1.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
Confederate States of America
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Alexander Stephens CSA Vice President; old Whig friend of Lincoln; author of 'Cornerstone Speech'
Confederate States of America
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Flag (1861–1863)
Confederate States of America
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William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession".
Confederate States of America
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William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention.
2.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
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New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
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Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
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Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
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Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
3.
Judah P. Benjamin
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Benjamin was the first Jew to be elected to the United States Senate who had not renounced the religion, and the first of that faith to hold a Cabinet position in North America. Benjamin was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from London, who had moved to St. Croix in the Danish West Indies when it was occupied by Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. Seeking greater opportunities, his family emigrated to the United States, eventually settling in Charleston, Benjamin attended Yale College but left without graduating and moved to New Orleans, where he read law and passed the bar. Benjamin rose rapidly both at the bar and in politics and he returned to New Orleans, but soon left when Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Attorney General. Benjamin had little to do in that position, but Davis was impressed by his competence, as Secretary of State, Benjamin attempted to gain official recognition for the Confederacy by France and the United Kingdom, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. To preserve the Confederacy as military defeat made its situation increasingly desperate, he advocated freeing and arming the slaves, but his proposals were not accepted until it was too late. When Davis fled the Confederate capital of Richmond in early 1865, Benjamin went with him, Benjamin made his way to Britain and became a barrister, again rising to the top of his profession before retiring in 1883. He died in Paris the following year, Judah Philip Benjamin was born on August 11,1811, in St. Croix of the Danish West Indies, a colony then occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars. His parents were Sephardic Jews, Philip Benjamin and the former Rebecca de Mendes, Philip and Rebecca had been shopkeepers in London, and emigrated to the West Indies in search of better opportunities. Rebeccas family had been prominent in Spain before being forced to leave under the Expulsion Edict of 1492, Judah, the third of seven children, was given the same name as an older brother who died in infancy. Following a tradition adhered to by some Sephardi, he was named for his paternal grandfather, the Benjamins encountered hard times in the Danish West Indies, as normal trade was blocked by the British occupation. In 1813 the Benjamin family moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina, Philip Benjamin was not financially successful there, and around 1821 moved with his family to Charleston, South Carolina. That city had the largest Jewish community in the United States, Philip was learned in his faith but was again unsuccessful in business, Rebecca earned money for the family by operating a fruit stand near the harbor. Judah and two siblings were boarded with relatives in Fayetteville for about 18 months after the rest of the moved to Charleston. He attended the Fayetteville Academy, a school where his intelligence was recognized. In Charleston, his father was among the founders of the first Reform congregation in the United States, Philip was ultimately expelled from that community, as he did not keep the Sabbath, and the extent of Judahs religious education is uncertain. The boys intelligence was noted by others in Charleston, one of whom offered to finance his education, at the age of 14, in 1825, Benjamin entered Yale College, an institution popular among white Southerners, Vice President John C. Calhoun, a South Carolinian, was among its alumni, although Benjamin was successful as a student at Yale, he left abruptly in 1827 without completing his course of study
Judah P. Benjamin
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Judah P. Benjamin
Judah P. Benjamin
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Benjamin, c. 1856
Judah P. Benjamin
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Benjamin, c. (1860–1865)
Judah P. Benjamin
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The original
Confederate Cabinet, 1861. L-R: Judah P. Benjamin,
Stephen Mallory,
Christopher Memminger,
Alexander Stephens,
LeRoy Pope Walker,
Jefferson Davis,
John H. Reagan and
Robert Toombs.
4.
Richmond, Virginia
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Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region and it was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the line of the James River,44 miles west of Williamsburg,66 miles east of Charlottesville. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 and it became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America, the city entered the 20th century with one of the worlds first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a hub of African-American commerce. Richmonds economy is driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, in 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742, Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, after the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag, on April 17,1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its capital to Richmond. It became the target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond, three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B, gordons desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed
Richmond, Virginia
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Top: Skyline above the falls of the
James River Middle:
St. John's Episcopal Church,
Jackson Ward,
Monument Avenue. Bottom:
Virginia State Capitol,
Main Street Station
Richmond, Virginia
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Patrick Henry delivered his "Liberty or Death" speech at
St. John's Church in Richmond, helping to ignite the American Revolution.
Richmond, Virginia
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Retreating Confederates burned one-fourth of Richmond in April 1865
Richmond, Virginia
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By the early 20th century, Richmond had an extensive network of electric streetcars, as shown here crossing the Mayo Bridge across the James River, ca. 1917.
5.
American Civil War spies
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Tactical or battlefield intelligence became very vital to both armies in the field during the American Civil War. Units of spies and scouts reported directly to the commanders of armies in the field and they provided details on troop movements and strengths. The distinction between spies and scouts was one that had life or death consequences, if a suspect was seized while in disguise and not in his armys uniform, the sentence was often to be hanged. A spy named Will Talbot, a member of the 35th Battalion and he was captured, taken to Emmitsburg, Maryland, and executed on orders of Brig. Gen. John Buford. Intelligence gathering for the Confederates was focused on Alexandria, Virginia, Thomas Jordan created a network of agents that included Rose ONeal Greenhow. The Unions intelligence gathering initiatives were decentralized, Allan Pinkerton worked for Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and created the United States Secret Service. Lafayette C. Baker conducted intelligence and security work for Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, president Abraham Lincoln hired William Alvin Lloyd to spy in the South and report to Lincoln directly. As a brigadier general in Missouri, Ulysses S. Grant was ordered by Maj. Gen. John C, frémont to start an intelligence organization. Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, who became commander of the Army of the Potomac in January 1863, ordered his deputy provost marshal, Col. George H. Sharpe, Sharpe set up what he called the Bureau of Military Information and was aided by John C. Babcock, who had worked for Allan Pinkerton and had made maps for George B. McClellan, sharpe’s bureau produced reports based on information collected from agents, prisoners of war, refugees, Southern newspapers, documents retrieved from battlefield corpses, and other sources. When Grant began his siege of Petersburg in June 1864, Sharpe had become Grant’s intelligence chief, the most useful military intelligence of the American Civil War was probably provided to Union officers by slaves and smugglers. Intelligence provided by slaves and blacks were called black dispatches, the Secret War for The Union, The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War. The African American in the Civil War, Rose, P. K. Black Dispatches, Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence During the Civil War. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency,1999, United States Government, Intelligence in the Civil War. Swanson, James L. Manhunt, The 12-Day Chase for Lincolns Killer, liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy, Four Women Undercover in the Civil War. Harper, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, melanson, Philip H. Stevens, Peter F. The Secret Service, The Hidden History of an Enigmatic Agency, Secret Missions of the Civil War, First-Hand Accounts by Men and Women Who Risked Their Lives in Underground Activities for the North and the South. Ryan, Thomas J. Sears, Stephen W. Spies, Scouts, and Secrets in the Gettysburg Campaign, How the Critical Role of Intelligence Impacted the Outcome of Lees Invasion of the North, June-July,1863
American Civil War spies
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Allan Pinkerton (left) with
Abraham Lincoln
6.
Aaron Van Camp
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Aaron Van Camp was an espionage agent for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Van Camp were members of the Rose ONeal Greenhow Confederate spy ring, at the time of the Civil War, Van Camp was a well-known dentist in Washington, D. C. After his arrest and imprisonment in the Old Capitol Prison, he was paroled in early 1862, during the remainder of the Civil War, he continued spying for the Confederacy. He had taken his family to California during the Gold Rush of 1849, in the 1850s he operated a whaling supply company in Samoa, where he was appointed as Commercial Agent for the United States in the Navigator Islands from 1853 to 1856. Later in 1881 he was appointed as Commercial Agent in Fiji, Van Camp was born in 1816 in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. He married Maria L. Bestor of Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Van Camp was born in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1838. As a young man and Rebel soldier, Eugene assisted the elder Van Camp in his activities for the Confederate States of America. Aaron Van Camp practiced dentistry in Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, during the California Gold Rush period of the late 1840s, he took his family to California. In 1851, Van Camp went on a voyage into the South Pacific and became interested in supplying whaling ships and he established a whaling resupply outpost in Apia, Samoa, in 1852. In 1853, Van Camp was appointed as Commercial Agent to the Navigator Islands and he held that position until 1856, when he returned to the United States to resume his dentistry practice in Washington, D. C. Upon his return to Washington, D. C. Van Camp strongly expressed his views, especially after John Browns unsuccessful raid on Harpers Ferry. In April 1861, shortly after the Civil War began, Van Camps son Eugene enlisted in a Confederate cavalry unit, beauregard before the First Battle of Bull Run. Aaron and his son Eugene assisted Rose ONeal Greenhow, who was operating a spy ring in the capital, shortly thereafter, Greenhows spy ring was broken up by Allan Pinkerton of the newly formed Union Intelligence Service. In late December,1861, the elder Van Camp was imprisoned as a spy in downtown Washington in the Old Capitol Prison. Van Camp was released from custody on parole in March 1862 after signing an oath of allegiance to the Union, after release, Van Camp most likely linked up with the Confederate Secret Service. They were alleged to be conducting such espionage under the cover of trading in cotton, in April 1864, Van Camp arranged to secure a trading permit for Eugene to open a store at the Union-controlled Fort Pillow in Kentucky. In January 1865, Van Camp sent a letter to President Abraham Lincoln seeking that Eugene be protected from the draft which was denied, Eugene was permitted to return with Van Camp to their family home in Washington, D. C. In April 1865, a letter was sent to Union General Christopher C
Aaron Van Camp
–
Old Capitol Prison in 1863
7.
Old Capitol Prison
–
The Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D. C. served as temporary Capitol of the United States from 1815 to 1819. The building was a school, a boarding house, and, during the American Civil War. Razed in 1929, its site is now occupied by the U. S. Supreme Court building, the site, as with most of Capitol Hill, was part of Jenkins Hill and was acquired from the Carroll family to accommodate the U. S. Capitol. Located at 1st and A streets NE in Washington, D. C. on the slope of Capitol Hill. It was part of a neighborhood of rooming houses catering to the U. S. Congress, in August 1814, during the War of 1812, the British burned the nearby United States Capitol building. Congress then occupied the capitol from December 8,1815, until 1819. The inauguration of President James Monroe took place at the capitol on March 4,1817. The investors wanted to prevent their land values from decreasing by keeping the government in Washington, the building acquired the title Old Brick Capitol in 1819 when Congress and the Supreme Court returned to the restored U. S. Capitol Building. Until the time of the Civil War, the building was used as a private school, south Carolina Senator and former Vice President of the United States John C. Calhoun, who had been a member of the Fourteenth Congress when it met in the Old Brick Capitol. Many people arrested following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln were also held here and these included Dr. Samuel Mudd, Mary Surratt, Louis Weichmann, and John T. Ford, owner of Fords Theater, where Lincoln was shot. The adjoining row of houses, Duff Greens Row, was used as part of the prison. Famous inmates of the prison included Rose Greenhow, Belle Boyd, John Mosby, and Henry Wirz, who was hanged in the yard of the prison. The government sold the Old Capitol Prison in 1867 to George T. Brown, then sergeant-at-arms of the U. S. Senate, in the 20th century, they were used as the headquarters of the National Womans Party. In 1929, the site was acquired by eminent domain and the building was razed to clear the site for the U. S. Supreme Court building
Old Capitol Prison
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The execution of Henry Wirz near the U.S. Capitol moments after the trap door was sprung.
Old Capitol Prison
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The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War.
8.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
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Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
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Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
9.
Thomas Jordan (general)
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Thomas Jordan was a Confederate general and major operative in the network of Confederate spies during the American Civil War. He resigned in 1870 and returned to the United States, where he settled in New York City, Jordan was also a newspaper editor and author, writing articles about the American Civil War. Thomas Jordan was born the oldest child of Gabriel and Elizabeth Betsey Seibert Jordan in the Luray Valley and he is believed to have been educated in the local schools of Shenandoah County, Virginia. He received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, Jordan entered the army as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U. S. Infantry, and was assigned to the garrison at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. He fought in the Second Florida War against the Seminole Indians and he was among those soldiers who surprised and captured Chief Tiger Tail near Cedar Keys in November 1842. Jordan was assigned to frontier duty until 1846, when he was promoted to first lieutenant. In the Mexican-American War, he served creditably at the battles of Palo Alto, in 1847, he was promoted to captain and served as a quartermaster. He remained at Vera Cruz for a year after the war in an administrative role and he was next posted to various Southern garrisons and on the Pacific Coast. As early as 1860, he began a pro-Southern spy network in Washington. He appeared to be her Confederate Secret Service handler during the phase of Confederate intelligence. On May 22,1861, Jordan resigned from the U. S. Army and he was commissioned as a captain in the fledgling Confederate army. Promotion came rapidly and by June 1861, he had become a lieutenant colonel and he also was the armys adjutant general and accompanied President Jefferson Davis on a post-battle tour of the field. Jordan subsequently accompanied Beauregard to the Western Theater to Kentucky, for his actions at Shiloh, he was promoted to brigadier general on April 14,1862, and served as chief of staff for General Braxton Bragg during his Kentucky Campaign. When Beauregard was reassigned to the defense of Charleston, South Carolina, Jordan accompanied his long-time friend, in May 1864, he was assigned to the command of the Third Military District of South Carolina. Immediately after the Civil War, Jordan lived in Tennessee, where he published a review of the Confederate operations. He was the editor of the Memphis Appeal newspaper in 1866, in 1868, he co-published with J. B. Pryor a book entitled The Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Forrest. That same year, General Jordan, with his lengthy administrative, in December 1869, Jordan became military head of the Cuban Mambi army, who were fighting for Cuban independence from Spain in the Ten Years War. He scored a significant victory over superior forces at Guaimaro in January 1870
Thomas Jordan (general)
–
Thomas Jordan
10.
Belle Boyd
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Isabella Maria Boyd, best known as Belle Boyd, as well as Cleopatra of the Secession and Siren of the Shenandoah, was a Confederate spy in the American Civil War. She operated from her fathers hotel in Front Royal, Virginia, isabella Maria Boyd was born on May 4,1844, in Martinsburg, Virginia. She was the eldest child of Benjamin Reed and Mary Rebecca Boyd, Boyd would describe her childhood as idyllic, living a care-free life, of a reckless tomboy, who climbed trees, raced through the woods, and dominated brothers, sisters, and cousins. Despite her familys lack of money, Boyd received a good education, after some preliminary schooling, she attended the Mount Washington Female College in Baltimore, Maryland. Boyds espionage career began by chance, according to her 1866 account, on July 4,1861, a band of Union army soldiers heard she had Confederate flags in her room, and they came to investigate. They hung a Union flag outside her home and this made her angry enough, but when one of them cursed at her mother, she was enraged. Boyd pulled out a pistol and shot and killed the man, a board of inquiry exonerated her, but sentries were posted around the house and officers kept close track of her activities. Boyd conveyed those secrets to Confederate officers via her slave, Eliza Hopewell, on her first attempt at spying, she was caught and told she could be sentenced to death, but was not. She was not scared and realized she needed to find a way to communicate. One evening in mid-May 1862, Union Army General James Shields, Boyd hid in the closet in the room, eavesdropping through a knothole she enlarged in the door. She learned that Shields had been ordered east from Front Royal and that night, Boyd rode through Union lines, using false papers to bluff her way past the sentries, and reported the news to Colonel Turner Ashby, who was scouting for the Confederates. When the Confederates advanced on Front Royal on May 23, Boyd ran to greet General Stonewall Jacksons men and she urged an officer to inform Jackson that the Yankee force is very small. Tell him to right down and he will catch them all. Jackson did and that evening penned a note of gratitude to her, I thank you, for myself and for the army, for her contributions, she was awarded the Southern Cross of Honor. Jackson also gave her captain and honorary aide-de-camp positions, after her lover gave her up, Belle Boyd was arrested for the first time on July 29,1862, and brought to the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D. C. the next day. An inquiry was held on August 7,1862, concerning violations of orders that Boyd be kept in close custody, Boyd was held for a month before being released on August 29,1862, when she was exchanged at Fort Monroe. She was arrested again in June 1863, but was released after contracting typhoid fever, in March 1864, she attempted to travel to England, where she was intercepted by a Union blockade and sent to Canada. There she met Union naval officer, Samuel Wylde Hardinge, the two later married in England
Belle Boyd
–
Belle Boyd, Confederate spy
11.
John Surratt
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John Harrison Surratt, Jr. was accused of plotting with John Wilkes Booth to kidnap U. S. president Abraham Lincoln and suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. His mother, Mary Surratt, was convicted of conspiracy and hanged by the United States Federal Government and she owned the boarding house where Booth and fellow conspirators planned the scheme. John Harrison Surratt, Jr. avoided arrest immediately after the assassination by fleeing the country and he served briefly as a Papal Zouave before his later arrest and extradition from Egypt. By the time he returned to the United States the statute of limitations had expired on most of the potential charges and he was not convicted. John Harrison Surratt, Jr. was born in 1844, to John Harrison Surratt, Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Jenkins Surratt and his baptism took place in 1844 at St. Peters Church, Washington, D. C. In 1861, Surratt was enrolled at St. Charles College, when his father suddenly died in 1862, John Jr. was appointed the postmaster for Surrattsville, Maryland. His distant cousin on her mothers side is Elizabeth Lail, Surratt served as a Confederate Secret Service courier and spy and had been carrying dispatches about Union troop movements across the Potomac River for some time. Dr. Samuel Mudd introduced Surratt to John Wilkes Booth on December 23,1864, the meeting took place at the National Hotel, where Booth lived in Washington, D. C. Booths plan was to seize Lincoln, take him to Richmond, Virginia, on March 17,1865, Surratt and Booth, along with their comrades, waited in ambush for Lincolns carriage to leave the Campbell General Hospital and return to Washington. However, Lincoln had changed his mind and remained in Washington, following Lincolns assassination on April 14,1865, Surratt denied any involvement with the murder plot, claiming at that time he was in Elmira, New York. Surratt did not take part in the assassination, but he was one of the first people suspected of the attack on Secretary of State William H. Seward, however, it was soon discovered that Lewis Powell had tried to kill Seward. When he learned of the assassination, Surratt fled to Canada and he reached Montreal on April 17,1865. He then went to St. Liboire, where a Catholic priest, Father Charles Boucher, Surratt remained there while his mother was arrested, tried and hanged for conspiracy in the United States. Surrat would later serve for a time in the Ninth Company of the Pontifical Zouave in the Papal States, an old friend, Henri Beaumont de Sainte-Marie, recognized Surratt and notified papal officials and Rufus King, U. S. minister in Rome. On November 7,1866, John Surratt was arrested and sent to Velletri prison and he escaped and lived with the Garibaldians, who gave him safe passage. Surratt traveled to the Kingdom of Italy, posing as a Canadian citizen named Walters and he booked passage to Alexandria, Egypt, but was arrested there by U. S. officials on November 23,1866, still in his Pontifical Zouaves uniform. He returned to the United States on the USS Swatara to the Washington Navy Yard in early 1867. Eighteen months after his mother was hanged, Surratt was tried in a court of the State of Maryland, not before a military commission, as his mother
John Surratt
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John H. Surratt, Jr. in 1868.
John Surratt
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John Harrison Surratt, Jr. in
Papal Zouave uniform, c. 1867.
12.
Charlotte Hall Military Academy
–
It was fully accredited by the Maryland State Department of Education. The landed estate of the school embraced 360 acres, the School was non-sectarian and of high moral tone. There were many illustrious graduates, persons of all professions, clergy. Trustees of the academy, formerly known as Charlotte Hall School, taney Supreme Court Justice, George Plater Governor of Maryland, James Thomas Governor of Maryland and Joseph Kent Governor of Maryland. The School closed its doors in 1976 because of increasing financial problems, the property is now part of the Charlotte Hall Historic District. Minister to the Austrian Empire John Thomson Mason Thomas Parran, Sr, Maryland congressman, State Delegate and State senator Thomas Parran, Surgeon General of the United States from 1936 to 1948 William B. Wood, Jr. MD-682, Charlotte Hall School, State Routes 5 &236, Charlotte Hall, St. Marys County, MD,1 photo, mD-682-A, Charlotte Hall School, Administration Building,12 photos,2 data pages,1 photo caption page
Charlotte Hall Military Academy
–
Charlotte Hall Historic District, White House, July 2009
13.
David Herold
–
David Edgar Herold was an accomplice of John Wilkes Booth in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14,1865. After the shooting, Herold accompanied Booth to the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd, the two men then continued their escape through Maryland and into Virginia, and Herold remained with Booth until the authorities cornered them in a barn. Herold surrendered but Booth was shot and died a few hours later, Herold was sentenced to death and hanged with three other conspirators at Washington Arsenal. David E. Herold was born in Maryland, the sixth of eleven children of Adam George Herold, Adam and Mary were married on November 9,1828 in Washington, D. C. David was their only son to survive to adulthood. His father Adam was the Chief Clerk of the Naval Storehouse at the Washington Navy Yard for over 20 years. Herolds family was financially and lived in a large brick house at 636 Eighth Street S. E. in Washington. David attended Gonzaga College High School, Georgetown College, Charlotte Hall Military Academy, in 1860 Herold received a certificate in pharmacy from Georgetown College. He then worked as an assistant and as a clerk for a doctor. He became acquainted with John Surratt while attending classes at Charlotte Hall Military Academy in the late 1850s, a few years later, in December 1864, Surratt introduced him to John Wilkes Booth. Years later, Tumblety would be named as one of the Jack the Ripper suspects, on the night of April 14,1865, Herold guided Lewis Powell to Seward’s house. Inside, Powell attempted to kill Seward, severely wounding him, the ensuing commotion frightened Herold and he rode off, leaving Powell to fend for himself. He then met with Booth outside of Washington, D. C. and they proceeded to Surrattsville, another conspirator, George Atzerodt, was supposed to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson, but never made the attempt. It was at point that John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Fords Theater. When Booth jumped onto the stage of the Fords theater, he broke his fibula. When Booth was first across the bridge into Maryland and they retrieved their weapons cache and proceeded to the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd, who set Booths leg. Herold remained with Booth and continually aided him until Union cavalry caught up with them, Herold and Booth were trapped by authorities on April 26,1865, after taking refuge in a barn on the property of Richard Henry Garrett. Herold surrendered, but Booth refused to lay down his arms and was shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett through a crack in the barn wall and he died a few hours later. Corbett was ratified in his actions, as orders to hold fire had not been given, Herold was tried before a military tribunal. His defense being unsuccessful, Herold was convicted and sentenced to death and he was hanged in Washington City on July 7,1865
David Herold
–
Herold at the
Washington Navy Yard after his arrest, 1865.
David Herold
–
Execution of
Mary Surratt,
Lewis Powell, David Herold, and
George Atzerodt on July 7, 1865 at
Fort McNair in
Washington, D.C. Digitally restored.
14.
Samuel Mudd
–
Samuel Alexander Mudd was an American physician who was imprisoned for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth in the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln. While working as a doctor in Southern Maryland, Mudd also employed slaves on his tobacco farm, the Civil War seriously damaged his business, especially when Maryland abolished slavery in 1864. At this time, he first met Booth, who was planning to kidnap Lincoln, but his part in the plot, if any, remains unclear. Some time that day, Mudd must have learned of the assassination and this appeared to link him to the crime, as did his various changes of story under interrogation, and on April 26, he was arrested. A military commission found him guilty of aiding and conspiring in a murder, Mudd was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and released from prison in 1869. Despite repeated attempts by members and others to have it expunged. Born in Charles County, Maryland, Mudd was the fourth of 10 children of Henry Lowe and Sarah Ann Reeves Mudd. He grew up on Oak Hill, his fathers plantation of several hundred acres, which was located 30 miles southeast of downtown Washington, D. C. At the age of 15, after years of home tutoring, Mudd went off to boarding school at St. Johns Literary Institute now known as Saint Johns Catholic Prep School in Frederick. Two years later, he enrolled at Georgetown College in Washington and he then studied medicine at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, writing his thesis on dysentery. Upon graduation in 1856, Mudd returned to Charles County to practice medicine, marrying his childhood sweetheart, as a wedding present, Mudds father gave the couple 218 acres of his best farmland and a new house named St. Catherine. While the house was under construction, the young Mudds lived with Frankies bachelor brother, Jeremiah Dyer and they had nine children in all, four before Mudds arrest and five after his release from prison. To supplement his income from his practice, Mudd became a small scale tobacco grower. Mudd believed that slavery was ordained, writing a letter to the theologian Orestes Brownson to that effect. With the advent of the American Civil War in 1861, the Southern Maryland slave system, in 1863, the Union Army established Camp Stanton just 10 miles from the Mudd farm to enlist black freedmen and run-away slaves. Six regiments totaling over 8,700 black soldiers, many from Southern Maryland, were trained there, in 1864, Maryland, which was exempt from Lincolns 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, abolished slavery, making it difficult for growers like Mudd to operate their plantations. As a result, Mudd considered selling his farm and depending on his medical practice, as Mudd pondered his alternatives, he was introduced to someone who said he might be interested in buying his property, the 26-year-old actor John Wilkes Booth. Many historians agree that President Abraham Lincolns future assassin, John Wilkes Booth, visited Bryantown, Maryland, in November and December 1864, Bryantown is about 25 miles from Washington, D. C. and about 5 miles from Mudds farm
Samuel Mudd
–
Samuel Alexander Mudd, M.D.
Samuel Mudd
–
Lincoln's assassin,
John Wilkes Booth
Samuel Mudd
–
Fort Jefferson, 70 miles west of
Key West, Florida in the
Gulf of Mexico
Samuel Mudd
–
Dr. Mudd as he appeared when working in the
carpenter 's shop in the prison at Fort Jefferson.
15.
Charles County, Maryland
–
Charles County is a county located in the southern central portion of the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 146,551, the county seat is La Plata. The county was named for Charles Calvert, third Baron Baltimore, Charles County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Southern Maryland region. Charles County was created in 1658 by an Order in Council, there was also an earlier Charles County from 1650 to 1653, sometimes referred to in historic documents as Old Charles County. In April 1865, John Wilkes Booth made his escape through Charles County after shooting President Abraham Lincoln and he was on his way to Virginia. On April 28,2002, a cut through the County. The county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places, among which, are the distinguished Green Park and the historical Pleasant Hill, home of the Green and Spalding Families. On December 4,2004, an arson took place in the development of Hunters Brooke which is located a few miles southeast of Indian Head and it later became the largest residential arson in the history of the state of Maryland. Charles County is reliably Democratic, although not as overwhelmingly so as other parts of Marylands Washington, Charles County is governed by county commissioners, the traditional form of county government in Maryland. As of 2015, they are, Charles County is entirely located within the 5th Congressional District, which also includes Calvert, St. Marys, the current representative is Democratic House Minority Whip Steny H. Hoyer. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 643 square miles. In its western wing, along the southernmost bend in Maryland Route 224, Charles County contains an instance where the traveler is due north, east, south. Thomas Stone National Historic Site As of the census of 2000, there were 120,546 people,41,668 households, the population density was 262 people per square mile. There were 43,903 housing units at a density of 95 per square mile. 2. 26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,11. 6% were of German,10. 8% Irish,10. 2% English,9. 3% American and 5. 3% Italian ancestry. 17. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.21. In the county, the population was out with 28. 70% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,33. 20% from 25 to 44,22. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 95.50 males
Charles County, Maryland
Charles County, Maryland
Charles County, Maryland
16.
John Wilkes Booth
–
John Wilkes Booth was an American actor and assassin, who murdered President Abraham Lincoln at Fords Theatre in Washington, D. C. on April 14,1865. Booth was a member of the prominent 19th-century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and and he was also a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and strongly opposed to the abolition of slavery in the United States. Of the conspirators, only Booth was completely successful in carrying out his part of the plot and he shot Lincoln once in the back of the head, and the President died the next morning. Seward was severely wounded but recovered, and Vice-President Johnson was never attacked at all, following the assassination, Booth fled on horseback to southern Maryland, eventually making his way to a farm in rural northern Virginia 12 days later, where he was tracked down. Booths companion gave himself up, but Booth refused and was shot by Boston Corbett, eight other conspirators or suspects were tried and convicted, and four were hanged shortly thereafter. Booths parents were noted British Shakespearean actor Junius Brutus Booth and his mistress Mary Ann Holmes and they purchased a 150-acre farm near Bel Air, Maryland, where John Wilkes Booth was born in a four-room log house on May 10,1838, the ninth of ten children. He was named after English radical politician John Wilkes, a distant relative, Junius wife Adelaide Delannoy Booth was granted a divorce in 1851 on grounds of adultery, and Holmes legally wed Junius on May 10,1851, the youths 13th birthday. As a boy, Booth was athletic and popular, and he became skilled at horsemanship, each day he rode back and forth from farm to school, taking more interest in what happened along the way than in reaching his classes on time. At the Milton school, students recited classical works by authors as Cicero, Herodotus. Students at St. Timothys wore military uniforms and were subject to a regimen of daily formation drills, Booth left school at 14, after his fathers death. His sister recalled that Booth wrote down the palm-readers prediction, showed it to his family and others, Booth aspired to follow in the footsteps of his father and his actor brothers Edwin and Junius Brutus, Jr. He began practicing elocution daily in the woods around Tudor Hall, the editors introduction of the 1874 memoir of Booths sister Asia Booth Clarke states that no individual church was preeminent in the Booth household during her childhood. Booths mother was Episcopalian, and his father was described as a spirit who was open to the great teachings of all religions. On January 23,1853, the 14-year-old Booth was baptized at St. Timothys Protestant Episcopal Church, the Booth family had traditionally been Episcopalian. Clergyman Charles Chiniquy, however, stated that Booth was really a convert to Roman Catholicism later in life, historian Constance Head also declared that Booth was of this religion. Testimony given at the trial of John Surratt showed that at his death, Booth had a Catholic medal on his person, Court evidence showed his attending a Roman Catholic church service on at least two occasions. Like his sister Asia, he received education at a school established by an official of the Catholic Church, Constance Head states, In any case, it seems certain that Booth did not publicize his conversion during his lifetime. Booth made his debut at age 17 on August 14,1855 in the supporting role of the Earl of Richmond in Richard III at Baltimores Charles Street Theatre
John Wilkes Booth
–
Booth, c. 1865
John Wilkes Booth
–
"Tudor Hall" in 1865
John Wilkes Booth
–
The Richmond Theatre,
Richmond, Virginia, in 1858, when Booth made his first stage appearance there
John Wilkes Booth
–
A
Carte de visite of John Wilkes Booth
17.
James D. Bulloch
–
James Dunwoody Bulloch was the Confederacys chief foreign agent in Great Britain during the American Civil War. Based in Liverpool, he operated blockade runners and commerce raiders that provided the Confederacy with its source of hard currency. Bulloch arranged for the purchase of Confederate cotton, and the despatch of armaments. His secret service funds are alleged to have used for the planning of Lincoln’s assassination. Bulloch’s half-sister Martha was the mother of U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt, James D. Bulloch was born in 1823 on his familys plantation near Savannah, Georgia, to Major James Stephens Bulloch and Hester Amarintha Elliot. After Hester died, Major Bulloch enrolled his son in a school in Hartford. The elder Bulloch married Martha Stewart, in May 1832 and she had been the second wife and widow of Senator John Elliott. James S. and Martha Bulloch had four children, Anna Bulloch, Martha Mittie Bulloch, Charles Irvine Bulloch, in 1838, Major Bulloch moved his family to Cobb County, in the Piedmont, to become a partner with Roswell King in a new cotton mill there. In what would become Roswell, Georgia, he had a home built, with the labor of craftsmen. When it was completed in 1839, the moved into Bulloch Hall. James S. Bulloch, who was also a planter, had an amount of land in cotton cultivation. After he died in 1849, Mrs. Bulloch held 31 enslaved African-Americans, James Dunwoody Bulloch married Elizabeth Caskie in 1851. After her early death, he married Mrs. Hariott Cross Foster, Bulloch served in the United States Navy for about 15 years before resigning his commission to join a private shipping company in 1854. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the Civil War began in 1861, in April 1861 while his ship was in New Orleans, Bulloch offered to assist the Confederate States of America. When he returned to New York, he found a letter from C. S. A, attorney General Judah P. Benjamin accepting his offer and ordering him to Montgomery, Alabama, for his assignment. James D. Bulloch soon became a Confederate secret agent and their most dangerous man in Europe, in less than two months after the attack on Fort Sumter, Bulloch arrived at Liverpool, England, and established a base of operations there. Britain was officially neutral in the conflict between North and South, but private and public sentiment favored the Confederacy, Britain was also willing to buy all the cotton that could be smuggled past the Union blockade, which provided the South with its only real source of revenue. Bulloch arranged for the construction and secret purchase of the commerce raider CSS Alabama and he arranged for cotton to be converted to hard currency, which he in turn used to purchase war materiel - including arms and ammunition, uniforms, and naval supplies
James D. Bulloch
–
Leadership & Men
James D. Bulloch
–
James Dunwoody Bulloch was a Confederate Naval Officer and Agent in England, while his half-brother
Irvine Stephens Bulloch was the youngest officer on the
CSS Alabama during the American Civil War. They were the uncles of
Theodore Roosevelt, who became president of the United States. Photo from about 1865, James on the left
18.
Fort Sumter
–
Fort Sumter is a sea fort in Charleston, South Carolina, notable for two battles of the American Civil War. It was one of a number of forts planned after the War of 1812, combining high walls and heavy masonry. Work started in 1829, but was incomplete by 1860, when South Carolina seceded from the Union, the First Battle of Fort Sumter opened on April 12,1861, when Confederate artillery fired on the Union garrison. These were the first shots of the war, and continued all day, the fort had been cut off from its supply line and surrendered the next day. The Second Battle of Fort Sumter was an attempt by the Union to retake the fort. Although the fort was reduced to rubble, it remained in Confederate hands until it was evacuated as General Sherman marched through South Carolina in February 1865, Fort Sumter is open for public tours as part of the Fort Sumter National Monument operated by the National Park Service. Named after General Thomas Sumter, Revolutionary War hero, Fort Sumter was built following the War of 1812, construction began in 1829, and the structure was still unfinished in 1861, when the Civil War began. Seventy thousand tons of granite were imported from New England to build up a bar in the entrance to Charleston Harbor. The fort was a brick structure,170 to 190 feet long, with walls five feet thick. It was designed to house 650 men and 135 guns in three tiers of gun emplacements, although it was never filled near its full capacity and he secretly relocated companies E and H of the 1st U. S. Artillery to Fort Sumter on his own initiative, without orders from his superiors and he thought that providing a stronger defense would delay an attack by South Carolina militia. The fort was not yet complete at the time and fewer than half of the cannons that should have been available were in place, due to military downsizing by President James Buchanan. Over the next few months repeated calls for evacuation of Fort Sumter from the government of South Carolina, artillery, and three hired tug boats with added protection against small arms fire to be used to tow troop and supply barges directly to Fort Sumter. By April 6,1861 the first ships began to set sail for their rendezvous off the Charleston Bar, the first to arrive was Harriet Lane, the evening of April 11,1861. On Thursday, April 11,1861, Beauregard sent three aides, Colonel James Chesnut, Jr, captain Stephen D. Lee, and Lieutenant A. R. Chisolm to demand the surrender of the fort. Anderson declined, and the returned to report to Beauregard. After Beauregard had consulted the Confederate Secretary of War, Leroy Walker, he sent the aides back to the fort, the aides waited for hours while Anderson considered his alternatives and played for time. The aides then left the fort and proceeded to the nearby Fort Johnson, There, Chesnut ordered the fort to open fire on Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
–
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
–
Letter from
William H. Seward advising
President Lincoln on the obstacles in resupplying Fort Sumter, March 1861
Fort Sumter
–
Drawing of Fort Sumter
19.
Liverpool
–
Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
Liverpool
–
From top left:
Pier Head and the
Mersey Ferry;
St George's Hall and the
Walker Art Gallery,
Liverpool Catholic Cathedral;
Liverpool Anglican Cathedral;
Georgian architecture in
Canning;
Princes Dock
Liverpool
–
"Liverpool in 1680" the earliest known image of Liverpool
Liverpool
–
A map of Liverpool's original seven streets (north to the left)
Liverpool
–
Inaugural journey of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first ever commercial railway line.
20.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
21.
Union blockade
–
The Union blockade in the American Civil War was a naval strategy by the United States to prevent the Confederacy from trading. Those blockade runners fast enough to evade the Union Navy could only carry a fraction of the supplies needed. They were operated largely by British citizens, making use of ports such as Havana, Nassau. The Union commissioned around 500 ships, which destroyed or captured about 1,500 blockade runners over the course of the war, for this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, done at the City of Washington, this nineteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-fifth. The British proclamation also formally gave Britain the diplomatic right to discuss openly which side, if any, to support. A joint Union military-navy commission, known as the Blockade Strategy Board, was formed to make plans for seizing major Southern ports to utilize as Union bases of operations to expand the blockade. It first met in June 1861 in Washington, D. C. under the leadership of Captain Samuel F, in the initial phase of the blockade, Union forces concentrated on the Atlantic Coast. The November 1861 capture of Port Royal in South Carolina provided the Federals with an ocean port and repair. It became a base of operations for further expansion of the blockade along the Atlantic coastline. Apalachicola, Florida, received Confederate goods traveling down the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia, another early prize was Ship Island, which gave the Navy a base from which to patrol the entrances to both the Mississippi River and Mobile Bay. The Navy gradually extended its reach throughout the Gulf of Mexico to the Texas coastline, including Galveston, with 3,500 miles of Confederate coastline and 180 possible ports of entry to patrol, the blockade would be the largest such effort ever attempted. The United States Navy had 42 ships in service, and another 48 laid up. At the time of the declaration of the blockade, the Union only had three ships suitable for blockade duty, the Navy Department, under the leadership of Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, quickly moved to expand the fleet. In 1861, nearly 80 steamers and 60 sailing ships were added to the fleet, some 52 more warships were under construction by the end of the year. By November 1862, there were 282 steamers and 102 sailing ships, by the end of the war, the Union Navy had grown to a size of 671 ships, making it the largest navy in the world. By the end of 1861, the Navy had grown to 24,000 officers and enlisted men, four squadrons of ships were deployed, two in the Atlantic and two in the Gulf of Mexico. Blockade service was attractive to Federal seamen and landsmen alike, Blockade station service was considered the most boring job in the war but also the most attractive in terms of potential financial gain
Union blockade
–
A 1861 characterized map of the Union blockade, known as
Winfield Scott 's
Anaconda Plan.
Union blockade
–
The Confederate
blockade runner SS Banshee in 1863
Union blockade
–
Blockade runner SS A.D. Vance, captured by the Union Navy and recommissioned as
Advance
Union blockade
–
CSS David engaging
New Ironsides on 5 October 1863, during the blockade of Charleston.
22.
George Trenholm
–
George Alfred Trenholm was a prominent politician in the Confederate States of America and served as the Secretary of the Treasury during the final year of the American Civil War. George Alfred Trenholm was born in Charleston, South Carolina, when his father, William Trenholm, died, George left school early. He went to work for a cotton broker, John Fraser. By 1853 he was head of the company, and by 1860 he was one of the wealthiest men in the United States. He had financial interests in steamships, hotels, cotton, plantations, when the Civil War broke out, his company - now called Fraser, Trenholm and Company - became the Confederate governments overseas banker. With an office in Liverpool, it arranged cotton sales and financed its own fleet of blockade runners, Trenholm worked with the American James Dunwoody Bulloch as a Confederate foreign agent in Britain to manage their arrangements. Britain depended on exports, and maintenance of the trade helped with public opinion toward the Confederacy. Christopher Memminger used Trenholm as an adviser throughout his own term as Secretary of the Treasury. Trenholm was appointed to that post on July 18,1864 and he was a more charismatic figure than his predecessor, and this helped him with the press and with Congress. Trenholm fled Richmond with the rest of the government in April 1865 and reached Fort Mill, due to illness he asked President Jefferson Davis to accept his resignation, which Davis accepted with his thanks on April 27,1865. Trenholm was later imprisoned at Fort Pulaski near Savannah, Georgia. Many believe that Trenholm was the inspiration for the character of Rhett Butler in Margaret Mitchells novel, George Alfred Trenholm married Anna Helen Holmes. The couple had a large family, five of their children died in infancy. Trenholm is the great-great-grandfather of Virginia politician Charles S, Trenholm, who was Treasurer of the Confederate States of America for the last year of the American Civil War, was arrested after the war and accused of making off with millions in Confederate assets. Blockade runners of the American Civil War James Dunwoody Bulloch Merseyside Maritime Museum Listing of business records of Fraser, Trenholm & Company, 1860-1877 Bulloch, the Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe. George Alfred Trenholm and the Company That Went to War, George A. Trenholm, Financial Genius of the Confederacy. Patrick, Rembert W. Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet, baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press. Treasures of the Confederate Coast, The Real Rhett Butler & Other Revelations, University, Alabama, University of Alabama Press
George Trenholm
–
George Trenholm
23.
CSS Alabama
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CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built in 1862 for the Confederate States Navy at Birkenhead on the River Mersey opposite Liverpool, England by John Laird Sons and Company. Alabama served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career. She was sunk in June 1864 by USS Kearsarge at the Battle of Cherbourg outside the port of Cherbourg, Alabama was built in secrecy in 1862 by British shipbuilders John Laird Sons and Company, in north west England at their shipyards at Birkenhead, Wirral, opposite Liverpool. The construction was arranged by the Confederate agent Commander James Bulloch, the contract was arranged through the Fraser Trenholm Company, a cotton broker in Liverpool with ties to the Confederacy. Under prevailing British neutrality law, it was possible to build a ship designed as an armed vessel, initially known as hull number 290 to hide her identity, the ship was launched as Enrica on 15 May 1862 and secretly slipped out of Birkenhead on 29 July 1862. Union Captain Tunis A. M. Craven, commander of USS Tuscarora, was in Southampton and was tasked with intercepting the new ship, Agent Bulloch arranged for a civilian crew and captain to sail Enrica to Terceira Island in the Azores. With Bulloch at his side, the new captain, Raphael Semmes. After three days of back-breaking work by the three crews, Enrica was equipped as a naval cruiser, designated a commerce raider. Following her commissioning as CSS Alabama, Bulloch then returned to Liverpool to continue his work for the Confederate Navy. Alabamas British-made ordnance was composed of six muzzle-loading, broadside, 32-pounder naval smoothbores, the pivot cannons were placed fore and aft of the main mast and positioned roughly amidships along the decks center line. From those positions, they could be rotated to fire across the port or starboard sides of the cruiser, the fore pivot cannon was a heavy, long-range 100-pounder, 7-inch bore Blakely rifled muzzle-loader, the aft pivot cannon a large, 8-inch smoothbore. The new Confederate cruiser was powered by sail and by two John Laird Sons and Company 300 horsepower horizontal steam engines, driving a single, Griffiths-type. With the screw retracted using the sterns brass lifting gear mechanism, Alabama could make up to ten knots under sail alone and 13.25 knots when her sail, the ship was purposely commissioned about a mile off Terceira Island in international waters on 24 August 1862. All the men from Agripinna and Bahama had been transferred to the deck of Enrica. Captain Raphael Semmes mounted a gun-carriage and read his commission from President Jefferson Davis, upon completion of the reading, musicians that assembled from among the three ships crews began to play the tune Dixie just as the quartermaster finished hauling down Enricas British colors. A signal cannon boomed and the stops to the halliards at the peaks of the gaff and mainmast were broken. With that the cruiser became Confederate States Steamer Alabama, the ships motto, Aide-toi et Dieu taidera was engraved in the bronze of the great double ships wheel. Captain Semmes then made a speech about the Southern cause to the seamen, asking them to sign on for a voyage of unknown length
CSS Alabama
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A painting of CSS Alabama
CSS Alabama
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Deck scene Cruiser Alabama in August, 1863 - Lts Armstrong and Sinclair at Sinclair's 32 pounder station
CSS Alabama
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Captain Raphael Semmes, Alabama' s commanding officer, standing aft of the mainsail by his ship's aft 8-inch smooth bore gun during her visit to
Cape Town in August 1863. His executive officer, First Lieutenant John M. Kell, is in the background, standing by the ship's wheel.
CSS Alabama
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" Kearsarge and the Alabama " by
Édouard Manet
24.
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
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Blockade runners imported from England most of the guns and other ordinance the Confederacy needed. To get through the blockade these ships, many of them built in British ship yards, specially designed for speed, had to cruise by undetected, the typical blockade runners were privately owned vessels often operating with a letter of marque issued by the Confederate States of America. If spotted the runners would attempt to outmaneuver or simply outrun any Union ships on blockade patrol, most of the guns and other ordnance of the Confederacy was imported from England via blockade runners. Some blockade runners made many successful runs while many others were captured or destroyed. There were an estimated 2, 500–2,800 attempts to run the blockade with at least an 80% success rate. However, by the end of the Civil War the Union Navy had captured more than 1,100 blockade runners and had destroyed or run aground another 355 vessels. When the American Civil War broke out on April 12,1861, the British became the primary ship builders and sources of supply for the Confederate government for the duration of the civil war. Several courses of action soon developed, in 1861 the Confederate naval fleet only consisted of about 35 ships, of which 21 were steam-driven. The Confederacy was also in dire need of basic supplies. Coming to their aid, an experienced and former U. S. naval captain, Raphael Semmes and he proposed a militia of privateers which would both strike at the Norths merchant ships and provide supplies to the south by out running or evading the ships of the Union blockade. Confederate President Jefferson Davis approved of the plan, to this end British investors were the most prolific in offering such aid. I. e. Scotts Anaconda plan extended along the Atlantic, in response Davis countered with threats of retaliation, while the British also proclaimed its refusal to concur with Lincolns proclamation in nearby Nassau and its territorial waters. Lincolns proposed blockade was met with mixed criticism among some of his contemporaries, thaddeus Stevens angrily referred to it as a great blunder and a absurdity arguing that we were blockading ourselves and in the process, would be recognizing the Confederacy as a belligerent of war. Soon after Lincoln announced the blockade, the business of running supplies through the blockade to the Confederacy began. Wilmington, NC was not blockaded until July 14,1861, an enormous naval industry evolved which brought great profits for shipbuilders, shippers, and suppliers alike. Throughout the conflict mail was carried also by runners to and from ports in the West Indies, Nassau. This was part of his famous Anaconda Plan that employed a naval blockade around the coastline of the Confederacy with the idea of adversely affecting its economy and supply lines. Because of the thousands of miles of coastline, with its rivers, bays and inlets
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
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The
Advance Civil War blockade-runner
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
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Blockade-run mail to
New Orleans via
Nassau, Bahamas, stamped incoming ship 10-cents postage due
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
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1861 characterized map of Scott's blockade plan.
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
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Major Josiah C. Gorgas
25.
Jacob Thompson
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Jacob Thompson was the United States Secretary of the Interior, who resigned on the outbreak of the American Civil War, to become Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. In 1864, Jefferson Davis asked Thompson to lead a delegation to Canada, from here, he is known to have organised many anti-Union plots and was suspected of many more, including a possible meeting with Lincoln’s assassin, John Wilkes Booth. Union troops burned down his mansion in Oxford, Mississippi, the hometown of William Faulkner, afterwards, he served on the university faculty for a short time until he left to study law in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 1834 and commenced practice in Pontotoc, Thompson got involved in politics and was elected to the 26th Congress, serving from 1839 to 1851. He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1845 but never received the commission, Thompson was the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs in the 29th Congress. He lost reelection to the 32nd Congress and went back to practicing law until 1857, in the later years of the Buchanan administration, the cabinet members argued with one another on issues of slavery and secession. Thompson sided with the Confederacy and resigned as Interior Secretary in January 1861, Thompson became Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. Though not a man, Thompson later joined the army as an officer. Beauregard at the Battle of Shiloh and he attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and was present at several other battles in the Western Theater of the war, including Vicksburg, Corinth, and Tupelo. In March 1864, Jefferson Davis asked Thompson to lead a delegation in Canada. He accepted and arrived in Montreal in May of that year, Thompson appears to have been the leader of Confederate Secret Service operations in Canada. From there, he directed a plot to free Confederate prisoners of war on Johnsons Island, off Sandusky, Ohio. He also arranged the purchase of a steamer, with the intention of arming it to shipping in the Great Lakes. Regarded in the North as a schemer and conspirator, many plots were associated with his name. On June 13,1864, Thompson met with former New York governor Washington Hunt at Niagara Falls, Thompson gave Ben Woods, the owner of the New York Daily News, money to purchase arms. One plot was a burning of New York City on November 25,1864, in retaliation for Union Generals Philip Sheridan. Some speculate that John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, met with Thompson and his manor, called Home Place, in Oxford, Mississippi was burned down by Union troops in 1864. After the Civil War, Thompson fled to England and later returned to Canada as he waited for passions to cool in the United States and he eventually came home and settled in Memphis, Tennessee, to manage his extensive holdings
Jacob Thompson
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Jacob Thompson
Jacob Thompson
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President Buchanan and his Cabinet From left to right: Jacob Thompson,
Lewis Cass,
John B. Floyd,
James Buchanan,
Howell Cobb,
Isaac Toucey,
Joseph Holt and
Jeremiah S. Black, (c. 1859)
26.
Clement Laird Vallandigham
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Clement Laird Vallandigham was an Ohio politician and leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives, in 1863 he was convicted at an Army court martial of opposing the war, and exiled to the Confederacy. He ran for governor of Ohio in 1863 from exile in Canada, Clement Laird Vallandigham was born July 29,1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, to Clement and Rebecca Laird Vallandigham. His father, a Presbyterian minister, educated his son at home, in 1841, Vallandigham had a dispute with the college president at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was honorably dismissed, but he never received a degree, edwin M. Stanton, the future Secretary of War under President Lincoln, was Vallandighams close friend before the Civil War. Stanton lent Vallandigham $500 for a law course and to begin his own practice, both Vallandigham and Stanton were Democrats, but they had opposing views of slavery. Shortly after beginning to practice law in Dayton, Vallandigham entered politics and he was elected as a Democrat to the Ohio legislature in 1845 and 1846, and served as editor of a weekly newspaper, the Dayton Empire, from 1847 until 1849. While in the Ohio state legislature, Vallandigham voted against the repeal of the Black Laws, in 1851 Vallandigham sought the Democratic nomination to be Ohios lieutenant governor, but the party declined to nominate him. Vallandigham ran for Congress in 1856, but he was narrowly defeated and he appealed to the Committee of Elections of the House of Representatives, claiming that illegal votes had been cast. The House eventually agreed, and Vallandigham was seated on the next to last day of the term, the delay was due to the division which had arisen in the Democratic party upon the Lecompton question. He was reelected by a margin in 1858 and won again in 1860. Vallandigham lost his bid for a full term in 1862 by a relatively large vote. However, his loss was at least partially due to redistricting his Congressional district, despite this loss, some still considered him to be a future presidential candidate. In October 1859, radical abolitionist John Brown raided Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Vallandigham was always a vigorous supporter of constitutional states rights. He believed the government had no power to regulate any legal institution. He also believed the states had a right to secede. Vallandigham was a believer in low tariffs and that slavery was a matter for each state to decide, during the ensuing war, he would become one of Lincolns most outspoken critics. On February 20,1861, Vallandigham delivered a speech titled The Great American Revolution to the House of Representatives and he accused the Republican Party of being belligerent and advocated a choice of peaceable disunion upon the one hand, or Union through adjustment and conciliation upon the other
Clement Laird Vallandigham
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Clement Vallandigham
Clement Laird Vallandigham
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Vallandigham's arrest, 1863
Clement Laird Vallandigham
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Union Party poster for Pennsylvania warning of disaster if McClellan wins.
Clement Laird Vallandigham
27.
Ambrose Burnside
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Ambrose Everett Burnside was an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a United States Senator. His distinctive style of facial hair became known as sideburns, derived from his last name and he was also the first president of the National Rifle Association. Burnside was born in Liberty, Indiana and was the fourth of nine children of Edghill and Pamela Brown Burnside and his great-great-grandfather Robert Burnside was born in Scotland and settled in the Province of South Carolina. His father was a native of South Carolina, he was an owner who freed his slaves when he relocated to Indiana. Ambrose attended Liberty Seminary as a boy, but his education was interrupted when his mother died in 1841, he was apprenticed to a local tailor. He graduated in 1847, ranking 18th in a class of 47 and he traveled to Veracruz for the Mexican–American War, but he arrived after hostilities had ceased and performed mostly garrison duty around Mexico City. In 1849, he was wounded by an arrow in his neck during a skirmish against Apaches in Las Vegas and he was promoted to 1st lieutenant on December 12,1851. In 1852, he was assigned to Fort Adams, Newport, Rhode Island, the marriage lasted until Marys death in 1876, but it was childless. In October 1853, Burnside resigned his commission in the United States Army and he devoted his time and energy to the manufacture of the famous firearm that bears his name, the Burnside carbine. President Buchanans Secretary of War John B, Floyd contracted the Burnside Arms Company to equip a large portion of the Army with his carbine, mostly cavalry, and induced him to establish extensive factories for its manufacture. The Bristol Rifle Works were no sooner complete than another gunmaker allegedly bribed Floyd to break his $100,000 contract with Burnside, Burnside ran as a Democrat for one of the Congressional seats in Rhode Island in 1858 and was defeated in a landslide. The burdens of the campaign and the destruction by fire of his contributed to his financial ruin. He then went west in search of employment and became treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad, McClellan, who later became one of his commanding officers. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Burnside was a general in the Rhode Island Militia. He raised the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and was appointed its colonel on May 2,1861, two companies of this regiment were then armed with Burnside Carbines. Within a month, he ascended to command in the Department of Northeast Virginia. He commanded the brigade without distinction at the First Battle of Bull Run in July, and took over division command temporarily for wounded Brig. Gen. David Hunter. His 90-day regiment was mustered out of service on August 2 and he conducted a successful amphibious campaign that closed more than 80% of the North Carolina sea coast to Confederate shipping for the remainder of the war
Ambrose Burnside
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Ambrose Burnside, circa 1880
Ambrose Burnside
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Mrs. Burnside, Mary Richmond Bishop
Ambrose Burnside
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General Ambrose Burnside. Photo by
Mathew Brady
Ambrose Burnside
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Burnside (seated, center) and officers of the 1st Rhode Island at Camp Sprague, Rhode Island, 1861
28.
William Norris (Confederate signal officer)
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William Norris was the Chief Signal Officer of the Confederate States Army and Chief of the Signal Bureau in Richmond. He is often confused with Dr. William S. Morris and he is often referred to as Major, but he attained the rank of Colonel in the closing days of the war. William Norris was born December 6,1820 in Baltimore County and he graduated from Yale College in 1840 at the age of nineteen and went to New Orleans to practice law. He headed to California during the 1849 Gold Rush, after his arrival he was appointed Judge Advocate to the United States Pacific Squadron. He sailed to Valparaíso, Chile in 1851 and on March 13,1851, he married Ellen Lyles Hobson of Baltimore, after the wedding, Norris returned with his bride to the family estate, Brookland, near Reisterstown, northwest of Baltimore. He and his wife had a son, named Richard, in 1852, in 1858, he became the president of the Baltimore Mechanical Bakery, an ultramodern establishment on South Howard near Pratt Street. In the winter of 1860-61 pro-Confederate sentiment was strong in Baltimore, on the 18th and 19th of April 1861, the Pratt Street Riot took place in Baltimore. Norris made no secret of his sympathies and with the outbreak of war he. There he volunteered as an aide on the staff of Brigadier General John Bankhead Magruder. After Magruder sent Norris to learn signals in Norfolk under Captain Milligan, Milligan gave Norris a book of his system of signals,1861, Magruder gave Norris authority to establish a system of signals on the Peninsula and across the James River. Norris set up a network which employed flags and colored balls raised on poles, due to his efforts on the signal system Norris was commissioned as a captain. Norris also commanded the Secret Service Bureau, a unit within the Signal Corps, William Norris finally achieved the rank of colonel on April 26,1865 and became the Commissioner of Exchange replacing Colonel Robert Ould. Within a week Norris was in Union hands, Norris was held in detention in Richmond but eventually cleared of charge. On June 30,1865 Norris swore allegiance to the United States, Norris and his family returned to Brookline near Reisterstown. After the war Norris considered going to Chile to set up a corps for the military there. In 1866 Norris wrote a letter to the lawyer defending John H. Surratt from complicity in the Lincoln assassination, Norris absolved Surratt of any involvement and offered to testify in his behalf. In 1874 his eyewitness account of the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia battle was published in the Southern Magazine, Norris died of a stroke on December 29,1896 and is buried in the All Saints’ Cemetery in Reisterstown, Maryland. Tidwell, W. A. Hall, J. O. & Gaddy, come retribution the Confederate secret service and the assassination of Lincoln
William Norris (Confederate signal officer)
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William Morris
29.
Braxton Bragg
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Bragg, a native of North Carolina, was educated at West Point and became an artillery officer. He served in Florida and then received three brevet promotions for distinguished service in the Mexican-American War, most notably the Battle of Buena Vista. After a series of posts in the Indian Territory, he resigned from the U. S. Army in 1856 to become a plantation owner in Louisiana. During the Civil War, Bragg trained soldiers in the Gulf Coast region and he was a corps commander at the Battle of Shiloh and subsequently was named to command the Army of Mississippi. He and Edmund Kirby Smith attempted an invasion of Kentucky in 1862, in December, he fought another inconclusive battle at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the Battle of Stones River, but once again withdrew his army. In 1863, he fought a series of battles against Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, in June, he was outmaneuvered in the Tullahoma Campaign and retreated into Chattanooga. In November, Braggs army was routed in turn by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Battles for Chattanooga. The defeat at Chattanooga was the last straw, and Bragg was recalled in early 1864 to Richmond, near the end of the war, he defended Wilmington, North Carolina, and served as a corps commander in the Carolinas Campaign. After the war Bragg worked as the superintendent of the New Orleans waterworks, a supervisor of improvements at Mobile, Alabama. Bragg is generally considered among the worst generals of the Civil War, although his commands often outnumbered those he fought against, most of the battles in which he engaged ended in defeats. The only exception was Chickamauga, which was due to the timely arrival of Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps. Most historians fault Bragg for impatience and poor treatment of others, Braxton Bragg was born in Warrenton, North Carolina, one of the six sons of Thomas and Margaret Crosland Bragg. One of his brothers was future Confederate Attorney General Thomas Bragg. He was often ridiculed as a child because of rumors about his mothers prison sentence for murdering an African American freeman. Grady McWhiney, the biographer of Braggs early life and career, states that despite these rumors. He was descended from Thomas Bragg, who was born in England, in the thousands of letters that Bragg wrote during his lifetime, he spoke fondly of his father, but never mentioned his mother. When Bragg was only ten old, his father decided on a military career for him. Eventually the oldest Bragg son, John, recently elected as a state legislator, senator Willie P. Mangum and West Point admitted Braxton at the age of 16
Braxton Bragg
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Braxton Bragg
Braxton Bragg
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"A little more grape, Capt. Bragg" —
Zachary Taylor and Bragg at the Battle of Buena Vista
Braxton Bragg
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Braxton Bragg, CSA
Braxton Bragg
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An entrance gate sign at
Fort Bragg
30.
Robert Ould
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Robert Ould was a lawyer who served as a Confederate official during the American Civil War. From 1862 to 1865 he was the Confederate agent of exchange for prisoners of war under the Dix–Hill Cartel, after the war he became a member of the Virginia General Assembly and was later elected president of a railroad company. Ould was born in Georgetown, Washington, D. C. on January 31,1820, after attending Jefferson College in Pennsylvania, he graduated in letters at Columbian College in D. C. in 1837, and in law at William & Mary College in 1842. During the antebellum period he worked as a lawyer in Washington, in 1859, following the shooting of Philip Barton Key II, Ould was appointed by James Buchanan to succeed Key as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. Ould charged Keys killer, Daniel E. Sickles, with murder, following the secession of Virginia in 1861, Ould decided to support the Confederacy and moved with his family to Richmond. Early in the war he was appointed to the War Department as Assistant Secretary of War, in July 1862 Ould was appointed as the chief agent of exchange under the terms of the Dix–Hill Cartel, with the rank of colonel. In this position he was responsible for negotiating the exchange and treatment of prisoners of war with his Union counterparts and he held the office for most of the remainder of the war, until he was succeeded by William Norris in April 1865. During the war he served as judge advocate in Richmond. He subsequently defended former Confederate president Jefferson Davis against charges of treason, after the war, Ould remained in Richmond and returned to practicing law. In 1866 he was elected to one term in the Virginia Senate, in 1878 he was elected president of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Company. Ould died on January 15,1882, and was buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, the War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series II, Volume VIII. Allardice, Bruce S. Confederate Colonels, A Biographical Register, the Papers of Andrew Johnson, Volume 9, September 1865–January 1866. Knoxville, The University of Tennessee Press, blackett, R. J. M. ed. Thomas Morris Chester, Black Civil War Correspondent, His Dispatches from the Virginia Front. Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Richmond, Davis Bottom, Superintendent of Public Printing. Evans, Clement A. ed. Confederate Military History, Vol. I, Hall, Virginius Cornick, ed. Portraits in the Collection of the Virginia Historical Society, A Catalogue. Heuvel, Sean M. Heuvel, Lisa L, the College of William and Mary in the Civil War. Ould, Robert, Cross, William B. B. eds, Washington, A. O. P. Nicholson, Public Printer. Tidwell, William A. Hall, James O. Gaddy, come Retribution, The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Lincoln
Robert Ould
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Colonel Robert Ould
