acquired Pri-mation Media, becoming the company for it and, as a result. In December 2008, the German brand management & media company m4e acquired Telescreen, ox Tales Wowser Star Street Alfred J. V. at the Internet Movie Database
10.
Hepburn romanization
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The system was originally proposed by the Romanization Club in 1885. The revised edition by Romaji-Hirome-kai in 1908 is called standard style romanization, Hepburn is based on English phonology and has competed with the alternative Nihon-shiki romanization, which was developed in Japan as a replacement of Japanese script. In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission was appointed to compare the two, the ordinance was temporarily overturned by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan, but was reissued in 1954. In 1972, a version of Hepburn was codified as ANSI standard Z39. 11-1972. It was proposed in 1989 as a draft for ISO3602, the ANSI Z39. 11-1972 standard was consequently deprecated on October 6,1994. As of 1978, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, in addition The Japan Times, the Japan Travel Bureau, and many other private organizations used Hepburn instead of Kunrei-shiki. The National Diet Library used Kunrei-shiki, although Hepburn is not a government standard, some government agencies mandate it. In many other areas where it de jure status, Hepburn remains the de facto standard. Signs and notices in city offices and police stations, at shrines, temples, English-language newspapers and media use the simplified form of Hepburn. Cities and prefectures use it in information for English-speaking residents and visitors, official tourism information put out by the government uses it, as do guidebooks, local and foreign, on Japan. Many students of Japanese as a foreign language learn Hepburn, there are many variants of Hepburn romanization. The two most common styles are, Traditional Hepburn, as defined in various editions of Hepburns dictionary and this variant is characterized by the rendering of syllabic n as m before the consonants b, m and p, e. g. Shimbashi for 新橋. Modified Hepburn, also known as Revised Hepburn, in which the rendering of syllabic n as m before certain consonants is no longer used, in Japan itself, there are some variants officially mandated for various uses, Railway Standard, which follows the Hyōjun-shiki Rōmaji. All JR railways and other major railways use this type for station names, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Standard, which follows the modified Hepburn style. This is used for road signs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Passport Standard, a permissive standard which explicitly allows the use of non-Hepburn romaji in personal names, notably for passports. In particular, rendering the syllabic n as m before b, m, p, details of these variants can be found below. The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburns dictionary are primarily of historical interest, supporters argue that Hepburn is not intended as a linguistic tool. The long vowels are indicated by macrons
11.
Moomintroll
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Moomintroll is the main character in the Moomin books by Tove Jansson. He lives in the Moominhouse together with his father Moominpappa and his mother Moominmamma and has a spirit of adventure. Moomintroll is a moomin - a little white troll with a big round nose. Other friends include Sniff and Little My and it is hinted many times that he is in love with the Snork Maiden. The asteroid 58345 Moomintroll was named in his honour, comet in Moominland – A more adventurous Moomintroll and his scared friend Sniff dive for pearls, find a cave and travel to the observatory to ask questions about the comet. He meets Snufkin for the first time and gets an opportunity to comfort him. He also sees, falls in love with, saves and dances with the Snork Maiden, finn Family Moomintroll The Exploits of Moominpappa – Moominpappa tells Moomintroll and some of his friends the story of his early life. Moominsummer Madness Moominland Midwinter – Moomintroll wakes from his hibernation in the middle of winter, the winter world is a new, lonely and scary place for him, and his mentor, Too-Ticky, guides him through the mysteries. In this new situation he has to grow up and leave his childhood paradise, tales from Moominvalley Moomintroll appears in four of the nine short stories. The Last Dragon In the World in which he finds a dragon that he wants to love him. The Invisible Child in which he tries to play with the girl, Ninny. The Secret of the Hattifatteners in which he is just mentioned as a part of the family, the Fir Tree in which the whole family tries to comfort Christmas. Moominpappa at Sea – Whole new emotions awaken in Moomintroll and his sexuality begins to take form when he falls in love with one of the beautiful and unobtainable seahorses. He manages to get a form of relationship with The Groke, during a storm Moominpappa and Moomintroll have to save a fisherman, and for the first time Moomintroll is respected as Momminpappas equal. The character has a positive reception from critics. A painters reflection, The self-representational art of Tove Jansson, in McLoughlin, Kate, Brock, Malin Lidström
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