1.
Expo Line (TransLink)
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The Expo Line is the oldest line of the SkyTrain rapid transit system in the Metro Vancouver region of British Columbia, Canada. The line is owned and operated by TransLink, and links Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, the Expo Line is coloured dark blue on route maps. The line was known as SkyTrain from its launch in 1985 until 2002 and it was given its present name in 2002 to differentiate it from Millennium Line, the second line on the SkyTrain system which was opened that year. It was named for Expo 86, the fair that Vancouver hosted in 1986. From there, the splits, with the Expo Line crossing the Fraser River to Surrey. On October 22,2016, a branch was added to the Expo Line route. This branch runs from Columbia to Production Way–University, making stops at Sapperton, Braid, the main branch between Waterfront and King George remains in place. The line travels underground for a stretch between New Westminster and Columbia stations. Just east of Columbia is a junction where the line splits, one branch crosses the Fraser River, via the Skybridge, and is elevated for the rest of its run through Surrey, with King George as its terminus station. The other branch continues through New Westminster, first through a tunnel, what is now known as SkyTrain began as a demonstration project to showcase the newly developed linear induction propulsion technology to Vancouver and other prospective cities throughout the world. Although Torontos Scarborough RT was completed before the Expo Line in 1985, the Intermediate Capacity Transit System demonstration was built using the Advanced Rapid Transit technology developed by the Urban Transportation Development Corporation. Construction began on March 1,1982 and was completed in early 1983, the demonstration project consisted of just one station and about one kilometre of guideway with no switches. This original station was not named during this time as it was the only station, as it was a showcase station, Main Street has a different design from other stations on the Expo Line that came after it. For example, glass is featured in the design, but is missing from other future Expo Line stations. The guideway for the line was a straight section east of the station running over Terminal Avenue. It ended across from where the former Brussels Chocolate factory once was, there was no guideway west of the station as the track ended immediately at the west end of the platform where the Vancity head office now stands. The ICTS guideway was built differently from the rest of the Expo Line, the columns were different especially with how they are joined with the guideway. The walkway between the two tracks is of a different but also inferior design from the Expo Line, and it is showing signs of rust that come with the age of the guideway
2.
Millennium Line
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The Millennium Line is the second rapid transit line built in the SkyTrain metro system in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The line is owned and operated by TransLink, Millennium Line uses the colour yellow on route maps, wayfinding and station signage. Effective December 2,2016, eastbound service on the Millennium Line terminates at Lafarge Lake–Douglas station in Coquitlam, the Expo Line now serves Production Way–University, Lougheed Town Centre, Braid, and Sapperton, with Braid and Sapperton now being exclusively Expo Line stations. When the Expo Line was opened in 1985, an extension to Lougheed Mall in east Burnaby was proposed, an 18-month review of rapid transit was scheduled and started in January 1998 but was cut short by the governments announcement of its choice of Bombardiers technology in June 1998. This meant that the first phase of the line would have to connect to the existing Expo Line to use its maintenance yard, connecting the two lines at Broadway Station was deemed impracticable, so the lines were connected in New Westminster. Switches to the Millennium Line were installed on the Expo Line at the end of the Skybridge. Expo Line service was reduced to a track over the Skybridge during the installation of these switches. The second phase of the Millennium Line was to be an extension from Lougheed Mall to Coquitlam, a short spur and switches to the PMC Line were installed to the east of Lougheed Town Centre Station and a third platform was roughed-in in anticipation of the extension. Phase II was cancelled following a change in provincial government, for Phase II, service was extended to Commercial Drive Station on August 31,2002. Lake City Way Station, located between Sperling–Burnaby Lake and Production Way–University Stations, opened on November 21,2003, three years later, the line was extended to its present terminus, VCC–Clark Station, on January 6,2006. The Millennium Line was completed at a cost of $1.2 billion, transfer to the Expo Line is now possible at Commercial–Broadway, Production Way–University, and Lougheed Town Centre Stations. In 2007, the portion of the Millennium Line served an average of 70,000 passengers per day. Of these,14,000 passengers arrived on trains travelling from Expo Line stations west of Columbia Station, in 2009, it was estimated that ridership had grown to at least 80,000 passengers per day. Construction of the Evergreen Extension to the Millennium Line was completed in 2016, major work began in 2013 and it was opened for revenue service on December 2,2016. At one point prior to 2008, the mode planned for the extension was changed to light rail instead of SkyTrain, as a result, the junction tracks and roughed-in third platform at Lougheed Town Centre station were used as part of the Evergreen Extension. The Millennium Line operates from VCC–Clark station in Vancouver to Lafarge Lake–Douglas station in Coquitlam, the line is elevated to Burquitlam station, where it then goes through a 2 km bored tunnel to the city of Port Moody. In Port Moody, the runs at grade level, rising to cross railway tracks. From Coquitlam Central station, the line is elevated to the terminus at Lafarge Lake–Douglas station, in the Lougheed area of Burnaby, eastbound trains cross the westbound tracks to access the north platform at Lougheed Town Centre station
3.
SkyTrain (Vancouver)
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SkyTrain is the metropolitan rail system of Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. SkyTrain has 79.5 km of track and uses automated trains on grade-separated tracks running on underground and elevated guideways. SkyTrain has the worlds longest cable-supported transit-only bridge, known as SkyBridge, the opening of the Evergreen Extension on December 2,2016, made SkyTrain the longest rapid transit system in Canada and the longest fully automated driverless system in the world. SkyTrain has 53 stations serving three lines, the Expo, Millennium, and Canada Lines, the Expo Line and Millennium Line are operated by British Columbia Rapid Transit Company under contract from TransLink, a regional government transportation agency. The Canada Line is operated on the principles by the private concessionaire ProTrans BC under contract to TransLink. SkyTrain uses a system shared with other local transit services. SkyTrain Attendants provide first aid, directions and customer service, inspect fares, monitor train faults, the Expo Line was built in 1985 in time for Expo 86. The Expo Line ran only as far as New Westminster Station initially, in 1989, it was extended to Columbia Station and in 1990, once the Skybridge was finished, it continued across the Fraser River to Scott Road Station in Surrey. In 1994, the terminus of the Expo line became King George Station in central Surrey and it was built on a budget of $854 million. During peak periods, every third Expo Line train provides service to Production Way–University, off-peak and it was built on a $1. 2-billion budget and the final extension from Commercial Drive Station to VCC–Clark Station was opened on January 6,2006. From October 22,2016 to December 1,2016, the Millennium Line operated from VCC–Clark to Lougheed Town Centre station, since December 2,2016, the Millennium Line has operated between VCC–Clark Station in Vancouver and Lafarge Lake–Douglas station in Coquitlam. The Millennium Line has 17 stations, three of which are transfer stations with the Expo Line and two which connect with the West Coast Express commuter train, the original Millennium Lines stations were designed by British Columbias top architects and are very different from those on the Expo Line. In 2004, Busby and Associates Architects, designers of the Brentwood Town Centre station in Burnaby, were honoured for their work with a Governor Generals Medal in Architecture and this extension adds 11 km and 6 new stations to the Millennium Line. The Canada Line begins at the Waterfront Station hub, then south to the City of Richmond. Opened on August 17,2009, the Canada Line added 15 stations and 19.2 km to the SkyTrain network, the Canada Line cost $1.9 billion, financed by the Governments of Canada and British Columbia, TransLink, and InTransitBC. Canada Line tracks do not interconnect with the older SkyTrain network, current operation, Former operation, SkyTrain provides high-frequency service, with trains arriving every 2–7 minutes at all stations during peak hours. Trains operate between 5,00 a. m. and 1,30 a. m. on weekdays, with reduced hours on weekends on Expo and Millennium lines. SkyTrain has longer hours of service during special events, such as New Years Eve, the Vancouver 2010 Olympics, TransLinks SkyTrain service area is divided into three zones, with fares varying depending on how many zone boundaries are crossed during one trip
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
BC Transit
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BC Transit is a provincial crown corporation responsible for coordinating the delivery of public transportation within British Columbia, Canada, outside Greater Vancouver. BC Transit is headquartered in Victoria, British Columbia, BC Transit is the successor to the British Columbia Electric Railway, which started in 1897 and in 1961 became a division of BC Hydro. In 1979, the province separated the transit authority into an agency called the Urban Transit Authority which was later restructured into BC Transit in 1983. BC Transit carries out overall planning and delivery for all of the different municipal transit systems in British Columbia, in 1999, responsibility for the management of transportation in Greater Vancouver, including public transit, was taken over by TransLink. In the future, TransLinks jurisdiction is planned to expand into adjacent regions east, the BC Electric Railway was incorporated in 1897 to take over the property and business of the Consolidated Railway Company. The Consolidated Railway Company had been formed the year, taking over ten other companies engaged in electric light systems or tramways in Vancouver, Victoria. Slowly the streetcars and interurban trams were converted to trolley and gas-powered buses, the province formed the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority in 1962, bringing the transit systems under BC Hydro. The new structure was meant to provide governments with more decision-making power. BC Transit was created when, in 1982, the province merged the UTA, the GVRD no longer had a role, and regional transit commissions were created in Vancouver and Victoria. The new regional commissions were tasked with approving local tariffs, planning, in 1999, the responsibility for the transit system in Greater Vancouver was reassigned to TransLink. The rest of BC remained under BC Transit, the Victoria Regional Transit System, in the provincial capital of Victoria, is the only system operated by BC Transit itself. Beyond Victoria, there are regional transit systems, in four locations the municipality operates the service, while private operators are contracted to deliver the transit services elsewhere. There are 16 custom accessible transit systems, the tires of BC Transit are about 70% Michelin, 20% Goodyear, and 10% of other brands such as Bridgestone, and Firestone
6.
TransLink (British Columbia)
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TransLink is the statutory authority responsible for the regional transportation network of Metro Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada, including public transport, major roads and bridges. Its main operating facilities are located in the city of New Westminster, TransLink is responsible for various modes of transportation in the Metro Vancouver region as well as the West Coast Express, which extends into the Fraser Valley Regional District. On November 29,2007, the province of British Columbia approved legislation changing the governance structure, buses in Metro Vancouver are operated by two companies. The District Municipality of West Vancouver operates the Blue Bus system serving West Vancouver, the schedules, fares, and routes of these services are integrated with other transit services operated by TransLink. Outside the city of Vancouver, most buses operate on a system along feeder routes that connect with SkyTrain, SeaBus, West Coast Express. Electric trolley buses operate on routes in the city of Vancouver. Most trolley bus routes operate in a north–south direction, trolley buses receive electricity from a network of overhead wires. In the fall of 2006, TransLink introduced a new generation of electric trolley buses, the new trolley buses have low floors and are fully wheelchair accessible. Many local routes are served by buses manufactured by New Flyer, TransLink has begun using hybrid diesel-electric buses. Some suburban routes use Orion highway coaches with high-back seats, overhead reading lights, in 2007, all TransLink buses became designated fare paid zones. Under this system, a rider is required to be in possession of a valid fare while on board the bus, enforcement of fares is conducted by Transit Security officers. On designated routes, such as the 99 B-Line, larger,18. 3-metre, as they are bypassing the driver and fare box, they must have a valid fare in their possession. On all other buses, passengers are required to board through the front doors, Fare inspections on buses are normally conducted by Transit Security officers and on occasion by the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service. Failure to produce proof of payment may result in ejection from the bus and/or a fine of $173, TransLink also operates a late-night bus service, called NightBus, on 13 routes extending from downtown throughout the city and to several suburbs. NightBuses leave downtown Vancouver until 3 a. m, for the safety of passengers late at night, Transit Security officers ride some of the night buses and respond to calls onboard others. These buses are popular since SkyTrain ends service at 1,30 a. m. but downtown clubs, the first SkyTrain line, which later became known as the Expo Line, was built in 1985 as a transit showcase for Expo 86. The automated rapid transit system has become an important part of the transportation network. The Expo Line operates from downtown Vancouver to southern Burnaby, New Westminster, the system was expanded with the opening of the Millennium Line in 2002, which links eastern New Westminster and northern Burnaby to Vancouver
7.
Centre platform
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An island platform is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on twin-track routes due to pragmatic and cost-effective reasons, an alternative arrangement is to position side platforms on either side of the tracks. The historical use of island platforms depends greatly upon the location, the island platform layout is a popular, cost-effective and practical solution in modern railway systems. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and this is essential for wheelchair accessible stations. An island platform makes it easier for users and the infirm to change services between tracks. Additionally, an island platform layout eliminates the need to construct a crossover or subway between two platforms, however, island platforms may become overcrowded, especially at busy stations, and this can lead to safety issues such as Clapham Common and Angel on the London Underground. However, for the tracks to diverge around the platform, extra width is required along the right-of-way on each approach to the station. Track centers vary for rail systems throughout the world but are normally 3 to 5 meters, if the island platform is 6 meters wide, the tracks have to slew out by the same distance. While this is not a problem on a new line that is being constructed, in addition, a single island platform makes it quite difficult to have through tracks, which are usually between the local tracks. A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines is a pair of island platforms, high-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms. This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where trains can be passed by faster trains. The purpose of this design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Many of the stations on the Great Central Railway were constructed in this form and this was because the line was planned to connect to a Channel Tunnel. Island platforms are a normal sight on Indian railway stations. Almost all railway stations in India consist of island platforms, in Toronto,29 subway stations use island platforms. A slight disadvantage is that crossovers have to be rather long, in southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, PATCO uses island platforms in all of its 13 stations, to facilitate one-person train operation. Most elevated stations in Singapores Mass Rapid Transit system use island platforms, the exception is Dover MRT Station, which uses side platforms as it is built on an existing rail line. The planned Canberra MRT Station will also use side platforms, as it also be built on an existing rail line
8.
Waterfront station (Vancouver)
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Waterfront station is a major intermodal public transportation facility and the main transit terminus in Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Waterfront station is located on the shore of Burrard Inlet. Underground passages connect passengers directly to the Fairmont Waterfront Hotel and Canada Place, Waterfront station was one of the first to receive TransLinks new T signage, denoting a transit station. This signage was installed in the core of Vancouver to help visitors during the 2010 Olympics to identify a transit hub. The Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome float plane terminals are located nearby. Waterfront station was built by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1914, the current station is the third CPR station. The last scheduled Via passenger train to use Waterfront station departed on 27 Oct 1979, Waterfront stations transformation into a public intermodal transit facility began in 1977. That year, SeaBus began operating out of a floating pier that was connected to the main terminal building via an overhead walkway above the CPR tracks. The CPRs passenger platform and some of its tracks were torn up in the early 1980s to make way for the guideway of the original SkyTrain line, which opened on December 11,1985. In 1995, platforms were adjacent to the SkyTrain station for the new West Coast Express. In 2002, Millennium Line trains began sharing the SkyTrain tracks with the Expo Line, in 2009, the Canada Line opened with a separate platform and entrance/exit point within the grand CPR station. Waterfront station serves as the terminus point for all three SkyTrain metro lines. A private ferry company, Royal SeaLink Express, ran passenger ferries from a new dock on the west side of the SeaBus terminal to Victoria and Nanaimo in the early 1990s, in 2003, HarbourLynx began operating out of Royal Sealinks old facility at the SeaBus terminal. In 2006, following engine problems with their only vessel. The main station building was designed in a style, with a symmetrical red-brick facade dominated by a row of smooth. The ionic columns are repeated in the interior hall, flanking the perimeter of the space. The main hall features two large clocks facing each other high on the east and west walls, paintings depicting various scenic Canadian landscapes line the walls above the columns. Cordova Street Entrance is an accessible entrance connecting all services at Waterfront Station
9.
Nanaimo station
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Nanaimo station of the SkyTrain system is an elevated railway station located on the Expo Line in East Vancouver. The station is accessible from the east side of Nanaimo Street at Vanness Avenue and it is located on the crest of a hill, providing all riders a wonderful view of Downtown and the west side of Vancouver. Just east of station, the Skytrain line runs at grade level. Most of the Skytrain line through the three stations is located at ground level. The Nanaimo station was built in 1985 as part of the original Expo Line, the station takes its name from the street it is on, which in turn, is named after the city of Nanaimo, British Columbia, located on Vancouver Island. Bus bay assignments,1 - Unloading 2 -25 Brentwood Station 3 -25 UBC4 -7 Dunbar
10.
King George station
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King George station is located on an elevated portion of the Expo Line, a part of Metro Vancouvers SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station itself is in Surrey and is the current eastbound terminus of the Expo Line, King George station is located in Surrey City Centre at the corner of King George Boulevard and 100th Ave, just north of the western terminus of the Fraser Highway. On the south side of the station used to be a large 815 space parking lot operated by Impark. The station has recently spurred a series of nearby mixed-use developments. The most recent proposed development to the south of the station has taken half of the park, King George station was built in 1994 as part of the second extension of the Expo Line into Surrey, the other stations included on this extension were Gateway and Surrey Central. In contrast to Surrey Central, the King George station is less busy, since opening in 1994, it has been the eastern terminus of the Expo Line. King George station is a connection point for the TransLink bus routes in Surrey, Langley
11.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
12.
Metro Vancouver Regional District
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Metro Vancouver is a political body and corporate entity designated by provincial legislation as one of the regional districts in British Columbia, Canada. Now officially known by the name of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. Further, it was known as the Regional District of Fraser–Burrard for nearly one year upon originally incorporating in mid-1967, the MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities, it delivers regional services, sets policy and acts as a political forum. The regional districts most populous city is Vancouver, and Metro Vancouvers administrative offices are located in the City of Burnaby, the MVRDs boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area as identified by Statistics Canada. The Greater Vancouver Water District and the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District were established in 1924 and 1956 respectively, the Government of British Columbia incorporated a regional district for this western portion of the Lower Mainland named the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard on June 29,1967. Just under a later, the regional district was renamed as the Greater Vancouver Regional District on June 13,1968. In 2007, the GVRD applied to change its legal name a second time to simply Metro Vancouver. The regional district was formally renamed a second time by the Government of British Columbia on January 30,2017 to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The Metro Vancouver Regional District is located east of the Strait of Georgia, the boundaries of the MVRD match those of the Vancouver CMA. 5% from its revised 2011 population of 2,313,328. This regional district comprises 23 local authorities as members,21 municipalities, one electoral area, note, Abbotsford is a member for parks purposes only. Electoral Area A comprises all unincorporated land within the district boundaries. There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the area that are not subject to governance by local authorities or the regional district. Abbotsford also participates in the Metro Vancouver regional district, but only for parks purposes, each of these is governed by a board of directors. The board of the MVRD has 38 directors coming from the 23 local authorities who are MVRD members, each board director is an elected official of one of the local authorities, with the exception of the representative for Electoral Area A, which has no elected council. As of 2017, the organization had about 1,500 employees, the principal function of Metro Vancouver is to administer resources and services which are common across the metropolitan area. The Metro Vancouver Board has defined its strategic priorities for 2015 through 2018 in its Board Strategic Plan, the organization categorizes its work into eight action areas, as described in the following subsections. However, 84% of the budget is spent in three of those areas - the three utilities. Metro Vancouvers commitments and its members commitments to each area are outlined in eight board-approved management plans as referenced below
13.
Broadway (Vancouver)
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Broadway is a major east-west thoroughfare in the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In Vancouvers numbered avenue grid system, it runs in place of a 9th Avenue, the street has six lanes for most of its course. Portions of the carry the British Columbia Highway 7 designation. Past Alma Street, Broadway takes over from 10th Avenue as one of Vancouvers major thoroughfares, East of here are several blocks of generally trendy, upscale shops interspersed with low-rise apartment blocks and small supermarkets. The surrounding neighbourhoods generally consist of large, older homes dating from the twentieth century. As Broadway approaches Arbutus Street, the establishments become larger before transitioning into a mix of small to mid-size apartment blocks. East of Burrard Street, the apartment blocks get progressively taller, between Burrard and Main Street, Broadway can be considerably congested by vehicular traffic. Past Granville Street, Broadway yields completely to medium-to-large commercial structures and high-rise apartments, between Cambie and Main, the commercial establishments become smaller and somewhat more downscale. At Ontario Street, two blocks west of Main, the route becomes East Broadway, at Commercial Drive, Broadway passes by the Commercial–Broadway SkyTrain Station. Past here for several blocks, the neighbourhood consists predominantly of residential homes. As Broadway travels east of Renfrew Street, the once again becomes mixed, with older homes to the north and larger industrial, commercial. Broadway finally ends at Cassiar Street, just short of the Vancouver-Burnaby boundary, Broadway was created at the turn of the 20th century, along with other gridded roads south of False Creek, to meet the needs of an expanding population in Vancouver. The name of the route was changed to Broadway in 1909, at the behest of merchants around Main Street, Commercial establishments originally spread out around the intersections of Cambie and Main Streets, while the character of the rest of the route remained predominantly single-family dwellings. By the 1970s, the length of Broadway had become an arterial route in Vancouver. With the growth of UBC and the expansion of the Vancouver General Hospital, in the 1990s, the agency then responsible for public transit in Greater Vancouver — BC Transit — introduced an express bus route, the 99 B-Line, to help reduce congestion. The Vancouver transportation plan for Broadway notes that congestion is such that the bus service is at capacity, and will not be eased until a new rapid transit line is built paralleling the street
14.
Commercial Drive, Vancouver
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Commercial Drive is a roadway in the city of Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada that goes through the neighbourhood of Grandview-Woodland. However, the neighbourhood is so dominated by the businesses, cultural facilities, the district is one of Vancouvers Business Improvement Areas. The district is served by different bus routes, as well as both the SkyTrains Expo Line and Millennium Line at Commercial–Broadway Station. Commercial Drive is a mixed residential-commercial area with a proportion of ethnic and vegetarian restaurants, businesses. The area has low property prices compared to the westside of Vancouver and it has been the destination for generations of immigrants to Vancouver and has significant Italian, Asian, Latin America, East Indian, and African communities. As of the Canada 2001 Census, English is a minority language in Grandview-Woodland, Commercial Drive has a large number of local ethnic stores and community groups, Edwardian-style heritage buildings, European-style cafes, bars, and alternative shops and entertainment venues. As of late August 2007, there are 93 restaurants on Commercial Drive between Venables and Broadway, of which 19 are coffee bars. It is home to a street festival culture, notable annual events include the Vancouver Dyke March in August. It also plays host to Vancouvers only queer spoken word and musician performance night, the Drive is a popular place for Vancouverites who want to experience a safe version of North American counter-culture. The Drive was originally a road for dragging logs to the harbour. It was named Park Drive but renamed Commercial Drive in 1911, Commercial Drive ends in the south at 16th Avenue, the former end of Vancouver/start of City of South Vancouver, when it diverts to Victoria Drive. A limited light industrial Commercial Street carries on to 22nd Avenue, in 1891 the Drive became part of the Vancouver-New Westminster Interurban, a streetcar line. The streetcar line encouraged the growth of businesses and residences. Two streetcar lines ran down Commercial—there was the Interurban line to Westminster along Kingsway, there were also numerous city lines, which continue today as trolleybuses. The Interurban ceased operation in 1954, the global financial collapse around 1913 put an end to their hopes. Commercial Drive was the centre of a suburb during the 1920s. One result of this is a significant number of historical buildings, Commercial Drive was originally closer to the centre of town—town being located at Main and Hastings. Since then the focus of town has moved west, Commercial Drive included market gardens, sash and door factories, light industrial, rooming houses, dairies, orchards and open fields
15.
East Vancouver
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East Vancouver is a region within the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Geographically, East Vancouver is bordered to the north by Burrard Inlet, to the south by the Fraser River, East Vancouver is divided from Vancouvers West Side by Ontario Street. East Vancouver has been the first home for many non-British immigrants since the 1880s, historically, it was also a more affordable area and traditionally the home for many lower-income working class. The East Side is best summarized by its diversity – in family income, land use, ethnicity, the rapid increase in housing prices and gentrification may be affecting diversity of the area. In 1860, the False Creek Trail was built following an old path to connect False Creek with New Westminster. The first permanent European settlement in the area arose in 1865 in what is now Strathcona, even at that time, Strathcona was known simply as the East End. In the 1880s, the first homes were built in what is now Mount Pleasant, construction of North Arm Road began in 1872. This road was constructed to allow farmers to bring their produce to market from the arm of the Fraser River. Later, in 1890, a railway linked South Vancouver and Mount Pleasant, besides agriculture, canneries were a major employer for many residents in the 1880s and 1890s. In 1886, the City of Vancouver was incorporated, and included much of East Vancouver, one exception was the municipality of South Vancouver, created in 1892, which was an independent municipality until 1929. In 1888, the government designated 65 hectares of land adjacent to modern Hastings Street as a park. Since 1907, the park has been home to the Pacific National Exhibition, the transportation infrastructure expanded through the 1890s. In 1891, four public houses opened along Kingsway to service stagecoaches and carriages, hourly tramcar service began operating along its own right-of-way parallel to and crossing the old False Creek Trail between Vancouver and New Westminster. This is now paved and was renamed Kingsway in 1913, by the 1920s, street car service was installed along the full length of what is now Main Street. Development of the area increased during this time, in 1893, a small cedar cottage was built near present-day Kingsway and Knight streets. In 1900, the Cedar Cottage Brewery was built near this location, a municipal hall was built at East 41st Avenue and Fraser in 1911. Also in 1911, the Hastings Sawmill lands were sold to local working-class people, in the following year, John Oliver High School was built nearby. The Collingwood Free Library also opened in the neighbourhood and this library was built largely due to donations from a local resident, John Francis Bursill, who wrote for local newspapers under the name Felix Penne
16.
Little Italy, Vancouver
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Little Italy in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada is an area in the eastern part of the city, in the Grandview-Woodland neighbourhood, often synonymous with the Commercial Drive area. Historically this area was an enclave of ethnic Italians and Italian businesses, today, after a period of steady decline, it is again a multi-cultural, vibrant commercial centre. By the 1960s, many Italian businesses also sprang up in the Hastings and Nanaimo area, ethnic Italians were very influential in this area from the 1940s until the mid-1970s. Today, the area is again a vibrant cultural and business centre in eastern Vancouver, but after a succession of immigrant and cultural groups. Today, there are still many Italian Canadian businesses and cultural organizations in Vancouver, however, no particular single area is predominantly Italian in concentration. Burnaby Heights is not predominantly Italian, but Italian-Canadians have a presence in the neighbourhood. East Hastings Street, between Boundary and Duthie, is commercial hub for the Italian community. There are many Italian cafes, delis, and restaurants along the street, two Roman Catholic churches offering masses in Italian, St. Helens and Holy Cross, are located nearby. Older, first-generation Italians often congregate in nearby Confederation Park to play Bocce, little Italy on Commercial Drive http, //www. virtualvancouver. com/italytown. html
17.
Canada Line
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The Canada Line is the third rapid transit line built in the SkyTrain metro system in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The line is owned By TransLink and InTransitBC and operated by ProTrans BC, and links Vancouver, Richmond, and it is coloured turquoise on route maps. The Canada Line comprises 19.2 kilometres of track, the line goes from Vancouver to Richmond. It had been scheduled to open on November 30,2009, the Canada Line was anticipated to have 100,000 boardings per day in 2013 and 142,000 boardings per day by 2021, but it has consistently exceeded early targets. Ridership has grown steadily since opening day, with ridership of 83,000 per day in September 2009,105,000 per day in March 2010. During the 17 days of the 2010 Winter Olympics, the line carried an average of 228,190 passengers per day, governance of the project was through Canada Line Rapid Transit Inc. formerly RAV Project Management Ltd. The line was built by SNC-Lavalin, and InTransitBC will manage the line for 35 years under a contract with TransLink. The Canada Line is operationally independent from British Columbia Rapid Transit Company, which operates SkyTrains Expo and Millennium lines, like the other two SkyTrain lines in Metro Vancouver, it is also light metro rapid transit, using fully automated trains on grade-separated guideways. However, the trains are powered by conventional motors rather than the induction system used on the other SkyTrain lines. The Canada Line begins in Downtown Vancouver at Waterfront Station in a subway tunnel beneath Granville Street. It quickly goes into twin-bored tunnels, heading southwest beneath Granville Street, the tunnels then dive deeper to pass below False Creek before rising back up to Olympic Village Station. There, the line back to a cut-and-cover tunnel heading south under Cambie Street. The line emerges from the ground just south of 64th Avenue, the line continues elevated across the North Arm Bridge over the North Arm of the Fraser River, leaving Vancouver and entering Richmond. Just beyond Bridgeport Station, the splits, with the Richmond branch heading south on elevated tracks along No.3 Road. The airport branch turns west and crosses the Middle Arm Bridge over the Middle Arm of the Fraser River, connecting to stations on Sea Island, portions of the airport branch are at grade in order to accommodate a future elevated taxiway for aircraft over the line. Both branches narrow to a track as they approach their respective terminus stations. Just before Bridgeport Station is the OMC facility, which houses the trains not in use. Station construction was designed as a two-stage process, sixteen original stations opened at the same time as the line did
18.
Pretzel
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A pretzel is a type of baked bread product made from dough most commonly shaped into a twisted knot. Pretzels originated in Europe, possibly among monks in the Early Middle Ages, the traditional pretzel shape is a distinctive nonsymmetrical form, with the ends of a long strip of dough intertwined and then twisted back into itself in a certain way. In the 2010s, pretzels come in a range of different shapes, there are several varieties of pretzels, including soft pretzels, which must be eaten shortly after preparation and hard-baked pretzels, which have a long shelf life. There are numerous unreliable accounts regarding the origin of pretzels, as well as the origin of the name and he calls the strips of baked dough, folded to resemble arms crossing the chest, pretiola. However, there is no historical evidence to verify this claim. Another source locates the invention in a monastery in southern France, the looped pretzel may also be related to a Greek ring bread, derived from communion bread used in monasteries a thousand years ago. In Germany, there are stories that pretzels were the invention of desperate bakers held hostage by local Dignitaries. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon from 1905 suspects the origin of pretzels in a ban of heathen baking traditions, such as in the form of a sun cross, the pretzel may have emerged as a substitute. The German name Brezel may derive also from Latin bracellus, or bracchiola, the pretzel has been in use as an emblem of bakers and formerly their guilds in southern German areas since at least the 12th century. A 12th-century illustration in the Hortus deliciarum from the southwest German Alsace region may contain the earliest depiction of a pretzel, within the Christian Church, pretzels were regarded as having religious significance for both ingredients and shape. The knot shape has been claimed to represent hands in prayer, moreover, the three holes within the pretzel represent the three persons of the Holy Trinity, God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Pretzels made with a recipe using only flour and water could be eaten during Lent when Christians were forbidden to eat eggs, lard, or dairy products such as milk. As time passed, pretzels became associated with both Lent and Easter, Pretzels were hidden on Easter morning just as eggs are hidden today, and are particularly associated with Lent, fasting, and prayers before Easter. Pretzel baking has most firmly taken root in the region of Franconia and adjoining Upper German-speaking areas, and pretzels have been an integral part of German baking traditions for centuries. Lye pretzels are popular in southern Germany, Alsace, Austria, and German-speaking Switzerland as a variety of bread, a dish or a snack. Almost every region and even city has its own way of baking them, examples for pretzel names in various Upper-German dialects are Breze, Brezn, Bretzel, Brezzl, Brezgen, Bretzga, Bretzet, Bretschl, Kringel, Silserli, and Sülzerli. Baked for consumption on the day, they are sold in every bakery. Often, they are sliced horizontally, buttered, and sold as Butterbrezel, sesame, poppy, sunflower, pumpkin, or caraway seeds, melted cheese, and bacon bits are other popular toppings
19.
Monument Metro station
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Monument is a principal station on the underground section of the Tyne and Wear Metro system and is used by almost 6 million passengers per year. It is named after Greys Monument, which stands directly above the station and it is the only station on the Tyne and Wear Metro that is situated at a line crossing. The station opened with services from two of its four platforms on 15 November 1981, when the Metro was extended south from its terminus at Haymarket to Heworth. The remaining two came into use when services between St James and Tynemouth commenced on 14 November 1982. Platforms 1 and 2 lie below 3 and 4, at right angles and it is only one of two stations in the world where the same metro line passes through it twice in a pretzel configuration. Trains on the Yellow line from South Shields travel north through the station towards Jesmond, Four Lane Ends and the Coast, and return westwards via Wallsend and Manors towards St James. The ticket hall has an exit to Fenwick department store, a more indirect underground connection to Eldon Square Shopping Centre, although trains departing platform 3 state South Shields as their eventual destination, they must first complete an anticlockwise circuit of the coast. The journey time to stations south of Monument is considerably shorter when departing from platform 1, the station features some art installations. By one of the entrances is a mural, Famous Faces and it features a number of famous people from the North East, looking out of the window of a Metro train. This is mentioned on the song By the Monument by the band Maxïmo Park who grew up in the area, outside the station, a simple ventilation shaft has been disguised by Parsons Polygon. Created by David Hamilton as a tribute to Sir Charles Parsons and it is made from clay and features abstract designs based on Parsons engineering drawings. There are also some designs based on circuitry which have been blasted into the walls. This was installed in 2002 and is entitled Circuit and it was created by Richard Cole. Media related to Monument Metro station at Wikimedia Commons Train times and station information for Monument Metro station from Nexus
20.
Tyne and Wear Metro
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It has been described as the first modern light rail system in the United Kingdom. The initial network opened between 1980 and 1984, using converted former railway lines, linked with new tunnel infrastructure, extensions to the original network were opened in 1991 and 2002. In 2015/1640 million passenger journeys were made on the network and it is the second-largest of the four metro systems in the United Kingdom, after the London Underground, the others being the Docklands Light Railway and the Glasgow Subway. The system is owned and operated by the transport authority Nexus. Between 2010 and 2017 it was operated under contract by DB Regio Tyne & Wear Limited, on 1 April 2017, this contract ended, and Nexus took over direct operation of the system for a planned period of two years. The present system uses much former railway infrastructure, mostly constructed between 1839 and 1882, one of the oldest parts being the Newcastle & North Shields Railway opened in 1839. In 1938, the south of the Tyne between Newcastle and South Shields was also electrified. The Newcastle-South Shields line was de-electrified in 1963, and the north Tyneside routes were de-electrified in 1967 and this new system was intended to form the centrepiece of an integrated transport network, with buses acting as feeders to purpose-built interchanges. The plans were approved by the Tyneside Metropolitan Railway Bill which was passed by Parliament in July 1973, around 70% of the funding for the scheme came from a central government grant, with the remainder coming from local sources. The final cost of the project in 1984 prices was £265 million Some extensions to the system have since been built. A short 3. 5km extension from Bank Foot to Newcastle Airport was opened in 1991, in 2002 an 11-mile extension was opened from Pelaw to South Hylton via Sunderland. Three intermediate stations on the route were rebuilt, and three new ones were added, when the Metro opened it was intended to form part of an integrated public transport system, with the local bus network reconfigured to act as feeders for the Metro. Integration lasted until deregulation of bus routes in 1986 and it is however still possible to buy Transfare tickets that combine a Metro and bus journey. New ticket machines accepting notes and cards at all stations and barriers at 13 main stations were installed between 2011 and 2014, the modernisation of Haymarket station, funded through private development, was completed on 29 March 2010, and a new station at Simonside opened in March 2008. An upgrade of platforms at Sunderland and the modernisation of several other stations was included in this phase, lifts have been replaced at several Metro stations since 2009 as part of the programme. The programme also includes overhauling infrastructure including communications, track and overhead lines, structures. Refurbishment of 90 Metro trains and modernisation of 45 stations, a new system, overhaul and maintenance of structures such as bridges, tunnels, track. North Shields station has also been rebuilt and this work started in 2010 and cost £255. 3m
21.
Newcastle upon Tyne
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Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself, the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. Newcastle also houses Newcastle University, a member of the Russell Group, the city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the trade in the 14th century. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the worlds largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastles economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge. Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run, a marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius and it was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain, Pons Aelius population at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrians Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road, the course of the Roman Wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the walls end—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all, because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a castle in 1087. The castle was again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city dates from this period. Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was Englands northern fortress, incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589
22.
Voorweg RandstadRail station
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Voorweg is a RandstadRail station in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands. The station opened, as a station, on 22 May 1977 as part of the Zoetermeerlijn. The train station closed on 3 June 2006 and reopened as a RandstadRail station on 29 October 2006 for the HTM tram services, the station features 4 platforms on two levels, and are at right angles to each other. The bottom two are the tracks from Den Haag, that have not yet entered the Zoetermeer circuit and these platforms are low, and the same level as the tram doors. The following services call at Voorweg, Please note, RR3 stops at both levels, RR4 only stops at the lower level station
23.
RandstadRail
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RandstadRail is a public transportation rapid transit network in the southern part of the Randstad conurbation in the west of the Netherlands, connecting The Hague, Zoetermeer and Rotterdam. The network mainly uses former train and existing tracks, with a new flyover in The Hague. RandstadRail is a system of low-floor tram-train-like carriages used between The Hague and the city of Zoetermeer, and high-floor metro/subway-like carriages between The Hague and Rotterdam. The stations used by both lines have extended platforms with a high and a low part, moreover, the network includes two bus lines. It was opened as a RandstadRail line in September 2006, running at the time between Nootdorp and Hofplein until it was extended to The Hague in November of that year. As part of the conversion to RandstadRail operation, it began using RET metro trains, more stops were added. Although the conversion was not flawless, with both a series of problems and a derailment, the line has been in full metro-like operation since September 2007. Rotterdam Hofplein terminus was replaced in 2010 with a tunnel connecting the line with the local metro network at Rotterdam Centraal railway station. The metro line runs every 10 to 15 minutes, RandstadRail includes two tram-train lines, both running from The Hague to Zoetermeer. These lines are operated by HTM, the transport operator in The Hague. Between Central Station and Zoetermeer they operate on dedicated tracks as a rail system. Line 3 and 4 come every 10 minutes during daytime, on Monday to Saturday, on Sundays, as well as in the evening, they come once every 15 minutes. Line 19, even during the daytime, comes only once every 15 minutes, in December 2012, two bus lines were added to RandstadRail. These so-called ZoRo-bus lines, line 170 and line 173, run between Zoetermeer and Rodenrijs RandstadRail station, where they connect with Randstadrail metroline E to and from Rotterdam, a new bus lane was constructed between the two cities for the project. The buses are operated by the RET three times hourly and have an almost instant connection to arriving Randstadrail-metrotrains at Rodenrijs RandstadRail station, at their terminus in Zoetermeer Centrum-West Randstadrail station these buslines connect with all other Zoetermeer city- and regional buslines and Randstadraillines 3 and 4. Trams in The Hague Trams in Rotterdam RandstadRail Route map and connections
24.
The Hague
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The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
25.
Evergreen Extension
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It extends the SkyTrain network from Lougheed Town Centre in Burnaby to Lafarge Lake–Douglas in Coquitlam, with the addition of six new SkyTrain stations and major upgrades to two existing stations. It opened on December 2,2016, service was initially planned to begin by the middle of 2016. With the extension opened, the Millennium Line operates between VCC–Clark and Lafarge Lake–Douglas, the line is expected to serve 70,000 passengers per day in 2021. The line uses tunnels and elevated guideways, and the automated technology as the SkyTrain rapid transit lines operated by TransLink elsewhere in Metro Vancouver. At 79.6 kilometres, Vancouvers SkyTrain system is the largest fully grade-separated metro rail system in Canada and it is also the longest fully automated rapid transit system in the world, surpassing the Dubai Metro. The Evergreen Extension uses the colour yellow outlined in green on maps, wayfinding. A rapid-transit extension to Coquitlam was intended to be phase II of the new Millennium Line that was completed in 2002, in September 2002 the 97 B-Line express bus service was implemented. Detailed design began in October 2006, when the TransLink Board approved the Evergreen Light Rail Transit project definition phase. ”This prompted local news agencies to interpret the statement as meaning TransLink had shelved the project. We have defined the project, and now we are waiting for funding to be confirmed from senior levels of government, the expected completion date was pushed back from 2011 to 2014. On August 5,2008, the Province of British Columbia, on May 4,2009, the Ministry of Transportation released a Project Description Report for the Evergreen Line. The report provided more information about the scope and characteristics of the line and detailed the projects environmental. On September 11,2009, the second update was released by the Evergreen Line Project. The update stated that contractor selection would begin in early to mid-2010, environmental assessment would be completed in 2010, the update also announced open houses for the environmental assessment process for September 2009 and open houses for preliminary design in October and November 2009. It did not make reference to the issues that remained unresolved. On October 26,2009, the TransLink Mayors Council voted against the funding necessary to pursue the Evergreen Line. However, on October 28,2009, Premier Gordon Campbell stated that the line would continue though it had been voted down. On October 7,2011, the Mayors Council approved the Moving Forward 2012 Supplemental Plan to fund transportation projects in the Metro Vancouver region. Transportation Minister Blair Lekstrom announced that construction was expected to begin in mid-2012, in May 2012, preliminary construction began, including the removal of some buildings and the construction of underground utility tunnels in certain areas of Port Moody and Coquitlam
26.
Spanish solution
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If there are three platforms with two tracks, generally the center platform will be a shared exit platform, as there is no benefit in segregating arriving passengers. At most locations doors for exit open a few seconds before those for entry, the principle was first used in 1895 at the King William Street tube station in London, but came into wide use on the Barcelona Metro in the 1930s. On people movers at airports there are dedicated platforms for boarding and alighting. This can have the advantage of preventing travellers heading in the wrong direction when alighting. The same principle is used on ferries, monorails, and cable cars, fairground rides such as roller coasters, lifts. At a terminal station where trains are bi-directional it is advantageous for the platform to be for boarding. This permits a train to enter on either track and remain in the station until it is ready to begin the next trip. Sé on the São Paulo Metro is a recent example, Line 1 Blue uses this model at stations like Sé, a busy station due to Line 3 integration, and Line 3 - Red uses this at Sé, Republic, Itaquera, Barra Funda, and Luz. In Hong Kong, the former KCRC reconstructed the platforms at the checkpoint terminus, Lo Wu Station, when the train stops, the doors on the island platform open and all passengers get off. Then the doors close and the doors on the platform open. In France, the principle is applied at the Line B platforms at Jean Jaurès on the Toulouse Metro, Peoples Republic of China Gongyuanqian and Xilang on the Guangzhou Metro. In Shanghai, the southbound Line 8 platform at Peoples Square, chengdu Metro Tianfu Square Line 1 platforms. First platform of Kurla railway station, first platform of Dombivli railway station. Changi Airport Skytrain terminus at every terminal between separation between Public and Transit Area between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3, choa Chu Kang LRT is the first station in Singapore to have an Island Platform upgraded to a Spanish solution platform. The main platform is still for boarding while the platforms are only for exits. Thailand Chachoengsao Junction on SRT Eastern Line, israel All 6 stations of the Carmelit underground funicular in Haifa. Schottenring, on Vienna U-Bahn line U2 at the platform of line U4, then, line U2 was extended to Stadion, Aspernstraße and Seestadt Aspern. Stuttgart Stadtbahn, Pragsattel, Mineralbäder Greece Omonoia, Irini and Neo Faliro in Athens Metro Line 1, italy Cologno Nord, a terminus station of the Milan M2 metro
27.
University of British Columbia
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The University of British Columbia, commonly referred to as UBC, is a public research university with campuses and facilities in British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia and it is British Columbias oldest institution of higher learning and has over 60,000 students at its Vancouver and Okanagan Valley campuses. Most students are enrolled in five faculties, Arts, Science, Applied Science, UBC Faculty of Medicine. UBCs 4.02 km2 Vancouver campus is within the University Endowment Lands, the 2.09 km2 Okanagan campus, acquired in 2005, is in Kelowna. UBCs admission standards is the 2nd most rigorous in Canada with the average of 89. 95% high school GPA for all incoming domestic students in 2015 for the Vancouver Campus. According to the annual rankings compiled by Macleans and U. S. News, in 2015 U. S. News and World Report and Times Higher Education ranked UBC among the 20 best public universities worldwide. With an annual research budget valued at $600 million, UBC funds 8,442 projects as of 2014, the university has also educated three Canadian prime ministers, most recently Justin Trudeau, the current prime minister. One of the largest research libraries in Canada, the UBC Library system has over 9.9 million volumes among its 21 branches, since 1968, UBC is home to TRIUMF, Canadas national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics which houses the worlds largest cyclotron. In 1877, only six years after British Columbia joined Canada, the provincial legislature passed An Act Respecting the University of British Columbia in 1890, but disagreements arose over whether to build the university on Vancouver Island or the mainland. The British Columbia University Act of 1908 formally called a university into being. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership, the Act constituted a twenty-one member senate with Francis Carter-Cotton of Vancouver as Chancellor. Before the University Act, there had been attempts at creating a degree-granting university with help from the Universities of Toronto. Building on an affiliation between Vancouver and Victoria high schools with McGill University, Henry Marshall Tory helped establish the McGill University College of British Columbia. From 1906 to 1915, McGill BC operated as an institution providing the first few years toward a degree at McGill University or elsewhere. The Henry Marshall Tory Medal was established in 1941 by Tory, founding President of the University of Alberta and of the National Research Council of Canada, and a co-founder of Carleton University. In the meantime, appeals were made to the government to revive the legislation for a provincial institution, leading to the University Endowment Act in 1907. In 1910 the Point Grey site was chosen, and the government appointed Dr. Frank Fairchild Wesbrook as President in 1913, on the first day of lectures was September 30,1915, the new independent university absorbed McGill University College. The University of British Columbia awarded its first degrees in 1916, World War I dominated campus life, and the student body was decimated by enlistments for active service, with three hundred UBC students in Company D alone
28.
A&W (Canada)
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A&W Food Services of Canada, Inc. is a Canadian fast food restaurant chain. A&W Canada was part of the U. S. -based A&W Restaurants chain, but was sold to Unilever in 1972 and it no longer has any corporate connection to A&W operations outside of Canada. The Canadian operation is owned and operated by the privately held A&W Food Services of Canada Inc. based in North Vancouver, in December 2013, A&W was Canadas second-largest Quick Service Restaurant burger chain with 850 outlets after McDonalds 1,400 outlets. The first Canadian A&W restaurant opened in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1956, the Canadian restaurants were part of the American chain until 1972 when they were sold to Unilever. The bear and the jingle that accompanied him became a long-running campaign. The mascot was so successful that he was adopted as the mascot by the American A&W chain as well. The famous tuba jingle was played by famed Vancouver jazz, classical, King also did the ads for the Book Warehouse chain of discount book stores, which he owned. In the early 1980s, the style of restaurant was phased out. It was replaced with a modern, pastel-coloured fast food outlet which included marginally healthier options, while the chain continued to open some standalone restaurants, A&W also aggressively pursued shopping mall locations, and as a result A&Ws are still commonly found in Canadian malls of various sizes. In 1995, the chain was bought from Unilever by senior management, by the end of the 1990s, marketing and products began to take on a more retro approach. Former menu items, such as the Burger Family, were reintroduced, the Great Root Bear and the ba-dum ba-dum theme were also retired from most advertising. A new restaurant design was introduced, featuring an orange and yellow exterior, reminiscent of the 1950s. Existing restaurants were renovated to match the new style, meanwhile, with malls in decline, A&W began to focus on opening new standalone restaurants, particularly in smaller markets where McDonalds was often the only major hamburger chain. The last drive-in style restaurant closed in 2000, in Langley, on February 15,2002, the A&W Revenue Royalties Income Fund was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The initial public offering was 8.34 million units at $10 each, the fund owns the A&W trademarks in Canada and licenses them to A&W Food Services of Canada Inc. Revenue is generated by charging a three percent royalty on sales of each restaurant. Television advertisements are filmed at locations in the Fraser Valley, in June 2006, A&W celebrated 50 years in Canada. Some Quebec locations had been Dunkin Donuts locations until Dunkin Donuts closed most locations in Quebec, two new restaurant concepts were introduced in the fall of 2009
29.
Shoppers Drug Mart
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Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation is a Canadian retail pharmacy chain based in North York, Toronto, Ontario. It has more than 1,253 stores operating under the names Shoppers Drug Mart in nine provinces, founded by Murray Koffler, the Koffler family still retains ownership of the Super-Pharm pharmacy which is in Israel, Poland, and China. Super-Pharm uses the logo as Shoppers Drug Mart, created by the artist Sylvain Liu. It also uses some of the same brands, such as Life Brand. In 2013, Brampton-based Loblaw Companies acquired Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation for $12.4 billion in cash, in addition to its retail formats, the company owns and operates several specialty services. A provider of products and clinical services to long-term care facilities. Many locations offer prescription delivery free of charge, utilizing a fleet of corporate owned vehicles, Shoppers Drug Mart is a unique and independent operating division of Loblaw Companies Limited. At the age of twenty, Murray Koffler inherited two Kofflers Drugs pharmacies in suburban Toronto, by 1962, Kofflers had grown to a chain of 17 pharmacies, which he renamed Shoppers Drug Mart in the 1970s. The first store named Shoppers Drug Mart was at Shoppers World Danforth from which it derived the name, in 1968, Shoppers Drug Mart grew to 52 stores in Ontario by merging with 33 Plaza Drugstores. In 1971, Shoppers Drug Mart purchased 87 Cunningham Drug Stores in British Columbia, the first Pharmaprix store opened in 1972 in Québec. In 1974, Lord’s Supervalue Pharmacies 26 stores in Atlantic Canada joined the Shoppers Drug Mart family, in 1986 Shoppers Drug Mart bought Super X Drugstores, an Ontario-area chain of 72 stores. In 1992, the company bought up the Western Canadian chain Pinders Drugs, also in 1995, Shoppers Drug Mart acquired 135 Big V Drugstores. In 1996, the first Shoppers Home Health Care store opened, when Koffler retired in 1986, he sold the chain to Imasco. That same year, David Bloom, a former Shoppers Drug Mart pharmacist, was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Company, Bloom would lead the organization until retiring in 2001, having devoted a total of 35 years of service to the Company. During David Blooms tenure, Shoppers doubled its number of stores, quadrupled its sales, David Bloom also launched the Shoppers Optimum loyalty program in 2000 which quickly became the largest and most successful loyalty program in Canada. The Optimum program currently boasts over 10 million members in Canada, in 2000, after Imperial Tobacco had been taken over by BAT Industries, Shoppers was sold to a consortium of institutional investors including Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. DLJ Merchant Banking Partners, Charlesbank Capital Partners, Ontario Teachers Pension Plan, CIBC Capital Partners, in 2001, Glenn Murphy was appointed Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. In November of that year, Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation was publicly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
30.
Blenz Coffee
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Blenz Coffee is a Canadian franchise chain of coffee shops. The first shop was opened in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1992, the chain has since grown to include a network of popular franchised locations,63 in British Columbia and 1 in Calgary, Alberta Canada. While Blenz is mainly known as a house, Blenz also serves loose leaf teas from around the world as well as hot chocolate drinks made with Belgian chocolate chips. Blenz is well known for including latte art on their drinks, Coffee house List of coffeehouse chains Coffee portal Blenz official site
31.
Island platform
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An island platform is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on twin-track routes due to pragmatic and cost-effective reasons, an alternative arrangement is to position side platforms on either side of the tracks. The historical use of island platforms depends greatly upon the location, the island platform layout is a popular, cost-effective and practical solution in modern railway systems. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and this is essential for wheelchair accessible stations. An island platform makes it easier for users and the infirm to change services between tracks. Additionally, an island platform layout eliminates the need to construct a crossover or subway between two platforms, however, island platforms may become overcrowded, especially at busy stations, and this can lead to safety issues such as Clapham Common and Angel on the London Underground. However, for the tracks to diverge around the platform, extra width is required along the right-of-way on each approach to the station. Track centers vary for rail systems throughout the world but are normally 3 to 5 meters, if the island platform is 6 meters wide, the tracks have to slew out by the same distance. While this is not a problem on a new line that is being constructed, in addition, a single island platform makes it quite difficult to have through tracks, which are usually between the local tracks. A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines is a pair of island platforms, high-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms. This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where trains can be passed by faster trains. The purpose of this design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Many of the stations on the Great Central Railway were constructed in this form and this was because the line was planned to connect to a Channel Tunnel. Island platforms are a normal sight on Indian railway stations. Almost all railway stations in India consist of island platforms, in Toronto,29 subway stations use island platforms. A slight disadvantage is that crossovers have to be rather long, in southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, PATCO uses island platforms in all of its 13 stations, to facilitate one-person train operation. Most elevated stations in Singapores Mass Rapid Transit system use island platforms, the exception is Dover MRT Station, which uses side platforms as it is built on an existing rail line. The planned Canberra MRT Station will also use side platforms, as it also be built on an existing rail line
32.
History of the SkyTrain
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Construction was funded by the provincial and federal governments. Vancouver had plans as early as the 1950s to build a system, with modernist architect Wells Coates pencilled in to design it. The lack of a transit system was said to be the cause of traffic problems in the 1970s. In 1980 the need for rapid transit was great, and Ontario needed buyers for its new technology, advanced Rapid Transit was selected to be built in Vancouver to showcase the Ontario project at Expo 86. Construction of the line began on March 1,1982 under the Social Credit government of Bill Bennett. SkyTrain opened on December 11,1985 with free weekend service, until 1989, SkyTrain terminated at New Westminster Station, in 1987 construction began on an extension including the Skybridge, Columbia Station, and Scott Road Station, extending service to Surrey. The line was expanded yet again in 1994 with the opening of the Gateway, Surrey Central, SkyTrain is part of the 1996 Greater Vancouver Regional Districts Livable Region Strategic Plan, which discusses strategies to deal with the anticipated increase of population in the region. These strategies include increasing transportation choices and transit use, from 1989 to 1993, BC Transit had carried out an extensive analysis on rapid transit from Vancouver to Richmond. Close to a million dollars was spent by BC Transit carrying out engineering, routes in Vancouver such as Granville, Oak, Heather, Ontario and Main Street were all examined and eliminated. Recommended routes for the assessment were Cambie street and the Arbutus corridor. The final option selected was SkyTrain running along Cambie, but the Arbutus line was a contender from the point of view of cost. As part of that announcement, there were rapid transit corridors for future studies shown from Vancouver to Richmond and these corridors were Arbutus and Cambie streets. Were transferred from BC Transit to the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority, as part of the deal, they agreed on a limited growth plan with the province taking responsibility for expansion under the Crown corporation Rapid Transit Project 2000 Ltd. and a cost-sharing scheme. RTP2000 proposed an expansion, a $1. The first section of the Millennium Line opened in 2002, with Braid, most of the remaining portion began operating later that year, serving North Burnaby and East Vancouver. Phase I of the Millennium Line was completed $50 million under budget, critics of the project dubbed it the SkyTrain to Nowhere, claiming that the route of the new line was based on political concerns, not the needs of commuters. But additional development has been slow to get off the ground, by 1998 plans for a line to Richmond resurfaced, including a spur to the Vancouver International Airport, in part to strengthen Vancouvers planned bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics. Equal shares of funding was obtained from the federal and provincial governments as well as the airport authority, the new line was named the Canada Line to acknowledge the federal governments contribution
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SkyTrain rolling stock
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The SkyTrain is a large rapid transit system located in Greater Vancouver, and has a large fleet of rolling stock. These trains reach speeds of 80 km/h, including wait times at stops, the initial fleet consists of 12 m lightweight Mark I ICTS cars from Urban Transportation Development Corporation, similar to those used by Torontos Scarborough RT and the Detroit People Mover. Mark I vehicles are composed of mated pairs and normally run as four-car trains, the maximum based on station platform lengths is a six-car configuration, totaling 72 m The SkyTrain fleet currently includes 150 Mark I trains. These trains have side-facing seats, red, white, and blue interiors, each Mark I car has 36 seats and a capacity of 80 passengers. Mark I trains have spaces dedicated for wheelchair users, bicycles, the Mark I ICTS cars built between 1984 and 1986 for the first/1985 phase of the Expo Line featured two end-doors, one at the front and back of each car. The back side of car had sections painted in black. These trains were different from the test train couple used during the ICTS testing in 1983, in 1991, additional Mark I ICTS cars were purchased. These newer cars featured no end doors, and the side was not coloured black. The ends of each car had no doors, instead, the windows were slightly enlarged, trains include a fold-down seat near the front ends that permit a rider a view of the tracks from the end car. When the 1984/86 fleet of ICTS cars were introduced, floors were carpet-lined, intended as a way to showcase SkyTrain as an elegant world class system. However, as maintaining the carpets proved difficult and sanitation issues quickly became a concern, between the late 1990s and early 2000s, just prior to the opening of the Millennium Line, SkyTrain gradually refurbished the entire Mark I train fleet in terms of design and layout. From the beginning of the systems opening in January 1986. During Expo 86, four-car trains were used to manage the large-scale population flow of the fair. Two-car trains were phased out between 1990 and 1993 in response to complaints about overcrowding. Prior to the opening of the Millennium Line, four-car trains became standard because SkyTrain could operate frequent service during peak hours, the opening of GM Place also brought an increase in the number of special events which required extended capacity during the evenings. SkyTrain operates up to six, six-car trains for capacity during peak periods, two-car trains only operate during train maintenance and testing at the BCRTC Edmonds Maintenance and Storage Facility in Burnaby. From late 2016, leading up to the opening of the Evergreen Extension on December 2, Mark I trains no longer operate as four-car trains, they now solely operate as six-car trains. When the Millennium Line was built, TransLink ordered new-generation Mark II ART trains from Bombardier Transportation,50 of which were manufactured in a Burnaby factory, similar trains are used in Kuala Lumpurs Kelana Jaya Line, New Yorks JFK AirTrain, and the new Beijing Airport Express
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SeaBus
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The SeaBus is a passenger-only ferry service in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It crosses Burrard Inlet to connect the cities of Vancouver and North Vancouver, owned by TransLink and operated by the Coast Mountain Bus Company, the SeaBus forms an important part of the regions integrated public transportation system. The SeaBus fleet currently consists of four vessels, the ferries operate between approximately 6,00 am and 1,00 am from Monday to Saturday, and between 8,00 am and 11,30 pm on Sundays and holidays. During the daytime from Monday to Saturday two of the three ferries are in service, with the two ferries departing simultaneously from opposite termini and passing each other halfway. The 1. 75-nautical-mile crossing takes 10–12 minutes in each direction with a speed of 11.5 knots, with a 3-5 minute turnaround and, therefore. At these times, over 50 crossings are made a day, during the evenings and on Sundays, service is reduced to a 30-minute schedule with only one ferry operating. The SeaBus is capable of operating on a 12-minute turnaround, however, at the higher speeds, the wake created disturbs other users of the Burrard Inlet. During overloads they do sometimes operate at the higher speeds, the ferries operate with four crew members on board and engineers who stay ashore most of the time, but do regular checks of the engines and are available to come aboard at any time. Seabus crew members are trained and certified to deal with marine emergencies, the original emergency procedure involved using the other SeaBus to evacuate passengers from the distressed SeaBus. The turnstiles on the entrance into the SeaBus waiting area are used only for counting the number of passengers boarding, when the maximum number is reached, the turnstiles lock and no more passengers are allowed on that SeaBus. Seabus is a Fare Paid Zone similar to SkyTrain and buses, Fare inspections are done by Transit Security Officers and on occasion by members of the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service. Seabus attendants may check fares, but do not conduct enforcement, seabus attendants can call Transit Security to deal with non-compliant passengers. Failure to pay the fare or retain a valid fare may result in being removed from the terminal and/or fined $173. Traditionally, like all public transit in Vancouver, the SeaBus offers free rides on New Years Eve to discourage drinking and driving, the SeaBus stops on the Vancouver side at Waterfront Station, near the Vancouver Convention Centre and the cruise ship terminal at Canada Place. A skywalk connects the SeaBus terminal to the station building. In North Vancouver, the SeaBus stops at the purpose-built Lonsdale Quay, in addition to serving commuters, Lonsdale Quay has become an important tourist destination, with a hotel and public market. The current SeaBus fleet consists of the vessels, The ferries are catamarans constructed out of aluminium. The ferries are double-ended so that they can travel in either direction without turning around, there are four diesel engines in each vessel, one for each propeller
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West Coast Express
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West Coast Express is the only interregional commuter railway in British Columbia, Canada. A one-way trip takes 75 minutes, which is faster than driving to Downtown Vancouver, the commuter railway is owned by TransLink, the transportation authority of the Metro Vancouver region, and a member of the Canadian Urban Transit Association. The South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service and transit security officers conduct random fare inspections within the Fare Paid Zones at stations, people caught without valid fare are removed from the train and may be fined $173. Contracted commissionaires provide station attendant services and a security presence, even checking fares on occasion at stations, enforcement of fares and other regulations is conducted by the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service and transit security. Rail service is supplemented by TransLinks bus No,701, which runs four eastbound and four westbound trips per weekday—one in the morning, one in the afternoon, and two in the evening—between Coquitlam Central Station and Mission City Station. This service does not run on weekends and holidays, TransLinks regular one-zone adult/concession fare rates apply to these trips. The eastbound bus makes regular stops until it reaches Haney Place Exchange in Maple Ridge and this process is reversed for westbound buses. The entire one-way route is completed in 60–70 minutes, until December 30,2016, West Coast Express ran coach-style TrainBus service, which provided additional service when trains were not running. This service was replaced by bus No.701, existing paper fares were honoured until July 24,2015. West Coast Express fares can also be used as a fare on other TransLink services. A one-way fare expires 180 minutes from the time of purchase, see TransLink Fares for more information on the pricing of the West Coast Express fares. Denotes wheelchair access Each train consists of a General Motors/ EMD F59PHI diesel-electric locomotive, West Coast Express also operates a MPI MP36PH-3C for backup. The total fleet of coaches is 44. Each passenger carriage has a capacity of 144 people. Passenger amenities include washrooms, a bar, power outlets, wheelchair accessibility. The carriages and locomotives are maintained by Via Rail and, under the contract, Bombardier began a contract to operate the trains for the next five years, commencing on May 5,2014. After May 2014, Track time is negotiated between TransLink and the CPR, which balances the use by the West Coast Express with its freight operation. TransLinks 2009 Capital Plan included upgrades to the Waterfront and Mission stations, TransLink has been criticized for the low ridership of the West Coast Express and supports its expansion
99 B-Line
: located at the northeast corner of Broadway and Commercial Drive intersection, opened in 2002 in conjunction with the opening of Millennium Line. Passenger can enter the station from both the westbound (north) side of Broadway and southbound side of Commercial Drive, this entrance provides both up/down escalators and elevators to all 4 platforms, although both escalators serving platform 1 and 2 may turn to the peak direction of travel during rush hours.
