1.
Privately held company
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More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy
2.
Paulson & Co.
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Paulson & Co. Inc. is an American investment management firm, established by its president and portfolio manager, John Paulson in 1994. Headquartered in New York with offices in London and Hong Kong and it has approximately 120 employees, and $18 billion in assets under management. The firm primarily provides its services to pooled investment vehicles, but also caters to banking or savings and it employs fundamental analysis to make its investments which may include merger arbitrage, long/short, and event-driven strategy. The firm is a partnership, the partners being John Paulson, Paulson provides services to investment vehicle pools and manages accounts for banking institutions, corporations and pension and profit sharing plans. As of December 2015 the John Paulsons hedge funds had $19 billion assets under management, compared to $18 billion in September 2013, almost 60 percent of the assets under management belong to the firms own employees — including John Paulsons — as of 2012. External investors in the Paulson funds include financial institutions, corporate and public funds, endowments, foundations. With goals of, capital preservation, above average returns, low volatility, there are approximately 50 investment professionals in the firm, including John Paulson who is the Portfolio Manager for all funds under management. Other key investment professionals include Andrew Hoine, Nikolai Petchenikov, Sheru Chowdry, Sihan Shu, Michael Waldorf, Paulson also has an external Advisory Board of well known economists that meets on a monthly basis to discuss investment themes, macroeconomic risks, and global fiscal and monetary policy. Current members of the Paulson advisory Board are Alan Greenspan, Christopher Thornberg, Edward Altman, through the various filing requirements imposed by these regulatory bodies, Paulson makes regular disclosures regarding its portfolio holdings across various jurisdictions. Paulson & Co. Inc. was established by its founder and President, John Paulson, Paulson has invested in a number of undervalued companies that are acquisition targets, aiming to increase the bid price on these companies as a large shareholder. This holding out paid off when another suitor, Conseco Inc. purchased Washington National for $410 million, the bubble continued to grow through 2005 and 2006, but by 2007 began to deflate. The deal was made in late April 2007 and several months later the bonds began to default, in total Paulson reportedly earned $15 billion on $12.5 billion of investment in 2007—a return of over 100%. In 2008, Paulsons bearish outlook on the markets continued. Paulson believed that problems would expand beyond subprime mortgages into consumer, auto, commercial and corporate credit, stressing financial institutions. Sectors include mortgage finance companies, specialty finance companies and regional, national, in September 2008, Paulson bet against four of the five biggest British banks including a £350m bet against Barclays, £292m against Royal Bank of Scotland, and £260m against Lloyds TSB. Paulson is reported to have earned a total of £280m after reducing its position in RBS in January 2009. To help protect their bets, PCI and others successfully prevented attempts to limit foreclosures, Paulson has replied that they were not involved in the marketing of any Abacus products to any third parties, and that Paulson did not sponsor or initiate Goldmans Abacus program. In April 2010, the U. S. Paulson released a statement saying that it was not the subject of this complaint, made no misrepresentations and is not the subject of any charges
3.
Musical instrument
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A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument, the history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment, Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered an instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some refer to as a musical instrument. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago, many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world, however, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in areas and was dominated by the Occident. Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, Instruments can be classified by their effective range, their material composition, their size, etc. However, the most common method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of instruments is called organology. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies—for example, by using objects to create music from sounds. Primitive instruments were designed to emulate natural sounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the pursuit of musical composition were unknown to early players of musical instruments. A player sounding a flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the notion of making music. Musical instruments are constructed in an array of styles and shapes
4.
Elkhart, Indiana
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Elkhart /ˈɛlkɑːrt/ is a city in Elkhart County, Indiana, United States. The city is located 15 miles east of South Bend, Indiana,110 miles east of Chicago, Illinois, the population was 50,949 at the 2010 census. Despite the shared name, it is not the county seat of Elkhart County, when the Northwest Territory was organized in 1787, the area now known as Elkhart was mainly inhabited by the Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes. In 1829, the Village of Pulaski was established, consisting of a Post Office, mill, Two years later, Dr. Havilah Beardsley moved westward from Ohio and purchased one square mile of land from Pierre Moran in order to establish a rival town named Elkhart. In 1839, the Pulaski Post Office was officially changed to Elkhart, Elkhart County was founded exclusively by immigrants from New England. These were old stock Yankee immigrants, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s, the completion of the Erie Canal caused a surge in New England immigration to what was then the Northwest Territory. Some of these settlers were from upstate New York and had parents who had moved to that region from New England shortly after the Revolutionary War. New Englanders and New England transplants from upstate New York were the vast majority of Elkhart Countys inhabitants during the first several decades of its history. The Congregational Church subsequently has gone through many divisions and some factions, including those in Elkhart County are now known as the Church of Christ, correspondingly, many inhabitants of Elkhart County fought in the Union Army during the Civil War. By the late 19th century and early 20th century, musical instrument factories, Miles Medical Company, in 1934, the first recreational vehicle factory opened in Elkhart. Similar companies followed suit for the remainder of the decade, after the war, growth picked back up and, by 1949, Elkhart was officially dubbed the RV Capital of the World. In 1851, the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana Railroad Company built the first rail line through the city and this, in turn, caused major population growth. Today, Norfolk Southern has the biggest railroad presence in town, although Elkhart has 2 other railroads (Shortline-Elkhart and Western, Amtrak has two trains that stop in Elkhart. Canadian Pacific runs 6-8 trains through town on Norfolk Southerns trackage, in 1867, Elkhart Hydraulic Company built the first hydroelectric dam across the St. Joseph River and by 1870, it powered the city. Today, the dam still produces electric power and is operated by Indiana Michigan Power, in 1889, the second electric streetcar system in the world began operation on the citys streets. The Beardsley Avenue Historic District, Albert R. Beardsley House, Dr. Havilah Beardsley House, although apparently a name of German or Germanic origin, the etymology of the citys name is disputed. One source argues that the citys Island Park looks like an elks heart, another source claims that the origin of the citys name was the Shawnee Indian Chief Elkhart, cousin of the famous Chief Tecumseh, and the father of Mishawaka, the namesake of neighboring Mishawaka. Elkhart is located at 41°40′59″N 85°58′8″W, according to the 2010 census, Elkhart has a total area of 24.417 square miles, of which 23.45 square miles is land and 0.967 square miles is water
5.
Brass instrument
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A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the players lips. Brass instruments are also called labrosones, literally meaning lip-vibrated instruments, there are several factors involved in producing different pitches on a brass instrument. The view of most scholars is that the brass instrument should be defined by the way the sound is made, as above. Thus one finds brass instruments made of wood, like the alphorn, the cornett, the serpent, as valved instruments are predominant among the brasses today, a more thorough discussion of their workings can be found below. The valves are usually piston valves, but can be rotary valves, slide brass instruments use a slide to change the length of tubing. The main instruments in this category are the family, though valve trombones are occasionally used. The trombone familys ancestor, the sackbut, and the folk instrument bazooka are also in the slide family, there are two other families that have, in general, become functionally obsolete for practical purposes. Instruments of both types, however, are used for period-instrument performances of Baroque or Classical pieces. In more modern compositions, they are used for their intonation or tone color. Natural brass instruments only play notes in the harmonic series. These include the bugle and older variants of the trumpet and horn, the trumpet was a natural brass instrument prior to about 1795, and the horn before about 1820. In the 18th century, makers developed interchangeable crooks of different lengths, natural instruments are still played for period performances and some ceremonial functions, and are occasionally found in more modern scores, such as those by Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss. Keyed or Fingered brass instruments used holes along the body of the instrument and these included the cornett, serpent, ophicleide, keyed bugle and keyed trumpet. They are more difficult to play than valved instruments, Brass instruments may also be characterised by two generalizations about geometry of the bore, that is, the tubing between the mouthpiece and the flaring of the tubing into the bell. Those two generalizations are with regard to the degree of taper or conicity of the bore and the diameter of the bore with respect to its length, cylindrical bore brass instruments are generally perceived as having a brighter, more penetrating tone quality compared to conical bore brass instruments. The trumpet, baritone horn and all trombones are cylindrical bore, in particular, the slide design of the trombone necessitates this. Conical bore brass instruments are those in which tubing of constantly increasing diameter predominates, conical bore instruments are generally perceived as having a more mellow tone quality than the cylindrical bore brass instruments. The British brass band group of instruments fall into this category and this includes the flugelhorn, cornet, tenor horn, horn, euphonium and tuba
6.
Percussion instrument
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A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
7.
String instrument
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String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner. Musicians play some string instruments by plucking the strings with their fingers or a plectrum—and others by hitting the strings with a wooden hammer or by rubbing the strings with a bow. In some keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord or piano, with bowed instruments, the player rubs the strings with a horsehair bow, causing them to vibrate. With a hurdy-gurdy, the musician operates a wheel that rubs the strings. Bowed instruments include the string instruments of the Classical music orchestra. All of the string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers. Some types of string instrument are mainly plucked, such as the harp, in the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, string instruments are called chordophones. Other examples include the sitar, rebab, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, in most string instruments, the vibrations are transmitted to the body of the instrument, which often incorporates some sort of hollow or enclosed area. The body of the instrument also vibrates, along with the air inside it, the vibration of the body of the instrument and the enclosed hollow or chamber make the vibration of the string more audible to the performer and audience. The body of most string instruments is hollow, some, however—such as electric guitar and other instruments that rely on electronic amplification—may have a solid wood body. Archaeological digs have identified some of the earliest stringed instruments in Ancient Mesopotamian sites, like the lyres of Ur, the development of lyre instruments required the technology to create a tuning mechanism to tighten and loosen the string tension. During the medieval era, instrument development varied from country to country, Middle Eastern rebecs represented breakthroughs in terms of shape and strings, with a half a pear shape using three strings. Early versions of the violin and fiddle, by comparison, emerged in Europe through instruments such as the gittern, a four stringed precursor to the guitar and these instruments typically used catgut and other materials, including silk, for their strings. String instrument design refined during the Renaissance and into the Baroque period of musical history, violins and guitars became more consistent in design, and were roughly similar to what we use in the 2000s. At the same time, the 19th century guitar became more associated with six string models. In big bands of the 1920s, the guitar played backing chords. The development of guitar amplifiers, which contained a power amplifier, the development of the electric guitar provided guitarists with an instrument that was built to connect to guitar amplifiers. Electric guitars have magnetic pickups, volume control knobs and an output jack, in the 1960s, larger, more powerful guitar amplifiers were developed, called stacks
8.
Steinway Musical Instruments
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Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc. is an American worldwide musical instrument manufacturing conglomerate. Through acquisitions and mergers, the company has acquired a number of musical instrument brand names. It now owns manufacturers of pianos, brasswinds, woodwinds, strings and it employs a workforce of around 1,700 and operates 11 manufacturing facilities in the United States and Europe. May 1995, Selmer Industries acquired Steinway Musical Properties, parent company of Steinway & Sons piano company, july 1996, Selmer Industries was renamed Steinway Musical Instruments. August 1996, Steinway Musical Instruments IPO, january 1997, acquisition of Emerson, flute manufacturer. December 1998, acquisition of Kluge Klaviaturen, piano key manufacturer, march 1999, acquisition of Steinway Hall in New York City, prominent piano showroom with concert hall. November 1999, acquisition of the O. S, january 2000, acquisition of Pianohaus Karl Lang, piano showroom and authorized Steinway piano dealer. September 2000, acquisition of United Musical Instruments, wind instrument manufacturer, january 2003, merger of the Selmer Company and United Musical Instruments into one entity under Conn-Selmer. August 2004, acquisition of G. Leblanc, wind instrument manufacturer, may 2008, acquisition of ArkivMusic, online retailer of recorded classical music. September 2013, acquired by Paulson & Co. G
9.
C.G. Conn
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C. G. Conn Ltd. sometimes called Conn Instruments or commonly just Conn, was a United States manufacturer of musical instruments, especially brass instruments. In 1985 their Strobotuner division was bought by Peterson Electro-Musical Products, assets of C. G. Conn were bought by Steinway Musical Instruments in 2000 and in January 2003 were merged with other Steinway properties into a subsidiary called Conn-Selmer. Conn-Selmer is the current company responsible for merchandise manufactured by C. G. Conn Ltd, the company was founded by Charles Gerard Conn. In 1850 he accompanied his family to Three Rivers, Michigan and in the year to Elkhart. Little is known about his life, other than that he learned to play the cornet. With the outbreak of the American Civil War he enlisted in the army on 18 May 1861 at the age of seventeen, on 14 June 1861 he became a private in Company B, 15th Regiment Indiana Infantry, and shortly afterwards was assigned to a regimental band. When his enlistment expired he returned to Elkhart, but re-enlisted on 12 December 1863 at Niles, Michigan in Company G, at the age of nineteen on 8 August 1863 he was elevated to the rank of Captain. During the Assault on Petersburg on 30 July 1864, Conn was wounded, in spite of two imaginative and valiant attempts to escape, he was recaptured and spent the remainder of the war in captivity. He was honorably discharged on 28 July 1865, in 1884 Conn organized the 1st Regiment of Artillery in the Indiana Legion and became its first Colonel, a military title which stayed with him throughout the remainder of his life. He was also the first commander of the Elkhart Commandery of the Knights Templar, Colonel Conn also served as Lieutenant Colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias, and was re-elected many times as Commander of the local G. A. R. His home at Elkhart, the Charles Gerard Conn Mansion, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, after the war, Conn returned to Elkhart and established a grocery and baking business. He also played cornet in the community band. Conns entrance into the instrument manufacturing business was the result of a split lip. There are three existing stories of how this occurred, but the accepted version is that Del Crampton slugged him in the mouth outside a saloon where both of them had been drinking. Conns upper lip was severely lacerated, and it pained him so to play his cornet that he thought his playing days were over, in addition to running his store, Conn also made rubber stamps and re-plated silverware. He decided to try adhering rubber stamp material to the rim of a mouthpiece which he hoped would conform to his lips, after he showed his friends his idea, he realized that there was tremendous demand for his invention. Conn then began to contemplate manufacturing his new mouthpiece and he needed a rim with a groove which the rubber cement would adhere to more easily. It was in 1874 when Conn converted a discarded sewing machine frame into a simple lathe, Conn patented his rubber-rimmed mouthpiece in 1875 described as an elastic face where the mouthpiece comes in contact with the lips, the object being to prevent fatigue and injury to the lips
10.
King Musical Instruments
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King Musical Instruments was a musical instrument manufacturing company located in Cleveland, Ohio. The company was founded as the H. N. White Company in 1893 by Henderson White, White designed a trombone for Thomas King, a local player. It became the companys first successful model when it was adopted by Al Pinard, White later designed other brass instrument models, including cornets and baritones. In 1903, The H. N. White company hired Foster A. Reynolds and he worked with White to further develop instruments. H. N. White sought to expand its offerings to woodwinds starting in 1908, the onset of the First World War interrupted the trade of the Czech instruments, so White sought a domestic supplier in the Cleveland Musical Instrument Company in 1916. Many of the earliest saxophones supplied by Cleveland Musical Instruments were made for military bands as the United States entered World War I, an H. N. White woodwind plant was built in 1917. The Cleveland and American Standard brand names were used for cheaper instruments marketed to schools and marching bands, in 1925, H. N. White acquired the Cleveland Musical Instrument Company. In 1935 Foster Reynolds left his position as General Manager of the H. N. White Company, Reynolds would later design the extremely successful Ambassador line of brasswind instruments for F. E. Olds. The H. N. White Company began producing stringed instruments in 1935 and his brother, Hugh E. White, acted as president, and his widow, Edna White, took over as president in 1941. During World War II, the company received government contracts to assemble radar units, ednas daughter, Cathryn White Ludwig, married William F. Ludwig, Jr of the drum-percussion company W. F. L. Cathryn was named the Vice-President of H. N. White in 1945, H. N. White produced three significant innovations to saxophones during the interwar years. King saxophones had brazed-on tonehole chimneys, which have significant advantages over both the soldered-on and drawn types used by other manufacturers and it was also a relatively high cost process. The King Saxello was a saxophone with a downward curve near the mouthpiece. The King Voll-True II of 1932 was the first saxophone to have both bell keys on the side, a format eventually adopted by all manufacturers. In 1935 the instrument was renamed the Zephyr, and improvements to the keywork, mechanisms, bore design, sterling silver necks and bells became available. The Zephyr Special was introduced as a version in 1940, with a changed bore. The King lines run of success continued after World War II, with highly desired lines of woodwind, several famous musicians were featured playing King instruments, including Tommy Dorsey, Charlie Parker, and Harry James. The Zephyr Special was upgraded the Super 20 in 1945, featuring a distinctive underslung octave key mechanism, with improved left hand cluster mechanisms introduced around 1949, the Super 20 represented the zenith of H. N
11.
Leblanc (musical instrument manufacturer)
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Leblanc, Inc. was a musical instrument manufacturer based in Kenosha, Wisconsin. 2004 saw the sold to Conn-Selmer, a division of Steinway Musical Instruments, by its chairman, president and CEO Leon Pascucci, son of one of the founding partners. Leblanc has now ceased to exist as an independent operation and has become a brand of Conn-Selmer along with their other brands. G. Leblanc Cie. was a French company founded by Georges Leblanc late in the 19th century, in 1904 the company acquired Noblet, the oldest instrument manufacturer in France. In 1945, Léon Leblanc met Vito Pascucci, then on duty as the instruments manager, Pascucci and Miller had discussed opening a musical instrument distributing company and importing instruments after the war. The idea lived on with Pascucci after Miller died, and he was scouting potential suppliers and he and Leblanc reached an agreement. They founded the G. Leblanc Corporation in Kenosha, Wisconsin in 1946, in addition to the G. Leblanc Cie. products, the G. Leblanc Corporation started importing saxophones from the French firm Beaugnier, branded Leblanc. Yanagisawa saxophones were first marketed by Leblanc in the late 1960s under the Leblanc and Vito brands, in 1981 Leblanc became the exclusive marketer and distributor of Yanagisawa products in the United States and Canada. In 1989 the American Leblanc firm acquired majority interest in G. Leblanc Cie. beginning in 1951, the American Leblanc firm went on to manufacture student model clarinets under the Vito brand, named after its American partner. The bores were produced at Vitos new facility and the hardware was supplied by Leblanc, Vito brass instruments were sourced from Holton, which later was acquired by Leblanc in 1964. After briefly sourcing its Vito saxophones from Holton, Leblanc imported Beaugnier saxophone parts to be assembled in Kenosha and sold under the Vito brand. By the late 1950s, Vito saxophones were also assembled from parts supplied by the Art Best Manufacturing Company facility in Nogales, Arizona, the two series of Vito saxophones are referred to as Vito-France and Vito-Kenosha. The most distinctive model from this period was the Vito Model 35, during the late 1960s Leblanc started sourcing saxophone parts from Yamaha for the Vito-Kenosha line, producing saxophones with both American and Japanese parts. As the decade came to a close Leblanc introduced the Vito-Japan line, consisting of alto and tenor saxophones from Yamaha, and soprano, alto, Leblanc added the KHS company of Taiwan as a source for Vito saxophones in 1981. The KHS versions were sold as models 7133,7136,7140, the Vito line of saxophones was discontinued in 2002, although the equivalent models continued to be made by Yamaha and KHS. The Vito line of brasswinds was discontinued in 2007, the company was sold on 1 August 2004 to Steinway Musical Instruments, followed by closure of the Kenosha facility and the movement of their French operation to the US. It was designed in collaboration with Leblanc artist Julian Bliss and they also manufacture a plastic Alto, Bass, Contra Alto, and Contrabass clarinet and a wooden Bass Clarinet. History page from the Leblanc web site, Leblanc official website Vito Pascucci NAMM Oral History Program Interview Leon Pascucci NAMM Oral History Program Interview Ralph Zumpano NAMM Oral History Program Interview
12.
Ludwig Drums
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Ludwig Drums is an American manufacturer of percussion instruments. The brand achieved significant popularity in the 1960s, through the endorsement of The Beatles drummer Ringo Starr, the Ludwig Drum Company was established in 1909 by William F. & Theobald Ludwig, sons of a German immigrant to the United States. William Jr. had been a drummer, playing with circuses and touring vaudeville shows. Since this work was irregular, he and his brother, Theobald, opened a shop in Chicago. The company started with a concept for the design and manufacture of a bass drum pedal. The company added new products to its catalog, such as snare drums, in 1917, Ludwig signed a deal to build rope drums to support World War I. Theobald Ludwig died in 1918 and William continued on his own, by 1923, the factory was the largest drum manufacturer in the world, employing 240 workers. In the late 20s, the company was sold to the C. G. Conn instrument company, William Ludwig stayed on to run the company for Conn. Eventually, William Ludwig decided to leave Conn and start a new company of his own and he was unable to use the Ludwig name since that trademark now belonged to Conn who continued to market Ludwig & Ludwig drums. In 1937, William bought a building and started The WFL Drum Company. The company continued producing drums at a scale for the duration of World War II. WFL was a competitor with Ludwig and Ludwig, Conn combined their two drum brands into one in the early 50s forming Leedy & Ludwig and then decided to quit the drum business altogether. As it happens, Starr chose that brand upon joining the band simply because he liked the oyster pearl black color of the kit he chose. Ludwig acquired the Musser Mallet Company, a manufacturer of xylophones, marimbas and vibraphones, on November 4,1981, William F. Ludwig II sold the business to the Selmer Company. Selmer closed the Damen Avenue factory in the years and moved the drum production business to Monroe. The Musser manufacturing facility remained in LaGrange, Illinois until 2013, Ludwig II July 9,2002 NAMM Oral History Interview with William F. Ludwig III January 16,2009
13.
Vincent Bach Corporation
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The company was founded in 1918 by Austrian-born trumpeter Vincent Schrotenbach. Vincent Schrotenbach was born near Vienna in 1890, as a child he received training on violin, trumpet and bugle. By age 12 he had concentrated on the trumpet, when he left the military the second time, Vincent decided to defy his family’s wishes and pursued a career as a solo cornetist touring Europe. At the outbreak of World War I, he was in England and was forced to change his name and he resumed his career as a performer, interrupted by another term of compulsory military service, this time in the US military as a musician. While Bach was on tour in Pittsburgh in 1918, a repairman destroyed his mouthpiece and he established his shop across the street from the musicians union. He ran an advertisement that read How to become a wizard on cornet without practicing and accumulated $500 in orders in a short time, in 1924 Bach began producing cornets and trumpets under the Stradivarius by Vincent Bach Corporation name. In 1928, tenor and bass trombones were added to the line as the company expanded and relocated. Some horns have New York 67 as the location on the bell and are mistaken for a 67 bell model. This practice continued through most of this period, the bell mandrel number had previously appeared in Bach’s script “Vincent Bach Corporation” that has been an enduring marking on Bach horns. The company experienced stresses, but survived the depression and expanded again afterward, during the Second World War, Bach coped with a shortage of workers and materials and, while not converted to produce war materials as many competitors were, the company cut back on production. Throughout the early years, Bach resorted to mixing parts and modifying earlier horns returned to their ownership during this period to provide requested instruments to customers. Some horns built from parts or reconfigured bear an X on the serial number on the second valve casing. In some cases, the serial number exists on another horn. The Vincent Bach Corporation moved in 1953 from New York City to Mount Vernon, Mt. Vernon Bach horns are prized for being hand-assembled instruments. Mt. Vernon horns can be identified by the Bach manufacturing stamp listing Mount Vernon NY on the valve casing along with the bore letter code. Bach accepted the bid from Selmer even though some others of the 13 which he received were higher and it is believed that Vincent Bach continued customizing a small number of horns at the old Mt. Vernon facility for special customers. The bulk of tooling, along many parts and assembled horns, were relocated to a former Conn factory belonging to the Selmer Company. The Bach line of brass instruments continues to be made in Elkhart, Indiana, using the same blueprints and they are sold as a premium brand under the name “Bach Stradivarius” as well as the student line “Bach” horns
14.
Yanagisawa Wind Instruments
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Yanagisawa Wind Instruments is a Japanese woodwind company known for its range of professional grade saxophones. Along with Yamaha they are one of the manufacturers of saxophones in Japan. The company currently manufactures sopranino, soprano, alto, tenor, Yanagisawa was founded as a family-owned brasswind company in 1896 but only started producing saxophones following World War II. They initially offered repair and modification services for saxophones, then started limited production of instruments based on those that came through their repair shop. They started regular production with the release in 1954 of their T3 silver-plated tenor saxophone, followed in 1956 by the A3, the T3 model Tenor and the A3 model Alto were based on a Martin Committee III design. They were followed by the T4, A4, T5, and A5 models in the mid-1960s, there has been continuous development of their saxophone technology ever since. Their product line was expanded with the introduction of the B6 baritone saxophone in 1967, starting in the late 1960s, Yanagisawa exported saxophones sold under various distributors names, providing a large portion of the instruments sold under the Vito brand, as well as the Martin brand. In 1978 the 800 series models were introduced, which became the first Yanagisawa saxophones exported under Yanagisawas own name, in 1980, the 500 series was introduced for sale under other brands in the student/intermediate market. The Yanagisawa name soon became known for the impeccable workmanship, accurate intonation, with the growth of Yanagisawas reputation, interest in finding Yanagisawa instruments sold under other brands has become heightened in the used instrument market. Their soprano saxophones became the standard that much of the rest of the industry seeks to emulate, Yanagisawa introduced innovations including detachable straight and curved necks and a high G key for its 990 series soprano saxophones. The company is notable for making saxophones from materials other than the brass, i. e. phosphor bronze and solid silver. Their first solid silver saxophone was produced in 1972 and instruments made from phosphor bronze began to be produced in 1992, the 8830 model alto and tenor saxophones, introduced in 1988, combined silver necks and bells with a brass body tube, reminiscent of the King Silversonic instruments. Similar combinations are offered in current production, as illustrated by Yanagisawas 2015 range of alto saxophone offerings, the entry level professional saxophone from Yanagisawa. g. Adding a solid silver neck to the Awo10 or Awo20, or a bronze neck to the Awo10. Yanagisawa Saxophone Official website Yanagisawa Saxophones
15.
Manufacturing
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Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
16.
Concert band
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On rare occasions, additional non traditional instruments may be added to such ensembles such as piano, harp, synthesizer, or electric guitar. A concert bands repertoire includes original compositions, transcriptions/arrangements of orchestral compositions, light music. Though the instrumentation is similar, a band is distinguished from the marching band in that its primary function is as a concert ensemble. The standard repertoire for the band does, however, contain concert marches. One notable and influential original symphonic work for band was Gustav Holsts First Suite in E-Flat, written in 1909, following Holst, a variety of British, American, Canadian and Australian composers wrote for the medium, including Percy Grainger, James Swearingen and Ralph Vaughan Williams. The wind ensemble could be said to be modeled on the section of a Wagner orchestra. While many people consider the ensemble to be one player on a part. Full band pieces usually require doubling or tripling of the clarinet parts, according to Fennell, the wind ensemble was not revolutionary, but developed naturally out of the music that led him to the concept. Professional concert bands not associated with the military are rare, lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps, New York, New York, conducted by Kelly Watkins Municipal Band of Charlottesville, Inc. Other large competitions include the World Music Competition, held in the Netherlands, instrumentation for the wind band is not standardized, composers will frequently add or omit parts. Instrumentation differs depending on the type of ensemble, middle and high school bands frequently have more limited instrumentation and fewer parts. This is both to limit the difficulty for inexperienced players and because schools frequently do not have access to the common instruments. The standard concert band will have several players on each part, depending on available personnel, a concert band can theoretically have as many as 200 members from a set of only 35 parts. Also, it is common to see two tubas playing the part in a wind ensemble. Complicated percussion parts are common in concert pieces, often requiring many percussionists. Many believe this is a difference between the orchestra—which usually lacks a large battery of percussion—and the concert band. While in older transcriptions and concert works, the timpani were treated as its own section as in the orchestra, today, in bands, consequently, the timpani player often will double on other percussion instruments. Contemporary compositions often call on players to use unusual instruments or effects, for example, several pieces call on the use of a siren while others will ask players to play recorders, a glass harmonica, or to sing
17.
Marching band
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A marching band is a group in which instrumental musicians perform for entertainment, and prepare for a competition. Instrumentation typically includes brass instruments, woodwind instruments, percussion instruments, most marching bands wear some kind of uniform that includes the school or organizations colors, name or symbol. Most high school marching bands are accompanied by a colorguard, a group of performers, Marching bands are generally categorized by function, size, age, gender, instruments and by the style of show they perform. In addition to traditional parade performances, many marching bands also perform shows at special events like competitions. Increasingly, marching bands perform concerts that implement many songs, traditions. Band is a term for an instrumental group. The marching band originated with traveling musicians who performed together at festivals and it evolved and became more structured within the armies of early city-states, becoming the basis for the military band, from which the modern marching band emerged. As musicians became less important in directing the movement of troops on the battlefield and this intermediate stage led to the modern instrumentation and music for marching bands. Many military traditions survive in modern marching band, Bands that march in formation are often ordered to dress their ranks and cover down your file. They may be called to attention, and given such as about face. Uniforms of many marching bands still resemble military uniforms, in the United States, modern marching bands are most commonly associated with performing during American football games. The oldest American college marching band, the Notre Dame Marching Band, was founded in 1845 first performed at a game in 1887. Many American universities had bands before the twentieth century associated with military ROTC programs. Spotts had seen a flock of birds fly in a V formation, the first halftime show at an American football game was performed by the University of Illinois Marching Illini also in 1907 at a game against the University of Chicago. Another innovation that appeared at roughly the time as the field show. University fight songs are closely associated with a universitys band. Boston College claims the first fight song, For Boston, many more recognizable and popular fight songs are played by high schools across the country. During the 20th century, marching bands added pageantry elements, including baton twirlers, majorettes, dance lines and these bands are said to be corps-style bands
18.
Orchestra
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The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of a stage in ancient Greek theatre reserved for the Greek chorus. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called an orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played. The term chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer, the typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler. Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, the conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The first violin, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians, the typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the instruments in each group. Chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles, a chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians. The term concert orchestra may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra, the so-called standard complement of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composers instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, the exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No,4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral palette in Symphonies 3,5,6, the third horn in the Eroica Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of choral brass in the Trio movement. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the finale of his Symphony No.5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the Sixth, for several decades after his death, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethovens well-established model, with few exceptions. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various instruments are called for occasionally. These include the guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores.6 and 9 and William Waltons Belshazzars Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked tenor tuba, including Gustav Holsts The Planets, cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussys La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz
19.
Conservatoire de Paris
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The Conservatoire de Paris is a college of music and dance founded in 1795, now situated in the avenue Jean Jaurès in the 19th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Conservatoire offers instruction in music, dance, and drama, today the conservatories operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Communication. On 3 December 1783 Papillon de la Ferté, intendant of the Menus-Plaisirs du Roi, the school was instituted by a decree of 3 January 1784 and opened on 1 April with the composer François-Joseph Gossec as the provisional director. Piccinni refused the directorship, but did join the faculty as a professor of singing, the new school was located in buildings adjacent to the Hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs at the junction of the rue Bergère and the rue du Faubourg Poissonnière. In June, a class in dramatic declamation was added, in 1792, Bernard Sarrette created the École gratuite de la garde nationale, which in the following year became the Institut national de musique. On 3 August 1795, the government combined the École royale with the Institut national de musique, the combined organization remained in the facilities on the rue Bergère. The first 351 pupils commenced their studies in October 1796, a concert hall, designed by the architect François-Jacques Delannoy, was inaugurated on 7 July 1811. The hall, which exists today, was in the shape of a U. It held an audience of 1055, the acoustics were generally regarded as superb. The French composer and conductor Antoine Elwart described it as the Stradivarius of concert halls, in 1828 François Habeneck, a professor of violin and head of the Conservatorys orchestra, founded the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire. The Society held concerts in the hall almost continuously until 1945, the French composer Hector Berlioz premiered his Symphonie fantastique in the conservatorys hall on 5 December 1830 with an orchestra of more than a hundred players. The original library was created by Sarrette in 1801, after the construction of the concert hall, the library moved to a large room above the entrance vestibule. In the 1830s, Berlioz became a curator in the Conservatory library and was the librarian from 1852 until his death in 1869. He was succeeded as librarian by Félicien David, Sarrette was dismissed on 28 December 1814, after the Bourbon Restoration, but was reinstated on 26 May 1815, after Napoleons return to power during the Hundred Days. However, after Napoleons fall, Sarrette was finally compelled to retire on 17 November, in 1819, François Benoist was appointed professor of organ. Probably the best known director in the 19th century was Luigi Cherubini, Cherubini maintained high standards and his staff included teachers such as François-Joseph Fétis, Habeneck, Fromental Halévy, Le Sueur, Ferdinando Paer, and Anton Reicha. Cherubini was succeeded by Daniel-François-Esprit Auber in 1842, in 1852, Camille Urso, who studied with Lambert Massart, became the first female student to win a prize on violin. The Conservatory Instrument Museum, founded in 1861, was formed from the instrument collection of Louis Clapisson, the French music historian Gustave Chouquet became the curator of the museum in 1871 and did much to expand and upgrade the collection
20.
Clarinet
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The clarinet is a musical-instrument family belonging to the group known as the woodwind instruments. It has a mouthpiece, a straight cylindrical tube with an almost cylindrical bore. A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist, the word clarinet may have entered the English language via the French clarinette, or from Provençal clarin, oboe. It would seem however that its roots are to be found amongst some of the various names for trumpets used around the renaissance. Clarion, clarin and the Italian clarino are all derived from the medieval term claro which referred to a form of trumpet. This is probably the origin of the Italian clarinetto, itself a diminutive of clarino, according to Johann Gottfried Walther, writing in 1732, the reason for the name is that it sounded from far off not unlike a trumpet. The English form clarinet is found as early as 1733, while the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may hold a clue to its name, other factors may have been involved. The trumpet parts that required this speciality were known by the term clarino, Johann Christoph Denner is generally believed to have invented the clarinet in Germany around the year 1700 by adding a register key to the earlier chalumeau. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and these days the most popular clarinet is the B♭ clarinet. However, the clarinet in A, just a lower, is commonly used in orchestral music. Since the middle of the 19th century the clarinet has become an essential addition to the orchestra. The clarinet family ranges from the BBB♭ octo-contrabass to the A♭ piccolo clarinet, the clarinet has proved to be an exceptionally flexible instrument, equally at home in the classical repertoire as in concert bands, military bands, marching bands, klezmer, and jazz. The cylindrical bore is primarily responsible for the clarinets distinctive timbre, the tone quality can vary greatly with the musician, the music, the instrument, the mouthpiece, and the reed. The most prominent were the German/Viennese traditions and the French school, the latter was centered on the clarinetists of the Conservatoire de Paris. The proliferation of recorded music has made examples of different styles of clarinet playing available, the modern clarinetist has a diverse palette of acceptable tone qualities to choose from. The A clarinet and B♭ clarinet have nearly the same bore, orchestral players using the A and B♭ instruments in the same concert could use the same mouthpiece for both. The A and the B♭ instruments have nearly identical tonal quality, the tone of the E♭ clarinet is brighter than that of the lower clarinets and can be heard even through loud orchestral or concert band textures. The bass clarinet has a deep, mellow sound, while the alto clarinet is similar in tone to the bass
21.
Reed (mouthpiece)
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A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a musical instrument. The reeds of most woodwind instruments are made from Arundo donax or synthetic material, musical instruments may be classified according to the type and number of reeds used. The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the reed is a tongue cut. Much later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane, by contrast, in a an uncapped double reed instrument, there is no mouthpiece, the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Single reeds are used on the mouthpieces of clarinets and saxophones, the back of the reed is flat and is placed against the mouthpiece, the rounded top side tapers to a thin tip. These reeds are roughly rectangular in shape except for the thin vibrating tip, all single reeds are shaped similarly but vary in size to fit each instruments mouthpiece. Reeds designed for the instrument may look identical to each other. Hardness is generally measured on a scale of 1 through 5 from softest to hardest and this is not a standardized scale and reed strengths vary by manufacturer. The thickness of the tip and heel and the profile in between affect the sound and playability, cane of different grades, even if cut with the same profile, will also respond differently. This is due to the natural differences in the density of the cane fibers. The cane used to make reeds for saxophone, clarinet, once the cane is cut, it must lay out and dry in direct sunlight for about a month. The cane is rotated regularly to ensure proper and complete drying, once dry, they are taken to be stored in a warehouse. As the cane is needed, it is pulled from the warehouse, once at the factory, the cane is taken to the cutting department where it is cut into tubes. The tubes are graded by diameter and wall density, the tubes are then cut into splits which are transformed into reed blanks. The blanks are tapered and profiled using blades or CNC machines into reeds, after the reeds are completed, they are taken to a machine that grades them for strength. Double reeds are used on the oboe, oboe damore, English horn, bass oboe, Heckelphone, bassoon, contrabassoon, sarrusophone, shawm, bagpipes, nadaswaram and they are typically not used in conjunction with a mouthpiece, rather the two reeds vibrate against each other. Reed strengths are graded from hard to soft, the making of double reeds begins in the same way as how single reeds are made. The cane is collected from Arundo donax, dried, processed, similar to single reed production, the cane is separated into various diameters. The most common diameters for American-style oboe reeds are as follows,9. 5–10 mm, 10–10.5 mm, many American oboists prefer a specific diameter at one time of the year and a different diameter at other times, depending on the season and the weather
22.
Mouthpiece (woodwind)
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The mouthpiece of a woodwind instrument is that part of the instrument which is placed partly in the players mouth. Single-reed instruments, capped double-reed instruments, and fipple flutes have mouthpieces while exposed double-reed instruments, on single-reed instruments, such as the clarinet and saxophone, the mouthpiece is that part of the instrument to which the reed is attached. Its function is to provide an opening through which air enters the instrument, single-reed instrument mouthpieces are basically wedge shaped, with the reed placed against the surface closest to the players lower lip. The players breath causes the reed to vibrate, which in turn causes the column of air inside the instrument to vibrate, the top half to three-quarters of the table is open to the inside of the mouthpiece. As with the instruments, the shape of the interior of the mouthpiece can greatly affect the sound of the instrument. Mouthpieces with a large, rounded chamber will produce a different sound from one with a small or square chamber. The distance between the tip of the mouthpiece and the tip of the reed is known as the tip opening, the tip opening has little effect on tone, which is more affected by the design of the mouthpieces chamber. The facing is a section that leaves the flat table. The length of a facing — defined as the distance from the tip of the mouthpiece to the point where the reed, different facing lengths have different response properties. The single reed is held tightly against the mouthpiece by a ligature, anything that can hold the reed on the mouthpiece may serve as a ligature. Commercial ligatures are commonly made of metal or plastic, some players prefer string or a shoelace, which is wrapped around the reed and the mouthpiece, to commercially manufactured ligatures. The clarinet mouthpiece is narrow inside and typically has a square or rectangular cross section from the baffle through the throat, the bottom of the mouthpiece is formed with a tenon that is ringed with cork. Today, as with the mouthpiece, the reed is placed against the surface closest to the players bottom lip. However, this was not always so, The earliest clarinetists would often place the reed on top of the mouthpiece, bernhard Henrik Crusell was one of the first clarinetists of note to consistently place the reed against the bottom lip. Of particular note is Reginald Kell who was known for using a double embouchure and this technique has been revived lately both in the UK and the US. Interestingly, some clarinetists in Madagascar today still play with the reed on top as can be heard on the CD Bémiray, clarinet mouthpieces are available in hundreds of styles from dozens of manufacturers around the world. Mouthpieces are often named after famous performers who contribute to their designs, popular mouthpiece makers include Selmer, Vandoren, and the Woodwind Company. Differently sized clarinets, each require a different size of mouthpiece, one exception is B♭ and A soprano clarinets, and in some cases C soprano clarinets, as they are so close in size that players typically use the same mouthpiece on all three
23.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
24.
Buescher Band Instrument Company
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The Buescher Band Instrument Company was a manufacturer of musical instruments in Elkhart, Indiana, from 1894 to 1963. The company was founded by Ferdinand August Gus Buescher and he accompanied his family to Goshen, Indiana and then to Elkhart in 1875. In 1876 he found employment with C. G, Buescher gained access to an original Adolphe Sax saxophone in the possession of E. A. Lefebvre, and Conn agreed to producing a copy of that instrument. By 1888 he was promoted to foreman and producing the first American-made saxophones for Conn, in 1890, while still employed with Conn, he began producing band emblems at home and was setting up his own shop. In the fall of 1893 he opened the Buescher Manufacturing Company at 1119 N, main Street which made band instruments and other metal products, in partnership with John L. Collins, a clothing merchant, and Harry L. Young, a salesman. In March 1901 he patented an unusual in that the valves were of unequal lengths. True Tone became the name for band instruments made by the Buescher Manufacturing Company. In 1903 there was a fire at Bueschers factory. In 1904 the business was reorganized and renamed the Buescher Band Instrument Company, in 1916 Buescher sold a major share of his company to six businessmen including Andrew Hubble Beardsley. Buescher remained president until 1919 when Beardsley assumed that title, Buescher was vice-president and general manager of the company until 21 January 1929 when he resigned these positions, remaining on staff as a consultant engineer. In 1926 Buescher Band Instrument Company was joined with the Elkhart Band Instrument Company, the Elkhart brand was retained by Buescher for its second-line instruments after the company was dissolved upon Beardsleys death in 1936. Though Buescher manufactured many kinds of instruments, the company was known primarily for its saxophones which competed successfully with Conn. Two distinctive features of Buescher saxophones, gold-plated screw-in Norton springs, during the 1920s Buescher also made innovative limited production and custom models, such as the tipped-bell soprano and straight alto saxophones. Buescher stayed true to Adolphe Saxs concept for saxophone sound into the early 1930s, gaining the favor of classical saxophonist Sigurd Rascher and those influenced by him. Buescher adapted its sound concept to the bigger, bolder sounds favored by dance orchestras and jazz musicians, modifying its Aristocrat model and releasing the 400 Top Hat & Cane model in 1941. The Buescher company also produced some flutes and clarinets between 1910 and 1920, the Saxonette, a clarinet with a metal barrel and a curved metal bell pitched in A, B♭. They were produced with the Albert system, and later with the Boehm system, gretsch and Supertone were merchandiser-branded stencils of the Buescher Saxonette. Buescher became the supplier of student-grade saxophones to the H&A Selmer Company
25.
Magnavox
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Magnavox, is an American electronics company founded in the United States. Today it is a subsidiary of electronics corporation Philips, six decades later, Magnavox produced the Odyssey, the worlds first home video game console toy. Magnavox is the brand name worn by a line of products made by Funai under license from trademark owner Philips. Jensen and Pridham founded the Commercial Wireless and Development Company in 1911, moved from Napa to San Francisco then Oakland in 1916, Jensen moved on to the Jensen Radio Manufacturing Company, Chicago, in the late 1920s. Pridham stayed on with Magnavox, which moved manufacturing to Fort Wayne by the 1940s, the term Commercial Wireless had a different meaning in the early days of radio and telephone. Magnavox manufactured radios, TVs, and record players, in the 1960s Magnavox manufactured the first plasma panels for the military and for computer applications. In 1972, Magnavox introduced the Odyssey, which was the worlds first home game console toy. The introduction of the toy triggered the beginning of the video game toys market. In the late 1970s, Philips developed LaserDisc technology, producing an optically read,12 inch disc that would contain recorded video material, in the early 1980s, Philips worked with Sony to invent a standard for optical audio discs, using the technology developed for the LaserDisc. Philips acquired Magnavoxs consumer electronics division in 1974, to nationwide distribution for their VLP Videodisc technology. During the late 1970s the company released the Odyssey², also known as the Philips Videopac, in the early 1980s, Philips merged Sylvania, Philco and Magnavox into one division headquartered in Knoxville, Tennessee, with a manufacturing plant in Greeneville, Tennessee. The Sylvania plant in Batavia, New York was closed and all moved to Greeneville. Philips also abandoned the Sylvania trademark which is owned by Osram, in the late 1980s, Magnavox sold the Magnavox/Philips VideoWriter with some success. Released in 1985, the VideoWriter was a standalone word processing machine. Starting in the early 1990s, some Philips electronics were marketed under the brand name Philips Magnavox, the three areas of business of the MESC operation during the late 1980s and early 1990s were C-Cubed, Electronic Warfare, and sonobuoys. When Hughes Electronics sold its aerospace and defense operations to Raytheon, shortly thereafter, Raytheon spun off the sonobuoy operation to form Under Sea Systems Inc, in Columbia City, Indiana. In 1998, Raytheon sold USSI to a British defense consortium named Ultra Electronics, the company is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Ultra, manufacturing water and acoustic sensing and communications devices for military and civil defense. The brand also has worked with Funai with their televisions after the Philips Magnavox name was popular
26.
Philips Electronics
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Koninklijke Philips N. V. is a Dutch technology company headquartered in Amsterdam with primary divisions focused in the areas of electronics, healthcare and lighting. It was founded in Eindhoven in 1891, by Gerard Philips and it is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs around 105,000 people across more than 60 countries. Philips is organized into three divisions, Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Philips Healthcare and Philips Lighting. As of 2012, Philips was the largest manufacturer of lighting in the world measured by applicable revenues, Philips said it would seek damages for breach of contract in the US$200-million sale. In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favour of Philips, Philips has a primary listing on the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The Philips Company was founded in 1891, by Gerard Philips and this first factory has been adapted and is used as a museum. In 1895, after a difficult first few years and near bankruptcy, though he had earned a degree in engineering, Anton started work as a sales representative, soon, however, he began to contribute many important business ideas. After Gerard and Anton Philips changed their business by founding the Philips corporation. In the 1920s, the company started to other products. In 1939, they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave, the Chapel is a radio with built-in loudspeaker, which was designed during the early 1930s. On 11 March 1927, Philips went on the air with shortwave radio station PCJJ which was joined in 1929 by sister station PHOHI, PHOHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies while PCJJ broadcast in English, Spanish and German to the rest of the world. The international program on Sundays commenced in 1928, with host Eddie Startz hosting the Happy Station show, broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. The Germans commandeered the transmitters in Huizen to use for pro-Nazi broadcasts, some originating from Germany, Philips Radio was absorbed shortly after liberation when its two shortwave stations were nationalised in 1947 and renamed Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service. Some PCJ programs, such as Happy Station, continued on the new station, by the late 1940s, the Type 10 was ready to be handed over to Philips subsidiary Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be produced and incorporated into a generator set as originally planned. The result, rated at 180/200 W electrical output from a bore, approximately 150 of these sets were eventually produced. However, they filed a number of patents and amassed a wealth of information. The first Philips shaver was introduced in the 1930s, and was simply called “The Philishave”, in the USA, it was called the “Norelco”, which remains a part of their product line today
27.
Piano
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The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
28.
Steinway & Sons
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Steinway & Sons, also known as Steinway, is an American-German piano company, founded in 1853 in Manhattan, New York City, by German immigrant Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg. The companys growth led to the opening of a factory in Queens, New York City, the factory in Queens supplies the Americas and the factory in Hamburg supplies the rest of the world. Bechstein, Bösendorfer and Blüthner, Steinway & Sons is referred to as one of the Big Four piano manufacturers, Steinway has been described as the preeminent piano company, known for making pianos of high quality and for inventions within the area of piano development. Steinway has been granted 126 patents in piano making, the first in 1857, the companys share of the high-end grand piano market consistently exceeds 80 percent. Steinway pianos have received numerous awards, one of the first is a gold medal in 1855 at the American Institute Fair at the New York Crystal Palace. From 1855 to 1862, Steinway pianos received 35 gold medals, several awards and recognitions followed, including 3 medals at the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris. The European part of the company holds a royal warrant of appointment to Queen Elizabeth II, Steinway pianos are made at the factories in Hamburg and Queens. In addition to the flagship Steinway piano line, Steinway markets two less expensive brands of piano sold under the brand names Boston and Essex. The Boston brand is for the market and the Essex brand is for the entry-level market. Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg first made pianos in the 1820s from his house in Seesen and he made pianos under the Steinweg brand until he emigrated from Germany to America in 1850 with his wife and eight of his nine children. The eldest son, C. F. Theodor Steinweg, remained in Germany, and continued making the Steinweg brand of pianos, partnering with Friedrich Grotrian, in 1853, Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg founded Steinway & Sons. His first workshop in America was in a loft at the back of 85 Varick Street in the Manhattan district of New York City. The first piano made by Steinway & Sons was given the number 483 because Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg had built 482 pianos in Germany, a year later, demand was such that the company moved to larger premises at 82–88 Walker Street. It was not until 1864 that the family anglicized their name from Steinweg to Steinway, by the 1860s, Steinway had built a new factory at Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Street where it covered a whole block. With a workforce of 350 men, production increased from 500 to nearly 1,800 pianos per year, the employees were mostly German immigrants and the official language of the company was German. Almost half of the companys 126 patented inventions were developed by the first, Steinways pianos won prizes at exhibitions in New York City, London, and Paris. By 1862, Steinway pianos had received more than 35 medals, part of Steinways early reputation arose from its successes in trade fairs. In 1865, the Steinway family sent a letter to C. F, C. F. Theodor Steinweg obeyed, selling his share of the German piano company to his partner, Wilhelm Grotrian, and two other workmen, Adolph Helfferich and H. G. W
29.
Martin Band Instrument Company
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The Martin Band Instrument Company was a musical instrument manufacturer in Elkhart, Indiana. John Henry Martin was born February 24,1835, in Dresden, in 1855 he emigrated to the United States and followed his trade, first in New York by establishing the The Martin Company and the later part of 1865 in Chicago. It is believed that Martin was the first maker of instruments in Chicago. In 1871 the original Martin factory was destroyed by the great Chicago fire, the family lost everything and was reunited three days after the fire when they met on the shores of Lake Michigan. In 1876 the family moved to Elkhart, Indiana, where John Henry became an employee of the early Conn Company, during this period his employment was sporadic and he worked for other instrument manufacturers. Some of these companies were The Michigan Musical Manufacturing Company of Detroit, Michigan, because of ill health, he retired from making instruments in 1902 and died on November 25,1910. The eldest son of John Henry Martin was Henry Charles Martin, from about 1890 he worked for Conn as his father had done. Martin family sources claim that the Martin Band Instrument Company began in 1905, family sources indicate that the four brothers fought incessantly over the company, and in 1912 Francis Compton bought a major share and assumed the position as vice-president from 1912 to 1917. Charles Henry Martin remained as president until 1917, in 1922 he was working for Buescher. From 1912 into the 1920s production expanded rapidly to include a line of brasswinds and saxophones for the professional. The trademark Martin Handcraft acquired modifiers designating specific models until it evolved to Handcraft Committee in the mid-1930s, Martin was also a major source of stencil instruments sold under various merchandisers brands. Martin created the Indiana Band Instrument Company in 1928 as an entity to distribute its second-line products sold under those brands. That entity was dissolved by 1942 and second-line products bore the Indiana by Martin brand until the early 1960s, followed by Martin Medalist. Some of the instruments such as Dick Stabile and Olds Super saxophones were professional grade. After World War II, Martins Committee III saxophones were branded simply The Martin while trumpets continued to be branded Committee. Martin also produced limited edition and commemorative versions of their saxophones with names such as Centennial and Music Man and, from 1956 on, a deluxe version called the Magna. Martin saxophones were distinctive for having tonehole chimneys soldered onto the body decades after other manufacturers switched to drawing them out of the tube to save production costs. In 1961 Paul E. Richards combined Martin, E. K. Blessing, Richards desired increased production for the student market
30.
Holton (Leblanc)
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Holton is a brand owned by Steinway Musical Instruments Conn-Selmer division. Frank E. Holton was born March 10,1858 in Allegan, Michigan to farmers Otis and he grew up with three sisters, Emma E. Holton, Alice Holton and Leona Holton. By the time he was 34, Frank Holton was a trombone player and principal trombone of the Sousa Band. Frank Holtons wife Florence was a music teacher, Frank Holton, though not an instrument maker himself, expanded his company to manufacture instruments which was his occupation until retiring at age 80. Frank Holton died after an illness on April 16,1942 at the age of 84. Unable to make the rent at times, Holton was known to pawn instruments at a shop on Clark Street between 1898 and 1900. By 1907, a skilled horn maker had been hired, and it would be home to Frank Holton & Company for only a decade. In April 1918, Holton opened a factory in Elkhorn, Wisconsin moving over 200 employees and 85 carloads of machinery from Chicago. That building remained as the core of the Holton factory until the decision in 2011 to merge Holton horn production with King and Conn instruments in Eastlake, Ohio. While the factory had been paid for by the city of Elkhorn, the band had served as the 12th Regimental Band from 1861 to 1864 during the Civil War. In the early 1930s, the Holton Collegiate line of student horns built at the Holton factory was introduced, the defunct Collegiate line was re-introduced in 2005 by the modern Holton Company again targeting a balance of quality and price suitable for school music programs. In addition to building the company in Elkhorn, Frank Holton also built a subdivision of 5 and 6 room bungalows in 1919, the 25 homes were priced in the $3,000 to $4,000 range. After retiring, at age 82 Frank Holton sold the company to employee William Kull, the company was run from that point forward by sales manager Elliot Kehl, though Kull would retain the title CEO until he died in 1944. During World War II, the company performed defense work, as did most all instrument manufacturers, following the war, Elliot Kehl secured a controlling interest in the company and began development of several new products including the Farkas Model French horn and a new line of saxophones. In 1964, the woodwind manufacturer Leblanc purchased the Holton company to form an instrument company with a full line of instruments. The Holton company relied on endorsement by leading artists as one of its primary marketing tools, often these artists collaborated on the design of instruments that they would then play and promote. Some would subsequently leave Holton to build instruments themselves, among these were, Frank Holton, the former lead trombone with the Sousa Band and an accomplished performer who could demonstrate his product. Ernst Albert Couturier, cornet virtuoso and instrument maker behind the Holton Couturier New Model, vincent Bach, cornet and trumpet player and manufacturer of trumpets and mouthpieces performed as a Holton artist in 1917-18 prior to starting his own firm
31.
United Automobile Workers
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Founded as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in the 1930s, the UAW grew rapidly from 1936 to the 1950s. Under the leadership of Walter Reuther it played a role in the liberal wing of the Democratic party, including the civil rights. UAW members in the 21st century work in industries as diverse as autos and auto parts, health care, casino gambling and higher education. Headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, the union has more than 391,000 active members, the UAW currently has 1,150 contracts with some 1,600 employers. The UAW was founded in May 1935 in Detroit, Michigan, the AFL had focused on organizing craft unions and avoided large factories. But at its 1935 convention, a caucus of industrial unions led by John L. Lewis formed the Committee for Industrial Organization, within one year, the AFL suspended the unions in the CIO, and these, including the UAW, formed the rival Congress of Industrial Organizations. It attracted young left-wing activists, socialists and Communists, in contrast to the older and that strike ended in February 1937 after Michigans governor Frank Murphy played the role of mediator, negotiating recognition of the UAW by General Motors. The next month, auto workers at Chrysler won recognition of the UAW as their representative in a sit-down strike, the UAWs next target was the Ford Motor Company, which had long resisted unionization. Ford manager Harry Bennett used brute force to keep the union out of Ford, and his Ford Service Department was set up as a security, intimidation. It was not reluctant to use violence against union organizers and sympathizers and it took until 1941 for Ford to agree to a collective bargaining agreement with the UAW. Communists provided many of the organizers and took control of key union locals, especially Local 600, the Communist faction controlled some of the key positions in the union, including the directorship of the Washington office, the research department, and the legal office. Walter Reuther, a power, at times cooperated closely with the Communists, but Reuther and his allies. The UAW was one of the first major unions that was willing to organize African-American workers, the UAW discovered that to be a successful bargaining agency with the corporation it had to be able to uphold its side of the bargain. That meant wildcat strikes and disruptive behavior by union members had to be stopped by the union itself, the war dramatically changed the nature of the UAWs organizing. The UAWs Executive Board voted to make a no strike pledge to ensure that the war effort would not be hindered by strikes, after the successful organization of the auto industry, the UAW moved towards unionization of other industries. For a time, the UAW even organized workers at bicycle fabrication and assembly plants in Cleveland and Chicago, including AMF, Murray, and later Schwinn Bicycle Co. The AMF and Murray plants later closed and were relocated to states after increasing competition forced retooling, modernization. In 1980, the Schwinn factory, hard hit by competition and in need of complete modernization, also closed its doors
32.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
33.
Eastlake, Ohio
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Eastlake is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 18,577 at the 2010 census, dennis Morley is the current mayor of Eastlake. The city was named for the fact it is northeast of Cleveland, Ohio, Eastlake is the site where Akron-based FirstEnergys Eastlake Generating Station shut down at 1, 31pm EDT on August 14,2003, leading to the infamous 2003 North America blackout a few hours later. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.53 square miles. Eastlake is about 19 miles northeast of Cleveland, Ohio, along the shore of Lake Erie,94. 3% spoke English and 2. 9% spoke Croatian. As of the census of 2010, there were 18,577 people,7,841 households, the population density was 2,902.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 8,280 housing units at a density of 1,293.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 9% White,1. 4% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 0% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population. 29. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.93. The median age in the city was 42.7 years. 20. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 4% were from 25 to 44,31. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 15. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 3% male and 50. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 20,255 people,8,055 households, and 5,557 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,166.5 people per square mile, there were 8,310 housing units at an average density of 1,299.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 44% White,0. 54% African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 97% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 70% of the population,17. 1% were of German,16. 4% Italian,15. 1% Irish,7. 5% Polish,6. 1% Slovene and 5. 7% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.07. In the city the population was out with 23. 8% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,30. 3% from 25 to 44,25. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 95.3 males
34.
Kenosha, Wisconsin
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Kenosha /kɛˈnoʊˌʃɑː/ is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County, Wisconsin, United States. Kenosha is on the shore of Lake Michigan. With an estimated population of 99,889 as of July 1,2013, it is the fourth-largest city in Wisconsin, the city is part of the United States Census Bureaus Chicago Combined Statistical Area. Early archaeological sites have been discovered in the Kenosha vicinity, the discoverer of two sites believes they antedate the Clovis culture, making them contemporaneous with the ice age, paleo Indians settled in the area at least 13,500 years ago. The Potawatomi originally named the area ginoozhe place of the pike, the early name by the Ojibwa Indians is reported as Masu-kinoja. This describes the place of spawning trout as trout come all at same time, thousands of fish were entering the rivers from Lake Michigan. Harvesting these fish provided food for the coming months, the first white settlers, part of the Western Emigration Company, arrived in the early 1830s from Hannibal and Troy, New York, led by John Bullen, Jr. who sought to purchase enough land for a town. Thwarted in Milwaukee and Racine, the arrived at Pike Creek on 6 June 1835, building log homes at first and, later, homes of frame, native stone. The first school and churches followed by 1835, with platting completed in 1836, as more settlers arrived and the first post office was established, the community was first known as Pike Creek in 1836. In 1850, another change brought the city its current title. Between 1902 and 1988, Kenosha produced millions of automobiles and trucks under marques such as Jeffery, Rambler, Nash, Hudson, LaFayette, a prototype steam car was built in Kenosha by the Sullivan-Becker engineering firm in 1900. Two years later, the Thomas B, Jeffery Company, builders of the Sterling bicycle, began production of the Rambler runabout. In 1902, Rambler and Oldsmobile were the first cars to employ mass-production techniques, the 1902 Rambler was also the first automobile to use a steering wheel, rather than the then-common tiller-controlled steering. Auto executive Charles W. Nash purchased Jeffrey in 1916 and the new company became Nash Motors, in May 1954, Nash acquired Detroit-based Hudson and the new firm was named American Motors Corporation. A 47-acre west side park and a school are named for Charles W. Nash. In partnership with French automaker Renault, AMC manufactured several models in Kenosha in the early 1980s, including the Alliance, two decades earlier, AMCs 1963 Rambler Classic had also received the award. In 1987, Renault sold its controlling interest in AMC to Chrysler Corporation, the AMC Lakefront plant, a smaller facility, was demolished in 1990 and was redeveloped into upscale HarborPark. Kenosha has 21 locations and three districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places including the Library Park, Third Avenue, matthew Episcopal Church at 5900 Seventh Avenue, the Washington Park Clubhouse at 2205 Washington Road, and the Justin Weed House at 3509 Washington Road
35.
La Grange, Illinois
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La Grange, a suburb of Chicago, is a village in Cook County, in the U. S. state of Illinois. The population was 15,550 at the 2010 census, the area around La Grange was first settled in the 1830s, when Chicago residents moved out to the west due to the rapid population increase in the city in the decade since its incorporation. The first settler, Robert Leitch, came to the area in 1830, the village was officially incorporated on June 11,1879. It was founded by Franklin Dwight Cossitt, who was born in Granby, Connecticut, and raised in Tennessee, in 1870, Cossitt purchased several hundred acres of farmland in Lyons Township, along the Chicago-Dixon Road, known today as Ogden Avenue. Ogden Avenue, on the site of a defunct Native American trail, was referred to as the Old Plank Road. Planks were often stolen by settlers to be used as building material, when the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad came to town, La Grange was a milk stop called Hazel Glen. Cossitt set out to build the ideal suburban village - laying out streets, planting trees, donating property for churches and schools and he also placed liquor restrictions in the land deeds he sold to prevent the village from becoming a saloon town. When Cossitt began his development, the area was served by a post office known as Kensington, however, today Kensington remains the name of one of the villages major avenues. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed much of city, thousands of its citizens sought new homes and opportunities far from the citys ills. La Grange was ideally situated to accommodate them, La Grange is located at 41°48′29″N 87°52′24″W, about 13 miles west of Chicago. According to the 2010 census, La Grange has an area of 2.52 square miles. Two major railroad tracks run through the village, including the Burlington Northern Santa Fe, some 14,000 years ago, the land under La Grange sat on the western shore of Lake Chicago, predecessor to Lake Michigan. The prehistoric shoreline today is delineated by Bluff Avenue, a street on the villages east side. As of the census of 2000, there were 15,608 people,5,624 households, the population density was 6,220.7 people per square mile. There were 5,781 housing units at a density of 2,304.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 91. 02% White,6. 02% African American,1. 00% Asian,0. 09% Native American,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 99% from other races, and 0. 86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race comprised 3. 66% of the population, the top five ancestries reported in La Grange as of the 2000 census were Irish, German, Polish, Italian and English. 24. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.23
36.
Monroe, North Carolina
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Monroe is a fast-growing city and the county seat in Union County, North Carolina, United States. The population jumped from 26,228 in 2000 to 32,797 in 2010 and it is the seat of government of Union County and is also part of the Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC Metropolitan area. Monroe has a form of government. In 1843, the first Board of County Commissioners, appointed by the General Assembly, selected an area in the center of the county as the county seat and it was named for James Monroe, the country’s fifth president. It became a center for the agricultural areas of the upland region. Since the early 20th century, Ludwig drums and timpani have been manufactured in Monroe, the Ludwig brothers developed a hydraulic action timpani. In 1916 they invented a spring mechanism—the basis for the current Balanced Action Pedal Timpani, Monroe had the typical segregation of the state following World War II, and local blacks, including Marine veteran Robert F. Williams, began to work to gain civil rights. At this time, the city had an estimated at about 12,000. Williams became president of the local NAACP chapter and began to work to public facilities, starting with the library. These had been built with federal funds during the Great Depression of the 1930s and were operated from revenues derived from taxes on blacks as well as whites. In 1958 Williams hired Conrad Lynn, a civil rights attorney from New York City and they had been convicted of molestation and sentenced until age 21 to a reformatory for kissing a white girl their age on the cheek. This became known as the Kissing Case, the former First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, talked to the governor to urge restraint, and the case became internationally embarrassing for the United States. After three months, the governor pardoned the boys, there was rising Ku Klux Klan white violence against the minority black community of Monroe during the civil rights years, and Williams began to advocate black armed defense. Mobs attacked pickets marching for the Freedom Riders at the county courthouse and that year, Williams was accused of kidnapping an elderly white couple, when he sheltered them in his house during an explosive situation of high racial tensions. Williams and his wife fled the United States to avoid prosecution for kidnapping and they went into exile for years in Cuba and in the Peoples Republic of China before returning to the United States in 1969. After Williams returned in 1969 and his trial was scheduled in 1975, North Carolina re-evaluated its case, the Jesse Helms family was prominent among the white community iduring these years. Jesse Helms Sr. served as Police and Fire Chief of Monroe for many years, Jesse Helms, Jr. was born and grew up in the town, where whites were Democrats in his youth. He became a politician and was elected five terms as the U. S, senator from North Carolina, switching to the Republican Party as it attracted conservative whites
37.
French horn
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The French horn is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. The double horn in F/B♭ is the horn most often used by players in professional orchestras, a musician who plays any kind of horn is generally referred to as a horn player. Most horns have lever-operated rotary valves, but some, especially older horns, use piston valves, the backward-facing orientation of the bell relates to the perceived desirability to create a subdued sound, in concert situations, in contrast to the more piercing quality of the trumpet. A horn without valves is known as a horn, changing pitch along the natural harmonics of the instrument. Pitch may also be controlled by the position of the hand in the bell, the pitch of any note can easily be raised or lowered by adjusting the hand position in the bell. Three valves control the flow of air in the single horn, the more common double horn has a fourth valve, usually operated by the thumb, which routes the air to one set of tubing tuned to F or another tuned to B♭. Triple horns with five valves are made, tuned in F, B♭. Also common are descant doubles, which typically provide B♭ and alto F branches and this configuration provides a high-range horn while avoiding the additional complexity and weight of a triple. A crucial element in playing the horn deals with the mouthpiece, when playing higher notes, the majority of players exert a small degree of additional pressure on the lips using the mouthpiece. It is the goal of all serious brass musicians to develop their technique such that additional mouthpiece pressure is avoided altogether, or at the very least, the name French horn is found only in English, first coming into use in the late 17th century. At that time, French makers were preeminent in the manufacture of hunting horns, as a result, these instruments were often called, even in English, by their French names, trompe de chasse or cor de chasse. The International Horn Society has recommended since 1971 that the instrument be simply called the horn, there is also a more specific use of French horn to describe a particular horn type, differentiated from the German horn and Vienna horn. In this sense, French horn refers to an instrument with three Périnet valves. It retains the narrow bell-throat and mouthpipe crooks of the orchestral hand horn of the late 18th century, and most often has an ascending third valve. This is a whole-tone valve arranged so that with the valve in the up position the valve loop is engaged, the horn is the third-highest-sounding instrument in the brass family, below the trumpet and the cornet. Horns are mostly tuned in B♭ or F, or a combination of both, in some traditions, novice players use a single horn in F, while others prefer the B♭ horn. The F horn is used more commonly than the B♭ horn, sound is produced by vibrating the players lips into the mouthpiece of the instrument. Different partials in the series can be played by adjusting the air pressure and lip tension
38.
Flugelhorn
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The flugelhorn is a brass instrument pitched in B♭, and resembles a trumpet, but has a wider, conical bore. The instrument known today as the flugelhorn is a descendant of the valved bugle, the valved bugle provided Adolphe Sax with the inspiration for his B♭ soprano saxhorns, on which the modern-day flugelhorn is modeled. The German word Flügel translates into English as wing or flank, the flugelhorn is built in the same B♭ pitch as many trumpets and cornets. It usually has three valves and employs the same fingering system as other brass instruments, but four-piston valve. It can thus be played too much trouble by trumpet and cornet players. It is usually played with a more deeply conical mouthpiece than either trumpets or cornets, some modern flugelhorns feature a fourth valve that lowers the pitch a perfect fourth. This adds a low range that, coupled with the flugelhorns dark sound. More often, however, players use the valve in place of the first and third valve combination. A pair of bass flugelhorns in C, called fiscorns, are played in the Catalan cobla bands which provide music for sardana dancers, the tone is fatter and usually regarded as more mellow and dark than the trumpet or cornet. The sound of the flugelhorn has been described as halfway between a trumpet and a French horn, whereas the sound is halfway between a trumpet and a flugelhorn. The flugelhorn is as agile as the cornet but more difficult to control in the high register and it is not generally used for aggressive or bright displays as trumpets and cornets often are, but tends more towards a softer and more reflective role. The flugelhorn is a member of the British-style brass band. It also appears occasionally in orchestral and concert band music, famous orchestral works with flugelhorn include Igor Stravinskys Threni, Ralph Vaughan Williamss Ninth Symphony, Danzon no.2 by Arturo Marquez, and Michael Tippetts third symphony. The flugelhorn is sometimes substituted for the post horn in Mahlers Third Symphony, in HK Grubers trumpet concerto Busking the soloist is directed to play a flugelhorn in the slow middle movement. The flugelhorn figured prominently in many of Burt Bacharachs 1960s pop song arrangements and it is featured in a solo role in Bert Kaempferts 1962 recording of That Happy Feeling. Flugelhorns have occasionally used as the alto or low soprano voice in a drum. The flugelhorns in these orchestras are pitched in B-flat, with sporadically an E-flat soloïst, due to bad intonation these E-flat flugelhorns are mostly being replaced by the E-flat trumpet or cornet. Joe Bishop, as a member of the Woody Herman band in 1936, was one of the earliest jazz musicians to use the flugelhorn, shorty Rogers and Kenny Baker began playing it in the early fifties, and Clark Terry used it in Duke Ellingtons orchestra in the mid-1950s
39.
Cornet
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The cornet /ˈkɔːrnɪt/ is a brass instrument similar to the trumpet but distinguished from it by its conical bore, more compact shape, and mellower tone quality. The most common cornet is an instrument in B♭, though there is also a soprano cornet in E♭. Both are unrelated to the renaissance and early baroque cornett, the cornet was initially derived from the post horn around 1820 in France. Among the first manufacturers of modern cornets was Parisian Jean Asté in 1828, cornets first appeared as separate instrumental parts in 19th century French compositions. This instrument could not have developed without the improvement of piston valves by Silesian oboe player Friedrich Blühmel. These two instrument makers almost simultaneously invented valves, though it is likely that Blühmel was the inventor and they jointly applied for a patent and were granted this for a period of ten years. Later, and most importantly, François Périnet received a patent in 1838 for a valve which is the basis of all modern brass instrument piston valves. Up until the early 20th century, the trumpet and cornet coexisted in musical ensembles, symphonic repertoire often involves separate parts for trumpet and cornet. As several instrument builders made improvements to instruments, they started to look and sound more alike. The modern day cornet is used in bands, concert bands. The name cornet derives from corne, meaning horn, itself from Latin cornu, while not musically related, instruments of the Zink family are named cornetto or cornett in modern English to distinguish them from the valved cornet described here. The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica referred to serpents as old wooden cornets, the Roman/Etruscan cornu is the lingual ancestor of these. It is a predecessor of the post horn from which the evolved and was used like a bugle to signal orders on the battlefield. The instrument was once referred to as a cornopean, referencing the earliest cornets with the Stölzel valve system. The cornet was invented by adding valves to the post horn in 1814, the valves allowed for melodic playing throughout the register of the cornet. Trumpets were slower to adopt the new technology, so for the next 100 years or more. The trumpet would play fanfare-like passages, while the cornet played more melodic passages, the modern trumpet has valves that allow it to play the same notes and fingerings as the cornet. Cornets and trumpets made in a key play at the same pitch
40.
Trombone
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The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the players vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate, nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument, variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet. The word trombone derives from Italian tromba and -one, so the name means large trumpet, the trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like its valved counterpart the baritone and in contrast to its conical valved counterparts, the euphonium and the horn. The most frequently encountered trombones are the trombone and bass trombone. The most common variant, the tenor, is an instrument pitched in B♭, an octave below the B♭ trumpet. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player, the trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube bent into an elongated S shape. Rather than being completely cylindrical from end to end, the tube is a series of tapers with the smallest at the mouthpiece receiver. The design of these affects the intonation of the instrument. As with other instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a standing wave in the instrument. The detachable cup-shaped mouthpiece is similar to that of the baritone horn and it has the venturi, a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance greatly affecting the tone of the instrument, and is inserted into the mouthpiece receiver in the slide section. The slide section consists of a leadpipe, the inner and outer tubes. Modern stays are soldered, while sackbuts were made with loose, the slide, the most distinctive feature of the trombone, allows the player to extend the length of the air column, lowering the pitch. To prevent friction from slowing the action of the slide, additional sleeves were developed during the Renaissance, and this part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. Additional tubing connects the slide to the bell of the instrument through a neckpipe, for example, second position A is not in exactly the same place on the slide as second position E. Many types of trombone also include one or more rotary valves used to increase the length of the instrument by directing the air flow through additional tubing. This allows the instrument to reach notes that are not possible without the valve as well as play other notes in alternate positions. Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has sections of tubing, principally in the slide section
41.
Sousaphone
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The sousaphone is a type of tuba designed to be easier to play than the concert tuba while standing or marching. It is widely employed in marching bands and various musical genres. Designed to fit around the body of the musician and supported by the left shoulder and it is useful in all types of bands that play outdoors, as it directs the sound forward, unlike a traditional upright tuba. The instrument is named after American bandmaster and composer John Philip Sousa, the first sousaphone was built by James Welsh Pepper in 1893 at the request of John Philip Sousa, who was dissatisfied with the hélicons in use by the United States Marine Band. Some sources credit C. G. Conn with its construction, Sousa wanted a tuba-like instrument that would send sound upward and over the band, much like a concert tuba. The new instrument had an oversized bell pointing straight up, rather than the bell of a normal hélicon. The sousaphone was initially developed as an instrument rather than for marching. Sousa wanted the new instrument for the band which he started after leaving the Marines. Sousa mainly used sousaphones built by C. G and its upright bell led to the instrument being dubbed a rain-catcher. Some versions of design allowed the bell to also rotate forward. This bell configuration remained the standard for decades and is the standard today. The instrument proved practical for marching, and by 1908 the United States Marine Band adopted it, versions with the characteristic extra 90° bend making a forward-facing bell were developed in the early 1900s. Early sousaphones had 22-inch-diameter bells, with 24-inch bells popular in the 1920s, from the mid-1930s onward, sousaphone bells have been standardized at a diameter of 26 inches. Some larger sousaphones were produced in limited quantities, the sousaphone is a valved brass instrument with the same tube length and musical range as other tubas. The sousaphones shape is such that the bell is above the tubists head, the valves are situated directly in front of the musician slightly above the waist and all of the weight rests on the left shoulder. The bell is normally detachable from the instrument body to facilitate transportation, except for the instruments general shape and appearance, the sousaphone is technically similar to a tuba. It has been noted that the tuba is a conical brass instrument. No valved, brass instrument can be conical, since the middle section containing the valves must be cylindrical
42.
Saxophone
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The saxophone is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet, the saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840. He patented the saxophone on June 28,1846, in two groups of seven instruments each, each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, designed for bands, have proved extremely popular. The saxophone is used in music, military bands, marching bands. The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument maker, flautist, born in Dinant and originally based in Brussels, he moved to Paris in 1842 to establish his musical instrument business. Prior to his work on the saxophone, he had several improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its keywork and acoustics. Sax was also a maker of the ophicleide, a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with two instruments allowed him to develop the skills and technologies needed to make the first saxophones. As an outgrowth of his work improving the bass clarinet, Sax began developing an instrument with the projection of a brass instrument and he wanted it to overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. An instrument that overblows at the octave has identical fingering for both registers, Sax created an instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an ophicleide, and some acoustic properties of both the horn and the clarinet. Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the early 1840s, Sax applied for, and received, the patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass. Although the instruments transposed at either F or C have been considered orchestral, the C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. Saxs patent expired in 1866, thereafter, numerous saxophonists and instrument manufacturers implemented their own improvements to the design, the first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer who extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range downwards by one semitone to B♭. It is suspected that Sax himself may have attempted this modification and this extension is now commonplace in almost all modern designs, along with other minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerings. Using alternate fingerings allows a player to play faster and more easily, a player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch. Some of the alternate fingerings are good for trilling, scales, a substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key, which is now universal on modern saxophones. This enables a chromatic scale to be played two octaves simply by playing the diatonic scale combined with alternately raising and lowering this one digit
43.
Violin
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The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use, smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings. Violins are important instruments in a variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in varieties of folk music. They are also used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music. Electric violins are used in forms of rock music, further. The violin is sometimes called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass. The violin was first known in 16th-century Italy, with further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Europe it served as the basis for stringed instruments used in classical music, the viola. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by Sears, Roebuck and Co. and other mass merchandisers. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier or violinmaker, the parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood and on the use of a pickup and an amplifier and speaker). Violins can be strung with gut, Perlon or other synthetic, the earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked. Similar and variant types were probably disseminated along East-West trading routes from Asia into the Middle East, the first makers of violins probably borrowed from various developments of the Byzantine lira. These included the rebec, the Arabic rebab, the vielle, the earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words violino and vyollon are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, by this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe. The violin proved very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, the French king Charles IX ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560, one of these noble instruments, the Charles IX, is the oldest surviving violin. The Messiah or Le Messie made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine and it is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford
