Companion planting is the polycultural practice in horticulture and small-scale agriculture of co-planting different crops to provide a measure of weed suppression, pest control, and pollination; to a
Companion planting of carrots and onions. The onion smell puts off carrot root fly, while the smell of carrots puts off onion fly.
Root nodules of legumes fix nitrogen, assisting the growth of nearby plants.
Companion planting of cornflowers among cabbages helps the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator (shown) to control cabbage moth.
Spearmint attracts the mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis, an active predator that helps to suppress crop pests.
Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It includes a set of design principles derived using whole-sys
Companion planting
…and horticulture have made frequent use of companion planting, since many other means of fertilizing, weed reduction and pest control are forbidden. Permaculture advocates similar methods. The list of companion plants used in such systems is large, and includes vegetables, fruit trees, kitchen herbs, garden…
A garden cultivated on permaculture principles
Franklin Hiram King introduced the term "permanent agriculture" in 1911.
Bill Mollison, who has been described as the "father of permaculture", cites Aboriginal Tasmanian belief systems as an inspiration of the practice.
Ladybugs are seen as beneficial insects in permaculture because of their help with aphid control.