1.
Renault Kadjar
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The Renault Kadjar is a compact SUV from French car manufacturer Renault, offered with a choice of two-drive with an Extended Grip system or full four-wheel drive. The Renault Kadjar was unveiled at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show with sales starting in April 2015 in Europe, the Kadjar shares the same Renault–Nissan Common Module Family platform as the Nissan Qashqai which will allow for front- and four-wheel drive. The Renault Kadjar has been awarded as the residual value of resale by the CAP automotive experts. The Renault Kadjar was also chosen as Small SUV of the Year in the ContractHireAndLeasing. com Car of the Year Awards 2015, the 108 bhp 1. 5-litre diesel is the most economical model offered, with CO2 emissions of 99g/km and fuel economy of 74. 3mpg. Final performance figures are not yet confirmed, but offers much the same levels as the Qashqai, the 128 bhp 1. 6-litre diesel makes it from 0–62 mph in 9. 9sec, emit 115g/km and average 64mpg. Performance and economy figures are said to be similar for both automatic and manual versions. The 4WD version has higher emissions. A128 bhp 1.2 TCe petrol model is also offered, Renault published a more elaborate explanation of the name Kadjar in the blog section of their corporate web site. However, its relation to Qashqai points to its relation to the Qajars or in French Kadjars, since Nasser ed-Din Shah the Qajar shahs of Persia wrote their name in western script in the French way, Kadjar. This relation has been noted in several professional and social media in prevalently neutral, there were also rare bursts of politically based outrage. According to two Iranian sources, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar King of Iran, acquired two Renault cars in Belgium in 1900 while on his trip in Europe and had delivered to Iran. These were to be the first automobiles in Iran, prompted by the Volkswagen emissions scandal, the German motor authority found many cars not complying with the intention of the emission laws. The Kadjar was measured to have a NOx emission level of 1.5 g/km, almost 20 times the Euro 6 limit of 80 mg/km
2.
Sport utility vehicle
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A sport utility vehicle or suburban utility vehicle is a vehicle classified as a light truck, but operated as a family vehicle. They are similar to a station wagon or estate car. Some SUVs include the capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan or large sedan. Popular in the late-1990s and early–mid-2000s, SUVs sales temporarily declined due to oil prices. The traditional truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted by the crossover SUV, by 2010, SUV sales around the world were growing, in spite of high gas prices. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a utility vehicle is a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station wagon. The SUV term is defined as a vehicle that is designed to be used on rough surfaces. The SUV acronym is used to describe nearly anything with available all-wheel drive. There is no one definition for an SUV, Most government regulations simply have categories for off-highway vehicles, which in turn are lumped in with pickup trucks and minivans as light trucks. The auto industry has not settled on one definition, starting in 2004, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began to hold sport utility vehicles to the same tailpipe emissions standards as cars. Many people question how can an SUV be called a truck, for industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment. Not all SUVs have four-wheel drive capabilities, and not all passenger vehicles are SUVs. While automakers tout an SUVs off-road prowess with advertising and naming, in India, all SUVs are classified in the Utility Vehicle category per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers definitions and carry a 27% excise tax. Those that are 4 metres long, have a 1,500 cc engine or larger, although designs vary, SUVs have historically been mid-size passenger vehicles with a body-on-frame chassis similar to that found on light trucks. Early SUVs were mostly two-door models, and were available with removable tops, however, consumer demand pushed the SUV market towards four doors, by 2002 all full-size two-door SUVs were gone from the market. Two-door SUVs were mostly carry-over models, and their sales were not viable enough to warrant a redesign at the end of their design cycle. The Jeep Wrangler remained as a compact two-door body style, although it was joined by a four-door variant starting with the 2007 model year. The number of two-door SUV models increased in the 2010s with the release of the Range Rover Evoque, Most SUVs are designed with an engine compartment, a combined passenger and cargo compartment, and no dedicated trunk such as in a station wagon body
3.
Mini sport utility vehicle
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Mini SUV, also called subcompact SUV or subcompact crossover, is a class of small sport utility vehicles with a length under and around 4,200 mm. First mini SUVs appeared in the course of 1990s and were off-road vehicles built on body-on-frame chassis, some are even representative of modern superminis with only a bumper hinge and more ground clearance. The Mini Countryman and Nissan Juke have both started the trend of modern mini SUVs that are based on construction since early 2010s. In Japan, as cars under 3,400 mm in length are classified as kei cars and attract lower taxes, compact SUV Crossover SUV Mini MPV Subcompact car List of SUVs
4.
Bob Lutz (businessman)
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Robert Anthony Maximum Bob Lutz is a Swiss American automotive executive and a former Vice Chairman of General Motors. Lutz was born in Zurich, Switzerland, the son of Margaret and his father was a Vice Chairman of Credit Suisse. Lutz left Switzerland at the age of seven and spent time in Scarsdale, New York, becoming a U. S. citizen in 1943 and he is fluent in English, Swiss German, German, French and has a modest fluency in Italian. He also received an honorary Doctorate of Law from Boston University in 1985, and he is a trustee of the Marine Corps University Foundation and the Marine Military Academy. After leaving the Marines, Lutz spent eight years with GM in Europe before joining BMW serving as Executive Vice President of sales at BMW for three years and he takes some credit in the development of the BMW 3-Series as well as their Motorsport division. Lutz was also an Executive Vice President at Ford Motor Company and he was a frequent internal political rival of eventual Ford CEO Red Poling. Lutz became head of Chrysler Corporations Global Product Development, including the very successful Dodge Viper, Eaton was responsible for the sale of Chrysler to Daimler-Benz in 1998 which Daimler ended up backing out of in 2007 when it sold Chrysler to Cerberus Capital Management. Referring to the job performance of Eaton, Iacocca claimed that Lutz would eat him for lunch, Lutz maintained the Fastlane blog hosted at GM Blogs. In 2008, Lutz said that the electrification of the automobile is inevitable, on February 9,2009, GM announced that Lutz would step down on April 1,2009, from his position as Vice Chairman of Global Product Development, to take an advisory role. He was to retire from GM at the end of 2009, Lutz said that one reason for his decision was the increasing regulatory climate in Washington that would force GM to produce what Federal regulators wanted, rather than what customers wanted. Lutz has expressed skepticism on the issue of global warming, Stephens, then Executive Vice President of Global Powertrain and Global Quality. Lutz, Stephens, and design chief Ed Welburn would work together to all creative aspects of design. Lutz would report directly to Fritz Henderson, and be part of the newly formed Executive Committee, Lutz retired from General Motors May 2,2010. Lutz is currently head of the consulting firm Lutz Communications and he joined the Transonic Combustion, Inc. Board of Directors on May 24,2010, on August 6,2012, The NanoSteel Company, a nano-structured steel materials designer, announced an investment by GM Ventures in the company. On October 10,2012, NanoSteel announced the appointment of Bob Lutz to its board of directors, united States Marine Corps, active duty Naval Aviator 1954 to 1959, flew with the Marine Corps Reserves 4th Marine Aircraft Wing until 1965. General Motors—Lutz began his career at GM in September 1963. BMW—1971 to 1974, Executive Vice President of Global Sales and Marketing at BMW in Munich, ford—1974 to 1986, where his last position was Executive Vice President of Truck Operations
5.
American Motors
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American Motors Corporation was an American automobile company formed by the 1954 merger of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company. At the time, it was the largest corporate merger in U. S. history, after periods of intermittent but unsustained success, Renault acquired a major interest in AMC in 1979 — and the company was ultimately acquired by Chrysler. At its 1987 demise, The New York Times said AMC was never a company with the power or the cost structure to compete confidently at home or abroad. Within a year, George W. Romney, future governor of Michigan, took over, reorganizing the company, by the end of 1957 the legacy Nash and Hudson brands were completely phased out. The company struggled at first, but Rambler sales took off, a Rambler won the 1959 Mobil Economy Run and by 1960, was the third most popular brand of automobile in the United States, behind Ford and Chevrolet. After two model years of only producing compact cars, AMC focused back to larger and more cars like the Ambassador line from the perceived negative of the Ramblers economy car image. While prices and costs were cut, new and more sporty automobiles were introduced, AMC purchased Kaisers Jeep utility vehicle operations in 1970 to complement its existing passenger car business. Beginning in the early 1970s, the company moved towards all-new compact car based on the Hornet, including the Hornet itself. Other new models in the 1970s included the Matador and Pacer, from 1980, AMC partnered with Frances Renault to help finance their manufacturing operations, obtain much-needed capital, and source subcompact vehicles. By 1983 Renault had a controlling interest in AMC, in the 1983 model year, the AMC brand focused entirely on AWD autos, the company stopped producing two wheel drive cars. AMC facilities were used to produce Renault Alliance and Encore compact and subcompact cars, in 1985 Chrysler entered an agreement with AMC to produce Dodge Diplomats and Plymouth Furys as well as Dodge Omnis and Plymouth Horizons in AMCs Kenosha, Wisconsin plant. At the time, AMC had excess manufacturing capacity, thus contract manufacturing for Chrysler made sense, Chrysler made a public offer to purchase all the remaining outstanding shares of AMC stock on the NYSE. Renault left the US market completely as a brand in 1987, the Renault Medallion was sold through the newly formed Jeep Eagle Division of Chrysler as an Eagle, not a Renault. AMCs badge would be used on the Eagle Sports Wagon through the 1988 model year, the Jeep/Eagle division of Chrysler Corporation was formed from the AMC Jeep Renault dealer network. The Jeep and Eagle vehicles were marketed primarily by former AMC dealers, ultimately, the Eagle Brand of car would be phased out like Chryslers DeSoto, Plymouth, and Imperial by 1998. In January 1954, Nash-Kelvinator Corporation began acquisition of the Hudson Motor Car Company, the new corporation would be called American Motors Corporation. The new company retained Hudson CEO A. E. Barit as a consultant, Nashs George W. Mason became President and CEO. The frantic 1953–54 Ford/GM price war had a impact on the remaining independent automakers
6.
Jeep Cherokee (XJ)
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The Jeep Cherokee is a fully capable off road suv that was manufactured and marketed by Jeep from 1983 to 2001. The XJ spawned competitors as other automakers began to notice that this Jeep design began replacing regular cars and it also began to supplant the role of the station wagon and transformed from truck to limousine in the eyes of countless suburban owners. The XJ is a significant link in the evolution of the 4x4. Built in Toledo, Ohio, USA, Beijing, China, Ferreyra, Argentina, Cairo, Egypt, and in Valencia, Venezuela, the XJ was also selected in 2011 as one of 10 cars that refuse to die by Kiplinger. Designs of the compact-size XJ Cherokee date back to 1978 when a team of American Motors, clay models were based on the then current full-size SJ Cherokee. Early sketches of the XJ Cherokee had a European influence, and most of the cues were done by AMC engineers under the direction of Richard A. Teague. Noticing that General Motors was developing a new two-door S-10-based Blazer, American Motors vice president of engineering, Roy Lunn, designed what is known as the Quadra-Link suspension, that limited rollovers. Renaults François Castaing developed the drivetrain using a smaller engine than normally found in 4WD vehicles. It is noteworthy as the first nonmilitary 4x4 with unibody construction, the unconventional design enhanced XJs durability and off-road capability that eventually won over most critics, even those models with the early underpowered GM engines. The XJ is described as the first small crossover SUV in the U. S. with plenty of the Jeep toughness built in, the design and market positioning of the XJ, along with the AMC Eagle essentially foreshadowed the car-based crossover utility-vehicle fad. Although the XJ models had just been introduced, AMC quickly began development of its successor, to compete against its much larger rivals, the smallest U. S. automaker created a business process that is now known as product lifecycle management to speed up its product development process. By 1985, development and engineering was based on computer-aided design software systems while new systems stored all drawings, the pioneering PLM was so effective that after Chrysler purchased AMC in 1987, it expanded the system throughout its own enterprise. British TV presenter and motoring expert Quentin Willson described the XJ Jeep as a real 4x4 icon, which, despite being left behind by newer models, still offer fresh and urgent possibilities. Cars which become more relevant the older they get, the design was rigid and sturdy, yet wonderfully lightweight, Uniframe permitted outstanding performance even with AMCs new 2. 5-liter/150-cubic-inch four-cylinder engine. Both two- and four-door versions of the XJ Cherokee were offered throughout its lifetime, each having exactly the same track, two-door models, however, received longer doors and front seats that could fold forward to assist in rear passenger entry and exit. This was in addition to rear windows that did not open. A variation on the Cherokee from 1983 to 1990 was the Jeep Wagoneer and these were unrelated to the similarly named full-sized Grand Wagoneer models that had carried the Wagoneer name before this point. The compact XJ Wagoneer was available in two levels, the Wagoneer and the Wagoneer Limited
7.
Chevrolet S-10 Blazer
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See also Chevrolet Blazer The Chevrolet Blazer and the similar GMC S-15 Jimmy are mid-size SUVs from Chevrolet and GMC respectively. Production began alongside the larger K5 Blazer and Jimmy in 1982, in the United States retail sales of two-door Blazer models ceased in 2004, all other models were sold until April 20,2005. In the Canadian market, four-door models of the Blazer and Jimmy were sold until the 2004 model year, however, the Blazer continues to be produced. Upon the introduction of the S-10 pickup truck in 1982 to replace the Isuzu-based Chevrolet LUV, styling cues were based on the first generation K5 Blazer and Jimmy, the S-series Blazer and Jimmy did not feature removable hardtops like their full-size counterparts. Notably, the new, smaller Blazer and Jimmy were only offered in a two-door bodystyle, base power was provided by GMs 2.0 L OHV four-cylinder engine, producing 83 hp. A2.8 L,110 hp V6 was offered as an option, the 1. 9-,2. 0- and 2. 2-liter diesel were dropped after 1985, replaced by the larger 2. 5-liter engine. The V6 was refitted with a fuel injection system for 1986 in order to improve performance. Jeep replaced the Cherokees 2.8 V6 with a new, to keep competitive, the Blazer and Jimmy received a new 4.3 L V6 option in 1988, based on the ubiquitous Chevrolet Small-Block V8 engine, producing a respectable 150 hp. Power output was increased to 160 hp in 1989, the 2. 8L was discontinued in 1990 for the Blazer and Jimmy where the 4. 3L became the de facto base motor, and a 5-speed manual transmission was added to the option list, replacing the Borg-Warner T5. In March 1990, 4-door versions of the S-10 Blazer and Jimmy were introduced as a 1991 model, the 4-door had a 6. 5in longer wheelbase and a one-piece front grille with a painted black insert. This new grille also did away with the separate metal filler panel under the grille, since the grille is taller, early production models between March and August 1990 were initially available as a four-wheel drive only, 2WD versions commenced production around Summer 1990. This came just months ahead of the introduction of the Ford Explorer, snowflake alloy wheels were introduced, either painted charcoal gray or argent silver. The upscale Oldsmobile Bravada appeared the year featuring an All-Wheel-Drive package called Smart-Trak. 1992 models were similar to 1991s - the only way to tell the difference is the back glass. The interior was a carryover from 1991 with the exception of the center console, also, the S-15 name was dropped from the Jimmy. The S10 Blazer also introduced an upscale Tahoe trim package, the Tahoe LT, the Tahoe LT had its own exterior décor with faded lower body lines on the lower rockers along with Tahoe LT badges - this also included an overhead console and keyless remote door locks). 1992 was the first model year where the S10 Blazer and Jimmy offered an NP233 electronic transfer case for as a drive train option. The fuel lines, which were routed on the side frame rail to the TBI fuel injectors, were redesigned where the fuel inlets entered the rear of the engine
8.
Four-wheel drive
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Four-wheel drive, 4×4, and 4WD, is a form of drivetrain capable of providing power to all wheel ends of a two-axled vehicle simultaneously. It may be full-time, or on-demand, and is linked via a transfer case which provides an additional output drive-shaft. When a four-wheeled vehicle has power supplied to axles, this is described as all-wheel drive. However, four-wheel drive typically refers to a set of components and functions, and/or intended offroad application. 4×4/4WD/AWD systems were developed in different markets and used in many different vehicle platforms. There is no universally accepted set of terminology to describe the various architectures, the terms used by various manufactures often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems. Four-by-four refers to the class of vehicles. The first figure represents the total wheels, and the second, syntactically, 4×2 means a four-wheel vehicle that transmits engine power to only two axle-ends, the front two in front-wheel drive or the rear two in rear-wheel drive. Alternatively, a 6×4 vehicle has three axles, two of which power to two wheel ends each. Four wheel drive refers to vehicles with two axles providing power to four wheel ends, in the North American market the term generally refers to a system that is optimized for off-road driving conditions. The term 4WD is typically designated for vehicles equipped with a transfercase which switches between 2WD and 4WD operating modes, either manually or automatically. All wheel drive historically was synonymous with four-wheel drive on four-wheeled vehicles, and six-wheel drive on 6×6s, today in North America the term is applied to both heavy vehicles as well as light passenger vehicles. Typical AWD systems work well on all surfaces, but are not intended for more extreme off-road use, some all wheel drive electric vehicles solve this challenge using one motor for each axle, thereby eliminating a mechanical differential between the front and rear axles. An example of this is the dual motor variant of the Tesla Model S, individual-wheel drive was coined to identify those electric vehicles whereby each wheel is driven by its own individual electric motor. This system essentially has inherent characteristics that would be attributed to four-wheel drive systems like the distribution of the available power to the wheels. However, because of the inherent characteristics of electric motors, torque can be negative, as seen in the Rimac Concept One and this can have drastic effects, as in better handling in tight corners. The term IWD can refer to a vehicle with any number of wheels, for example, the Mars rovers are 6-wheel IWD. Two wheels fixed to the same turn at the same speed as a vehicle goes around curves
9.
Ford Bronco II
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For the Ford Bronco of 1966 to 1996, see Ford Bronco. The Ford Bronco II is a two-door compact-sized four-wheel-drive sport utility vehicle that was manufactured by Ford from 1983 to 1990, following the shift of the Bronco to the F-Series truck platform in 1978, the Bronco II was developed as an all-new compact SUV. Although the original Bronco used its own chassis, the Bronco II utilized a shortened Ford Ranger chassis, the Bronco II was assembled in the Louisville Assembly Plant in Louisville, Kentucky, alongside the Ford Ranger. In 1990, the Bronco II was replaced by the Ford Explorer, while based on the Ranger. Following the discontinuation of the Bronco II, the next compact SUV produced by Ford in North America was the 2001 Ford Escape, the first Bronco II was developed in parallel with the Ranger pickup truck that was introduced for the 1982 model year. Introduced in March 1983, Ford marketed the Bronco II as a vehicle for men, single people and that gave people the sense that they could conquer anything. For the 1989 model year, the Bronco II was restyled alongside the Ranger, the exterior featured new front bodywork with new a new hood, front fenders, and a closer-fitting front bumper. Inside, the dashboard was redesigned, featuring a new instrument panel, alongside the overall change in appearance, the new bodywork marked improvements in structural support. The 1989 Bronco II was short-lived however, as it lasted for less than a year when production ended in early 1990. It was later succeeded by the larger Ford Explorer for 1991, as a running change, four-wheel drive 1990 models produced after November 1989 were produced with Dana 35 front axles, replacing the previous Dana 28 front axle. The 1984 and 1985 models were equipped with the German-built carbureted 2.8 L Cologne V-6 with 115 hp at 4600 rpm and it was originally available exclusively with four-wheel drive. The 1986 model year introduced the 140 hp fuel injected 2.9 L Cologne V-6, due to a design flaw, overheating the engine could lead to cracks in the cylinder head between the valve springs or at the base of the rocker shaft pedestals. This results in internal coolant leaks causing contamination of the oil, although there were slight improvements to the head castings in late 1989, these heads were not installed on production engines before the production of the Bronco II ceased. Bronco IIs that were still under warranty, or at the desire, were retrofitted with the improved heads. An 86 hp 2.3 L Mitsubishi diesel I4 engine was offered through the 1987 model year. Before the 1991 model year, the Bronco II was discontinued, while the Explorer was also based upon the Ranger, the Explorer was a mid-size SUV. Sized slightly larger than the S-10 Blazer, the five-door Explorer was nearly 23 inches longer than a 1990 Bronco II, as a more direct successor, a shorter-wheelbase three-door Explorer Sport was introduced. Shared with the Ranger and Ford Aerostar, the Explorer was powered solely by a 155 hp 4. 0L Cologne V6, stability problems with Bronco II were noted during the design phase in 1981, as well as in the verification tests
10.
Body-on-frame
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Body-on-frame is an automobile construction method by which a separate body is mounted on a relatively rigid frame or chassis that carries the engine and drivetrain. It was the method of building automobiles and continues to this day. In the late 19th century frames might be made of wood reinforced by steel flitch plates, mass production of all-metal bodies became general in the 1920s but Europe, with exceptions, followed almost a decade later. Europes custom-made or coachbuilt cars usually contained some wood framing or used aluminium alloy castings, today some new vehicles still have a separate chassis, most commonly pickup trucks and their relatively low volume variants like crossover SUVs. The Ford Model T carried the tradition of body-on-frame over from horse-drawn buggies and it was also easy to use the same chassis and driveline for several very different cars. Especially in the days before computer-aided design, this was a big advantage, most small passenger vehicles switched to unibody construction by the end of the 1930s. The trend had started with cars like the Citroen Traction Avant, trucks, bus manufacturers and large low volume cars or those made in USA continued to use separate bodies on conventional frames. Mass-market manufacturers Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are abandoning true body-on-frame SUVs, opting, when sales volume permits, for more efficient unibody construction. Toyota currently manufactures the most body-on-frame SUVs with the 4Runner, FJ Cruiser, Land Cruiser, Sequoia, Lexus GX and LX followed by Nissan with the Armada, Patrol, Xterra and Infiniti QX56/80. The Ford Panther platform, which was discontinued in 2011, was the last series of passenger cars to be built in this manner. One variant used by Chevrolet for its Corvette incorporates the inner skeleton to the frame, an intermediate to full monocoque construction was the semi-monocoque used by the Volkswagen Beetle and Renault 4. These used a separate chassis made from pressed sheet steel panels forming a platform chassis, to give the benefits of a traditional chassis. Both of these chassis were used for different models. The mid-1930s designed Volkswagen made use of the bodyshell for structural strength as well as the chassis — hence semi-monocoque, traditionally chassis had compliance, they were designed to allow some twisting. As suspensions improved they could not perform correctly unless supporting a rigid structure like that intended to be provided by unibody or monocoque construction. The Lincoln Town Car once dominated the American limousine market because it was the last American luxury car made on the body-on-frame system, with the Town Car discontinued since 2011, the de facto replacement is the Lincoln Navigator SUV. Easier to design, build and modify, quieter, because the stresses do not pass into the body, which is isolated from the frame with rubber pads around the attachment bolts. This is less significant now, but historically bodies would squeak and rattle more as they rusted, lubricants drained, isolated bodies were affected to a lesser degree by these modes of aging
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