1.
Catcher
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Catcher is also a general term for a fielder who catches the ball in cricket. Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player, when a batter takes his/her turn to hit, the catcher crouches behind home plate, in front of the umpire, and receives the ball from the pitcher. In addition to primary duty, the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well. The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket, positioned behind home plate, the catcher can see the whole field, and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play. The catcher typically calls for using hand signals. The calls are based on the mechanics and strengths, as well as the batters tendencies and weaknesses. Foul tips, bouncing balls in the dirt, and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher and this includes a mask, chest and throat protectors, shin guards, and a heavily padded catchers mitt. The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season, because of the strategic defensive importance of catching, if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills, teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses. A knowledgeable catchers ability to work with the pitcher, via selection and location. Many great defensive catchers toiled in relative anonymity, because they did not produce large offensive numbers, notable examples of light-hitting, defensive specialists were, Ray Schalk, Jim Hegan, Jim Sundberg and Brad Ausmus. Schalks career batting average of.253 is the lowest of any player in the Baseball Hall of Fame. That he was selected for enshrinement in 1955 was largely a tribute to his defensive skills. Catchers are often able to play first base and less commonly third base, in the numbering system used to record baseball plays, the catcher is assigned the number 2. In the middle of the century, the game of baseball began to evolve from a sport played by amateurs for recreation into a more serious game played by professionals. One of the most dramatic changes was the transition of the delivery from an underhand motion to an overhanded throw. As the game progressed towards professionals and became serious, pitchers began to attempt to prevent the batter from hitting the ball by throwing faster pitches. With the introduction of the strike in 1858, catchers began inching closer to home plate due to the rules requirement that a strikeout could only be completed by a catch. These developments meant that catchers began to take on a defensive role
2.
Manager (baseball)
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In baseball, the field manager is an individual who is responsible for matters of team strategy on the field and team leadership. Managers are typically assisted by one and six assistant coaches, whose responsibilities are specialized. A manager is essentially equivalent to the coach in other North American professional sports leagues. How much control a manager takes in a games strategy varies from manager to manager and from game to game. Some managers control pitch selection, defensive positioning, decisions to bunt, steal, pitch out, managers are typically assisted by two or more coaches. Typically, the title of manager is used in professional baseball. In many cases, a manager is a professional, semi-professional or college player. Many current and former managers are former catchers which include Mike Matheny, John Gibbons, Brad Ausmus, Joe Torre, Mike Scioscia, Bruce Bochy, the managers responsibilities normally are limited to in-game decisions, with off-the-field and roster management decisions falling to the teams general manager. The term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, some owners carried out both GM and field managerial duties themselves. Major League Baseball managers differ from the coaches of most other professional sports in that they dress in the same uniform as the players and are assigned a jersey number. The wearing of a uniform is frequently practiced at other levels of play. The manager may be called skipper or skip informally by his players
3.
East Brookfield, Massachusetts
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East Brookfield is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,979 in a 2014 town census, the census-designated place of East Brookfield is located in the town. The village of Union Chapel is also located in the town, East Brookfield was first settled in 1664 as part of the Quaboag Plantation lands. It became part of the new town of Brookfield in 1673, and was officially incorporated as a separate town in 1920, making it the newest town in Massachusetts. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 10.4 square miles, of which 9.8 square miles is land and 0.5 square miles. East Brookfield is bordered on the north by North Brookfield, on the west by Brookfield, on the south by Sturbridge and Charlton, and on the east by Spencer. Most community life in East Brookfield centers around Route 9, particularly the stretch closest to Lake Lashaway, on the road from Spencer to North Brookfield. Within a block of this stretch are all of the towns churches, its school and former schools, most of its retail businesses and its current. The latter is on Depot Square, a crossroads near the post office and Redmans Hall. West of the center is the Quaboag River plains, known locally as the Flats. The CSX Boston-to-Selkirk rail line parallel to Main Street through this section. North of Main Street is the main water body, Lake Lashaway. Southwest of the center are the Quaboag and Quacumquasit Ponds. On Quacumquasit Pond is a YMCA residential summer camp, Camp Frank A. Day, bordering the ponds, in the geographic center of town, is a sparsely populated marshland. During his youth, the vaudeville entertainer George M. Cohan spent his summers with his relatives in Podunk and he loved East Brookfield, and made the term Podunk famous, describing it in his comedy acts. Other entertainers started mentioning Podunk, and the word entered the language, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,097 people,778 households, and 599 families residing in the town. The population density was 213.0 people per square mile, there were 849 housing units at an average density of 86.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 52% White,0. 43% Black or African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 14% Asian,0. 14% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 76% of the population
4.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
5.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
6.
Hit (baseball)
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If a batter reaches first base because of offensive interference by a preceding runner, he is also credited with a hit. A hit for one base is called a single, for two bases a double, and for three bases a triple, a home run is also scored as a hit. Doubles, triples, and home runs are also called extra base hits, an infield hit is a hit where the ball does not leave the infield. Infield hits are uncommon by nature, and most often earned by speedy runners, a no-hitter is a game in which one of the teams prevented the other from getting a hit. Throwing a no-hitter is rare and considered an accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff. In most cases in the game, no-hitters are accomplished by a single pitcher who throws a complete game. A pitcher who throws a no-hitter could still allow runners to reach safely, by way of walks, errors, hit batsmen. If the pitcher allows no runners to reach base, the no-hitter is a perfect game, in 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls as hits. The result was skyrocketing batting averages, including some near.500, Tip ONeill of the St. Louis Browns batted.485 that season, the experiment was abandoned the following season. There is controversy regarding how the records of 1887 should be interpreted, the number of legitimate walks and at-bats are known for all players that year, so computing averages using the same method as in other years is straightforward. In 1968, Major League Baseball formed a Special Baseball Records Committee to resolve this issues, the Committee ruled that walks in 1887 should not be counted as hits. Most current sources list ONeills 1887 average as.435, as calculated by omitting his walks and he would retain his American Association batting championship. However, the variance between methods results in differing recognition for the 1887 National League batting champion, cap Anson would be recognized, with his.421 average, if walks are included, but Sam Thompson would be the champion at.372 if they are not. The official rulebook of Major League Baseball states in Rule 10, Rule 10.05 Comment, In applying Rule 10.05, the official scorer shall always give the batter the benefit of the doubt. Runner is called out for interference with a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, unless in the scorers judgment the batter-runner would have been safe had the interference not occurred
7.
Run batted in
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A run batted in, plural runs batted in, is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored. For example, if the batter bats a base hit, then another player on a base can go home. Prior to the 1920 Major League Baseball season, runs batted in were not a baseball statistic. Nevertheless, the RBI statistic was tabulated—unofficially—from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan, common nicknames for an RBI include ribby, rib, and ribeye. The plural of RBI is generally RBIs, although some commentators use RBI as both singular and plural, as it can stand for runs batted in. The official scorers judgment must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder holds the ball or throws to a wrong base. The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that comprise the triple crown, in addition, career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame. This implies that better offensive teams—and therefore, the teams in which the most players get on base—tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser-hitting teams, totals are current through October 8,2015
8.
Pittsburgh Pirates
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The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pirates compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. Founded on October 15,1881 as Allegheny, the franchise has won five World Series championships, the Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos. They also won the 1971 World Series, led by the talent of Roberto Clemente, overall, the Pirates have won five World Series and lost two. They would then advance to the NL Division Series round, where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals, the Pirates would continue their success and make the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015, losing in the Wild Card Game both times. Professional baseball has been played in the Pittsburgh area since 1876, the teams of the era were independents, barnstorming throughout the region and not affiliated with any organized league, though they did have salaries and were run as business organizations. On October 15,1881, the strongest team in the joined the American Association as a founding member to begin play in 1882. Their various home fields in the 19th century were in a city called Allegheny City. After five mediocre seasons in the A. A, Pittsburgh became the first A. A. team to switch to the older National League in 1887. At this time, the team renamed itself the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, at that time, owner-manager Horace Phillips sold the team to Dennis McKnight, Phillips stayed on as manager. Before the 1890 season, nearly all of the Alleghenys best players bolted to the Players Leagues Pittsburgh Burghers, the Players League collapsed after the season, and the players were allowed to go back to their old clubs. However, the Alleghenys also scooped up highly regarded second baseman Lou Bierbauer, although the Athletics had failed to include Bierbauer on their reserve list, they loudly protested the Alleghenys move. In an official complaint, an AA official claimed the Alleghenys signing of Bierbauer was piratical and this incident quickly accelerated into a schism between the leagues that contributed to the demise of the A. A. Although the Alleghenys were never found guilty of wrongdoing, they made sport of being denounced for being piratical by renaming themselves the Pirates for the 1891 season, the nickname was first acknowledged on the teams uniforms in 1912. The Pirates were a team in the early 1900s, winning National League pennants from 1901–1903. They again won the NL in 1925 and 1927 and the World Series in 1925, after a slow period, they returned to dominance and won the 1960 World Series,1971 World Series and 1979 World Series. They won Eastern Division titles from 1990–1992 but did not return to the post-season after that until 2013, on Opening Day 2015 the Pirates loss to the Cincinnati Reds represented its 10, 000th franchise loss since moving to the NL. This made the Pirates the fourth MLB team to achieve distinction, following the Philadelphia Phillies, Atlanta Braves
9.
History of the Philadelphia Athletics
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The Oakland Athletics, a current Major League Baseball franchise, originated in Philadelphia. This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics, from 1901 to 1954, see also, Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame The Western League had been renamed the American League in 1900 by league president Bancroft Johnson, and declared itself the second major league in 1901. Johnson created new franchises in the east and eliminated some franchises in the West, Philadelphia had a new franchise created to compete with the National Leagues Philadelphia Phillies. Former catcher Connie Mack was recruited to manage the club, Mack in turn persuaded Phillies minority owner Ben Shibe as well as others to invest in the team, which would be called the Philadelphia Athletics. Mack himself bought a 25% interest, while the remaining 25% was sold to Philadelphia sportswriters Sam Jones, the new league recruited many of its players from the existing National League, persuading them to jump to the American League in defiance of their National League contracts. One of the players who jumped to the new league was second baseman Nap Lajoie and he won the A. L. s first batting title with a.426 batting average, still a league record. The Athletics and the American League received a setback when, on April 21,1902, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court invalidated Lajoies contract with the Athletics and this order, though, was only enforceable in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Lajoie was sold to Cleveland, but was out of road games in Philadelphia until the National Agreement was signed between the two leagues in 1903. In the early years, the As established themselves as one of the dominant teams in the new league, winning the A. L. pennant six times and they won over 100 games in 1910 and 1911, and 99 games in 1914. The team was known for its $100,000 Infield, consisting of Stuffy McInnis, Eddie Collins, Jack Barry, Rube Waddell was also a major pitching star for the As in the early 1900s. According to Lamont Buchanan in The World Series and Highlights of Baseball, Plank holds the franchise record for career victories, with 284. In 1909, the As moved into the leagues first concrete-and-steel ballpark. This remains the second and last time in history where a new ballpark was built specifically for the As. Later in the decade, Mack bought the 25% of the stock owned by Jones. Shibe ceded Mack full control over the side while retaining control over the business side. In 1914, the Athletics lost the 1914 World Series to the Miracle Braves in a four-game sweep, Mack traded, sold or released most of the teams star players soon after. In his book To Every Thing a Season, Bruce Kuklick points out there were suspicions that the As had thrown the Series, or at least laid down. Mack himself alluded to that years later, but debunked it
10.
World Series
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The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball in North America, contested since 1903 between the American League champion team and the National League champion team. The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a playoff. As the series is played in October, during the season in North America. As of 2016, the World Series has been contested 112 times, with the AL winning 64, the 2016 World Series took place between the Cleveland Indians and the Chicago Cubs. Seven games were played, with the Cubs victorious after game seven, the final score was 8–7, the game went into extra innings after a tied score of 6–6. This was the third World Series won by the Cubs, as well as their first title since 1908, in the National League, the St. As of 2016, no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998,1999, all championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season, without a postseason series being played. From 1884 to 1890, the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion. These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series, the number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884, to a high of fifteen in 1887. Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties, each team having won three games with one tie game, the series was promoted and referred to as The Championship of the United States, Worlds Championship Series, or Worlds Series for short. In his book Krakatoa, The Day the World Exploded, August 27,1883, Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper, but this view is disputed. Until about 1960, some sources treated the 19th-century Series on a basis with the post-19th-century series. After about 1930, however, many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903, following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season, the National League was again the only major league. The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half-season champions and this scheme was abandoned after one season. Beginning in 1893—and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969—the pennant was awarded to the club in the standings at the end of the season. For four seasons, 1894–1897, the league played the runners-up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup. A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle-Telegraph Cup series, in 1901, the American League was formed as a second major league. No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and these series were arranged by the participating clubs, as the 1880s Worlds Series matches had been
11.
1910 World Series
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The 1910 World Series featured the Philadelphia Athletics and the Chicago Cubs, with the Athletics winning in five games to earn their first championship. Jack Coombs of Philadelphia won three games and Eddie Collins supplied timely hitting, the greatest Cubs team in history closed out its glory years, only ten years into the new century. AL Philadelphia Athletics vs. NL Chicago Cubs Monday, October 17,1910, tuesday, October 18,1910, at Shibe Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jack Coombs pitched erratically, allowing eight hits and walking nine, but still picked up the win. The Cubs left 14 men on base, a Series record at that time, the As combed Mordecai Brown for 13 hits, including four doubles in a six-run seventh that put the game away. Jimmy Archer became the first player in World Series history to appear in a World Series for both the National and American leagues when he took the field in Game 3 for Chicago, Archer played for the Tigers in the 1907 World Series. Philadelphia entered the series with ten days off compared to one day off for Chicago – the largest disparity of rest days in World series history. During the 1910 World Series, a baseball was secretly introduced into professional baseball for the first time. Cohen, Richard M. Neft, David S, the World Series, Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989. Archived from the original on 2008
12.
1911 World Series
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In the 1911 World Series, the Philadelphia Athletics beat the New York Giants four games to two. Philadelphia third baseman Frank Home Run Baker earned his nickname during this Series, an ironic sidelight was that Mathewson had criticized Marquard in his newspaper column after Game 2, for giving up the gopher ball, only to fall victim himself the very next day. Baker was swinging a hot bat in general, going 9 for 24 to lead all batters in the Series with a.375 average. According to his New York Times obituary, Giants catcher Chief Meyers threw out 12 runners, the six consecutive days of rain between Games 3 and 4 caused the longest delay between World Series games until the earthquake-interrupted 1989 Series. With the sixth and final game being played on October 26, thus the nickname Home Run Baker was born. Two innings later with the score tied at 1, Baker would single. The Giants would rally for one run in the bottom half, tuesday, October 24,1911, at Shibe Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania After six days of rain the series resumed. Chief Bender, after getting roughed up for two runs in the first shut out the Giants the rest of the way on his way to a 4–2 win and 3–1 Series lead. Wednesday, October 25,1911, at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan, New York On the verge of elimination, the Giants fought back. They tied it at 3 with two runs in the bottom of the ninth, and then won it with a run in the tenth when Larry Doyle scored on a sacrifice fly, Home plate umpire Bill Klem later said Doyle had failed to touch home plate after sliding in. Since none of the Athletics noticed this and Philadelphia failed to appeal, thursday, October 26,1911, at Shibe Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1911 World Series, Philadelphia Athletics over New York Giants Cohen, Richard M. Neft, David S. The World Series, Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989, archived from the original on 2008
13.
1913 World Series
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In the 1913 World Series, the Philadelphia Athletics beat the New York Giants four games to one. The As pitching gave the edge to a closer-than-it-looked Series in 1913, the great Christy Mathewson lost his Series swan song in the final game to an old college rival and eventual fellow Baseball Hall of Fame member, Eddie Plank. The Giants thus became the first National League team since the Chicago Cubs to win three consecutive pennants and they were also the second club to lose three consecutive World Series, and, as of 2017, the last to do so. The Series itself was an ironic face-off, as the Giants, the As would win again in a four-game sweep in the 1989 World Series, famous for the earthquake that struck before Game 3, which would be the last World Series victory for the As. AL Philadelphia Athletics vs. NL New York Giants In the opener, frank apparently liked his nickname and wanted to hang on to it. Mathewson and Plank matched craft and guile, and after nine innings it was as it had been at the beginning, in the bottom of the ninth, the Giants had put on a stirring baseball version of the goal-line stand. With none out, the As had Amos Strunk on third, the next batter, Jack Lapp, grounded to first, where Hooks Wiltse, a pitcher, was filling in. Wiltse made a stop and threw home to nab Strunk. With Barry on third now and Lapp on first, Plank grounded to Wiltse and Hooks fired home again, Mathewson retired the next hitter, and the game went into extra innings. The home team won a game, although the visiting Giants made it close in the late innings. So all but one of the five games of the 1913 World Series were won by the visiting team, planks own error in the fifth inning cost him a shutout in the finale. 1913 World Series, Philadelphia Athletics over New York Giants Cohen, Richard M. Neft, the World Series, Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989. Archived from the original on 2008
14.
1929 World Series
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The 1929 World Series featured the Philadelphia Athletics and the Chicago Cubs. The Athletics beat the Cubs decisively in five games and it was the last occurrence of an inside-the-park home run in a World Series game until Game 1 of the 2015 World Series. Ehmke went on to start Game 5 but failed to get out of the inning, the bullpen. AL Philadelphia Athletics vs. NL Chicago Cubs This was the first World Series game ever played at Wrigley Field and he proved his shrewd manager right, striking out thirteen Cubs for a Series record that would stand until 1953. Mack had rested Howards arm by sending him to scout the Cubbies for the last few weeks of the season, ehmke notched 13 strikeouts in the game, besting the World Series record of 12 set by Ed Walsh in 1906. Attending Game 1 was 9-year-old John Paul Stevens, who would grow up to become a Supreme Court Justice, a lifelong Cub fan, Stevens later said, And that was my first game, a tragic game for a young boy to go and see in person. Jimmie Foxx became the first player to homer in his first two World Series games, Game 3 was a strong showing of two defensive teams at their best, a classic pitchers duel and a nail-biter. Sticking to his policy, Mack rolled the dice again in Game 4 by starting 46-year-old Jack Quinn. After Wilsons miscue on Haass hit, a fan wrote new lyrics to My Old Kentucky Home. And ending For well sing one song for the game and fighting Cubs, after seeing his seemingly safe 8–0 lead implode to a 10–8 loss after the As record seventh and a scoreless last two innings, Cub skipper Joe McCarthy was anything but jovial. When a boy came by after the game asking for a baseball, Marse Joe muttered, Come back tomorrow and stand behind Wilson, and youll be able to pick up all the balls you want. The As rallied for their three runs in the bottom of the ninth to come from behind yet again and win the Series on home turf. 1929 World Series, Philadelphia Athletics over Chicago Cubs Cohen, Richard M. Neft, the World Series, Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989. Archived from the original on 2008, amateur film footage from the series
15.
1930 World Series
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The 1930 World Series featured the defending champion Philadelphia Athletics and the St. Louis Cardinals. The Athletics defeated the Cardinals in six games, 4–2, phillys pitching ace Lefty Grove, and George Earnshaw, No.2 man in Mr. Macks rotation, won two games apiece. The Cardinals led the National League in runs scored and averaged six runs per game in the regular season, AL Philadelphia Athletics vs. NL St. Louis Cardinals George Earnshaw dueled Burleigh Grimes 0–0 through seven innings before Lefty Grove took over for Earnshaw in the eighth. 1930 World Series, Philadelphia Athletics over St. Louis Cardinals Cohen, Richard M. Neft, the World Series, Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989. Archived from the original on 2008
16.
Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame
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The Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame is a collection of plaques, mounted on a brick wall in the Ashburn Alley section of Citizens Bank Park, the ballpark of the Philadelphia Phillies. Once Veterans Stadium closed in 2003, the wall used to recognize the Phillies members were moved to Citizens Bank Park, however. Mack, the Athletics first inductee, had an 11-year playing career in the National League and the Players League, but is most remembered for his managerial career, twenty-one members of the Wall of Fame are also members of the Baseball Hall of Fame. All of the inductees in the first four seasons from both teams are members, Del Ennis was the first non-member to be inducted. The first figures to be inducted into the Wall of Fame were Robin Roberts, who was inducted for the Phillies, Roberts pitched in Philadelphia for 13 seasons as a member of the National League team, and Mack managed the American League club from 1901 to 1950. In 1983, rather than inducting a player into the Wall of Fame, the Centennial Team includes players from several periods in Phillies history. The team is honored with a plaque listing the names of all selected at the left end of the Wall of Fame. Ten members of the Centennial Team also have their own individual plaques on the Wall, those not otherwise included on the Wall are Pete Rose, Manny Trillo, and Jim Konstanty. A The induction committee judges entrants based on longevity, ability, contributions to the and baseball, character, the committee has consisted of a variety of personnel, including team executives and members of the media. B This denotes that the number has been retired by his respective team. The Athletics have not retired any numbers from those who played their careers in Philadelphia, inline citations Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society
17.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
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Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 1937
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The 1937 process of selecting inductees to the Baseball Hall of Fame was markedly different from the initial elections the previous year. In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates. Any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in the sports supposed centennial year of 1939. Again, individuals who had been barred from baseball were not formally ineligible, Hal Chase received some votes, though Shoeless Joe Jackson did not. A total of 201 ballots were cast, with 1,949 individual votes for 113 specific candidates, selections were announced on January 19,1937. The Commissions members were, Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, National League president Ford Frick and he was also a successful manager and led a number of global barnstorming tours. Of the five selectees, only Mack was still living when the selections were made
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Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
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American League
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The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League, is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a league based in the Great Lakes states. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season,25 years after the formation of the National League. At the end of season, the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion. Through 2016, American League teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played since 1903, the 2016 American League champions are the Cleveland Indians. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics. Originally a minor league known as the Western League, the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded, in its early history, the Western League struggled until 1894, when Ban Johnson became the president of the league. Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League, babe Ruth, noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League. The American League has one notable difference versus the National League, in 1902, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis and were renamed the St. Louis Browns. In 1902, The Cleveland Bluebirds were also renamed the Cleveland Broncos, in 1903, the Broncos were renamed the Cleveland Naps. In 1915, the Naps were renamed the Cleveland Indians, in 1903, the Baltimore Orioles moved to New York and were renamed the New York Highlanders. In 1913, the Highlanders were renamed the New York Yankees, in 1904, the Chicago White Stockings were renamed the Chicago White Sox. In 1908, the Boston Americans were renamed the Boston Red Sox, in 1954, the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore and were renamed as the Baltimore Orioles. In 1955, the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City and were renamed as the Kansas City Athletics, in 1961, the league expanded and added two teams as the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators, expanding the league to 10 teams. The original Senators team moved to Minneapolis/St, Paul in 1961 and were renamed as the Minnesota Twins. The Angels team name changed to the California Angels in 1966, then to the Anaheim Angels in 1997, the Kansas City Royals and the Seattle Pilots were added to the American League, expanding the league to 12 teams. In 1970, the Seattle Pilots moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers, in 1972, the Washington Senators relocated to the Dallas/Fort Worth area and were renamed the Texas Rangers. In 1977, the league expanded to fourteen teams, when the Seattle Mariners, in 1998, the Tampa Bay Rays was added to the American League and at the same time, the Milwaukee Brewers were switched to the National League, leaving the American League with 14 teams
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Cooperstown, New York
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Cooperstown is a village in and county seat of Otsego County, New York, United States. Most of the lies within the town of Otsego. Cooperstown is best known as the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, opened in 1939, the Farmers Museum, the Fenimore Art Museum, Glimmerglass Opera, and the New York State Historical Association are also based here. The population of the village was 1,852 as of the 2010 census, the land amounted to 10,000 acres. William Cooper founded a village on Otsego Lake and his son James Fenimore Cooper grew up in the frontier town. He later became a noted American author with The Leatherstocking Tales, Cooper established the village of Cooperstown in 1786, laid out by surveyor William Ellison. At the time, the area was part of Montgomery County and it was incorporated as the Village of Otsego on April 3,1807. The name was changed to Village of Cooperstown in 1812 after the founder, Cooper was appointed as a county judge in the late 18th century, and was elected to the state assembly from Otsego County. Cooperstown is one of twelve villages in New York still incorporated under a charter. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.6 square miles. The source of the Susquehanna River is in Cooperstown at the outlet of Otsego Lake, blackbird Bay of Otsego Lake is north of the village. The junction of New York State Route 28 and New York State Route 80 was constructed at Cooperstown, the village is also served by County Routes 31 and 33. Climate Cooperstown has a continental climate, with cold, very snowy winters, warm summers. Freezing temperatures have been observed in every month of the year, the record low temperature is −34 °F, set on February 9,1934, and the record high temperature is 99 °F, set on July 9 and 10,1936. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,032 people,906 households, the population density was 1,317.5 people per square mile. There were 1,070 housing units at a density of 693.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 96. 21% White,0. 94% African American,0. 10% Native American,1. 62% Asian,0. 34% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 31% of the population. 41. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.83
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Brookfield, Massachusetts
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Brookfield is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Brookfield was first settled in 1660, the population was 3,390 at the 2010 census. Brookfield was first settled in 1660 and was incorporated in 1718. The town was settled by men from Ipswich as part of the Quaboag Plantation lands, in August 1675, King Philips War reached central Massachusetts. Brookfield, one of the most isolated settlements in the colony, was attacked by Nipmuck forces, after an ambush the town was besieged. For two days the townsfolk, consisting of 80 people, sought shelter in the house while the rest of the town was completely destroyed. The settlement lay abandoned for twelve years, during the winter of 1776, General Henry Knox passed through the town with cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to end the Siege of Boston. A marker along Route 9 commemorates his route, in March 1778, Joshua Spooner, a wealthy farmer in Brookfield, was beaten to death and his body stuffed down a well. Four people were hanged for the crime, two British soldiers, a young Continental soldier, and Spooners wife, Bathsheba, who was charged with instigating the murder and she was 32 years old and five months pregnant when executed. Newspapers described the case as the most extraordinary crime ever perpetrated in New England, Bathsheba was the mother of three young children, and in her own words felt an utter aversion for her husband, who was known to be an abusive drunk. A year before the murder, she took in and nursed a sixteen-year-old Continental soldier who was returning from a years enlistment under George Washington, the two became lovers and conceived a child. Divorces were all but impossible for women at that time, and adulteresses were stripped to the waist, bathshebas pregnancy occasioned a series of desperate plots to murder her husband, finally brought to fruition with the aid of two British deserters from General John Burgoynes defeated army. As the daughter of the states most prominent and despised Loyalist, Bathsheba bore the brunt of the political, cultural, and gender prejudices of her day. When she sought a stay of execution to deliver her baby, the Massachusetts Council rejected her petition, across from the former Brookfield Inn on West Main Street is a memorial that designates this part of the road as the George Washington Memorial Highway. In 1789, the first president of the United States traveled through five of the New England states and this tour has become the basis for all of the “George Washington slept here” claims—and although Washington watered his horses here, he never slept in Brookfield. It seems his party would have spent the night in Brookfield except that the innkeeper, when awakened, she mistook him for a college president and sent him on to the neighboring town of Spencer. On learning of her mistake, she said, Bless me. One look at that good man would have cured my aching head. ”Lands of the town have given rise to three others - North Brookfield in 1812, West Brookfield in 1848, and East Brookfield in 1920
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Confirmation
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In Christianity, Confirmation is seen as the sealing of the covenant created in Holy Baptism. In some denominations, Confirmation also bestows full membership in a local congregation upon the recipient, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and many Anglicans view Confirmation as a sacrament. In the East it is conferred immediately after baptism, among those Catholics who practice teen-aged Confirmation, the practice may be perceived, secondarily, as a coming of age rite. In Protestant churches, the rite tends to be rather as a mature statement of faith by an already baptized person. It is also required by most Protestant denominations for membership in the church, in particular for traditional Protestant churches. Confirmation is not practiced in Baptist, Anabaptist and other groups that teach believers baptism, thus, the sacrament is administered to converts from non-Christian religions, those aforementioned groups, and nontrinitarian churches. There is a ceremony also called Confirmation in the Jewish religion. The age instituted was older than that of Bar Mitzvah because some of these topics were considered too complicated for 13-year-old minds to grasp. Nowadays, Confirmation has gained widespread adherence among congregations affiliated with the Reform movement, then they laid hands on them and they received the holy Spirit. Also, in the Gospel of John, Chapter 14, Christ speaks of the coming of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles, later, after his Resurrection, Jesus breathed upon them and they received the Holy Spirit, a process completed on the day of Pentecost. After this point, the New Testament records the apostles bestowing the Holy Spirit upon others through the laying on of hands. From this fact, Confirmation brings an increase and deepening of baptismal grace, it roots us more deeply in the divine filiation which makes us cry, Abba. God the Father has marked you with his sign, Christ the Lord has confirmed you and has placed his pledge, in the Latin Catholic Church, the sacrament is customarily conferred only on persons old enough to understand it, and the ordinary minister of Confirmation is a bishop. According to the ancient practice maintained in the Roman liturgy, an adult is not to be baptized unless he receives Confirmation immediately afterward, provided no serious obstacles exist. Priests who, in virtue of an office which they lawfully hold, in Eastern Catholic Churches, the usual minister of this sacrament is the parish priest, using olive oil consecrated by a bishop, and administering the sacrament immediately after baptism. This corresponds exactly to the practice of the early Church, when at first those receiving baptism were mainly adults, the practice of the Eastern Churches gives greater emphasis to the unity of Christian initiation. The main reason why the West separated the sacrament of Confirmation from that of Baptism was to direct contact between the person being initiated with the bishops. In the Early Church, the bishop administered all three sacraments of initiation, assisted by the priests and deacons and, where they existed, the post-baptismal Chrismation in particular was reserved to the Bishop
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Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
25.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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51st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
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The 51st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The Fifty-first Regiment was organized at Worcester September 25 to October 30,1862, november 25–30, the unit moved to Boston, and from there to Newberne, North Carolina. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of North Carolina, until December 1862, amorys Brigade, Department of North Carolina, until January 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 18th Army Corps, Department of North Carolina, 8th Army Corps in the Middle Department until July 1863. Temporarily to the 1st Army Corps, Army Potomac, July 1863, fosters Expedition to Goldsboro, North Carolina, December 11–20,1862. Battle at Whitehall in North Carolina December 16, duty at Newberne until March 1863. Expedition to Trenton, Pollocksville, Youngs Cross Roads and Onslow, companies A, B, C, D, H, I, K guard and outpost duty by detachments on railroad between Newberne and Morehead City, March 2 to May 4. Companies A and C at Morehead City, company C at Fort Macon March 30 to May 5. B, D, H and I at Newport, E and F at Beaufort and G at Brices Ferry. Moved to Newberne May 4, and duty there till June 24, moved to Fort Monroe, Virginia, thence to White House June 24–28. Moved to Baltimore, Maryland, June 29-July 1, moved to Monocacy Junction, Frederick and Sandy Hook July 6–7. Occupation of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, July 8, March to Funkstown, Maryland, July 12–13, and join 1st Army Corps. List of Massachusetts Civil War units Massachusetts in the Civil War
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National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
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Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
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Meriden, Connecticut
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Meriden is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located halfway between the regional cities of New Haven and Hartford. In 2010, the population of the city was 60,868, Meriden was originally a part of the neighboring town of Wallingford. It was granted a separate meetinghouse in 1727, became a town in 1806 with over 1000 residents and it was once proposed as the Connecticut state capital. It was named for the town of Meriden, West Midlands, England, popular myth also states that it is named after the Merry Den tavern that may have been located near present-day U. S. Route 5. The oldest house in town still standing, built by Solomon Goffe in 1711, became a museum in 1986, the Solomon Goffe House. The grave of Winston Churchills great-great-great maternal grandfather, Timothy Jerome, can be seen today at what is now called Burying Ground 1720 at the juncture of Dexter Avenue and Lydale Place. At the time the location was known as Buckwheat Hill, Timothy Jeromes son, Samuel, is the great-great grandfather of Jennie Jerome, Winston Churchills mother. Meriden earned the nickname Silver City, due to the number of silver manufacturers. In addition to hollowware, Meriden was also a significant center of cutlery production (various silver companies, Meriden Cutlery, the small city is also for the historical production of glass and lamps. During this time, several mansions and houses of note were built, Charles Parker and his younger brother opened their first factory in Meriden in 1832, with a capital outlay of $70.00. Over the years they manufactured a variety of products‚ from steam engines, train wheels. During the Civil War, Parkers Meriden Machine Company was under Union contract to produce 10,000 repeating rifles and 15,000 Springfield rifles, Parker began producing his own shotgun, referred to as The Gun of 1866. On March 7,1860, Abraham Lincoln spoke in Meriden seeking the Republican presidential nomination, Meriden also was an important site for graphic arts innovation. In 1888, the Meriden Gravure Company was founded by Charles Parker and James F. Allen, the company developed an expertise in high quality image reproduction, which initially was driven by the needs of the silver industry. Hubbard Park in the Hanging Hills was financed by Walter Hubbard, the design for the park was originally conceived by Hubbard in consultation with the Olmsted Brothers, sons of Frederick Law Olmsted, America’s foremost landscape architect. In 1900, Castle Craig on a peak was dedicated in the park, the Curtis Memorial Library opened in 1903. The Meriden Firearms Co. manufactured small arms from 1905 to 1918, the stock was owned by Sears, Roebuck & Company. From 1937 until 1947, the International Silver Company sponsored the Silver Theater, the radio program featured many Hollywood actors and actresses of the time like Jimmy Stewart and Rosalind Russell
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Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State
31.
Baseball field
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A baseball field, also called a ball field or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term is used as a metonym for baseball park.5 inches. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8. 5-inch sides is a batters box, the point of home plate where the two 12-inch sides meet at right angles is at one corner of a ninety-foot square. The other three corners of the square, in order from home plate, are called first base, second base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches square mark the three bases and these three bags along with home plate form the four points at the corners of the infield. All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory, thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. Thus, although the points of the bases are 90 feet apart, the lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the field between the foul lines is fair territory, the rest is foul territory. The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield, most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is set at a distance ranging from 300 to 420 feet from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole and these poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball. First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the team in order to score a run. Unlike when a player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, the runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body. The first baseman is the player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often a slow runner and tall, a tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Also, a right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base, there are three infield positions that can only effectively be occupied by right-handed players, 2nd base, 3rd base, and shortstop
32.
Wilbert Robinson
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Wilbert Robinson, nicknamed Uncle Robbie, was an American catcher, coach and manager in Major League Baseball. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 and he also spent one season,1900, with the St. Louis Cardinals. Over the course of his career, Robinson played 1,316 games as a catcher, which prepared him for his second baseball career as a manager. The star catcher of the Orioles dynasty which won three titles from 1894 to 1896, he compiled a career batting average of.273. Durable behind the plate, he caught a triple-header in 1896 and he also was the first catcher to play directly behind the batter at all times, as the previous practice had been to play farther back when there were fewer than two strikes. A highlight of his career was a seven-hit game June 10,1892. He also batted in 11 runs in game, on September 16,1924, as manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. While owners of a bowling, billiards and pool hall in Baltimore, Robinson, Robinson and McGraw joined as business partners in the Baltimore Orioles, a team that would debut in the new American League in 1901. McGraw served as player-manager of the AL Orioles in 1901 and the beginning of the 1902 season, Robinson succeeded McGraw as manager of the Orioles. After the season, McGraw enticed Robinson to be his coach from 1903 to 1913. Robinson would not don the managers cap again in the majors until 1914, in his 18 years at the helm of the Brooks, Robinson compiled a record of 1375–1341, including National League championships in 1916 and 1920 – Brooklyns only pennants between 1901 and 1940. Those two clubs lost in the World Series to the Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians, respectively and his 1375 NL victories were, at the time, the 3rd-highest total in NL history, trailing only the totals of McGraw and Fred Clarke. Robinson was highly regarded for his ability to draw outstanding performances from his pitching staffs, among the pitchers he guided to success were Joe McGinnity with both Orioles teams and the Giants, Rube Marquard with the Giants, and Dazzy Vance and Burleigh Grimes with the Dodgers. On March 13,1915, at spring training in Daytona Beach, Florida, ruth Law, the aviator, supposedly forgot to bring a baseball and instead dropped a grapefruit, which splattered all over the manager. The grapefruit made such a mess that Robinson thought he had lost his eye because of the acid and he quickly realized that it was a joke when he saw his teammates burst out in laughter. Outfielder Casey Stengel, later a manager himself, is generally believed to have convinced Law to make the switch. From this point on Robinson referred to airplanes as fruit flies, Robinson was manager when Al López started out as a catcher in the majors. Robinson watched Lopez style and finally hollered, Tell that punk he got two hands to catch with, never mind the Fancy Dan stuff
33.
Interference (baseball)
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In baseball, interference occurs in situations in which a person illegally changes the course of play from what is expected. Interference might be committed by players on the offense, players not currently in the game, catchers, umpires, each type of interference is covered differently by the rules. Whenever this offensive interference occurs, the ball becomes dead, if the interference was committed by a batter or a baserunner, that player is called out and all other runners must return to the bases they occupied at the time of the interference. If interference is committed by a runner with the intent of preventing a double play. If interference is committed by a runner or by some other member of the offensive team. Also under NFHS rules only, all runners are required to attempt to avoid collisions, if a runner fails to do so, he is guilty of malicious contact, which is one kind of offensive interference. Malicious contact carries the penalty of ejection from the game. Any collision that occurs in this situation is not interference, because the action is in regard to a thrown ball. As long as such a runners actions are related to his attempt to reach the base, the most common case of this is when a runner is attempting to score and the catcher has control of the ball. This is usually attempted only when the play is close, when the catcher is set up and ready, the runner has little chance of knocking the ball away. Any such attempt presents a significant chance of injury to the baserunner, the batter physically hinders the catchers opportunity to throw out a baserunner while standing outside of the batters box. There are some exceptions to the penalty for offensive interference, if there are two outs in this situation, the normal interference penalty applies, the batter is out and the run does not score. At some levels of play, verbal as well as physical hindrance can be called for interference and this is not called as interference in professional or higher amateur baseball. The ball came loose, initially enabling Rodríguez to advance and the previous runner Derek Jeter to score, the play originally stood but on appeal, Rodríguez was ruled out on the interference and Jeter returned to first, under the general definition of the rule above. A famous alleged offensive interference occurred in the game of the 1975 World Series. With a runner on first, Cincinnati Reds player Ed Armbrister laid down a sacrifice bunt, Red Sox catcher Carlton Fisk attempted to field the ball and throw to second base and get the lead runner out. However, Armbrister did not immediately run to first base but instead stood essentially still in the vicinity of home plate, as a result, Fisks throw went into center field, and the Reds ended up with runners on first and third with no outs. The Red Sox protested, saying that Armbrister interfered, but home plate umpire Larry Barnett refused to change the call
34.
Henry Killilea
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Henry James Killilea was an American baseball team owner and attorney. He was one of the founders of baseballs American League and he also played college football and baseball at the University of Michigan. Killilea was born in Poygan, Wisconsin, in 1863 and his parents, Matthew and Mary Killilea emigrated from Ireland in 1849 and established a farm in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Killilea was raised on the farm and attended public school in Winneconne. After completing grade school, Killilea attended Oshkosh Normal School and then taught school at Clay Banks, in the fall of 1882, Killilea enrolled at the University of Michigan, where he studied law. He also played for the Michigan Wolverines baseball team and for the 1883 and 1884 Michigan Wolverines football teams. He played at the position on the 1883 team, and as a senior. He graduated from Michigan in 1885, after graduating from Michigan, Killilea established a law practice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1885. He specialized in trial practice, with much of his early practice constituting criminal defense and he gained attention for his defense of a school teacher who broke a students neck. He later worked as counsel to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, Killilea also had a long association with professional baseball. His younger brother, Matthew Killilea, became the president of the Milwaukee Brewers of the Western League, the other members of the group were Connie Mack, Charles Comiskey, and the leader of the effort, Ban Johnson. Their first meeting was held in Killileas home at 1616 Grand Avenue in Milwaukee, while Ban Johnson is regarded as the father of the American League, the Sporting Life in July 1904 dubbed Killilea the godfather of the American League. Killileas other significant efforts in the years of the league include the following. Killilea prepared and notarized the articles of incorporation for the new Chicago White Stockings club, Killilea also played a leadership rule in bringing American League baseball to New York. He was assigned by the league to seek financial backers for an American League club in New York for the 1903 season, the efforts to establish a club in New York were successful, and the New York Highlanders began play in April 1903. In January 1903, Killilea served as chairman of the American Leagues peace committee charged with negotiating an end to the war with the National League. The platform developed by Killileas committee included proposals to combat players jumping their contracts to switch leagues, creation of a reserve rule, as part of the peace efforts, Killilea drew up the National Agreement under which both leagues thereafter operated. Killilea has been credited as the factor in the peace agreement
35.
Rube Waddell
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George Edward Rube Waddell was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball. Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946, Waddell was a remarkably dominant strikeout pitcher in an era when batters mostly slapped at the ball to get singles. He had an excellent fastball, a curve, a screwball. He led the leagues in strikeouts for six consecutive years. Born in 1876 outside of Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell grew up in the country, biographer Alan Levy writes that Waddell was a decidedly different sort of child. At the age of three, he wandered over to a fire station and stayed for several days. Waddell did not attend school very often, but he was considered to be literate and he strengthened his arm as a child by throwing rocks at birds he encountered while plowing the familys land. He also worked on mining and drilling sites as a youngster, Waddells career wound through a number of teams. Waddell was unpredictable – early in his career, he would leave mid-game to go fishing and he had a longstanding fascination with fire trucks and had run off the field to chase after them during games. He performed as a wrestler in the offseason. He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies and shiny objects, an alcoholic for much of his short adult life, Waddell reportedly spent his entire first signing bonus on a drinking binge. Waddells eccentric behavior led to constant battles with his managers and scuffles with bad-tempered teammates and his first pro contract was with Louisville, pitching two league games and a couple of exhibitions with the team at the end of the 1897 season. When the season ended, he was lent to the Detroit Wolverines of the Western League to gain professional experience and he rejoined Louisville in the final month of the 1899 season and won seven of nine decisions. When the National League contracted to eight teams for the 1900 season, Louisville ownership bought the Pittsburgh franchise, louisvilles top players, including Waddell, Honus Wagner, Fred Clarke and others, were transferred to Pittsburgh. Waddell debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1900, leading the National League in ERA, on August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple. His manager, Connie Mack, offered Waddell a three-day fishing vacation if he agreed to pitch the second game, Waddell threw 5 scoreless innings for the victory, and headed to Pewaukee Lake for fishing. However, his behavior led manager Fred Clarke to suspend him. Milwaukee was in the newly named American League, formerly known as the Western League, when Waddell displayed his prowess for Milwaukee, Pittsburgh management asked for Rubes return
36.
Eddie Robinson (American football coach)
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Eddie Gay Robinson, Sr. was an American football coach. He coached the second most victories in NCAA Division I history, with the restoration of the wins by the NCAA in 2015, Paterno has again been recognized as the Division I record holder. For 56 years, from 1941 to 1942 and again from 1945 to 1997, he was the coach at Grambling State University. Robinson is recognized by many football experts as one of the greatest coaches in history. During a period in football history when black players were not allowed to play for southern college programs. He retired in 1997 with a record of 408 wins,165 losses, Robinson coached every single game from the field and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1997. Robinson was born in Jackson in East Feliciana Parish in South Louisiana, to the son of a sharecropper and he graduated in 1937 from McKinley Senior High School in the capital city of Baton Rouge, Louisiana and briefly attended Southern University there. Robinson dreamed of becoming a football coach himself, but he faced an enormous drawback—he was black in the days of Jim Crow discrimination. The only college position he could hope to obtain would be at a traditionally all-black school. Having earned his bachelors degree at Leland, Robinson returned to Baton Rouge, not long after that, he heard that the Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute—now Grambling State University—was searching for a new football coach. He applied for the job and was hired by the president and baseball coach. In 1941 the 22-year old Robinson assumed his duties as head coach at Grambling State. He had strict standards of conduct and educational achievement for his players. More than 200 of his players went on to play in the American Football League, CFL, Robinson also coached James Harris, who with the AFLs Buffalo Bills became the first black quarterback in modern Pro Football history to start at that position in a season opener. Enormous publicity attended Robinsons record-breaking win with Grambling State in 1985, some observers feared that the coach would become the target of white hatred, much as Henry Aaron had when he broke Babe Ruths home run record. Instead Robinson reported that he did not receive a single hate letter, when asked if his record was somehow tarnished by the fact that his team played most of its games against Division I-AA caliber competition, Robinson told Sports Illustrated, I grew up in the South. I was told where to attend school, where to attend junior high school. When I became a coach, I was told who I could recruit, who I could play, where I could play, I did what I could within the system
37.
Grambling State Tigers football
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The Grambling State Tigers are the college football team representing the Grambling State University. The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, the prominence of Grambling football is longstanding. The Tigers, under Hall of Fame coach Eddie Robinson, were built as a powerhouse with more than 200 players who played professional football. On September 24,1976, Grambling State and Morgan State became the first collegiate teams from the United States to play a game in Tokyo. In 1977, the GSU Tigers were invited back to Tokyo where they defeated Temple University 35-32 in the inaugural Mirage Bowl game, among its accomplishments include,14 Black college football national championships and 25 Conference Championships. The Tigers have won the most SWAC Championships to date, the Tigers have appeared in the Division II playoffs one time with an overall record of 1–1
38.
Joe Paterno
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Joseph Vincent Paterno, sometimes referred to as JoePa, was an American college football player, and later athletic director and coach. He was the coach of the Penn State Nittany Lions from 1966 to 2011. With 409 victories, Paterno is the most victorious coach in NCAA FBS history and his career ended with his dismissal from the team in November,2011 as a result of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Paterno was born in Brooklyn, New York and attended Brown University, originally planning to be a lawyer, he instead signed on as an assistant football coach at Penn State in 1950, persuaded by his college coach Rip Engle who had taken over as Penn States head coach. In 1966, Paterno was named as Engles successor and he soon coached the team to two undefeated regular seasons in 1968 and 1969. The team won two national championships—in 1982 and 1986, Paterno coached five undefeated teams that won major bowl games, and in 2007 he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach. After the child sex abuse scandal involving his former defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky broke in full in November 2011, however, on November 9, the Penn State Board of Trustees rejected this disclosure and fired him, effective immediately. An investigation conducted by former FBI director Louis Freeh concluded in July 2012 that Paterno concealed facts relating to Sanduskys sexual abuse of young boys, the investigation also uncovered information that Paterno may have persuaded university officials not to report Sandusky to authorities in 2001. A report composed by the law firm King & Spalding and commissioned by the Paterno family has disputed his involvement in the alleged coverup, Paterno died of complications from lung cancer on January 22,2012, only two months after being fired by the university. Paterno was born December 21,1926, in Brooklyn, New York and he was the son of Florence de LaSalle Cafiero, a homemaker, and Angelo Lafayette Paterno, a law clerk. His family was of Italian ancestry, in 1944, Paterno graduated from Brooklyn Preparatory School. Six weeks later he was drafted into the Army during World War II, Paterno spent a year in the Army before being discharged in time to start the 1946 school year at Brown University where his tuition was paid by Busy Arnold. In college Paterno was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and he played quarterback and cornerback for the Brown Bears, and shares the career record for interceptions with Greg Parker at 14. Paterno graduated as an English literature major in 1950 and had been accepted into Boston University School of Law, although his father asked, For Gods sake, what did you go to college for. After hearing of his choice, Paterno joined Rip Engle as an assistant coach at Penn State in 1950, Engle had coached five seasons, 1944–1949. Paterno was promoted to coach, the top assistant, in June 1964. Paterno had one Heisman Trophy winner, John Cappelletti, who took the award in 1973, Paternos abbreviated 2011 season was his 62nd on the Penn State coaching staff, which gave him the record for most seasons for any football coach at a single university. The 2009 season was Paternos 44th as head coach of the Nittany Lions, Paterno was known for his gameday image—thick glasses, rolled-up dress slacks, white socks and Brooklyn-tinged speech
39.
Penn State Nittany Lions football
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The Penn State Nittany Lions team represents the Pennsylvania State University in college football. The team is also #8 all-time in total-wins, one game behind Oklahoma and Alabama, the Nittany Lions play their home games at Beaver Stadium, located on-campus in University Park, Pennsylvania. With an official seating capacity of 106,572, Beaver Stadium is the second-largest stadium in the hemisphere, behind only Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. The team is coached by James Franklin. The first recorded game occurred on November 12,1881, when Penn State traveled to Lewisburg, Pennsylvania to play Bucknell, Penn State won 9–0, which was nine goals to none. At the time, this was really a game of American rugby, the father of American football, Walter Camp, did not develop the scrimmage, the first down and the gridiron until 1882. Although this game was reported in two State College newspapers and the Mirror, Bucknell denies that this ever happened. Penn State did not field teams from 1882 through 1886, Penn State played its first season in 1887, but had no head coach for their first five years, from 1887–1891. The teams played its games on the Old Main lawn on campus in State College. They compiled a 12–8–1 record in these seasons, playing as an independent from 1887–1890, in 1891, the Pennsylvania Intercollegiate Football Association was formed. It consisted of Bucknell, Dickinson, Franklin & Marshall, Haverford, Penn State, lafayette and Lehigh were excluded because it was felt they would dominate the Association. Penn State won the championship with a 4–1–0 record, the Association was dissolved prior to the 1892 season. George W. Hoskins was the first head coach at Penn State. He posted a 17–4–4 record in his four seasons from 1892–1895 as head coach and his first team played its home game on the Old Main lawn on campus in State College, Pennsylvania, before the 500-seat Beaver Field opened in 1893. He was succeeded by Samuel B, newton, who posted a 12–14 record in three seasons, 1896–1898. Sam Boyle coached for one year in 1899 and compiled a 4–6–1 record. Pop Golden coached the Nittany Lions for three seasons from 1900–1902, tallying a record of 16–12–1, daniel A. Reed took over for the 1903 season and went 5–3. Tom Fennell coached the Nittany Lions for five seasons from 1904–1908, in 1907 the school adopted the Nittany Lion mascot, a mountain lion named after nearby Mount Nittany
40.
Shoeless Joe Jackson
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Joseph Jefferson Jackson, nicknamed Shoeless Joe, was an American star outfielder who played Major League Baseball in the early 1900s. Since then, Jacksons guilt has been fiercely debated with new accounts claiming his innocence beckoning Major League Baseball to reconsider his banishment, as a result of the scandal, Jacksons career was abruptly halted in his prime, ensuring him a place in baseball lore forever. Jackson played for three Major League teams during his 12-year career and he spent 1908–1909 as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics and 1910 with the minor league New Orleans Pelicans before joining the Cleveland Naps at the end of the 1910 season. He remained in Cleveland through the first part of 1915, he played the remainder of the 1915 season through 1920 with the Chicago White Sox, Jackson, who played left field for most of his career, currently has the third-highest career batting average in major league history. In 1911, Jackson hit for a.408 average and it is still the sixth-highest single-season total since 1901, which marked the beginning of the modern era for the sport. His average that also set the record for batting average in a single season by a rookie. Babe Ruth said that he modeled his hitting technique after Jacksons, Jackson still holds the Indians and White Sox franchise records for both triples in a season and career batting average. In 1999, he ranked number 35 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, the fans voted him as the 12th-best outfielder of all-time. He also ranks 33rd on the all-time list for non-pitchers according to the win shares formula developed by Bill James, Jackson was born in Pickens County, South Carolina, the oldest son in the family. His father George was a sharecropper, he moved the family to Pelzer, South Carolina, a few years afterwards the family moved to a company town called Brandon Mill, on the outskirts of Greenville, South Carolina. An attack of measles almost killed him when he was 10 and he was in bed for two months, paralyzed while he was nursed back to health by his mother. Starting at the age of 6 or 7, Jackson worked in one of the textile mills as a linthead. Family finances required Joe to take 12-hour shifts in the mill and his lack of education ultimately became an issue throughout Jacksons life. It even affected the value of his memorabilia in the market, because Jackson was illiterate. Consequently, anything actually autographed by Jackson himself brings a premium when sold, in restaurants, rather than ask someone to read the menu to him, he would wait until his teammates ordered and then order one of the items that he heard. In 1900, when he was 13 years old, his mother was approached by one of the owners of the Brandon Mill and he was the youngest player on the team. He was paid $2.50 to play on Saturdays and he was originally placed as a pitcher, but one day he accidentally broke another players arm with a fastball. No one wanted to bat against him so the manager of the team placed him in the outfield and his hitting ability made him a celebrity around town
