1.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
2.
Newton, Massachusetts
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Newton is a suburban city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. Rather than having a city center, Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages. According to the 2010 U. S. Census, the population of Newton was 85,146, Newtons proximity to Boston along with its historic homes, good public schools, and safe and quiet neighborhoods make it a desirable community for those who commute to Boston. Newton is served by three modes of transit run by the MBTA, light rail, commuter rail. Newton has been ranked as one of the best cities to live in in the country. In August 2012, Money magazine named Newton fourth best small city among places to live in America and has named the safest city in the country according to Aneki. Newton was settled in 1630 as part of the newe towne, there are several historical sites of interest in the Newton area. These include Crystal Lake, the East Parish and West Parish Burying Grounds, and the Jackson Homestead, historian and local resident Diana Muir has written about the history surrounding Bulloughs Pond, a scene from the 2008 production of The Women was also filmed there. Portions of the 2016 drama film Patriots Day, about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and starring Boston native Mark Wahlberg, were filmed at Lasell College in the city, Newton was settled in 1630 as part of the newe towne, which was renamed Cambridge in 1638. Newton was incorporated as a town, known as Cambridge Village, in 1688, then renamed Newtown in 1691. It became a city in 1873, Newton is known as The Garden City. Newton, according to Muir, became one of Americas earliest commuter suburbs, the Boston and Worcester, one of Americas earliest railroads, reached West Newton in 1834. Wealthy Bostonian businessmen took advantage of the new commuting opportunity offered by the railroad, building homes on erstwhile farmland of West Newton hill. Muir points out that these early commuters needed sufficient wealth to employ a groom and keep horses, one wave began with the streetcar lines that made many parts of Newton accessible for commuters in the late nineteenth century. The next wave came in the 1920s when automobiles became affordable to a upper middle class. Even then, however, Oak Hill continued to be farmed, mostly market gardening, Newton is not a typical commuter suburb since many people who live in Newton do not work in downtown Boston. Most Newtonites work in Newton and other surrounding cities and towns, the city has two symphony orchestras, the New Philharmonia Orchestra of Massachusetts and the Newton Symphony Orchestra. Each April on Patriots Day, the Boston Marathon is run through the city and it then turns right onto Route 30 for the long haul into Boston
3.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
4.
Public Garden (Boston)
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The Public Garden, also known as Boston Public Garden, is a large park in the heart of Boston, Massachusetts, adjacent to Boston Common. Bostons Back Bay, including the land the garden sits on, was mudflats until filling began in the early 1800s, the land of the Public Garden was the earliest filled, as the area that is now Charles Street had been used as a ropewalk since 1796. The town of Boston granted ropemakers use of the land on July 30,1794, as a condition of its use, the ropewalks proprietors were required to build a seawall and fill in the land which is now Charles Street and the land immediately bordering it. Much of the material came from Mount Vernon, formerly a hill in the Beacon Hill area of Boston. Initially, gravel and dirt were brought from the hill to the area by handcart. In February 1824, the city of Boston purchased back the granted to the ropemakers. The next year, a proposal to turn the land into a graveyard was defeated by a vote of 1632 to 176, the Public Garden was established in 1837, when philanthropist Horace Gray petitioned for the use of land as the first public botanical garden in the United States. By 1839, a corporation was formed, called Horace Gray and Associates, the corporation was chartered with creating what is now the Boston Public Garden. Nonetheless, there was constant pressure for the land to be sold to private interests for the construction of new housing, while most of the land of the present-day garden had been filled in by the mid-1800s, the area of the Back Bay remained an undeveloped tidal basin. The City of Boston petitioned the state to grant control over the basin, in hopes of generating significant revenue from any developments that would be built after filling it in. In the agreement, Boston gave up its rights to build upon the Public Garden, in return, it received a strip of land which is now a part of the garden, abutting Arlington Street. In October 1859, Alderman Crane submitted the plan for the Garden to the Committee on the Common and Public Squares. Construction began quickly on the property, with the pond being finished that year, today the north side of the pond has a small island, but it originally was a peninsula, connected to the land. The site became so popular with lovers that John Galvin, the city forester, the 24 acres landscape was designed by George F. Meacham. The paths and flower beds were laid out by the city engineer, James Slade, the plan for the garden included a number of fountains and statues, many of which were erected in the late 1860s. The most notable statue is perhaps that of George Washington, done in 1869 by Thomas Ball, the signature suspension bridge over the middle of the pond was erected in 1869. Gas lamps were used to light the garden at night. A flagpole stands today on the side of the garden, close to Charles Street
5.
Back Bay, Boston
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Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is also a shopping destination and home to some of Bostons tallest office buildings, the Hynes Convention Center. Prior to a colossal 19th-century filling project, Back Bay was a literal bay, today, along with neighboring Beacon Hill, it is one of Bostons two most expensive residential neighborhoods. This bay was tidal, the rose and fell several feet over the course of each day. As early as 5,200 years before present, Native Americans built fish weirs here, in 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a milldam, which would also serve as a toll road connecting Boston to Watertown, bypassing Boston Neck. However, the project was a failure, and in 1857 a massive project was begun to make land by filling the area enclosed by the dam. The firm of Goss and Munson built additional railroad trackage extending to quarries in Needham, twenty-five 35-car trains arrived every 24 hours carrying gravel and other fill, at a rate in the daytime of one every 45 minutes. Present-day Back Bay itself was filled by 1882, the project reached existing land at what is now Kenmore Square in 1890, much of the old mill dam remains buried under present-day Beacon Street. The project was the largest of a number of reclamation projects which, beginning in 1820. The Esplanade has since undergone changes, including the construction of Storrow Drive. The Back Bay is traversed by five east-west corridors, Beacon Street, Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury Street and Boylston Street. These are interrupted at intervals by running from north to south streets, Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester. All of the west-east streets, except Commonwealth Avenue, are one-way streets, west of Hereford are Massachusetts Avenue and Charlesgate, which forms the Back Bays western boundary. Setback requirements and other restrictions, written into the lot deeds of the newly filled Back Bay, produced harmonious rows of dignified three- and four-story residential brownstones. The Back Bay is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Copley Square features Trinity Church, the Boston Public Library, the John Hancock Tower, and numerous other notable buildings. Trinity Church, deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America, the first monumental structure in Copley Square was the original Museum of Fine Arts, begun 1870 and opened 1876. After museum moved to the Fenway neighborhood in 1909 its red Gothic Revival building was demolished to make way for the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel, the Boston Public Library, designed by McKim, Mead, and White, is a leading example of Beaux-Arts architecture in the US. Sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church, it was intended to be a palace for the people, baedekers 1893 guide terms it dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly, and a worthy mate. to Trinity Church
6.
Kenmore Square
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Kenmore Square is close to or abuts Boston University and Fenway Park, and it features Lansdowne Street, a center of Boston nightlife, and the iconic Citgo sign. It is also the terminus of U. S. Route 20. The land that is now Kenmore Square was originally the swampy, uninhabited corner of the mainland and it was part of the colonial settlement of Boston until 1705, when the hamlet of Muddy River incorporated as the independent town of Brookline. The land ended up in Brookline because the Muddy River - several blocks to the east - formed the border of the new city. The Boston and Worcester Rail Road and the Charles River Branch Railroad combined here to cross the Back Bay on a railroad bridge. The railroad lines still exist on more or less their original alignments, minor adjustments have been made for the construction of South Station, what is now the MBTA Green Line, and the Massachusetts Turnpike. The city of Brighton was merged with Boston in 1874, even as late as 1880, Kenmore Square was only sparsely developed. By 1890, the Back Bay landfill project had reached Kenmore Square, streetcar tracks were laid on Beacon Street in 1888, passing through Kenmore Square on the surface, from Coolidge Corner to Massachusetts Avenue. These would eventually become the Green Line C Branch, tracks were laid on what by then was called Commonwealth Avenue in 1896, from Union Square in Brighton. These would later serve the Green Line A Branch and Green Line B Branch, the Boylston Street Subway was extended to Kenmore Square in 1914, where it rose above ground. In 1932, the Kenmore Square portion of the Green Line was put underground, in 1915, the Kenmore Apartments were built on the corner of Kenmore and Commonwealth Avenue. Later, the became the Hotel Kenmore with 400 guest rooms. The Kenmore was owned by Bertram Druker, a prominent Boston developer and was known as the baseball hotel and it housed every one of the 14 teams after World War II. From the 1960s to 1979 it was used by Grahm Junior College as a hall, cafeteria, library. Later, after Grahm Junior College closed and larger hotels like the Sheraton were built and it is now called Kenmore Abbey. Gary Cherone reminisces about the Kenmore Square music scene in the 1980s on disc one of Extreme’s 2010 live album Take Us Alive. The Mighty Mighty Bosstones reminisce about the closing of The Rathskeller on Kenmore Square in I Want My City Back, a track on A Jacknife to a Swan
7.
Allston
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Allston is a neighborhood of Boston, located in the western part of the city. It was named after the American painter and poet Washington Allston and it comprises the land covered by the zip code 02134. For the most part, Allston is administered collectively with the adjacent neighborhood of Brighton, the two are often referred to together as Allston–Brighton. Boston Police Department District D-14 covers the Allston-Brighton area and a Boston Fire Department Allston station is located in Union Square which houses Engine 41, Engine 41 is nicknamed The Bull to commemorate the historic stockyards of Allston. Lower Allston, across the Massachusetts Turnpike from the rest of Allston, the estimated population of Allston is 29,196, according to the 2010 Census. The median home cost is $317,000, a decline of 0. 97% in the last year, the cost of living is 9. 81% higher than the national average. The population density is 18, 505/mi2, about 50% higher than the average of 12,166. 76. 45% of residents list status as single, Allston is home to many immigrant populations, the largest groups being from Russia, East Asia, South Asia, and South America. Young adults make up 78. 3% of the neighborhoods population, in addition to nightly dancing and live music at area bars, house parties abound on surrounding streets, particularly during the school year. This has long been a point among other Allston residents. The largest religious affiliation is Catholic, followed by Protestant, unspecified Christian, Jewish, Baptist, the neighborhood of Allston is almost completely cut off from the main body of the city of Boston by the town of Brookline, which borders Allston on the south and southeast. It is connected to the rest of Boston only by a portion of its eastern border that is shared with the Fenway/Kenmore neighborhood. Allston is bordered on the east and north by the Charles River, separating it from the city of Cambridge, the area north of the turnpike near the Charles river is North Allston. It consists of north of Cambridge Street and the Turnpike. It extends westward to Everett Street and eastward to the Charles River, in its center is Allston Square at the crossroads of Western Avenue and North Harvard Street. Allston is named for the painter and 1800 Harvard graduate, Washington Allston. Allston Square is appropriately located halfway between Harvard Square in the North and Allston Village, Bostons Greenwich Village in the South, Allston is the only community in America named for an artist. North Allston is a neighborhood that consists of a mix of young professionals, blue-collar tradesmen, members of the educational community, homeowners
8.
Brighton, Boston
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Brighton is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and is located in the northwestern corner of the city. It is named after the town of Brighton in the English city of Brighton, for its first 160 years, Brighton was part of Cambridge, and was known as Little Cambridge. Throughout much of its history, it was a rural town with a significant commercial center at its eastern end. Brighton separated from Cambridge in 1807 after a dispute, and was annexed to Boston in 1874. The neighborhood of Allston was also part of the town of Brighton. In 1630, land comprising present-day Allston–Brighton and Newton was assigned to Watertown, in 1646, Reverend John Eliot established a Praying Indian village on the present Newton–Brighton boundary, where resided local natives converted to Christianity. The first permanent English settlement came as settlers crossed the Charles River from Cambridge, establishing Little Cambridge, before the American Revolutionary War, Little Cambridge became a small, prosperous farming community with fewer than 300 residents. Its inhabitants included wealthy Boston merchants such as Benjamin Faneuil, a key event in the history of Allston–Brighton was the establishment in 1775 of a cattle market to supply the Continental Army. Jonathan Winship I and Jonathan Winship II established the market, and in the period that followed. Legislative approval for separation was obtained in 1807, and Little Cambridge renamed itself Brighton, in 1820, the horticulture industry was introduced to the town. Over the next 20 years, Brighton blossomed as one of the most important gardening neighborhoods in the Boston area, the businessmen, however, did not neglect the cattle industry. In 1834, the Boston & Worcester Railroad was built, solidifying the communitys hold on the cattle trade, by 1866, the town contained 41 slaughterhouses, which later were consolidated into the Brighton Stock Yards and Brighton Abattoir. Allston–Brightons population grew tremendously in the half century, rising from 6,000 in 1875 to 47,000 by 1925. Brighton is accessible via the B Branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority s Green Line light rail service, cleveland Circle on the C Branch is located in the southern tip of Brighton, and the D Branch is nearby. The former A Branch, had served the community. Turnpike 503 Brighton Center – Copley Square via Oak Square & Mass, turnpike Forty-seven percent of the population of Brighton drive alone to work and 36% use mass transit, compared with 71% and 2% for the United States as a whole. On June 7,2012, MassDOT announced a plan to build a rail station at Everett Street in Brighton. The new station, Boston Landing, will be served by the Framingham/Worcester Line, Brighton is connected to the rest of the city by the Allston neighborhood
9.
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Chestnut Hill is an affluent New England village located six miles west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Like all Massachusetts villages, Chestnut Hill is not a municipal entity. Chestnut Hills borders are defined by the 02467 ZIP Code. Chestnut Hill is not a designation, the name refers to several small hills that overlook the 135-acre Chestnut Hill Reservoir rather than one particular hill. Chestnut Hill is best known as the home of Boston College, part of the Boston Marathon route, because of the significance of its landscape and architecture, the National Register of Historic Places, in 1986, designated parts of Chestnut Hill as historic districts. Examples of Colonial, Italianate, Shingle, Tudor Revival, and Victorian architectural styles are evident in the country estates. The Boston College campus is itself an example of Collegiate Gothic architecture. Hammond Pond Reservation, an extensive forest preserve and protected wetlands, goes through Chestnut Hill, kennard Park and Conservation Area This is a post-agricultural forest grown up on 19th century farmland. The mixed and conifer woodlands reveal colonial stone walls, a red maple swamp with century-old trees, and a sensitive fern marsh. )The Mall at Chestnut Hill The Street at Chestnut Hill Chestnut Hill Square The Shops At Putterham Chestnut Hill is served by three branches of the Green Line of the MBTA, Bostons light rail system. Stations include, B Line, Chestnut Hill Avenue, South Street, Boston College C Line, Cleveland Circle D Line, Reservoir, Boston College Main Campus Historic District—140 Commonwealth Ave. Chestnut Hill Historic District—roughly bounded by Middlesex Rd. Reservoir Ln, there are also a number of private schools including Mount Alvernia Academy, Brimmer and May School and The Chestnut Hill School. Children may opt to attend school in neighboring villages or in Boston, Chestnut Hill is home to Boston College and Pine Manor College. Fessenden House in Chestnut Hill is a US National Landmark as well as a US Historic Place
10.
Massachusetts Route 30
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Route 30 is an east–west arterial route, connecting Grafton with Packards Corner in Boston. Route 30 runs roughly parallel to the Massachusetts Turnpike and Route 9, between Boston and the Charles River it is known as Commonwealth Avenue, along most of this route is part of the course of the Boston Marathon. Route 30 has two interchanges with the Mass Pike, at Exits 13 in Framingham and 14/15 in Weston, Route 30 begins in North Grafton at Route 122, where it shares a roadway briefly with Route 140. The route travels northeast, passing the Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, the road continues into Westborough, where it crosses Route 135 at a rotary and interchanges with Route 9 to the northeast. After crossing Route 9, Route 30 turns eastward, crossing underneath Interstate 495 without an interchange, the route continues east into Southborough, where it crosses Route 85. Route 30 interchanges once again with Route 9 and continues to parallel the highway into Framingham, in Framingham, Route 30 joins Route 9 in an approximately one-mile concurrency, and leaves via an interchange with Route 126. Route 30 continues to the northeast and interchanges with the Massachusetts Turnpike, Route 30 continues northeast, crossing over the Mass. Pike, and very briefly entering Natick before entering Wayland, in Wayland, Route 30 crosses Route 27 and continues northeast, very closely paralleling the Mass Pike. Route 30 continues into Weston, where it enters an interchange with the Mass. Upon crossing over I-95 and the Charles River, there is a change in scenery as one crosses from Bostons suburbs to the metropolitan area. With this, Route 30 enters Newton, crossing over the Mass Pike again, Route 30 winds to the east, passing Boston College in Chestnut Hill and entering the Boston neighborhood of Brighton. Route 30 ends approximately 2 miles west of Route 2 at U. S. Route 20, which provides access to Kenmore Square and Downtown Boston
11.
Charles River
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The Charles River is an 80 mi long river in eastern Massachusetts. From its source in Hopkinton the river flows in a direction, traveling through 23 cities. Thirty-three lakes and ponds and 35 municipalities are entirely or partially part of the Charles River drainage basin, despite the rivers length and relatively large drainage area, its source is only 26 miles from its mouth, and the river drops only 350 feet from source to sea. The Charles River watershed contains more than 8,000 acres of protected wetlands and these areas are important in preventing downstream flooding and providing natural habitats to native species. Brandeis University, Harvard University, Boston University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are located along the Charles River, near its mouth, it forms the border between downtown Boston and Cambridge and Charlestown. The river opens into a basin and is lined by the parks of the Charles River Reservation. On the Charles River Esplanade stands the Hatch Shell, where concerts are given in summer evenings, the basin is especially known for its Independence Day celebration. The river is known for its rowing, sculling, dragonboating. The river may also be kayaked, depending on the season, however, kayakers can only navigate the Charles by getting out, the Lower Basin between the Longfellow and Harvard bridges is home to Community Boating, the Harvard University Sailing Center, and the MIT Sailing Pavilion. The Head of the Charles Regatta is held here every October, in early June, the annual Hong Kong Boston Dragon boat Festival is held in Cambridge, near the Weeks Footbridge. The Charles River Bike Path runs 23 miles along the banks of the Charles, starting at the Museum of Science and passing the campuses of MIT, Harvard, the path is popular with runners and bikers. Many runners gauge their distance and speed by keeping track of the mileage between the bridges along the route, for several years, the Charles River Speedway operated along part of the river. On July 13,2013, swimming for the public was permitted for the first time in more than 50 years. The rivers name, preceding the English version, was thought to be Quinobequin, though that attribution has been discredited by, among others. The river was used by Native Americans for local transportation and fishing, when Smith presented his map to Charles I he suggested that the king should feel free to change any of the barbarous names for English ones. The king made such changes, but only four survive today. In portions of its length, the Charles drops slowly in elevation and has relatively little current, despite this, early settlers in Dedham, Massachusetts, found a way to use the Charles to power mills. In 1639, the town dug a canal from the Charles to a brook that drained to the Neponset River
12.
Weston, Massachusetts
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Weston is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States in the Boston metro area. The population of Weston, as of the 2010 U. S. Census, was 11,261. Weston is among the 10 most affluent towns with 1,000 or more households in the United States and is the third-most affluent town with a population of at least 10,000 in the United States. Weston is among the nations 100 most expensive ZIP codes, with a median price of well over $2 million. It is the town in the Boston Area to have private roads. Despite a population of just 11,261, Westons area is slightly smaller than that of its neighbor town, Newton. As a result, Westons houses are on much larger than those present in nearby towns. It has one of the lowest crime rates among Metro-west Boston suburbs, Weston was a dry town from 1838 until 2008. Incorporated in 1713, the town is located on an upland plateau. The town of Weston was originally established as the West Precinct of Watertown in 1698, the town was separately incorporated as the town of Weston in 1713. Weston is located on an upland plateau. Early settlers discovered that the amount of agricultural land was limited as was the waterpower potential in the town. By the 18th century, residents were profiting by the traffic on the Boston Post Road, taverns of great historic importance were established on the Road. The Golden Ball Tavern, built in 1750, and the Josiah Smith Tavern, built in 1757, unfortunately, commercial stagnation followed the loss of business after the opening of the Worcester Turnpike in 1810 drew commercial traffic from the Boston Post Road. Townspeople turned to boot and shoe making, and the manufacturing of cotton, by 1870, substantial country estates were being built in Weston by Bostonians, establishing a prosperous residential character for the town. Farming continued to be a significant support for the economy. The Weston Aqueduct and Reservoir were built in 1903 and the Hultman Aqueduct followed in 1938 to bring Quabbin Reservoir water into Boston, in exchange, Boston residents continued to build homes in Weston, many of them architect designed. Some famous architects such as McKim and Richardson designed luxurious houses in the town, which witnessed an increase in population from 1920 to 1935
13.
Parkway
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A parkway is a broad, landscaped highway thoroughfare. The term is used for a roadway in a park or connecting to a park from which trucks. Many parkways originally intended for scenic, recreational driving have evolved into major urban, the term parkway is sometimes applied more generally to a variety of limited-access roads. Over the years, many different types of roads have been labeled parkways, the terminology parkway to define this type of road was coined by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted in their proposal to link city and suburban parks with pleasure roads. Newer roads such as Bidwell in Buffalo, New York and Park Presidio Boulevard in San Francisco, California were designed for automobiles and are broad and divided by large landscaped central medians. During the early 20th century, the meaning of the word was expanded to include limited-access highways designed for recreational driving of automobiles and their success led to more development however, expanding a citys boundaries, eventually limiting their recreational driving use. The Arroyo Seco Parkway between Downtown Los Angeles and Pasadena, California is an example of lost pastoral aesthetics and it and others have become major commuting routes, while retaining the name parkway. In New York City, construction on the Long Island Motor Parkway began in 1906, as Commissioner of New York City Parks under Mayor LaGuardia, he extended the parkways to the heart of the city, creating and linking its parks to the greater metropolitan systems. Most of the New York metropolitan parkways were designed by Gilmore Clark, another example is the Sprain Brook Parkway from The Bronx to become the Taconic State Parkway to Chatham, New York. Landscape architect George Kessler designed extensive parkway systems for Kansas City, Missouri, Memphis, Tennessee, Indianapolis, in the 1930s, as part of the New Deal the U. S. federal government constructed National Parkways designed for recreational driving and to commemorate historic trails and routes. These divided four-lane parkways have lower speed limits and are maintained by the National Park Service, an example is the Civilian Conservation Corps built Blue Ridge Parkway in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. Others are, Skyline Drive in Virginia, the Natchez Trace Parkway in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee, the George Washington Memorial Parkway and the Clara Barton Parkway, running along the Potomac River near Washington, D. C. were also constructed during this era. In Kentucky the term designates a controlled-access highway in the Kentucky Parkway system. They were toll roads until the bonds were repaid, now being freeways since 2006. The Arroyo Seco Parkway from Pasadena to Los Angeles, built in 1940, was the first segment of the vast Southern California freeway system and it became part of State Route 110 and was renamed the Pasadena Freeway. A2010 restoration of the freeway brought the Arroyo Seco Parkway designation back, in the New York metropolitan area, contemporary parkways are predominantly controlled-access highways restricted to non-commercial traffic, excluding trucks and tractor-trailers. Some have low overpasses that also exclude buses, the Palisades Interstate Parkway is a post-war parkway that starts at the George Washington Bridge, heads north through New Jersey, continuing through Rockland and Orange counties in New York. The Palisades Parkway was built to allow for a route from New York City to Harriman State Park
14.
Greenway (landscape)
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A greenway is a strip of undeveloped land near an urban area, set aside for recreational use or environmental protection. A greenway is a trail, found in urban and rural settings, that is frequently created, out of a disused railway, canal towpath, utility, or similar right of way. Rail trails are one of the most common forms of greenway, in Southern England the term also refers to ancient trackways or green lanes, especially those found on chalk downlands, like the Ridgeway. Some greenways include community gardens as well as typical park-style landscaping of trees and they also tend to have a mostly contiguous pathway. Greenways resemble linear parks, but the latter are found in an urban and suburban environment. Tom Turner analyzed greenways in London, looking for patterns among successful examples. He was inspired by the pattern language technique of architect Christopher Alexander, Turner concluded there are seven types, or patterns, of greenway which he named, parkway, blueway, paveway, glazeway, skyway, ecoway and cycleway. These routes should meet satisfactory standards of width, gradient and surface condition to ensure that they are both user-friendly and low-risk for users of all abilities. Charles Little, describes five general types of greenways, Urban riverside greenways, usually created as part of a redevelopment program along neglected, often run-down, city waterfronts. Recreational greenways, featuring paths and trails of various kinds, often relatively long distance, based on natural corridors as well as canals, abandoned rail beds, and public rights-of-way. Ecologically significant natural corridors, usually along rivers and streams and less often ridgelines, to provide for wildlife migration and species interchange, nature study, Greenways are vegetated, linear, and multi-purpose. They incorporate a footpath or bikeway within a linear park, in urban design they are a component of planning for bicycle commuting and walkability. Greenways are found in areas as well as urban. Corridors redeveloped as greenways often travel through both city and country, connecting them together, however, most examples are in Europe and North America. In Australia, a foreshoreway is a greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea, foreshoreways include oceanways, and resemble promenades and boardwalks. Foreshoreways are usually concerned with the idea of sustainable transport and the term is used to avoid the suggestion that the route favours either pedestrians or cyclists, a foreshoreway is accessible to both pedestrians and cyclists and gives them the opportunity to move unimpeded along the seashore. Dead end paths that offer public access only to the ocean are not part of a foreshoreway, the network includes 36 kilometres of poor, medium and high quality pathways. Others include, The Chicago Lakefront Trail, the Dubai Marina, the East River Greenway, New Plymouth Coastal Walkway, public rights of way frequently exist on the foreshore of beaches throughout the world
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Emerald Necklace
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The Emerald Necklace consists of a 1, 100-acre, or 445-hectare chain of parks linked by parkways and waterways in Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts. It gets its name from the way the planned chain appears to hang from the neck of the Boston peninsula, in 1989 the Emerald Necklace Parks was designated as Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission. The Necklace comprises half of the City of Bostons park acreage, parkland in the Town of Brookline, more than 300,000 people live within its watershed area. From Boston Common to Franklin Park it is seven miles by foot or bicycle through the parks. This linear system of parks was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to connect Boston Common, dating from the colonial period, the project began around 1878 with the effort to clean up and control the marshy area which became the Back Bay and The Fens. In 1880, Olmsted proposed that the Muddy River, which flowed from Jamaica Pond through the Fens, the current was dredged into a winding stream and directed into the Charles River. The corridor encompassing the river became the park still in existence today. Olmsteds vision of a park of walking paths along a gentle stream connecting numerous small ponds was complete by the turn of the century. The parks conceived by Olmsted, from Storrow Drive south to Franklin Park, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Olmsted Park System. Over the past decade, almost $60 million in expenditures for parks and waterway improvements have been made in the Emerald Necklace by the City of Boston. These efforts have included improved pathways, plantings and signage, bridge repairs, in some areas these efforts have only begun to address the over 50 years of neglect the Emerald Necklace has suffered. The Emerald Necklace begins near Bostons Downtown Crossing, proceeds along the Boston/Brookline border, at the south border of Arnold Arboretum, at the point most distant from its beginning, the Emerald Necklace is in Roslindale. It then hooks back up into Roxbury and Dorchester, olmsteds original plan called for a U shaped necklace which terminated at Boston Harbor. The final link, the Dorchesterway, was never realized, Arnold Arboretum is leased to and managed by Harvard University. The west banks of Olmsted Park and the Riverway are under the jurisdiction of Brookline Parks & Open Space, the majority of the Emerald Necklace is maintained by Boston Parks and Recreation with a small portion belonging to the Department of Conservation and Recreation. The Conservancys programs and funding support and complement initiatives by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, City of Boston, a public-private partnership, the Conservancy was formed in 1996 and incorporated in 1998 as a non-profit organization. President Julie Crockford and the work closely with the Board of Directors, the Park Overseers, the Stewardship Council. The Emerald Necklace Parks Master Plan was completed in 1989, the parks have long been subject to flooding from the Muddy River
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The Fens (Boston, Massachusetts)
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The Fens, sometimes called Back Bay Fens, is a parkland and urban wild in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States. The Fens is a picturesque park that forms part of Bostons Emerald Necklace. It is essentially an ancient spot of saltwater marshland that has surrounded by dry land, disconnected from the tides of the Atlantic Ocean. The park is known as the Fens or the Fenway. The latter term can refer to either the surrounding neighborhood or the parkway on its southern border. When Boston was settled in the early 17th century the Shawmut Peninsula on which it was built was connected to Roxbury by a spit of sandy ground called The Neck, the adjacent area of marshland to the west was a tidal flat of the Charles River. The area became malodorous with time as it became tainted with sewage from the growing settlement, the filling of present-day Back Bay was completed by 1882. Filling reached Kenmore Square in 1890 and finished in the Fens in 1900 and these projects more than doubled the size of the Shawmut Peninsula. Olmsteds challenge was to restore the spot of marsh which was preserved into a healthy place that could also be enjoyed as a recreation area. Olmsted designed the Fens to be flushed by the twice daily. However, in 1910 a dam was constructed at Craigies Bridge, closing the Charles River estuary to the ocean tides, thus, the Fens became a freshwater lagoon regularly accepting storm water from the Charles River Basin. An athletic field was also added, in 1941, at the outbreak of United States involvement in World War II, citizens planted a victory garden within the Fens. While these were common in their era, the one in the Fens is now the last continually operating Victory Garden in existence and today is a community garden of flowers. In 1961, a group of East Fenway friends and neighbors gathered to address issues in their neighborhood and they formed a neighborhood association called the Fenway Civic Association. Volunteers took on projects to clean their streets, beautify their surroundings, soon the group also started advocating for improved maintenance of parkland and other elements to ensure a safe, enjoyable neighborhood. The gardens are now named after Richard D. Parker, one of the organizers of the garden. Because of his efforts, the Victory Gardens in the Fenway are one of two remaining victory gardens in the U. S. dating back to World War II. During World War II, President Roosevelt stated that Americans should grow their own vegetables, much of the food grown was sent to the armed forces, and the remaining portions were rationed
17.
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
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The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated. In 2008, the system averaged 1.3 million passenger trips each weekday, of which the subway averaged 598,200, making it the fourth-busiest subway system in the United States. Further, the Green Line and Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line comprise the busiest light-rail system in the U. S. with a ridership of 255,100. The MBTA is the largest consumer of electricity in Massachusetts, in 2007, its CNG bus fleet was the largest consumer of alternative fuels in the state. The MBTA operates an independent law enforcement agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police, development of mass transportation both followed and shaped economic and population patterns. This marked the beginning of the development of American intercity railroads, which in Massachusetts would later become the MBTA Commuter Rail system, starting with the opening of the Cambridge Railroad on March 26,1856, a profusion of streetcar lines appeared in Boston under chartered companies. Despite the change of companies, Boston is the city with the oldest continuously working streetcar system in the world, many of these companies consolidated, and animal-drawn vehicles were converted to electric propulsion. Streetcar congestion in downtown Boston led to the subways in 1897, the Tremont Street Subway was the first rapid transit tunnel in the United States. Grade-separation added capacity and avoided delays caused by cross streets, various extensions and branches were added at both ends, bypassing more surface tracks. As grade-separated lines were extended, street-running lines were cut back for faster downtown service, however, the Green Lines Causeway Street Elevated remained in service until 2004, when it was relocated into a tunnel with an incline to reconnect to the Lechmere Viaduct. The Boston Elevated Railway started replacing trains with buses in 1922, in 1936, it started replacing rail with trackless trolleys. The last Middlesex & Boston Street Railway streetcar ran in 1930, by the beginning of 1953, the only remaining streetcar lines fed two tunnels—the main Tremont Street Subway network downtown and the short tunnel in Harvard Square. The old elevated railways proved to be an eyesore and required several sharp curves in Bostons twisty streets, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated was closed in 1938 amidst declining ridership and was demolished in 1942. As rail passenger service became unprofitable, largely due to rising automobile ownership. The MTA purchased and took over subway, elevated, streetcar, in the 1950s, the MTA ran new subway extensions, while the last two streetcar lines running into the Pleasant Street Portal of the Tremont Street Subway were substituted with buses in 1953 and 1962. While the operations of the MTA were relatively stable by the early 1960s, the 1945 Coolidge Commission plan assumed that most of the commuter rail lines would be replaced by shorter rapid transit extensions, or simply feed into them at reduced service levels. Passenger service on the entire Old Colony Railroad system serving the part of the state was abandoned by the New Haven Railroad in 1959
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Green Line (MBTA)
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The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority in the Boston, Massachusetts, metropolitan area. It is the oldest Boston subway line, with tunnel sections dating from 1897 and it runs underground through downtown Boston, and on the surface on several radial boulevards and into inner suburbs. With a daily ridership of over 232,000 in 2015. The line was assigned the color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston. The four branches are the remnants of a streetcar system. The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was replaced with trackless trolleys and buses. A new branch opened on a commuter rail line in 1959. The line has its terminus at Lechmere in East Cambridge with connections to numerous bus routes serving Cambridge. From there it runs south over the Lechmere Viaduct and into an extension of the Tremont Street Subway under downtown Boston to the Boston Common and it continues west in the Boylston Street Subway to Kenmore Square. The Green Line tunnels through Downtown Boston and the Back Bay are collectively referred to as the Central Subway. The E Branch serves Lechmere and splits just west of Copley, running southwest through the Huntington Avenue Subway and it continues along Huntington Avenue, and terminating at Heath Street near V. A. Until 1985, the line continued though Jamaica Plain to Arborway, the B, C, and D Branches diverge west of Kenmore Square. From south to north, they are as follows, The D Branch surfaces onto the grade-separated Highland Branch, the C Branch surfaces onto Beacon Street, running to Cleveland Circle at the Chestnut Hill Reservoir. The B Branch surfaces onto Commonwealth Avenue and it runs past Boston University, passes within a quarter mile of Cleveland Circle, where a connection to the latter runs down Chestnut Hill Ave. and continues to Boston College. The A Branch diverged from Commonwealth Ave. west of Boston University and ran to Watertown, across the Charles River from Watertown Square, although the route-letter scheme had been introduced two years prior to its closure, the A designation was never signed on streetcars to Watertown. It was, however, included in the signs on the Boeing-Vertol LRVs ordered in the mid-1970s. The A line tracks remained in service to access maintenance facilities at Watertown until 1994. Not only was there community opposition to restoration, but the tracks would have required a complete rehabilitation, the Lechmere Viaduct originally connected to the Central Subway via the Causeway Street Elevated, a half-mile-long structure running in front of North Station and the Boston Garden sports complex
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Green Line "B" Branch
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One of four branches of the Green Line, the B Branch runs from Boston College station down the median of Commonwealth Avenue to Blandford Street. There, it enters Blandford Street Portal into Kenmore station, where it merges with the C and D branches, the combined services run into the Boylston Street Subway and Tremont Street Subway to downtown Boston. As of 2016, B Branch service terminates at Park Street, the Green Line Rivalry between Boston College and Boston University is named in reference to the B Branch, which runs to both universities. Trains between Lake Street and downtown Boston used tracks on Beacon Street, now part of the C Branch, from Kenmore Square they continued east on Beacon Street, then turned south on Massachusetts Avenue and east on Boylston Street to Park Square. In 1900 tracks were installed on the rest of Commonwealth Avenue and this enabled trains to use Commonwealth Avenue between Lake Street and Kenmore Square. In 1909, the tracks were electrified, the Boylston Street Subway opened on October 3,1914, extending the underground portion to the Kenmore Incline just east of Kenmore Square. On October 23,1932 the Blandford Street Incline opened along with the underground Kenmore station, a turnback loop at Boston University Field was present from 1915 to January 14,1962. It was used for service to special events as well as to short-turn some rush hour trains, from 1942 to 1967, the route was known by the map number of 62. In 1967, the lines were given colors and the Green Line branches were lettered, the Commonwealth Avenue Line became the B Branch. Until 1931, the line looped at Park Street. On February 7 of that year, the Commonwealth Avenue service was extended east through downtown to loop at Lechmere, the line has 27 level crossings and 18 stops on the surface section. In late 2003, the MBTA proposed eliminating five surface stops as part of a project to improve the line, the five stops were chosen because they had low ridership and were located very close to other stations. After a public comment period, Chiswick Road was removed from the proposal, on April 20,2004, the other four stops were closed as a 6-to-8-month pilot program. On March 15,2005, after a survey showed that 73% of 1,142 riders surveyed approved of the closures, the MBTA board voted to make the closures permanent. The four stops, which are not handicapped-accessible, would be turned into two fully accessible stops as part of a redesign of Commonwealth Avenue between the BU Bridge and Packards Corner. Trains on the B Branch only travel from Park Street to Boston College, the segment from Park Street to Kenmore is shared with the three other branches. There is no MBTA parking at any B Branch stations, MBTA - Green Line B Branch
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Boston University
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Boston University is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students and it offers bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and doctorates, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Bostons Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, BU is categorized as an R1, Doctoral University in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education, the University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities, and 32nd among global universities by U. S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings. In 1876, BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab, American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAAs Division I, BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League, and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for hockey, in which it has won five national championships. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969, on April 24–25,1839 a group of Methodist ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, Vermont, the school was named the Newbury Biblical Institute, in 1847, the Congregational Society in Concord, New Hampshire, invited the Institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused Congregational church building with a capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs, one stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the Methodist General Biblical Institute, with the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the Trustees of the Concord Biblical Institute purchased 30 acres on Aspinwall Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts, as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in Boston, in 1869, three Trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature a charter for a university by name of Boston University. These three were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises and they were Isaac Rich, Lee Claflin, and Jacob Sleeper, for whom Boston Universitys three West Campus dormitories are named. Lee Claflins son, William, was then Governor of Massachusetts, on account of the religious opinions he may entertain, provided, nonetheless, that this section shall not apply to the theological department of said University. Every department of the new university was open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race. The Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the BU School of Theology, in January 1872 Isaac Rich died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the University was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout the core of the city of Boston and was appraised at more than $1.5 million, Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university to that time
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Boston College
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Boston College is a private Jesuit Catholic research university located in the village of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States,6 miles west of downtown Boston. It has 9,100 full-time undergraduates and almost 5,000 graduate students, the universitys name reflects its early history as a liberal arts college and preparatory school in Bostons South End. It is a member of the 568 Group and the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities and its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America. Boston Colleges undergraduate program is currently ranked 31st in the National Universities ranking by U. S. News & World Report, Boston College is categorized as an R1, Highest Research Activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Students at the university earned 21 Fulbright Awards in 2012, ranking the school eighth among American research institutions, Boston College sports teams are called the Eagles, and their colors are maroon and gold, the school mascot is Baldwin the Eagle. The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC, the mens and womens ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East. Boston Colleges mens ice hockey team is one of the most decorated programs in the nation, in 1825, Benedict Joseph Fenwick, S. J. A Jesuit from Maryland, became the second Bishop of Boston and he was the first to articulate a vision for a College in the City of Boston that would raise a new generation of leaders to serve both the civic and spiritual needs of his fledgling diocese. In 1827, Bishop Fenwick opened a school in the basement of his cathedral and his efforts to attract other Jesuits to the faculty were hampered both by Bostons distance from the center of Jesuit activity in Maryland and by suspicion on the part of the citys Protestant elite. Meanwhile, the vision for a college in Boston was sustained by John McElroy, with little fanfare, the colleges two buildings—a schoolhouse and a church—welcomed their first class of scholastics in 1859. Two years later, with as little fanfare, BC closed again and its short-lived second incarnation was plagued by the outbreak of Civil War and disagreement within the Society over the colleges governance and finances. BCs inability to obtain a charter from the anti-Catholic Massachusetts legislature only compounded its troubles, on March 31,1863, more than three decades after its initial inception, Boston Colleges charter was formally approved by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. BC became the second Jesuit institution of learning in Massachusetts. A Swiss Jesuit from French-speaking Fribourg, was selected as BCs first president, for most of the 19th century, BC offered a singular 7-year program corresponding to both high school and college. Its entering class in the fall of 1864 included 22 students, the curriculum was based on the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum, emphasizing Latin, Greek, philosophy, and theology. Boston Colleges enrollment reached nearly 500 by the turn of the 20th century, in 1907, newly installed President Thomas I. Gasson, S. J. determined that BCs cramped, urban quarters in Bostons South End were inadequate, inspired by John Winthrops early vision of Boston as a city upon a hill, he re-imagined Boston College as world-renowned university and a beacon of Jesuit scholarship. Less than a year after taking office, he purchased Amos Adams Lawrences farm on Chestnut Hill and he organized an international competition for the design of a campus master plan and set about raising funds for the construction of the new university
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Arthur D. Gilman
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Arthur Delevan Gilman was an American architect, designer of many Boston neighborhoods, and member of the American Institute of Architects. Gilman was a descendant of Edward Gilman, Sr. one of the first settlers of Exeter, Gilman was educated at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1844 he published a paper on American Architecture in the North American Review and he was then invited to deliver twelve lectures before the Lowell Institute, Boston, after which he went to Europe on a tour of professional observation. On his return to Boston, he advocated filling in the Back Bay district, here Gridley James Fox Bryant was his colleague. Commonwealth Avenue, now one of the finest streets in the world, is due almost entirely to his persistent efforts, Gilman designed the H. H. Hunnewell house in Wellesley and, with Bryant, the Old City Hall in Boston. In addition to the mentioned above, he also designed, Horticultural Hall, Boston, Tremont St. with Bryant Notes Sources Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John. Works by or about Arthur D
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Frederick Law Olmsted
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Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture, in Washington, D. C. he worked on the landscape surrounding the United States Capitol building. The quality of Olmsteds landscape architecture was recognized by his contemporaries and his work, especially in Central Park in New York City, set a standard of excellence that continues to influence landscape architecture in the United States. Olmsted was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 26,1822 and his father, John Olmsted, was a prosperous merchant who took a lively interest in nature, people, and places, Frederick Law and his younger brother, John Hull, also showed this interest. His mother, Charlotte Law Olmsted, died before his fourth birthday and his father remarried in 1827 to Mary Ann Bull, who shared her husbands strong love of nature and had perhaps a more cultivated taste. When the young Olmsted was almost ready to enter Yale College, after working as an apprentice seaman, merchant, and journalist, Olmsted settled on a 125-acre farm in January 1848 on the south shore of Staten Island NY, which his father helped him acquire. This farm, originally named the Akerly Homestead, was renamed Tosomock Farm by Olmsted and it was later renamed The Woods of Arden by owner Erastus Wiman. On June 13,1859, Olmsted married Mary Cleveland Olmsted, Daniel Fawcett Tiemann, the mayor of New York, officiated the wedding. He adopted her three children, John Charles Olmsted, Charlotte Olmsted and Owen Olmsted, Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy, a daughter, Marion and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13,1860, Olmsted had a significant career in journalism. In 1850 he traveled to England to visit gardens, where he was greatly impressed by Joseph Paxtons Birkenhead Park. He subsequently wrote and published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England in 1852 and this supported his getting additional work. Interested in the economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South. His dispatches to the Times were collected into three volumes which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South. A one-volume abridgment, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom, was published during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of Olmsteds English publisher. To this he wrote a new introduction in which he stated explicitly his views on the effect of slavery on the economy and my own observation of the real condition of the people of our Slave States, gave me. He argued that slavery had made the slave states inefficient and backward both economically and socially, the citizens of the cotton States, as a whole, are poor. They work little, and that little, badly, they earn little, they sell little, they buy little and their destitution is not material only, it is intellectual and it is moral
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Middlesex and Boston Street Railway
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The Middlesex and Boston Street Railway was a streetcar and later bus company in the area west of Boston, Massachusetts. Streetcars last ran in 1930, and in 1972 the companys operations were merged into the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, the company was first chartered as the Natick Electric Street Railway on August 10,1891. The name was changed to the South Middlesex Street Railway in 1893 and that company went bankrupt and a receiver was appointed May 6,1903, the property was sold on August 15,1907 to the newly formed Middlesex and Boston Street Railway. By 1910, Boston Suburban Electric Companies, a company, had bought the M&B. In September 1964 the MBTA began subsidizing the M&B, and route numbers were given to its buses, the M&B was taken over by the MBTA on July 5,1972, after a financial dispute over subsidies stopped service on June 30. The routes taken over were renumbered by adding a 5 to the beginning and were renumbered in September 1982, there is one streetcar and one bus preserved from this railway, trolley #41, a former Lexington car, and bus #192, a 1948 ACF Brill bus. They are both located at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine, the Commonwealth Avenue Street Railway, opened in 1895, was consolidated into the Newton Street Railway on January 1,1904, the Newton Street Railway was merged with the M&B July 1,1909. Norumbega Park, opened on June 17,1897, was an amusement park built by the railway company to increase traffic on the line. The park closed in 1964, long after the streetcar line, in its final days, this was the 35 Auburndale-Lake Street bus route, until taken over by the MBTA, when it became the 535 Auburndale-Boston College via Commonwealth Avenue. It was not actually picked up by the MBTA in July 1972, when took over the M&B, but was restarted as a rush-hour only service in January 1973. The line from Lexington ran down Bedford Street and the Great Road, diverting along Loomis Street and South Road to connect with the Boston, a passing track was located on the north side of Bedford Common. As at Norumbega, an amusement park was built in Lexington near the Bedford town line, the Bedford-Arlington Heights bus, todays 62 was M&B route 29 and MBTA route 529. The car-barn and electricity generator were located in North Lexington north of Bedford Street, the complex was composed of at least a long wooden building and a squat brick structure with a short smokestack, that complex was a lumberyard for many years and was redeveloped in the late 1980s. A brief history of car lines in Bedford may be found in Wilderness Town, a photograph dated 1910 of a trolley car passing the Lexington Minuteman statue is on page 104 of a photohistory in the Lexington Room of the Lexington Public Library. The photo is credited to the Lexington Historical Society, the Lexington-Woburn line ran from Massachusetts Avenue in Lexington via Woburn Street and Lexington Street to the Woburn B&M station. In 1889 the Newton Street Railway bought the line, and the Newton Street Railway was merged with the M&B July 1,1909
25.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
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Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
27.
Amusement park
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An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertainment attractions, rides, and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. Theme parks, a type of amusement park, are usually much more intricately themed to a certain subject or group of subjects than normal amusement parks. Amusement parks evolved from European fairs and pleasure gardens, which were created for peoples recreation, Worlds fairs and expositions were another influence on the development of the amusement park industry. In common language, the theme park and amusement park are often synonymous. However, a park can be regarded as a distinct style of amusement park. A theme park has landscaping, buildings, and attractions that are based on one or more specific themes or stories. The amusement park evolved from three earlier traditions, the oldest being the periodic fair of the Middle Ages - one of the earliest was the Bartholomew Fair in England, the worlds oldest amusement park appeared in the Continent. Bakken at Klampenborg, north of Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in 1583, a wave of innovation in the 1860s and 1870s created mechanical rides, such as the steam-powered carousel, and its derivatives. This inaugurated the era of the modern funfair ride, as the classes were increasingly able to spend their surplus wages on entertainment. The second influence was the pleasure garden, one of the earliest gardens was the Vauxhall Gardens, founded in 1661 in London. By the late 18th century, the site had a fee for its many attractions. It regularly drew crowds, with its paths being noted for romantic assignations, tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts. Although the gardens were designed for the elites, they soon became places of great social diversity. Public firework displays were put on at Marylebone Gardens, and Cremorne Gardens offered music, dancing, prater in Vienna, Austria, was opened in 1766. The concept of a park for amusement was further developed with the beginning of the worlds fairs. The first World fair began in 1851 with the construction of the landmark Crystal Palace in London, the purpose of the exposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors. American cities and business saw the worlds fair as a way of demonstrating economic. The Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, Illinois was an precursor to the modern amusement park
28.
Ballroom
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A ballroom or ballhall is a large room inside a building, the designated purpose of which is holding large formal parties called balls. Traditionally, most balls were held in private residences, many mansions contain one or more ballrooms, ballrooms are generally quite large, and may have ceilings higher than other rooms in the same building. The large amount of space for dancing, as well as the formal tone of events have given rise to ballroom dancing. The largest balls are now nearly always held in public buildings and they are also designed large to help the sound of orchestras carry well throughout the whole room. A special case is the annual Vienna Opera Ball, where, just for one night, on the eve of the event, the rows of seats are removed from the stalls, and a new floor, level with the stage, is built. Sometimes ballrooms have stages in the front of the room where the host or a special guest can speak and that stage can also be used for instrumentalists and musical performers. These lists should only include ballrooms with permanent wood floors, the size of the floor should only include the largest contiguous area without obstructions. The web sites and materials about some places add up multiple spaces, rooms, and balconies, however, this list ranks ballrooms based on the size of one single open space with a hardwood floor. Aragon Ballroom Ballroom an album of Irish music by De Dannan Robert Meyer, Millennium Maple - Glorious, Historic, Legendary, Treasured Ballroom Dance Floors, Amateur Dancers, Jan/Feb 2000, Dance Halls and Last Calls, A History of Texas Country Music. Lanham, MD, Republic of Texas Press 2002, copyright Texas Dance Hall Preservation Inc. List of ballrooms at the National Ballroom & Entertainment Association
29.
Norumbega Park
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Norumbega Park was a recreation area and amusement park located in Auburndale-on-the-Charles near Boston, Massachusetts. The associated Totem Pole Ballroom became a dancing and entertainment venue for big bands touring during the 1940s. The park offered canoeing and pedal boating on the Charles River, a theater, gardens, restaurants and food vendors, an arcade, picnic areas. Norumbega Park closed on Labor Day 1963, the Totem Pole Ballroom closed a few months later, on February 8,1964. The parks name was taken from the Norumbega Tower, a tower that Eben Norton Horsford had built across the river in Weston to mark the supposed Norse settlement of Norumbega. The park’s Pavilion Restaurant was managed by Joseph Lee, a skilled chef, Lee had owned and operated the exclusive Woodland Park Hotel in Auburndale before taking over the restaurant at Norumbega Park. Norumbega Park attracted hundreds of thousands of patrons each season and its location on the Charles River meant that the park was accessible by water as well as via steam train, electric trolley, and automobile. Like other so-called trolley parks of its era, Norumbega Park became popular with the increasingly urbanized, by the 1905 season, the outdoor theater at Norumbega Park was replaced by a luxurious enclosed facility called the Great Steel Theater. The new venue featured vaudeville acts, plays as well as moving pictures shown on a device called a Komograph. The Great Steel Theater was the largest theater in New England, Norumbega Parks success continued through the 1920s and beyond. In addition to the carousel, new attractions were added including bumper cars. In the early 1900s, the Lakes District of the Charles was the most heavily canoed stretch of water on earth, more than 5000 canoes were berthed along its 5. 8-mile length. In 1930, as buses replaced the trolleys that ran along Comm Ave, although more than a hundred ballrooms were advertising in the Boston newspapers, the Totem Pole was a premier facility. Over the course of three decades, the Totem Pole Ballroom featured the most celebrated entertainers in the United States, music from the ballroom was nationally broadcast over the ABC, CBS and NBC radio networks. Famous acts that appeared at the Totem Pole Ballroom include, During World War II, then-owner Roy Gill organized war bond promotions, scrap metal drives and charity events. The park’s ballfield became home to a professional softball team. The popularity of Norumbega Park and the Totem Pole Ballroom declined after the war years, millions of automobiles, along with new and better roads, signaled the end of many local amusement parks. The Charles River became polluted and ill-suited for swimming or even small-craft boating, Area residents were increasingly attracted to the mountains or the seashore on summer weekends
30.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
31.
Alexander Hamilton
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Alexander Hamilton was an American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration. He took the lead in the funding of the debts by the Federal government, as well as the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs. His vision included a central government led by a vigorous executive branch. This was challenged by Virginia agrarians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison who formed a rival party and they favored strong states based in rural America and protected by state militias as opposed to a strong national army and navy. They denounced Hamilton as too friendly toward Britain and toward monarchy in general, Hamilton was born out of wedlock in Charlestown, to a married mother of British and French Huguenot ancestry and a Scottish father. His father, James A. Hamilton, was the son of laird Alexander Hamilton of Grange. Orphaned as a child by his mothers death and his fathers abandonment, Hamilton was taken in by an older cousin and he was recognized for his intelligence and talent, and sponsored by a group of wealthy local men to travel to New York City to pursue his education. Hamilton attended Kings College, choosing to stay in the Thirteen Colonies to seek his fortune, discontinuing his studies before graduating when the college closed its doors during British occupation of the city, Hamilton played a major role in the American Revolutionary War. At the start of the war in 1775, he joined a militia company, in early 1776, he raised a provincial artillery company, to which he was appointed captain. He soon became the aide to General Washington, the American forces commander-in-chief. Hamilton was dispatched by Washington on numerous missions to convey plans to his generals, after the war, Hamilton was elected as a representative to the Congress of the Confederation from New York. He resigned to practice law, and founded the Bank of New York, Hamilton was among those dissatisfied with the weak national government. He led the Annapolis Convention, which successfully influenced Congress to issue a call for the Philadelphia Convention in order to create a new constitution, Hamilton became the leading cabinet member in the new government under President Washington. These programs were funded primarily by a tariff on imports, to overcome localism, Hamilton mobilized a nationwide network of friends of the government, especially bankers and businessmen, which became the Federalist Party. A major issue in the emergence of the American two-party system was the Jay Treaty and it established friendly trade relations with Britain, to the chagrin of France and the supporters of the French Revolution. Hamilton played a role in the Federalist party, which dominated national. In 1795, he returned to the practice of law in New York and he tried to control the policies of President Adams
32.
The Federalist Papers
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The Federalist is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven were published serially in the Independent Journal and the New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. and A. McLean, the collections original title was The Federalist, the title The Federalist Papers did not emerge until the 20th century. Though the authors of The Federalist Papers foremost wished to influence the vote in favor of ratifying the Constitution,78, also written by Hamilton, lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review by federal courts of federal legislation or executive acts. Federalist No.70 presents Hamiltons case for a chief executive. 39, Madison presents the clearest exposition of what has come to be called Federalism,51, Madison distils arguments for checks and balances in an essay often quoted for its justification of government as the greatest of all reflections on human nature. Morris, they are an incomparable exposition of the Constitution, a classic in political science unsurpassed in breadth and depth by the product of any later American writer. The Federal Convention sent the proposed Constitution to the Confederation Congress, on September 27,1787, Cato first appeared in the New York press criticising the proposition, Brutus followed on October 18,1787. These and other articles and public letters critical of the new Constitution would eventually become known as the Anti-Federalist Papers, in response, Hamilton decided to launch a measured defense and extensive explanation of the proposed Constitution to the people of the state of New York. Hamilton recruited collaborators for the project and he enlisted John Jay, who after four strong essays, fell ill and contributed only one more essay, Federalist No. He also distilled his case into a pamphlet in the spring of 1788, An Address to the People of the State of New-York, Hamilton cited it approvingly in Federalist No.85. James Madison, present in New York as a Virginia delegate to the Confederation Congress, was recruited by Hamilton and Jay, gouverneur Morris and William Duer were also apparently considered, Morris turned down the invitation, and Hamilton rejected three essays written by Duer. Duer later wrote in support of the three Federalist authors under the name Philo-Publius, or Friend of Publius, Hamilton chose Publius as the pseudonym under which the series would be written. While many other pieces representing both sides of the debate were written under Roman names, Albert Furtwangler contends that Publius was a cut above Caesar or Brutus or even Cato. Publius Valerius was not a defender of the republic but one of its founders. His more famous name, Publicola, meant friend of the people and it was not the first time Hamilton had used this pseudonym, in 1778, he had applied it to three letters attacking fellow Federalist Samuel Chase. Chases patriotism was questioned when Hamilton revealed that Chase had taken advantage of knowledge gained in Congress to try to dominate the flour market. At the time of publication the authorship of the articles was a guarded secret, though astute observers discerned the identities of Hamilton, Madison. Following Hamiltons death in 1804, a list that he had drafted claiming fully two-thirds of the papers for himself became public, including some that seemed more likely the work of Madison
33.
William Rimmer
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This article is about the artist William Rimmer. For the brass band composer of the name, see William Rimmer. William Rimmer was an American artist born in Liverpool, England. He was the son of a French refugee, who emigrated to Nova Scotia, where he was joined by his wife and child in 1818, and who in 1826 moved to Boston, where he earned a living as a shoemaker. Rimmers father believed himself to be the French dauphin, the son of Louis XVI, the son learned the fathers trade, at fifteen became a draughtsman and sign-painter, then worked for a lithographer, opened a studio and painted some ecclesiastical pictures. In 1860 Rimmer made his head of St. Stephen and in 1861 his Falling Gladiator, rimmers sculptures, except those mentioned and The Fighting Lions, A Dying Centaur, and a statue of Alexander Hamilton, were soon destroyed. From 1866 to 1870 he was director of the Cooper Union School of Design for Women in New York City, among his pupils there was Ella Ferris Pell. Rimmer published Elements of Design and Art Anatomy, but his work was in the classroom. Rimmers most famous work, though not normally associated with him, is Evening, Fall of Day, another celebrated painting is his Flight and Pursuit in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. He was one of the artists who exhibited in the groundbreaking Armory Show of 1913 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
34.
John Glover (general)
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John Glover was an American fisherman, merchant, and military leader from Marblehead, Massachusetts, who served as a Brigadier General in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Glover was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of a house carpenter and his father died when he was four years old, and shortly thereafter his family moved to the nearby town of Marblehead. As a young man, Glover became a cordwainer and rum trader and eventually a ship owner and he married Hannah Gale in October 1754. Following the Boston Massacre in 1770, Committees of Correspondence were formed, Marblehead elected Glover along with future revolutionists Elbridge Gerry and Azor Orne to committee posts. After the First Continental Congress passed the non-importation agreements sanctioning trade with the British, Glover was active in the militia for many years before the Revolution, with his earliest service dating back to 1759. In 1775 he was elected lieutenant colonel of the 21st Massachusetts Regiment from Marblehead, Glover marched his regiment to join the siege of Boston in June 1775. At Boston, General George Washington chartered Glovers schooner Hannah to raid British supply vessels, for this reason the Hannah has been called the first vessel of the United States Navy. The Marblehead militia or Glovers Regiment became the 14th Continental Regiment and this regiment became known as the amphibious regiment for their vital nautical skills. It was composed almost entirely of fishermen, after Washington lost the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, Glovers Marbleheaders evacuated the army to Manhattan in a surprise nighttime operation, saving them from being entrapped. In subsequent actions of the New York campaign the regiment fought well against the British at Kips Bay, the last action of the regiment was its most famous, ferrying Washingtons army across the Delaware River for a surprise attack at Trenton on the morning of December 26,1776. The regiment was disbanded as enlistments expired at years end, Glover went home to tend to his sick wife and look to business affairs. He turned down a promotion to general in February 1777. He served in the successful Saratoga campaign in 1777 and the failed Battle of Rhode Island in 1778 and he was stationed along the Hudson River for the remainder of the war, guarding against British moves up the river from New York City. Hannah, Glovers first wife, died in 1778 and he married again in 1781 to Widow Frances Fosdick. He retired from the army in 1782 in poor health, failing to secure a job with the U. S. federal government, he served in various local offices in his remaining years. He died in 1797 at age 64 in Marblehead, Massachusetts, on November 20,1783, he was awarded the charter for the town of Glover, Vermont, as its prime proprietor, in honor of his service. The frigate USS Glover was named for him, Glovers Rock in the Bronx is a memorial to him. Glover School in Marblehead was named after him in 1916, there is a statue of Glover on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston
35.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
36.
Martin Milmore
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Martin Milmore was an American sculptor. He entered the studio of Thomas Ball of Charlestown in his early teens and his first sculptures seem to have been cabinet-size busts of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Charles Sumner, both modeled from life around 1863. In the 1860s he worked from the Studio Building, after Milmore died at the age of 38, Daniel Chester French created a memorial tribute entitled Death and the Sculptor for the grave of Milmore and his brother in Forest Hills Cemetery. Notes Bibliography Walter G. Strickland, ed. Milmore, Martin, united States Senate Daniel Chester French, The Milmore Memorial Irish Heritage Trail
37.
Patrick Collins (mayor)
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Patrick Andrew Collins was a U. S. Representative from Massachusetts and mayor of Boston, patrick Collins was born March 12,1844 near Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland. His family emigrated to the United States and settled in Chelsea, Collins attended public schools until the age of 12. He then worked at various trades in Massachusetts and Ohio, at age 15, he returned to Boston and learned the upholstery trade. Working in a shop, he rose to position of foreman. He became a secretary of his union and a delegate to the Trades Assembly, interested in a career in law, Collins saved his money and became active in politics. In 1867 was nominated for a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, shortly afterward, he started working for a law firm. He was elected to the House, serving two terms in 1868 and 1869 and he then served two terms in the Massachusetts Senate in 1870 and 1871. During his time in the legislature, he studied law at Harvard Law School. He graduated and was admitted to the bar in 1871 and he served as judge advocate general of Massachusetts in 1875. He also served as delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1876,1880,1888 and he lived on Percival Street in Meeting House Hill in Dorchester. Collins was elected to the U. S. Congress in 1882 and he was also Chairman of the Democratic State Committee from 1884 to 1890. He retired from Congress in 1889 and resumed his law practice, Collins served as consul general in London under President Grover Cleveland from May 6,1893 to May 17,1897. Collins also served on the boards of directors of several companies, Collins was elected Mayor of Boston in 1901 and served from 1902 until his death in 1905. He died during a visit to Hot Springs, Virginia. He was interred in Holyhood Cemetery, Brookline, Massachusetts
38.
Henry Hudson Kitson
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Sir Henry Hudson Kitson was an English born American sculptor who sculpted many representations of American military heroes. Often known as H. H. Kitson he was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England and died at Tyringham and his knighthood was bestowed upon him by Romanias Queen Elisabeth after he sculpted a marble bust of her in the early 1900s. Harry, as he was known by his numererous brothers and sisters, William Kitson was in business with another Englishman Robert Ellin, their firm, Ellin & Kitson, were identified as architectural sculptors. They specialized in carving and wood work in commercial structures and churches. Some buildings they worked on were the Equitable Building, the Tilden Mansion, the Astor Memorial Redos, Harry and Samuel James Kitson the next oldest brother were both associated with Ellin & Kitson doing sculptural work. Kitson also was enrolled in the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs studying under Millet and he returned first in 1884/5 to NYC to his eldest brother Williams business but in 1886 removed to Boston where his sculptor brother Sam had established a studio. Once there Kitson received numerous commissions and began teaching, John William Kitson died in 1888 and Samuel James had returned to Boston after a stay in Washington DC. The youngest brother Robert Lewellen Kitson a water-colorist joined his brothers in Boston about 1902. In 1893, Henry married Theo Alice Ruggles, a student of his. Theo and Harry had three children, Theo, John, who became an engineer, and Dorothy. None of the children had issue, the noted sculptor Gaston Lachaise worked in his atelier. Many of Henry Hudson Kitson papers are in the Archives of American Art in Washington, Kitson only carried a British passport. He was the author of public monuments, and left behind his home, Santarella. The home, which Kitson modified extensively, was recently restored, vicksburg National Military Park has the following works by Kitson. Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr.1913 Confederate Maj. Gen. Martin L. Smith 1911 Boston area Nathaniel P
39.
Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson
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Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson, also known as Tho. A. R. Kitson and Theo Alice Ruggles, was an American sculptor. Kitson was born in Brookline, Massachusetts to Cyrus W. and Anna H. Ruggles. As a young child she displayed artistic talent, but when her mother attempted to enroll her in the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and her mother then approached other schools, which gave her the same advice. One of the directors, however, suggested that she find a tutor for her and pointed her in the direction of a rising star. She began studying with sculptor Henry Hudson Kitson in 1886, in 1888, she won honorable mention at the Salon des Artistes Francais, becoming the youngest woman, and the first American woman, ever to receive the honor. She was lionized when she returned to the United States for this award and was asked to comment on everything from the state of American art to mens fashions, in 1895 she was the first woman to be admitted to the National Sculpture Society. In the early 1900s, she designed seventy-three sculptures now located at sites within Vicksburg National Military Park. Predominantly busts and portrait reliefs honoring the officers from both sides that fought there, Kitson is the most prolific of the artists represented there. The Massachusetts state monument, dedicated on November 14,1903, was the first state monument to be placed and dedicated in the park, after the Kitsons separated in 1909, she moved to Farmington, where she maintained a studio until her 1932 death in Boston, Massachusetts. Her work is featured on the Boston Womens Heritage Trail, in the course of her career she created many public monuments, both in conjunction with her husband and on her own. Around 50 versions of work can be discovered spread over much of the United States. Kitson exhibited at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition, additionally, she won a bronze medal at the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair. The Hiker Thaddeus Kosciuszko Sculpture, Boston Public Garden Mother Bickerdyke Memorial, Galesburg, Illinois Sherman Monument, Washington and she sculpted the medallions depicting corps commanders who served under Sherman in the U. S. Civil War. Rubenstein, Charlotte Streifer, American Women Sculptors, G. K
40.
Bowker Overpass
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The Philip G. Bowker Overpass is a steel beam bridge with a suspended deck carrying Charlesgate Street over Commonwealth Avenue, Beacon Street, and Interstate 90. It connects Boylston Street to Storrow Drive and it runs parallel to the Muddy River. In 2011, there was talk about tearing down the bridge and widening local streets as the bridge is considered an eyesore, around the Neighborhood, Charlesgate Park, the Bowker Overpass, and Our Changing Urban Landscape
41.
Hotel Vendome fire
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The Hotel Vendome fire was the worst firefighting tragedy in Boston history. Nine firefighters were killed when part of the building collapsed, June 17,1972, the Hotel Vendome was on the southwest corner of the intersection of Commonwealth Avenue and Dartmouth Street, in the Back Bay area of Boston. The Vendome was a hotel built in 1871 in Bostons Back Bay. A massive expansion was undertaken in 1881 according to plans by architect J. F. Ober, during the 1960s, the Vendome suffered four small fires. In 1971, the year of the buildings centennial, the Vendome was sold. The new owners opened a restaurant called Cafe Vendome on the first floor, and began renovating the hotel into condominiums. The building was largely empty the afternoon of Saturday June 17,1972, one of the workers discovered that a fire had begun in an enclosed space between the third and fourth floors, and at 2,35 PM rang Box 1571. A working fire was called in at 2,44 PM, and subsequent alarms were rung at 2,46 PM,3,02 PM, a total of 16 engine companies, five ladder companies, two aerial towers, and a heavy rescue company responded. The fire was largely under control by 4,30 PM. Several crews, including Boston Fire Department Ladder 13 and Engines 22 and 32, remained on scene performing overhaul, occurring one day prior to the Fathers Day holiday, eight firemen were injured, and nine lost their lives in the worst firefighting disaster in Boston history. Magee Firefighter Paul J. Murphy Firefighter Joseph P. Saniuk District Fire Chief John Vahey wrote a report on the Vendome fire. On June 17, 1997—the 25th anniversary of the Vendome fire—a monument was dedicated on the Commonwealth Avenue mall, the monument features a firemans helmet and coat cast in bronze draped over a low arc of dark granite. An inscription bears the timeline of the fire and the names of the men who died, one faces the site of the fire when reading the names. After the fire, the Vendome was successfully renovated, hosting 110 residential condominium units and 27 commercial units, bunting, Bainbridge, Houses of Bostons Back Bay, An Architectural History, 1840-1917,1967, ISBN 0-674-40901-9 Moore, Barbara W. The Boston Society of Architects AIA Guide to Boston,1992, ISBN 0-87106-188-0 Boston Fire Department web page about the Hotel Vendome fire
42.
William Lloyd Garrison
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William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society and he promoted immediate emancipation of slaves in the United States. In the 1870s, Garrison became a prominent voice for the suffrage movement. Garrison was born on December 10,1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts, under An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, Abijah Garrison, a merchant sailing pilot and master, had obtained American papers and moved his family to Newburyport in 1806. Embargo Act of 1807, intended to injure Great Britain, caused a decline in American commercial shipping, the elder Garrison became unemployed and deserted the family in 1808. Garrisons mother was Frances Maria Lloyd, reported to have tall, charming. She started referring to their son William as Lloyd, his middle name and she died in 1823, in the town of Springfield, Massachusetts. Garrison sold home-made lemonade and candy as a youth, and also delivered wood to support the family. In 1818, at 13, Garrison began working as a compositor for the Newburyport Herald. He soon began writing articles, often under the pseudonym Aristides, Aristides was an Athenian statesman and general nicknamed the Just. After his apprenticeship ended, Garrison and a printer named Isaac Knapp bought their own newspaper in 1826. One of their regular contributors was poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier, in this early work as a small town newspaper writer, Garrison acquired skills he would later use as a nationally known writer, speaker and newspaper publisher. In 1828, he was appointed editor of the National Philanthropist in Boston, Massachusetts, at the age of 25, Garrison joined the anti-slavery movement, later crediting the 1826 book of Presbyterian Reverend John Rankin, Letters on Slavery, for attracting him to the cause. For a brief time he associated with the American Colonization Society. Although some members of the society encouraged granting freedom to slaves, Southern members thought reducing the threat of free blacks in society would help preserve the institution of slavery. By late 1829–1830, Garrison rejected colonization, publicly apologized for his error, Garrison began writing for and became co-editor with Benjamin Lundy of the Quaker newspaper Genius of Universal Emancipation in Baltimore, Maryland. With his experience as a printer and newspaper editor, Garrison changed the layout of the paper, Lundy was freed to spend more time touring as an anti-slavery speaker. Garrison initially shared Lundys gradualist views, but while working for the Genius, Lundy and Garrison continued to work together on the paper in spite of their differing views
43.
Samuel Eliot Morison
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Samuel Eliot Morison, was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and highly popular. He received his Ph. D. from Harvard University in 1912 and he won Pulitzer Prizes for Admiral of the Ocean Sea, a biography of Christopher Columbus, and John Paul Jones, A Sailors Biography. In 1942, he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II, Morison wrote the popular Oxford History of the American People, and co-authored the classic textbook The Growth of the American Republic with Henry Steele Commager. Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9,1887, in Boston, Massachusetts, to John Holmes Morison and he was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian, educator, and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford, Connecticut. The Eliot family, which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals, descended from Andrew Eliot, the most famous of this Andrew Eliots direct descendants was poet T. S. Eliot, who titled the second of his Four Quartets East Coker. Morison attended Noble and Greenough School and St. Pauls prior to entering Harvard University, at the age of fourteen, he learned to sail, and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1908, after studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques, Morison returned to Harvard. After earning his Ph. D. at Harvard, Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California, in 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor. During World War I he served as a private in the US Army and he also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17,1919. In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History, in 1925 he returned to Harvard, where he was appointed a full professor. One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England, as early as 1921 he published The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860. During his time at Harvard, Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus via horseback and he was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the Harvard Voices collection. In 1938 Morison was elected as a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati. In 1940, Morison published Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century, in 1941, Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard. For Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the places that Christopher Columbus explored. The Harvard Columbus Expedition, led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W. McElroy, Herbert F. Hossmer, Jr. Richard S. Colley, Dr. Clifton W. Anderson, Kenneth R. After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939, the expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner Veragua. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943, the President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal
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Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with discussions on government. Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front, Abigail Adams was born at the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to William Smith and Elizabeth Smith. On her mothers side she was descended from the Quincy family, through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts. Smith married Elizabeth Quincy in 1742, and together they had four children and their only son, born in 1746, died of alcoholism in 1787. As with several of her ancestors, Adamss father was a liberal Congregationalist minister, Smith did not focus his preaching on predestination or original sin, instead he emphasized the importance of reason and morality. In July 1775 his wife Elizabeth, with whom he had married for 33 years. In 1784, at age 77, Smith died, Abigail did not receive formal schooling, she was frequently sick as child, which may have been a factor which prevented her from receiving an education. Later in life, Adams would also consider that she was deprived an education because females were given such an opportunity. Her grandmother, Elizabeth Quincy, also contributed to Adams education, as she grew up, Adams read with friends in an effort to further her learning. As an intellectually open-minded woman for her day, Adams ideas on womens rights and government would play a major role, albeit indirectly. She became one of the most erudite women ever to serve as First Lady, as third cousins, Abigail and John had known each other since they were children. In 1762, John accompanied his friend Richard Cranch to the Smith household, Cranch was engaged to Adams older sister, Mary, and they would be the parents of federal judge William Cranch. John was quickly attracted to the petite, shy, 17-year-old brunette who was bent over some book. He was surprised to learn she knew so much poetry, philosophy. Smith, Abigails father, presided over the marriage of John Adams, after the reception, the couple mounted a single horse and rode off to their new home, the small cottage and farm John had inherited from his father in Braintree, Massachusetts. Later they moved to Boston, where his law practice expanded, the couple welcomed their first child nine months into their marriage
