1.
Brooklyn, New York
–
Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
Brooklyn, New York
–
Clockwise from top left:
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones,
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch,
Brooklyn Borough Hall,
Coney Island
Brooklyn, New York
–
Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Brooklyn, New York
–
Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
Brooklyn, New York
–
A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from
The Brooklyn Museum.
2.
James Stacy
–
Maurice William Elias, known professionally as James Stacy, was an American film and television actor. In 1973, Stacy was hit by a driver while driving his motorcycle, resulting in the amputation of his left leg and arm. He returned to acting in 1975 before retiring in 1991, Stacy was born Maurice William Elias on December 23,1936, in Los Angeles to an Irish-Scottish waitress and a Lebanese-American bookmaker. Stacy made his debut in Sayonara in 1957, and his television debut in Highway Patrol. He had a role as Fred in The Adventures of Ozzie. During the 1960s he made guest appearances in shows, including Gunsmoke, Hazel, The Donna Reed Show, Have Gun - Will Travel, Combat. Stacy is perhaps best remembered as a star of the western series Lancer, along with Andrew Duggan, Wayne Maunder, Lancer aired on CBS from 1968 to 1970. Stacy played the character Johnny Madrid Lancer, a former gunslinger, Stacy also acted in several motion pictures from the 1950s through the 1970s, including a minor part in the musical South Pacific. On September 27,1973, Stacy was taking Claire Cox for a ride on his motorcycle in the Hollywood Hills when a driver struck them. She died and Stacy lost his arm and leg. Stacys ex-wife, actress and singer Connie Stevens, organized a 1974 celebrity gala to raise money for his expenses, the gala, whose attendees included Frank Sinatra and Barbra Streisand, raised $118,000 for his expenses. In 1976, he won a $1.9 million lawsuit against the bar that had served the drunk driver, after his recovery, Stacy appeared in roles created to accommodate his disability. His comeback film was the 1975 Kirk Douglas Western Posse, in which he was cast as newspaper editor Harold Hellman, in 1977, he starred in the TV movie Just a Little Inconvenience, playing a double-amputee Vietnam veteran. The role earned him his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama or Comedy Special, in 1980, Stacy starred in and produced the TV movie, My Kidnapper, My Love. His brother, Louie Elias, an actor and stuntman, wrote the screenplay, based on the novel by Oscar Saul. Elias was also the associate producer, other television appearances included Hotel, Cagney & Lacey, and Highway to Heaven. His last TV role was in five 1990 episodes of the cop series Wiseguy and he married actress and singer Connie Stevens on October 12,1963, in Hollywood. They were divorced in November 1966, stacys second marriage was to actress Kim Darby in 1968
James Stacy
–
Stacy in 1968
3.
Eddie Fisher (singer)
–
Edwin John Eddie Fisher was an American singer and actor. He was the most successful pop singles artist during the first half of the 1950s, selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show. Fisher divorced his first wife, actress Debbie Reynolds, to marry Reynolds best friend, actress Elizabeth Taylor, after Taylors husband, the scandalous affair was widely reported, bringing unfavorable publicity to Fisher. Fisher fathered Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher with Reynolds, and Joely Fisher, Fisher was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the fourth of seven children born to Gitte and Joseph Tisch, who were Russian Jewish immigrants. His fathers surname was originally Tisch, but was changed to Fisher by the time of the 1940 census, to his family, Fisher was always called Sonny Boy, a nickname derived from the song of the same name in Al Jolsons film The Singing Fool. Fisher attended Thomas Junior High School, South Philadelphia High School and it was known at an early age that he had talent as a vocalist, and he started singing in numerous amateur contests, which he usually won. He made his debut on WFIL, a local Philadelphia radio station. He also performed on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts, a radio show that later moved to television. Because he became a star, Fisher dropped out of high school in the middle of his senior year to pursue his career. By 1946, Fisher was crooning with the bands of Buddy Morrow and he was heard in 1949 by Eddie Cantor at Grossingers Catskill Resort Hotel in the Borscht Belt. Cantors so-called discovery of Fisher was later described as a contrived, manipulated arrangement by Milton Blackstone. After performing on Cantors radio show he was an instant hit and he then signed a recording contract with RCA Victor. Fisher was drafted into the U. S. Army in 1951, sent to Fort Hood, Texas for basic training, and served a year in Korea. From 1952 to 1953, he was the vocal soloist for The United States Army Band. During his active duty period, he made occasional guest television appearances, in uniform. After his discharge, he began to sing in top nightclubs and had a variety television series, Fishers strong and melodious tenor made him a teen idol and one of the most popular singers of the early 1950s. He had 17 songs in the Top 10 on the charts between 1950 and 1956 and 35 in the Top 40. In 1956, Fisher costarred with then-wife Debbie Reynolds in the musical comedy Bundle of Joy and he played a dramatic role in the 1960 drama Butterfield 8 with second wife Elizabeth Taylor
Eddie Fisher (singer)
–
c. 1960
4.
Joely Fisher
–
Joely Fisher is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her work on television as Paige Clark on Ellen as well as Joy Stark in the Fox sitcom Til Death, Fisher was born in Burbank, California, the daughter of singer Eddie Fisher and actress Connie Stevens. Her younger sister is actress Tricia Leigh Fisher and she is the half-sister of actress Carrie Fisher and producer Todd Fisher, from her fathers previous marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds. Her parents divorced when she was age two, and she was raised by her mother, Fisher and her sister toured the world with Stevens, attending different schools and having tutors. Fisher graduated from Beverly Hills High School, then attended Emerson College in Boston and she was named Miss Golden Globe at the 1992 Golden Globe Awards. Her first movie role was Averil in the comedy Pretty Smart, Joely then played Kris in TVs Schoolbreak Special drama Dedicated to the One I Love opposite Danielle Ferland. Next came the feature Ill Do Anything starring Nick Nolte, which helped her career as bigger roles followed. She had a variety of guest roles on such as Growing Pains, Blossom, Caroline in the City, The Golden Palace, The Outer Limits, Grace Under Fire. In 1994, she was cast as Paige Clark on the sitcom Ellen and she played the role until the series ended in 1998. That same year, she earned a Golden Globe Award nomination and she also sang the theme song Who has a perfect smile. Who has a style, who likes to hang out with her friends. She followed Ellen with the role of Dr. Brenda Bradford in the feature movie Inspector Gadget opposite Matthew Broderick, Fishers Broadway debut was as a replacement in the revival of Grease. She was also a replacement in the revival of Cabaret, from 2003 until 2005, she starred in the Lifetime networks drama series Wild Card as insurance investigator Zoe Busiek. After that, she had a role as Lynettes boss Nina on Desperate Housewives. From 2006 until 2010, Fisher starred opposite actor Brad Garrett as Joy Stark in the Fox TV sitcom Til Death, joelys singing career not only snatched her up in Broadway roles, but she even performed songs for CD Albums. Her beautiful vocals can be heard in CDs from Celine Dion, Harold Arlen, Cole Porter, Lerner, Lowe & Lane, and La Del Rey. Joely, along with mother Connie Stevens and sister Tricia Leigh Fisher even had their own versions of Christmas songs in the 1993 holiday album, Tradition, Fisher married cinematographer Christopher Duddy in 1996. They have three daughters, Skylar Grace, True Harlow, and Olivia Luna and she is also stepmother to Duddys two sons, Cameron and Collin
Joely Fisher
–
Joely Fisher in November 2007
Joely Fisher
–
Fisher in May 2014
5.
John Megna
–
John Megna was an American actor. His best known role is that of Charles Baker Dill Harris in the film To Kill A Mockingbird, Megna was born in Queens, New York, as John Ingolia. His father was a pharmacist, and his mother was a nightclub singer. He was a half-brother of Connie Stevens and an ex-brother-in-law of Eddie Fisher and he attended Holy Cross High School in Flushing, New York. At age 6, Megna made his debut in Frank Loessers Broadway musical Greenwillow. At 7, he starred in All the Way Home, an adaptation of James Agees novel about the effect of a death on his family. This led to his being cast as Charles Baker Dill Harris, the character was based on writer Truman Capote, a childhood friend and later associate of Harper Lee, the author of the original novel. Megna appeared in television programs throughout the 1960s and 1970s. One of the Onlies in the Miri episode of Star Trek, The Original Series, Stephan in I Spy, and Little Adam in the NASA-produced animated shorts The Big World of Little Adam. His other film appearances include Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte, The Godfather, Part II, The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with John Travolta, and Go Tell the Spartans with Burt Lancaster. He also acted in two films starring Burt Reynolds and directed by Hal Needham – Smokey and the Bandit II. Megna graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, as an arts major. As an adult, he turned to directing plays and he was the founding director of L. A. Arts, a nonprofit theater group in Los Angeles. He later became a high school English teacher, and last taught at James Monroe High School in North Hills, John Megna died from AIDS-related complications on September 4,1995, at Midway Hospital in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 42. Butch and Sundance, The Early Days - Outlaw Smokey and the Bandit II - P. T, the Cannonball Run - Arthur Rose The Ratings Game - Al John Megna at the Internet Movie Database John Megna at Memory Alpha
John Megna
–
in the
Star Trek episode
Miri (1966)
6.
Hawaiian Eye
–
Hawaiian Eye is an American detective television series that ran from October 1959 to April 1963 on the ABC television network. Private investigator Tracy Steele and his partner, Tom Lopaka, own Hawaiian Eye. Their principal client is the Hawaiian Village Hotel, which in exchange for security services, provides the agency with a private compound on the hotel grounds. Engineer turned detective Greg McKenzie, joins the agency later on as a full partner, Hawaiian Eye was one of several ABC/Warner Brothers Television detective series of the era situated in different exotic locales. Others included Hollywood-based 77 Sunset Strip, Bourbon Street Beat, set in New Orleans, in reality, all were shot on the Warner Brothers lot in Los Angeles, making it easy for characters—and sometimes whole scripts—to cross over. Although the shows arent spin-offs in the sense, Sunset was the first in this chain of exotic location detective series. In this regard, Hawaiian Eye was the most viable of the Sunset look-alikes, the shows debut coincided with several real-world developments that helped contribute to its longevity. Kaiser, whose real estate projects in Honolulu included building the complex originally known as Kaisers Hawaiian Village. The program did well in the ratings on Wednesday evenings, in its last season, it was placed on the Tuesday schedule opposite CBSs The Red Skelton Show and a new NBC Western drama Empire set on a modern New Mexico ranch. Skelton survived the competition, and Empire was cut to a program called Redigo the following season and was soon cancelled. Each episode in season 3 followed the Hanna-Barbera cartoon show, Top Cat, the series regulars, who were shown during the opening credits, are listed below in the order in which they debuted during the shows four-year run. Lt. Danny Quon, played by Mel Prestidge, was the Hawaiian Eyes main contact with the Honolulu Police Department, moke, played by Doug Mossman, was the chief uniformed security officer for Hawaiian Eye. He went by several variant names in the first season before the writers settled on one. Paul, played by Andre Philippe, was the MC at the Shell Bar in the Hawaiian Village Hotel, bert, played by Sam Rawlins, was the doorman at the Hawaiian Village Hotel. Teo, played by actors including Ralph Hanalei and Keone, was a uniformed security guard for the Hawaiian Eye agency. Roy Hondine, played by Rush Williams, was a columnist for a major Honolulu newspaper, sunny Day, played by Tina Cole, was a singer at the Shell Bar in the Hawaiian Village Hotel. The role was created after Connie Stevens temporarily left the series in the season over a contract dispute. Alika, played by Makee K. Blaisdell, was a detective for the Hilo police force, bubbles Smith, played by Karen Griffin, was a temporary girlfriend of Tom Lopaka in several second-season episodes
Hawaiian Eye
–
Robert Conrad,
Connie Stevens,
Anthony Eisley, and Poncie Ponce in Hawaiian Eye
7.
Italians
–
Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
Italians
–
Amerigo Vespucci, the notable geographer and traveller from whose name the word
America is derived.
Italians
Italians
–
Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of the
New World.
Italians
–
Laura Bassi, the first chairwoman of a university in a scientific field of studies.
8.
Irish people
–
The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
Irish people
–
Carrowmore tomb, circa 3000 BC
Irish people
–
Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish scientist and
father of chemistry, whose family obtained land in the plantations
Irish people
–
Finnian of Clonard imparting his blessing to the "
Twelve Apostles of Ireland "
Irish people
–
Irish Gaels in a painting from the 16th century
9.
German Jews
–
Jewish settlers founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community in the Early and High Middle Ages. The community survived under Charlemagne, but suffered during the Crusades, accusations of well poisoning during the Black Death led to mass slaughter of German Jews, and they fled in large numbers to Poland. The Jewish communities of the cities of Mainz, Speyer, and this was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews resulting in increased trade and prosperity. The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany, Entire communities, like those of Trier, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, were murdered. The war upon the Hussite heretics became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews, the end of the 15th century was a period of religious hatred that ascribed to Jews all possible evils. The atrocities during the Khmelnytsky Uprising committed by Khmelnytskyis Cossacks drove the Polish Jews back into western Germany, with Napoleons fall in 1815, growing nationalism resulted in increasing repression. From August to October 1819, pogroms that came to be known as the Hep-Hep riots took place throughout Germany, during this time, many German states stripped Jews of their civil rights. As a result, many German Jews began to emigrate, from the time of Moses Mendelssohn until the 20th century, the community gradually achieved emancipation, and then prospered. In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews lived in Germany, however, following the growth of Nazism and its antisemitic ideology and policies, the Jewish community was severely persecuted. Over half emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship, in 1933, persecution of the Jews became an active Nazi policy. In 1935 and 1936, the pace of persecution of the Jews increased, in 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from exerting any influence in education, politics, higher education, and industry. The SS ordered the Night of Broken Glass to be carried out the night of November 9–10,1938, the storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. Increasing antisemitism prompted a wave of a Jewish mass emigration from Germany throughout the 1930s, only roughly 214,000 Jews were left in Germany proper on the eve of World War II. Beginning in late 1941, the community was subjected to systematic deportations to ghettos. In May 1943, Germany was declared judenrein, by the end of the war, an estimated 160,000 to 180,000 German Jews had been killed under the Nazi regime, by the Germans and their collaborators. A total of about 6 million European Jews were murdered under the direction of the Nazis, after the war, the Jewish community in Germany started to slowly grow again. Currently in Germany, denial of the Holocaust or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust is a criminal act, violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. In 2007, the Interior Minister of Germany, Wolfgang Schäuble, pointed out the policy of Germany, We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia
German Jews
–
Felix Mendelssohn
German Jews
–
Max Liebermann
German Jews
–
Emile Berliner
German Jews
–
Jews of Germany, 13th century
10.
Polish Jews
–
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 800 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world, Poland was the centre of Jewish culture thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, from the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus Iudaeorum, it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities, according to some sources, about three-quarters of the worlds Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife, Polands traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population. At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, one-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries, statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0. 1% of Polish gentiles collaborated with the Nazis. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust, britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most of the remaining Jews left Poland in late 1968 as the result of the Soviet-sponsored anti-Zionist campaign. After the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, the situation of Polish Jews became normalized, Religious institutions were revived, largely through the activities of Jewish foundations from the United States. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century, by travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, Jewish merchants, known as Radhanites, crossed the areas of Silesia. In the summer of 965 or 966 Jacob made a trade and diplomatic journey from his native Toledo in Moslem Spain to the Holy Roman Empire, the first actual mention of Jews in Polish chronicles occurs in the 11th century. It appears that Jews were then living in Gniezno, at time the capital of the Polish kingdom of the Piast dynasty. Among the first Jews to arrive in Poland were those banished from Prague, the first permanent Jewish community is mentioned in 1085 by a Jewish scholar Jehuda ha-Kohen in the city of Przemyśl. The first extensive Jewish emigration from Western Europe to Poland occurred at the time of the First Crusade in 1098. Under Bolesław III, the Jews, encouraged by the tolerant regime of this ruler, settled throughout Poland, Bolesław III recognized the utility of Jews in the development of the commercial interests of his country
Polish Jews
–
Moses Isserles
Polish Jews
–
Zivia Lubetkin
Polish Jews
–
Stanisław Ulam
Polish Jews
–
Julian Tuwim
11.
Catholic
–
The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
Catholic
–
Ruins of gothic Catholic church in
Liptovská Mara (
Slovakia).
Catholic
–
Ancient statue of
Saint Peter in the Basilica dedicated to him in the
Vatican.
Catholic
–
An
Italian priest during the sacrament of
Baptism
12.
Boarding school
–
A boarding school is a school at which most or all of the students live during the part of the year that they go to lessons. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board, i. e. lodging, some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution by day and return to their families in the evenings. Many independent schools are boarding schools, Boarding school pupils normally return home during the school holidays and often weekends, but in some cultures may spend most of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. In the United States, boarding schools comprise various grades, most commonly grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years, other schools are for younger children, grades two through eight. A military school, or military academy, also features military education, in the former Soviet Union schools were introduced, these sometimes are known as Internat-schools. Some schools were a type of specialized school with a focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports. Other schools were associated with orphanages after all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs, general schools offered extended stay programs featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work. In post-soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country, the term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has separate residential houses, either within the school grounds or in the surrounding area. Pupils generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds, they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times, depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options, full, weekly, or on a flexible schedule. Each may be assisted in the management of the house by a housekeeper often known as matron. In the U. S. boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm and they also have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older pupils are often unsupervised by staff, and a system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior pupils, houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In others, separate houses accommodate needs of different years or classes, in some schools, day pupils are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Each student has a timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the day to include sports, clubs and societies
Boarding school
–
Boarding house of the
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney, Australia
Boarding school
–
Anderson Hall at
Asheville School in
Asheville, North Carolina, is one of three residential halls at the co-ed college preparatory boarding school for students in grades 9 through 12. Founded in 1900, Asheville School has more than 75% of its students living on campus.
Boarding school
–
Dormitory at
The Armidale School, Australia, 1898
Boarding school
–
Schloss Torgelow, a renowned
Gymnasium boarding school in
Germany, that leads to the prestigious
Abitur exams.
13.
Boonville, Missouri
–
Boonville is a city in Cooper County, Missouri, USA. The population was 8,319 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Cooper County. The city was the site of an early in the American Civil War on July 17,1861. The area has been called Boones Lick and the route from the lick to St. Charles/St, Louis, Missouri is called the Boones Lick Trail. The eastern terminus near Boonville at Franklin, Missouri is considered the start of the Santa Fe Trail. The first pioneers were Hannah and Stephen Cole, who settled in 1810, during skirmishes with Native Americans in the War of 1812 they moved to a fort on the north side of the Missouri River. That fort subsequently became the first county seat of Howard County, after the war, the town was formally laid out in 1817 by Asa Morgan and Charles Lucas. Boonville was named the county seat in 1818, the Cooper County Jail was built in 1848 and remained in place until 1979 with a claim that it was the longest-serving jail in Missouri history. In 1855, Thespian Hall opened and now claims to be the oldest continuously running theatre west of the Allegheny Mountains, more than 400 buildings are listed on National Register of Historic Places listings in Cooper County, Missouri. The city was a target because of its location on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. The track was taken over by the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad. In the 1980s, the section that traversed the town was converted to parkland. Today, the Katy Trail is the longest rails to trails system in the United States, in 2008, Anheuser-Busch InBev opened the Warm Springs Ranch west of Boonville as the primary breeding farm for the Budweiser Clydesdales. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.21 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,319 people,2,918 households, the population density was 1,207.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,294 housing units at a density of 478.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 83. 1% White,13. 3% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 9% of the population. 32. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.94
Boonville, Missouri
–
MKT Depot and Bridge on the Katy Trail
14.
The Lettermen
–
The Lettermen is an American male pop vocal trio. The Lettermens trademark is close-harmony pop songs with light arrangements and they have had two Top 10 singles,16 Top 10 singles on the Adult Contemporary chart,32 consecutive Billboard Magazine chart albums,11 gold records, and five Grammy nominations. A Lettermen group was formed in the late 1950s by Mike Barnett, Dick Stewart and they auditioned for Jackie Barnett for the Newcomers of 1928 revue. It was Barnett who gave the group their name, now as The Lettermen, they landed the part to impersonate The Rhythm Boys, the vocal group that traveled with Paul Whiteman and his orchestra in the late 1920s, and gave Bing Crosby his initial fame. The Newcomers of 1928 revue opened on 28 February 1958 at the Desert Inn in Las Vegas, Nevada and also starred Paul Whiteman, Buster Keaton, Rudy Vallée, Harry Richman and they played to sell-out audiences and were held over for many weeks. Continuing with a tryout at the Deauville Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida. Barnett and Russell were replaced by Gary Clarke and Jerry Paul, when the tryout ended, Butala landed a job as singer/bass player in a lounge group, Bill Norvis and the Upstarts, with Gary Clarke. After a few months, Clarke left the group and was replaced by Jim Pike, Pike and Butala decided to leave the Upstarts and form a new group although they had not yet decided to use the Lettermen name. Pike envisioned a group each member was an excellent soloist as well as a great group singer. Pike and Butala joined with the third Letterman, Bob Engemann, the combination of Pike, Engemann and Butala first recorded in 1960. Karl Engemann years later became Marie Osmonds personal manager for many years, Pike, Butala, and Engemann as The Lettermen released two singles in 1960 for Warner Bros. The A-sides were Two Hearts and Their Hearts Were Full of Spring, karl Engemann moved on to Capitol Records as President of A&R. He got them out of their contract at Warner Bros. and made an appointment for them to see Nick Venet, a producer at Capitol, and they signed there. There was another Lettermen group in the late 1950s and early 1960s that recorded for Liberty Records, an R&B group with five members, about that same time there was a third group called the Lettermen Trio, headed up by Sammy Vandenburg, who also had no record success. But the Lettermen of Pike, Engemann, and Butala had the first hit record, the Lettermen were unknown until they signed with Capitol Records in 1961. Their first single for Capitol, The Way You Look Tonight, succeeded on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart and their next, When I Fall in Love, reached the Top 10 in late 1962 and hit No.1 on AC. They had several other Top 10 AC hits, such as 1965s Theme From A Summer Place, in late 1967 Bob Engemann resigned and was replaced by Jim Pikes younger brother, Gary Pike. The last successful single was in 1971, John Lennons Love, the Lettermen have had two Top 10 singles,16 Top 10 Adult Contemporary singles, including one Adult Contemporary No
The Lettermen
–
The trio in 1964.
15.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
16.
San Fernando Valley
–
The San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in Los Angeles County, California, defined by the mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it. Home to 1.8 million people, it lies north of the larger, nearly two thirds of the valleys land area is part of the city of Los Angeles. The other incorporated cities in the valley are Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills, the Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek and Bell Creek, between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Ave. in Canoga Park. These creeks headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the rivers two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin, a seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, the elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about 600 ft to 1,200 ft above sea level. Universal City, an enclave in the part of the valley, is unincorporated land housing the Universal Studios filming lot. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, in this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the missions support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops. The San Fernando Valley contains five incorporated cities—Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas—and part of a sixth, Los Angeles, the unincorporated communities are governed by the County of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city districts,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city,34 are in the valley, the valley is represented in the California State Legislature by seven members of the State Assembly and five members of the State Senate. The valley is divided into five congressional districts, the San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections. This is especially true in the areas which include Sherman Oaks. The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a station, municipal and superior courts. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge, many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley. For independent libraries see Incorporated Cities in the Municipalities and districts list below, Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, and independent valley city departments
San Fernando Valley
–
San Fernando Valley
San Fernando Valley
–
The West Valley Regional Branch of the
Los Angeles Public Library, in
Reseda
San Fernando Valley
–
Panorama of San Fernando Valley from Universal Studios
San Fernando Valley
–
Mission San Fernando: in a circa 1900 postcard
17.
B movie
–
A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie, but one that is not an arthouse film. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, although the U. S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s, the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today. In either usage, most B movies represent a particular genre—the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple, while low-budget science-fiction, early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character. Almost always shorter than the films they were paired with. The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners, latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels, but series are less common. As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased, so did that of B pictures, the term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted, mainstream films with exploitation-style content, usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie. From their beginnings to the present day, B movies have provided both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning. Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies and they are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established, and they have provided work for former A movie actors, such as Vincent Price and Karen Black. Some actors, such as Bela Lugosi, Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier, the term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures. In 1927–28, at the end of the silent era, the production cost of a feature from a major Hollywood studio ranged from $190,000 at Fox to $275,000 at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That average reflected both specials that might cost as much as $1 million and films made quickly for around $50,000. These cheaper films allowed the studios to derive value from facilities. Studios in the leagues of the industry, such as Columbia Pictures and Film Booking Offices of America. Their movies, with short running times, targeted theaters that had to economize on rental and operating costs, particularly small-town and urban neighborhood venues. A new programming scheme developed that would become standard practice, a newsreel, a short and/or serial. The second feature, which screened before the main event. The majors clearance rules favoring their affiliated theaters prevented the independents timely access to top-quality films, the low-budget picture of the 1920s thus evolved into the second feature, the B movie, of Hollywoods Golden Age. The major studios, at first resistant to the double feature, all established B units to provide films for the expanding second-feature market
B movie
–
The "King of the Bs",
Roger Corman, produced and directed
The Raven (1963) for
American International Pictures.
Vincent Price headlines a cast of veteran
character actors along with a young
Jack Nicholson.
B movie
–
Columbia 's That Certain Thing (1928) was made for less than $20,000. Soon, director
Frank Capra 's association with Columbia would help vault the studio toward Hollywood's major leagues.
B movie
–
Warner Bros. 's Lights of New York (1928) was made for less than $23,000. Soon, director
Bryan Foy 's association with Vitaphone would help vault the studio toward Hollywood's major leagues.
18.
Jerry Lewis
–
Jerry Lewis AM is an American actor, comedian, singer, film producer, film director, screenwriter and humanitarian. He is known for his humor in film, television, stage. He and Dean Martin were partners as the hit popular comedy duo of Martin, following that success, he was a solo star in motion pictures, nightclubs, television shows, concerts, album recordings, and musicals. Lewis served as chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association and hosted the live Labor Day broadcast of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for 44 years. Lewis was born on March 16,1926 in Newark, New Jersey to Russian Jewish parents and his father, Daniel Levitch, was a master of ceremonies and vaudeville entertainer who used the professional name Danny Lewis. His mother, Rachel Levitch, was a player for a radio station. Lewis started performing at age five and would perform alongside his parents in the Catskill Mountains in New York State. By 15, he had developed his Record Act in which he exaggeratedly mimed the lyrics to songs on a phonograph and he used the professional name Joey Lewis but soon changed it to Jerry Lewis to avoid confusion with comedian Joe E. Lewis and heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis. Lewis then dropped out of Irvington High School in the tenth grade and he was a character even in his teenage years pulling pranks in his neighborhood including sneaking into kitchens to steal fried chicken and pies. During World War II, he was rejected for service because of a heart murmur. Lewis initially gained attention as part of an act with singer Dean Martin. The performers were different from most other acts of the time because they relied on their interaction instead of planned skits. They quickly rose to prominence, first with their popular nightclub act. The two men made many appearances on live television, their first on the June 20,1948. This was followed on October 3,1948, by an appearance on the NBC series Welcome Aboard, the duo began their Paramount film careers as ensemble players in My Friend Irma, based on the popular radio series of the same name. This was followed by a sequel My Friend Irma Goes West, All sixteen movies were produced by Hal B. Attesting the comedy teams popularity, DC Comics published the best-selling The Adventures of Dean Martin, in 1954, the boys appeared on episode 191 of Whats My Line. as mystery guests. As Martins roles in their films became less important over time the partnership came under strain, Martins participation became an embarrassment in 1954 when Look magazine used a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover but cropped Martin out of the photo
Jerry Lewis
–
1960s publicity photo
Jerry Lewis
–
With Dean Martin in 1950
Jerry Lewis
–
Martin and Lewis in 1955
Jerry Lewis
–
in The Jerry Lewis Show (1973)
19.
Rock-A-Bye Baby (film)
–
Rock-A-Bye Baby is a 1958 comedy film with songs, starring Jerry Lewis. A loose remake of Preston Sturges 1944 film The Miracle of Morgans Creek, the film was directed and written by Frank Tashlin, Clayton Poole is a small-town TV repairman whose former sweetheart, Carla Naples, is now a famous movie star. Carla marries a Mexican bullfighter and becomes pregnant, her husband dies the day after the wedding and her agent, Harold Herman tries to avoid a scandal by sending Carla back to the town where she grew up. The cover story is that she is going into seclusion to prepare for her next role, Carla turns to Clayton for help, and he agrees to care for the child once it is born. Carla gives birth to triplets, and Clayton discovers that he has to be married before he can adopt them and he marries Carlas younger sister, Sandy, who is in love with him. The press learns that the triplets are Carlas, and Carla tells reporters that she, now suspected of bigamy, Clayton goes into hiding with the triplets. Nine months later, Sandy gives birth to quintuplets, a statue of Clayton and his five babies is erected in front of the town courthouse. A picture of comedian Jack Benny was used as a photograph of Carlos, the Mexican bullfighter that Carla married, and the father of her triplets. George Sanders is listed in some cast lists for the film, the musical numbers in the film were staged by Nicholas Castle, Sr. Because of a strike, Walter Scharfs score had to be recorded in Mexico City in March 1958. Some reports maintain that Lewis himself conducted the 100-piece orchestra, Rock My Baby, Rock is a spoof of rock and roll music, with Lewis fronting a group dressed and equipped in similar fashion to Bill Haley & His Comets, and incorporating a drum solo performed by Lewis. Rock-a-Bye Baby was filmed from 18 November 1957 through 8 January 1958 and it went in general release shortly afterwords. The film was re-released in 1962 on a bill with another Jerry Lewis film. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 14,2012 through the Olive Films company, Rock-A-Bye Baby at the Internet Movie Database Rock-A-Bye Baby at the TCM Movie Database Rock-A-Bye Baby at AllMovie
Rock-A-Bye Baby (film)
–
theatrical poster
20.
Warner Brothers
–
Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
Warner Brothers
Warner Brothers
–
Warner Bros.
Warner Brothers
–
Lobby card from Open Your Eyes (1919)
Warner Brothers
–
Lobby card from
The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
21.
Robert Conrad
–
Robert Conrad Falk is an American film and television actor, singer, and stuntman. He may be best known for his role in the 1965–69 television series The Wild Wild West and he portrayed World War II ace Pappy Boyington in the television series Baa Baa Black Sheep. He was a recording artist of pop/rock songs in the early 1960s as Bob Conrad before he began his acting career and he has hosted a weekly two-hour national radio show on CRN Digital Talk Radio since 2008. Conrad was signed to Warner Bros. as an actor and he later released several recordings with Warner Bros on a variety of LPs, EPs, and SPs 33-1/3 and 45 rpm records during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He had a minor Billboard hit song in Bye Bye Baby which reached #113, in 1959, he played Billy the Kid in the episode Amnesty of Colt.45. In 1958, he appeared in the season of the James Garner series Maverick. Before The Wild Wild West, Conrad played Tom Lopaka on Hawaiian Eye, the show was a hit from 1959-63, both in the U. S. and overseas. In Mexico, he signed a contract with the Orfeon label. He played Eric Dean in Palm Springs Weekend, in 1964, he went to Spain and filmed La Nueva Cenicienta. In 1965, he garnered fame with his role in The Wild Wild West. He later starred in roles as prosecuting attorney Paul Ryan in the short-lived 1971 NBC series, The D. A. He starred in a episode of Mannix, called The Playground. He guest-starred as a killer for hire on an episode of Mission, the shows success led Conrad to win a Peoples Choice Award for Favorite Male Actor and a Golden Globe nomination for his performance. In 1978, he starred in the short-lived TV series The Duke, as Duke Ramsey, in 1980, he played a paraplegic coach in Coach of the Year. In the late 1970s, he served as the captain of the NBC team for six editions of Battle of the Network Stars and he also starred in the 1978 TV miniseries Centennial, based on the novel by James Michener. The commercial was parodied on Johnny Carsons The Tonight Show. In 1984, along with Red West from the Black Sheep series, Conrad starred in Hard Knox, playing Marine Aviator Joe Knox and that same year, he was awarded a star on the Walk of Western Stars in Newhall, California. In 1986, he was a special guest referee for the event at Wrestlemania 2 featuring Hulk Hogan vs King Kong Bundy inside a steel cage
Robert Conrad
–
Conrad in 1972
22.
CNN
–
The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
CNN
–
Replica of the newsroom at CNN Center.
CNN
–
CNN
CNN
–
Operation Desert Storm as captured live on a CNN
night vision camera with reporters narrating.
CNN
–
The stage for the second 2008
CNN-YouTube presidential debate.
23.
Larry King Live
–
Larry King Live is an American talk show that was hosted by Larry King on CNN from 1985 to 2010. It was CNNs most watched and longest-running program, with one million viewers nightly. Every night, King interviewed one or more prominent individuals, usually celebrities, politicians, the one-hour show was broadcast three times a day in some areas, and was seen all over the world on CNN International. On June 29,2010, King announced that the program would be coming to an end, the final edition of the program aired on December 16, but a new episode on the war against cancer aired two days later on December 18. Larry King mainly conducted interviews from the studio, but he also interviewed people on-site in the White House, their cells, their homes. Critics have claimed that Larry King asks soft questions in comparison to other interviewers and his reputation for asking easy, open-ended questions has made him attractive to important figures who want to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics. When interviewed on Late Night with Conan OBrien, King said that the secret to an interview is to get the guest to talk about him- or herself. A1996 interview in the Washington Post had King note that he sometimes slips hard questions in between softballs and he said that he tries to project an image of earnestness and sincerity in each interview, and the format of the show reinforces that. In response to softball questions accusations, King says, Ive never understood that, all Ive tried to do is ask the best questions I could think of, listen to the answers, and then follow up. I dont attack anybody – thats not my style – but I follow up, Ive asked people who say this, Whats a softball question. Theyll say, You say to some movie star, whats your next project, to me, thats not a softball. To me, thats interesting – what are you doing next, King accepted call-in questions on some nights. Callers were identified only by city and state/province, and generally not by name, occasionally, surprise guests telephoned the show and comment, like governors, royalty, and celebrities. At times, prank calls came in, during major election coverage, the program may center on political analysis and commentary, as the shows airing generally coincides with the closing of polls in many states. One of Kings recurring topics is the paranormal, a frequent guest is John Edward of the popular television show Crossing Over with John Edward. Edward comes on the show and gives callers a free chance to communicate, via him. King also had alleged psychics such as Sylvia Browne and James Van Praagh on from time to time to do readings, King sometimes allows skeptics such as James Randi to debate the psychics. In an April 2005 episode, King hosted a discussion regarding Evangelical, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim
Larry King Live
–
Larry King Live
Larry King Live
–
King interviewing
Vladimir Putin, September 8, 2000.
24.
Elvis Presley
–
Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film
Jailhouse Rock
Elvis Presley
–
Presley's birthplace in
Tupelo, Mississippi
Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a
Sun Records promotional photograph, 1954
Elvis Presley
–
The "iconic cover" of
Presley's 1956 debut album featuring a photo taken July 31, 1955, in Tampa, Florida
25.
James Garner
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James Garner was an American actor, producer, and voice artist. Garner was born in Norman, Oklahoma on April 7,1928 and he was the youngest of three sons of Weldon Warren Bumgarner and Mildred Scott. His older brothers were Jack Garner and Charles Bumgarner, an administrator who died in 1984. His mother died when he was 5 years old, after their mothers death, Garner and his brothers were sent to live with relatives. Garner was reunited with his family in 1934, when Weldon remarried, Garner came to hate one of his stepmothers, Wilma, who beat all three boys. He said that his stepmother also punished him by forcing him to wear a dress in public, when he was 14 years old, he fought with her, knocking her down and choking her to keep her from killing him in retaliation. She left the family and never returned and his brother Jack later commented, She was a damn no-good woman. Garners last stepmother was Grace, whom he said he loved and called Mama Grace, after the war, Garner joined his father in Los Angeles and enrolled at Hollywood High School, where he was voted the most popular student. A high school gym teacher recommended him for a job modeling Jantzen bathing suits and it paid well, but in his first interview for the Archives of American Television, he said he hated modeling, he soon quit and returned to Norman. He played football and basketball at Norman High School), and competed on the track, however, he dropped out in his senior year. In a 1976 Good Housekeeping magazine interview, he admitted, I was a student and I never actually graduated from high school. Shortly after his fathers marriage to Wilma broke up, his father moved to Los Angeles, leaving Garner, after working at several jobs he disliked, Garner joined the United States Merchant Marine at age 16 near the end of World War II. He liked the work and his shipmates, but he suffered from chronic seasickness, Garner enlisted in the California Army National Guard, serving his first 7 months in California. He then went to Korea for 14 months, as a rifleman in the 5th Regimental Combat Team during the Korean War, Garner received the Purple Heart in Korea for the first wound. He qualified for a second Purple Heart, but he did not actually receive it until 1983,32 years after the event, Garner was a self-described scrounger for his company in Korea, a role he later played in The Great Escape and The Americanization of Emily. During the week of Garners death, TCM broadcast most of his movies, introduced by Robert Osborne, Garner subsequently moved to television commercials and eventually to television roles. His first film appearances were in The Girl He Left Behind, Boyne, a librarian from 1997, and involved a 1997 Almanac that was mistakenly left in the past by Boyne and found by Johnny in a bookstore. He changed his last name from Bumgarner to Garner after the studio had credited him as James Garner without permission and he then legally changed it upon the birth of his first child, when he decided she had too many names
James Garner
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Garner in 1959
James Garner
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With
Karen Steele in 1957
James Garner
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Garner as Bret Maverick and
Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick
James Garner
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With
Bob Hope in a 1961 Hope TV special
26.
Maverick (TV series)
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Maverick is an American Western television series with comedic overtones created by Roy Huggins. The show ran from September 22,1957 to July 8,1962 on ABC and stars James Garner as Bret Maverick and they would typically find themselves weighing a financial windfall against a moral dilemma. More often than not, their consciences trumped their wallets since both Mavericks were intrinsically ethical, when Garner left the series after the third season due to a legal dispute, Roger Moore was added to the cast as their cousin Beau Maverick. Robert Colbert appeared later in the season as a third Maverick brother. No more than two of the series ever appeared together in the same episode, and usually only one. Budd Boetticher directed several of the episodes of the first season and Robert Altman wrote. The show was part of the Warner Bros. array of Westerns, which included Cheyenne, Colt.45, Lawman, Bronco, The Alaskans, Bret Maverick is the epitome of a poker-playing rounder, always seeking out high-stakes games and rarely remaining in one place for long. Staff casting their new television series, Maverick often bested The Ed Sullivan Show and The Steve Allen Show in the television ratings. Huggins inverted the usual cowboy hero characteristics familiar to television and movie viewers of the time, Bret Maverick was vocally reluctant to risk his life, though he typically ended up being courageous in spite of himself. He frequently flimflammed adversaries, but only those who deserved it, otherwise he was honest almost to a fault, in at least one case insisting on repaying a questionable large debt. None of the Mavericks were particularly fast draws with a pistol, Bart once commented to a lady friend, My brother Bret can outdraw me any day of the week, and hes known as the Second Slowest Gun in the West. However, it was almost impossible for anyone to beat them in any sort of a fistfight, critics have repeatedly referred to Bret Maverick as arguably the first TV anti-hero, and have praised the show for its photography and Garners charisma and subtly comedic facial expressions. Nonetheless, most TV anti-heroes, such as Eddie Haskell, Dr. Zachery Smith, and J. R. Ewing are at heart self-serving and egocentric, a description that does not fit any Maverick. Though Garner was originally supposed to be the only Maverick, the studio eventually hired Jack Kelly to play brother Bart, starting with the eighth episode. The producers had realized that it took over a week to shoot an episode, so Kelly was hired to rotate with Garner as the series lead. In Barts first episode, Hostage. in order to engender audience sympathy for the new character, there was however, one distinct—but accidental—difference between the two. Garners episodes tended to be more due to his obvious talent in that area. Huggins noted in the aforementioned Archive of American Television interview that Kelly, while funnier than Garner off camera, dropped a funny line while shooting a scene like a load of coal
Maverick (TV series)
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Title Card
Maverick (TV series)
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James Garner as
Bret Maverick and
Jack Kelly as
Bart Maverick
Maverick (TV series)
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Diane Brewster and Garner (1957)
Maverick (TV series)
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Garner and
Diane McBain (1959)
27.
Oscar Levant
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Oscar Levant was an American pianist, composer, author, comedian, and actor. He was as famous for his mordant character and witticisms, on the radio and in movies and television, as for his music. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1906, to an Orthodox Jewish family from Russia, Levant moved to New York in 1922, following the death of his father and he began studying under Zygmunt Stojowski, a well-established piano pedagogue. In 1924, aged 18, he appeared with Ben Bernie in a film, Ben Bernie and All the Lads. In 1928, Levant traveled to Hollywood, where his career took a turn for the better, during his stay, he met and befriended George Gershwin. From 1929 to 1948 he composed the music for more than twenty movies, during this period, he also wrote or co-wrote numerous popular songs that made the Hit Parade, the most noteworthy being Blame It on My Youth, now considered a standard. Around 1932, Levant began composing seriously and he studied under Arnold Schoenberg and impressed him sufficiently to be offered an assistantship. His formal studies led to a request by Aaron Copland to play at the Yaddo Festival of contemporary American music on April 30 of that year, successful, Levant began composing a new orchestral work, a sinfonietta. At this time, Levant was perhaps best known to American audiences as one of the panelists on the radio quiz show Information Please. Mr. Levant, as he was called, was often challenged with musical questions. Kieran praised Levant as having a genius for making offhand cutting remarks that couldnt have been sharper if hed honed them a week in his mind. Oscar was always good for a bright response edged with acid. Examples include I knew Doris Day before she was a virgin, I think a lot of Bernstein — but not as much as he does, from the 1930s through the mid-1950s, Levant appeared in a number of feature films, often playing a pianist or composer. From 1947 to 1949, Levant regularly appeared on NBC radios Kraft Music Hall and he not only accompanied singer Jolson on the piano with classical and popular songs, but often joked and ad-libbed with Jolson and his guests. The pairing of the two entertainers was inspired and their individual ties to George Gershwin—Jolson introduced Gershwins Swanee—undoubtedly had much to do with their rapport. Both Levant and Jolson appeared as themselves in the Gershwin biopic Rhapsody in Blue, in the early 1950s, Levant was an occasional panelist on the NBC game show Who Said That. in which celebrities would try to determine the speaker of quotations taken from recent news reports. Between 1958 and 1960, Levant hosted a talk show on KCOP-TV in Los Angeles, The Oscar Levant Show. It featured his piano playing along with monologues and interviews with guests such as Fred Astaire
Oscar Levant
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from the trailer for
Rhapsody in Blue (1945)
Oscar Levant
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Levant in
An American in Paris (1951)
Oscar Levant
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Crypt of Oscar Levant at Westwood Memorial Park
28.
George Gershwin
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George Jacob Gershwin was an American composer and pianist. Gershwins compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known, among his best-known works are the orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris as well as the opera Porgy and Bess. Gershwin studied piano under Charles Hambitzer and composition with Rubin Goldmark, Henry Cowell and he began his career as a song plugger, but soon started composing Broadway theatre works with his brother Ira Gershwin, and Buddy DeSylva. He moved to Paris intending to study with Nadia Boulanger, who refused him, after returning to New York City, he wrote Porgy and Bess with Ira and the author DuBose Heyward. Initially a commercial failure, Porgy and Bess is now considered one of the most important American operas of the twentieth century, Gershwin moved to Hollywood and composed numerous film scores until his death in 1937 from a malignant brain tumor – glioblastoma multiforme. Gershwins compositions have been adapted for use in films and for television. Many celebrated singers and musicians have covered his songs, Gershwin was of Russian Jewish and Ukrainian Jewish ancestry. His grandfather, Jakov Gershowitz, had served for 25 years as a mechanic for the Imperial Russian Army to earn the right of travel and residence as a Jew. His teenage son, Moishe Gershowitz, worked as a cutter for womens shoes. Moishe Gershowitz met and fell in love with Roza Bruskina, the daughter of a furrier in Vilnius. She and her family moved to New York due to increasing anti-Jewish sentiment in Russia, Moishe, faced with compulsory military service if he remained in Russia, moved to America as soon as he could afford to. Once in New York, he changed his first name to Morris, Gershowitz lived with a maternal uncle in Brooklyn, working as a foreman in a womens shoe factory. When he married Rose on July 21,1895, Gershowitz soon Americanized his name to Gershwine. Their first child was born on December 6,1896, Gershwin then moved his family into a second-floor apartment on Brooklyns Snediker Avenue. Their second son, soon to be renamed George, was born at there on September 26,1898 and his birth certificate identifies him as Jacob Gershwine, with the surname pronounced Gersh-vin in the Russian and Yiddish immigrant community. He was named after his grandfather, the one time Russian army mechanic, American practice by then was to give children a first and a middle name, but had no other. He changed the spelling of his name to Gershwin when he became a professional musician, George and Ira lived in many different residences, as their father changed dwellings with each new enterprise which he became involved in. Mostly, the boys grew up around the Yiddish Theater District and they frequented the local Yiddish theaters, with George occasionally appearing onstage as an extra
George Gershwin
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George Gershwin in 1937
George Gershwin
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George Gershwin, c. 1935.
George Gershwin
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Gershwin's mausoleum in
Westchester Hills Cemetery
George Gershwin
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Birthday party honoring
Maurice Ravel in New York City, March 8, 1928. From left:
Oskar Fried;
Éva Gauthier; Ravel at piano;
Manoah Leide-Tedesco; and George Gershwin.
29.
Ira Gershwin
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Ira Gershwin was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, composer George Gershwin, to create some of the most memorable songs of the 20th century. With George he wrote more than a dozen Broadway shows, featuring songs such as I Got Rhythm, Embraceable You, The Man I Love and he was also responsible, along with DuBose Heyward, for the libretto to Georges opera Porgy and Bess. The success the brothers had with their works has often overshadowed the creative role that Ira played. However, his mastery of songwriting continued after the death of George. He wrote additional hit songs with composers Jerome Kern, Kurt Weill, Gershwin was born Israel Gershowitz in New York City, the oldest of four children of Morris and Rose Gershovitz. He was followed by George in 1898, Arthur in 1900, Morris changed the family name to Gershwine, or alternatively Gershvin well before their children rose to fame. Shy in his youth, he spent much of his time at home reading and he graduated from Townsend Harris High School in 1914, where he met Yip Harburg, with whom he enjoyed a lifelong friendship, and a love of Gilbert and Sullivan. He attended the City College of New York but dropped out, the childhood home of Ira and George Gershwin was in the center of the Yiddish Theater District, on the second floor at 91 Second Avenue, between East 5th Street and East 6th Street. They frequented the local Yiddish theaters, while his younger brother began composing and plugging in Tin Pan Alley from the age of eighteen, Ira worked as a cashier in his fathers Turkish baths. It was not until 1921 that Ira became involved in the music business, alex Aarons signed Ira to write the songs for his next show, Two Little Girls in Blue, ultimately produced by Abraham Erlanger, along with co-composers Vincent Youmans and Paul Lannin. So as not to appear to trade off his brothers growing reputation, he wrote under the pseudonym Arthur Francis, Gershwins lyrics were well received, and allowed him to successfully enter the show-business world with just one show. Later the same year, the Gershwins collaborated for the first time on a score, for A Dangerous Maid and it was not until 1924 that Ira and George Gershwin teamed up to write the music for their first Broadway hit Lady, Be Good. Once the brothers joined forces, their combined talents became one of the most influential forces in the history of American Musical Theatre, when the Gershwins teamed up to write songs for Lady, Be Good, the American musical found its native idiom. Together, they wrote the music for more than twelve shows, some of their more famous works include The Man I Love, Fascinating Rhythm, Someone to Watch Over Me, I Got Rhythm and They Cant Take That Away from Me. Their partnership continued until Georges sudden death from a tumor in 1937. Following his brothers death, Ira waited nearly three years before writing again, after this temporary retirement, he teamed up with such accomplished composers as Jerome Kern, Kurt Weill, and Harold Arlen. Over the next fourteen years, Gershwin continued to write the lyrics for film scores. But the failure of Park Avenue in 1946, a show about divorce
Ira Gershwin
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Ira Gershwin
30.
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Charles Rodgers was an American composer of music for more than 900 songs and for 43 Broadway musicals. He also composed music for films and television and he is best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II. His compositions have had a significant impact on popular music up to the present day and he has also won a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of two people to receive each award. Richard began playing the piano at age six,10, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. Rodgers spent his teenage summers in Camp Wigwam where he composed some of his first songs. Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, and later collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University, at Columbia, Rodgers joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, Rodgers shifted his studies to the Institute of Musical Art, Rodgers was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern, as well as by the operettas his parents took him to see on Broadway when he was a child. In 1919, Richard met Lorenz Hart, thanks to Phillip Leavitt, Rodgers and Hart struggled for years in the field of musical comedy, writing several amateur shows. They made their debut with the song Any Old Place With You. Their first professional production was the 1920 Poor Little Ritz Girl and their next professional show, The Melody Man, did not premiere until 1924. When he was just out of college Rodgers worked as director for Lew Fields. Among the stars he accompanied were Nora Bayes and Fred Allen, Rodgers was considering quitting show business altogether to sell childrens underwear, when he and Hart finally broke through in 1925. They wrote the songs for a show presented by the prestigious Theatre Guild, called The Garrick Gaieties. Only meant to run one day, the Guild knew they had a success, the shows biggest hit — the song that Rodgers believed made Rodgers and Hart — was Manhattan. The two were now a Broadway songwriting force, throughout the rest of the decade, the duo wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London, including Dearest Enemy, The Girl Friend, Peggy-Ann, A Connecticut Yankee, and Present Arms. Their 1920s shows produced standards such as Here in My Arms, Mountain Greenery, Blue Room, My Heart Stood Still, with the Depression in full swing during the first half of the 1930s, the team sought greener pastures in Hollywood. Rodgers also wrote a melody for which Hart wrote three consecutive lyrics which either were cut, not recorded or not a hit, the fourth lyric resulted in one of their most famous songs, Blue Moon. In 1935, they returned to Broadway and wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows that only with Harts death in 1943
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Rodgers (seated) with
Lorenz Hart in 1936.
Richard Rodgers
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Rodgers was the subject of a two-part special on
Ed Sullivan 's Toast of the Town television show in 1952.
31.
Lorenz Hart
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Lorenz Milton Hart was the lyricist half of the Broadway songwriting team Rodgers and Hart. Hart was born in Harlem, the elder of two sons, to Jewish immigrant parents, Max M. and Frieda Hart, of German background and his father, a business promoter, sent Hart and his brother to private schools. Hart received his education from Columbia Grammar School and then attended Columbia University School of Journalism for two years. A friend introduced him to Richard Rodgers, and the two joined forces to write songs for a series of amateur and student productions, by 1918, Hart was working for the Shubert brothers, partners in theatre, translating German plays into English. In 1919, his and Rodgers song Any Old Place With You was included in the Broadway musical comedy A Lonely Romeo, in 1920, six of their songs were used in the musical comedy Poor Little Ritz Girl, which also had music by Sigmund Romberg. They were hired to write the score for the 1925 Theatre Guild production The Garrick Gaieties, Rodgers and Hart subsequently wrote the music and lyrics for 26 Broadway musicals during a more-than-20-year partnership that ended shortly before Harts early death. Their big four were Babes in Arms, The Boys From Syracuse, Pal Joey, the Rodgers and Hart songs have been described as intimate and destined for long lives outside the theater. Many of their songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz instrumentalists, notable singers who have performed and recorded their songs have included Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Blossom Dearie, and Carly Simon. Hart has been called the bard of the urban generation which matured during the interwar years. But the encomiums suggest that Larry Hart was a poet caused his friend, Larry in particular was primarily a showman. If you can manage to examine his songs technically, and for the moment elude their spell, you see that they are all meant to be acted. Rodgers and Hart wrote music and lyrics for films, including Love Me Tonight, The Phantom President, Hallelujah, Im a Bum. With their successes, during the Great Depression Hart was earning $60,000 annually, beginning in 1938, he traveled more often and suffered from his drinking. Nevertheless, Rodgers and Hart continued working together through mid-1942, with their new musical being 1942s By Jupiter. Rodgers then teamed with new partner Oscar Hammerstein II for the 1943 musical Oklahoma, Hart, meanwhile, was much affected by his mothers death in late April 1943. Regrouping somewhat, Rodgers and Hart teamed a final time in the fall of 1943 for a revival of A Connecticut Yankee, one new number, To Keep My Love Alive, was written for this reworked version of the play, it would prove to be Harts last lyric. Hart had taken off the night of the opening and was gone for two days and he was found ill in a hotel room and taken to the hospital, but died within a few days. After Harts death, Rodgers continued his collaboration with Oscar Hammerstein II, theirs was a long and successful collaboration, one which made them one of the most successful composing teams of the 20th century
Lorenz Hart
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Lorenz Hart (right) with
Richard Rodgers in 1936
32.
List of Maverick episodes
–
Unusually for an American television program, Mavericks main cast varied episodically between Garner, Kelly, Moore or Colbert. As such, the starring cast for each episode is listed alongside other details. Most episodes feature one of the lead characters named Maverick. Samantha Crawford, Diane Brewster Dandy Jim Buckley, Efrem Zimbalist, with episode eight, hes joined by Jack Kelly as brother Bart Maverick. From that point on, the two leads from week to week, sometimes teaming up for the occasional episode. Recurring characters include rival gamblers/operators Samantha Crawford, Dandy Jim Buckley, the entire first season was released by Warner Bros. on DVD in mid-2012. Garner and Kelly continue as alternating leads, with the odd team-up episode, semi-regulars Samatha Crawford and Dandy Jim Buckley exit partway through the season, new semi-regulars include Cindy Lou Brown and Gentleman Jack Darby. Big Mike McComb also returns from the first season, writer/creator Roy Huggins leaves the show. Garner and Kelly remain the leads, of the recurring characters, only Gentleman Jack Darby returns for season 3, and only for one episode. Jack Kelly stays on as Bart Maverick, who now alternates the lead with Roger Moore as cousin Beau Maverick, Kelly and Moore are also featured in three two-cousin episodes. With the exception of a single episode held over from the third season. Before the end of the season, Moore also leaves, at the very end of the season, Moore is briefly replaced by Garner lookalike Robert Colbert as Barts brother Brent Maverick, who dresses in Bret Mavericks most frequent costume. Peter Breck would make one appearance as Doc Holliday in this season, all previous semi-regulars are dropped for this season, including the new characters, just introduced in season 3. Modesty would eventually return for one episode in season 5 -- but played by Kathleen Crowley, Jack Kelly is now the sole star of new Maverick offerings. However, Garners name once again appears in the series opening credits before all the newly produced shows. Peter Breck returns as Doc Holliday, becoming a semi-regular in these final episodes and he appears in 4 of the 13 episodes produced for this season, including the series finale. Mike Road appears as Pearly Gates in two episodes, alongside Kathleen Crowley as Gates companion Marla, Crowley also appears in the final episode as Modesty Blaine, a semi-regular role earlier played by Mona Freeman
List of Maverick episodes
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Karen Steele and
James Garner in first episode
List of Maverick episodes
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James Garner as Bret Maverick
List of Maverick episodes
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James Garner as Bret Maverick (left) and
Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick
List of Maverick episodes
–
James Garner and
Jack Kelly as Bret and Bart
33.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
Western (genre)
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Justus D. Barnes, from
The Great Train Robbery
Western (genre)
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The
Lone Ranger; a famous heroic
gunslinger
Western (genre)
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Gary Cooper in
Vera Cruz
Western (genre)
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Western set at
Universal Studios in
Hollywood
34.
77 Sunset Strip
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77 Sunset Strip is an American television private detective series created by Roy Huggins and starring Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Roger Smith, and Edd Byrnes. Each episode was one hour long, the show was the subject of an ownership battle between Roy Huggins and Warner Bros. which was the proximate cause of Huggins departure from the studio. The show ran from 1958 to 1964, Roger Smith played Jeff Spencer, also a former government agent, and a nonpracticing attorney. The duo worked out of an office at 77 Sunset Boulevard, between La Cienega Boulevard and Alta Loma Road on the south side of the strip next door to Dean Martins real-life lounge. Suzanne, the beautiful French switchboard operator played by Jacqueline Beer, Byrnes had originally been cast as a contract killer in the series pilot, but proved so popular that he was brought back in a new role for the series. Despite Huggins hopes for a drama, the tone of the series was much lighter. Many of the episodes were named capers, the catchy theme song, written by the accomplished team of Mack David and Jerry Livingston, typified the shows breezy, jazzed atmosphere. The song became the centerpiece of an album of the music in Warren Barker-led orchestrations, which was released in 1959. The Kookie character became a phenomenon, with his slang expressions such as ginchy. Kookie was also used to provide product placement for Harley-Davidson, appearing on their Topper motor scooter in the show and in Harley-Davidson advertisements. When Byrnes demands for money and an expanded role were not met, he left the show. In 1961, Robert Logan became the new parking lot attendant, J. R. Hale, in 1960, Richard Long moved from the recently canceled detective series Bourbon Street Beat with his role of Rex Randolph, but he left the program in 1962. One of the more unusual episodes was the 1960 The Silent Caper, written by Smith, it presented its story completely without dialogue. Another off-beat entry was 1961s Reserved For Mr. Bailey, which finds Zimbalist alone in a ghost town and he is the only actor on-screen for the entire hour. The shows popularity was such that rising young actors clamored for guest spots, the show occasionally featured sports stars such as Sandy Koufax in guest roles. In 1963, as the popularity waned, the entire cast except for Zimbalist was let go. Jack Webb was brought in as producer and William Conrad as director. The character of Stuart Bailey became a private investigator
77 Sunset Strip
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Louis Quinn and
Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., 1962.
77 Sunset Strip
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Roger Smith with guest stars
Biff Elliot and Maureen Leeds, 1961.
77 Sunset Strip
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"Kookie" and
Sue Randall, 1964.
77 Sunset Strip
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Andra Martin as a guest star on 77 Sunset Strip with
Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., 1960.
35.
Edd Byrnes
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Edd Byrnes is an American actor best known for his starring role in the television series 77 Sunset Strip. He also was featured in the 1978 film Grease as television show host Vince Fontaine. He was born Edward Byrne Breitenberger and he had two siblings, Vincent and Jo-Ann. When he was 13, his father died and he then dropped his last name in favor of Byrnes based on the name of his maternal grandfather, a fireman. His enduring and most famous role was as Gerald Lloyd Kookie Kookson III, efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Kookie frequently acted as an unlicensed, protégé detective who helped the private eyes on their cases based upon the word heard from Kookies street informants. Kookie called everybody Dad, and was televisions homage to the Jack Kerouac style of cult-hipster of the late 1950s. To the thrill of teen viewers, Kookie spoke a jive-talk code to everyone, whether you understood him or not, and Kookie knew better than others the word on the street. Some say the Kookie character borrowed much from James Deans character in the film Rebel Without a Cause and it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. The song also appeared on the Edd Byrnes album, entitled Kookie and he and Stevens appeared together on ABCs The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. Byrnes walked off the show in the second season demanding a part and bigger pay. He appeared as a guest star in other WB series, including Lawman and Sugarfoot, in the latter with John Russell, Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. and Will Wright in the 1958 season-premiere episode Ring of Sand. Owing to restrictions in his Warner Brothers television contract, Byrnes was forced to turn down roles in Oceans Eleven, Rio Bravo, North to Alaska. However he appeared in the Warner Brothers films Darbys Rangers, Marjorie Morningstar, Up Periscope and he tested for the role of John F. Kennedy in PT109 but President Kennedy preferred Cliff Robertson. Byrnes travelled to Europe where he made several films and he was featured as one of the convict commandos in 1964 in Roger Cormans The Secret Invasion. In 1965 he played Dick Martin in Beach Ball, then returned to Europe for several spaghetti westerns, including the 1967 films Renegade Riders, Any Gun Can Play and Red Blood, Yellow Gold. Since then he has appeared in television programs and movies, including the Duo-Vision horror film Wicked, Wicked in 1973. In 1974, Byrnes hosted the pilots of Wheel of Fortune, as a tribute to his enduring celebrity and his iconic Kookie character, Edd Byrnes has ranked #5 in TV Guides list of TVs 25 Greatest Teen Idols. He wrote an autobiography in 1996 entitled Kookie No More and his son by Asa Maynor is Logan Byrnes, a television news anchor for Fox Connecticut since 2008
Edd Byrnes
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Byrnes in 1973 in a guest appearance on
The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour
Edd Byrnes
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Byrnes as "Kookie" with
Sue Randall (c. 1963)
36.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard logo
37.
The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom
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Boone, a descendant of Kentucky frontiersman Daniel Boone, was, at 23, still attending Columbia University in New York City when the program began production. Upon his graduation from Columbia in 1958, TV Guide pictured him in his cap and gown on the magazine cover. Boone, the No.10 all-time vocalist in sales, was at the time the youngest person to host his own variety program until ABCs The Donny & Marie Show. In addition to Pat, regular performers throughout the three included the Artie Malvin Chorus, the Bill Foster Dancers, the Mort Lindsey Orchestra. Among the entertainers who joined Boone were Italian actress and opera singer Anna Maria Alberghetti in the premiere episode. Many of Boones guests were rock and roll singers, such as Bobby Rydell, Fabian, and Connie Francis, but Country and Western stars Red Foley, Roy Rogers, Boone was discovered in 1954 on both Ted Mack and the Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts. Godfrey was among Boones long list of guest stars on the ABC variety program. Andy Williams, later star of his own NBC-TV series The Andy Williams Show, was a semi-regular, having appeared on the six times, Carmel Quinn, Jaye P. Morgan and Joel Grey. Boone also invited numerous African American singers to his program, including Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Ella Fitzgerald, Johnny Mathis, and The Mills Brothers. On the series finale, it was disclosed to audiences that the Boones were moving from New York in the summer of 1960 to settle in Los Angeles, the Boones have lived in the same house in Beverly Hills since 1970. In all three seasons, Boones program followed the ABC situation comedy The Real McCoys, starring Walter Brennan, in its last season, Boone preceded the crime drama, The Untouchables, starring Robert Stack. In its last two seasons, the Boone program faced the competition of Dick Powells Zane Grey Theater on CBS, in its last season, the competition also consisted of John Forsythes Bachelor Father on NBC. The Boone time slot was occupied for the five seasons, starting in 1960-1961, by Fred MacMurrays sitcom. From October 17,1966, to June 30,1967, in 1967, he launched a short-lived 90-minute talk show in syndication, entitled Pat Boone in Hollywood. December 51957 episode at the Internet Archive
The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom
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Boone and
Pat Suzuki in 1959.
38.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
Single (music)
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45
rpm single record
39.
Sixteen Reasons
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Sixteen Reasons is a list song written by Bill and Doree Post which in 1960 reached #3 via a recording by Connie Stevens. After reaching #9 - its overall UK peak - in May 1960, Stevens single re-entered the top 20 at #17 that June, total sales for Connie Stevens Sixteen Reasons single are estimated at two million units. The sheet music for the song was also a bestseller in both the US and the UK, Sixteen Reasons was a popular song on the American Forces Network in Germany that summer. Stevens had her success with Sixteen Reasons despite her label Warner Bros, professionally Stevens has downplayed her identity as the singer of a golden oldie, stating in 2005, I never did Sixteen Reasons in my stage act. It was really a song aimed at 12-year-old girls. It would be a little silly for me to do it now, the Lettermen, who Stevens had played with as The Foremost, recorded a version of the track for their 1962 album, Once Upon a Time. Lawrence Welk featured the song on his 1964 album, The Golden Millions, a comedy version was released as a double A-side on the Laverne & Shirley single Chapel of Love in 1976, and Lisa Mychols remade Sixteen Reasons for her 1991 Lost Winters Dream album. Sixteen Reasons is prominently showcased in David Lynchs 2001 film Mulholland Drive with actress Elizabeth Lackey whose character lip-syncs to the Connie Stevens track
Sixteen Reasons
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"Sixteen Reasons (Why I Love You)"
40.
Jimmy McHugh
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James Francis Jimmy McHugh was an American composer. One of the most prolific songwriters from the 1920s to the 1950s, McHugh began his career in Boston, where he published about a dozen songs with local publishers. This songwriting partnership marked another of McHugh’s many collaborations, among them Ted Koehler, Al Dubin, as impressive as these master lyricists were, perhaps McHugh’s best symbiotic musical relationship was with the school teacher and poet Dorothy Fields. In the artistically fruitful years after they first collaborated in 1930, McHugh, Fields and McHugh finally parted company in 1935. McHughs longest songwriting partner was Harold Adamson, Adamson provided lyrics to McHughs compositions. Such hits as Coming in on A Wing and A Prayer found its way into Bartletts Familiar Quotations, below are several of their many hits listed. For the 1948 film A Date with Judy, he composed Its a Most Unusual Day for Jane Powell, it became the young singer, Jimmy McHugh was inducted into The Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970. The songs included were I Cant Give You Anything but Love, Im Shooting High, Roll Your Blues Away, other well-known songs of his include Im in the Mood for Love, A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening and Cuban Love Song. – Johnny Mathis Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre by Stanley Green, published by Dodd, Mead and Company, New York 1976. The Oxford Companion to Popular Music by Peter Gammond, published by Oxford University Press 1991. The American Popular Ballad of the Golden Era, 1924-1950, jamaica Plain Historical Society - People Editor - - Jimmy McHughs Musical Legacy. MetroWest Daily News. The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall by Iain Cameron Williams
Jimmy McHugh
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Jimmy McHugh
41.
Sitcom
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
Sitcom
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Radio portal
42.
Wendy and Me
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Wendy and Me is an American sitcom that aired on ABC during the 1964–1965 television season, primarily sponsored by Consolidated Cigars El Producto. Connie Stevens plays Wendy, and I play me, quipped the cigar-puffing George Burns in advertising for his unsuccessful Wendy and Me situation comedy series on ABC, in the series, Burns plays a somewhat fictionalized version of himself. He is the owner of an apartment building, while Stevens plays his tenant, episodes typically revolved around Wendy pulling Burns into comedic situations mostly involving her husband, played by Ron Harper, and other people in the building. As a regular part of its format, Burns would often break the wall to comment directly to the audience about the episodes events. Burns as landlord would watch his attractive young tenant on what appears to the eye to be a surreptitious closed circuit television transmission with hidden cameras. Callahan appeared in the series as Danny Adams, a friend of Wendys strait-laced husband. J. Pat OMalley played the apartment handyman, as part of Stevenss contract with Warner Bros. Burns agreed to another series for her studio, No Time For Sergeants. Wendy and Me was followed on the ABC schedule by The Bing Crosby Show, Wendy and Me faced stiff competition from Lucille Balls The Lucy Show on CBS and The Andy Williams Show on NBC, and only lasted one season. Wendy and Me at the Internet Movie Database Wendy and Me at TV. com
Wendy and Me
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Ron Harper and Connie Stevens as Jeff and Wendy Conway.
43.
George Burns
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George Burns was an American comedian, actor, singer, and writer. He was one of the few entertainers whose career spanned vaudeville, radio, film. His arched eyebrow and cigar-smoke punctuation became familiar trademarks for over three-quarters of a century and he and his wife, Gracie Allen, appeared on radio, television, and film as the comedy duo Burns and Allen. Burns, who became a centenarian in 1996, continued to work until just weeks before his death of a cardiac arrest at his home in Beverly Hills, Burns was a member of the First Roumanian-American Congregation. His father was a cantor at the local synagogue but usually worked as a coat presser. During the influenza epidemic of 1903, Lippe Birnbaum contracted the flu, Nattie went to work to help support the family, shining shoes, running errands and selling newspapers. In order to try to hide his Jewish heritage, he adopted the name by which he would be known for the rest of his life. He claimed in a few interviews that the idea of the name originated from the fact that two major league players were playing major league baseball at the time. Both men achieved over 2000 major league hits and hold some major league records, Burns also was reported to have taken the name George from his brother Izzy, and the Burns from the Burns Brothers Coal Company. He normally partnered with a girl, sometimes in a dance routine. Though he had an apparent flair for comedy, he never quite clicked with any of his partners, and all of a sudden, he said famously in later years, the audience realized I had a talent. I did have a talent—and I was married to her for 38 years and his first wife was Hannah Siegel, one of his dance partners. The marriage, never consummated, lasted 26 weeks and happened because her family would not let go on tour unless they were married. They divorced at the end of the tour, Grace Ethel Cecile Rosalie Allen was an American comedian born into an Irish Catholic show-business family and educated at Star of the Sea Convent School in San Francisco, California, in girlhood. She began in vaudeville around 1909, teamed as an Irish-dance act The Four Colleens with her sisters, Bessie, Hazel, while attending secretarial school in Hoboken, New Jersey in 1923, she met Burns at a vaudeville theater in adjacent Union City. Allen came to call Burns by the nickname Nattie, while he called her Googie, the two immediately launched a new partnership, with Gracie playing the role of the straight man and George delivering the punchlines as the comedian. Burns knew something was wrong when the audience ignored his jokes, Burns cannily flipped the act around, After a Hoboken, New Jersey performance in which they tested the new style for the first time, Burns hunch proved right. Gracie was the better laugh-getter with the logic that formed her responses to Burns prompting comments or questions
George Burns
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Burns in 1986
George Burns
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George Burns,
Gracie Allen and children aboard Matson flagship Lurline, just before they sailed for
Hawaii, 1938
George Burns
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Crypt of George Burns, in the Freedom Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale.
George Burns
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The handprints of George Burns in front of
The Great Movie Ride at
Walt Disney World 's
Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.
44.
Neil Simon
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Marvin Neil Simon is an American playwright, screenwriter and author. He has written more than thirty plays and nearly the same number of movie screenplays and he has received more combined Oscar and Tony nominations than any other writer. Simon grew up in New York during the Great Depression, with his parents financial hardships affecting their marriage, giving him a mostly unhappy and he often took refuge in movie theaters where he enjoyed watching the early comedians like Charlie Chaplin. After a few years in the Army Air Force Reserve, and after graduating high school, he began writing comedy scripts for radio. Among them were Sid Caesars Your Show of Shows from 1950 and he began writing his own plays beginning with Come Blow Your Horn, which took him three years to complete and ran for 678 performances on Broadway. It was followed by two successful plays, Barefoot in the Park and The Odd Couple, for which he won a Tony Award. It made him a celebrity and the hottest new playwright on Broadway. During the 1960s to 1980s, he wrote original screenplays and stage plays, with some films actually based on his plays. His style ranged from comedy to farce to more serious dramatic comedy. Overall, he has garnered seventeen Tony nominations and won three and his comedies centred on subjects such as marital conflict, infidelity, sibling rivalry, adolescence, and fear of aging. Simons facility with dialogue gives his stories a rare blend of realism, humor, Neil Simon was born on July 4,1927 in The Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents. His father, Irving Simon, was a garment salesman, and his mother, Simon had one older brother by eight years, Danny Simon. Simons childhood was difficult and mostly due to his parents tempestuous marriage. He would sometimes block out their arguments by putting a pillow over his ears at night and his father often abandoned the family for months at a time, causing them further financial and emotional hardship. As a result, Simon and his brother Danny were sometimes forced to live with different relatives, or else their parents took in boarders for some income. During an interview with writer Lawrence Grobel, Simon stated, To this day I never really knew what the reason for all the fights, shed hate him and be very angry, but he would come back and she would take him back. It made me strong as an independent person, to escape difficulties at home he often took refuge in movie theaters, where he especially enjoyed comedies with silent stars like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Laurel and Hardy. Simon recalls, I was constantly being dragged out of movies for laughing too loud, I think part of what made me a comedy writer is the blocking out of some of the really ugly, painful things in my childhood and covering it up with a humorous attitude
Neil Simon
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Simon in 1974
Neil Simon
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Simon in 1966
Neil Simon
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With
Cy Coleman at piano rehearsing, 1982
45.
Anthony Perkins
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Anthony Perkins was an American actor and singer. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his film, Friendly Persuasion but is best known for playing Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho. Perkins was born in New York City, son of stage and film actor Osgood Perkins and his wife and his paternal great-grandfather was wood engraver Andrew Varick Stout Anthony. He was five when his father died, Perkins was a descendant of a Mayflower passenger, John Howland. He attended Brooks School, Browne & Nichols School, Columbia University and Rollins College, Perkins made his film debut in The Actress. He received the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor, the tall Perkins also portrayed the troubled former Boston Red Sox baseball player Jimmy Piersall in the 1957 biopic Fear Strikes Out. Following this, he released three pop albums in 1957 and 1958 on Epic and RCA Victor as Tony Perkins. His single Moon-Light Swim was a hit in the United States and he showcased his musical talents in The Matchmaker with Shirley Booth and Shirley MacLaine. A life member of the Actors Studio, Perkins also acted in theater, in 1958, he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performance in Look Homeward, Angel on Broadway. He played the role of Eugene Gant, Perkins in youth had a boyish, earnest quality, reminiscent of the young James Stewart, which Alfred Hitchcock exploited and subverted when the actor starred as Norman Bates in the 1960 film Psycho. The film was a critical and commercial success, and gained Perkins international fame for his performance as the owner of the Bates Motel. Perkins performance gained him the Best Actor Award from the International Board of Motion Picture Reviewers, the role and its multiple sequels affected the remainder of his career. After that came a career in Europe, including the role of Joseph K. in Orson Welles 1962 adaptation of Kafkas The Trial. In 1964 he starred in Une ravissante idiote, upon returning to America, he took the role of a disturbed young murderer in Pretty Poison opposite Tuesday Weld. He also played Chaplain Tappman in Catch-22, in 1972, he appeared in Play It as It Lays and The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean. Perkins was one of the stars featured in the 1974 hit Murder on the Orient Express. He also hosted televisions Saturday Night Live in 1976 and was featured in the box office-smash and space opus, Walt Disneys The Black Hole, Perkins reprised the role of Norman Bates in three sequels to Psycho. The first, Psycho II, was a box office success 23 years after the original film and he did play Bates in the following made-for-cable film Psycho IV, The Beginning in 1990, over which he had much creative control, although he was turned down for director
Anthony Perkins
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promotional photograph of Perkins, c. 1960s
Anthony Perkins
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With
Charmian Carr in
Evening Primrose, 1966
46.
Summer stock
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For the article about the theatre genre, see Summer stock theatre. Summer Stock is a 1950 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical film, the film was directed by Charles Walters, stars Judy Garland and Gene Kelly, and features Eddie Bracken, Gloria DeHaven, Marjorie Main, and Phil Silvers. Nicholas Castle Sr was the choreographer, Judy Garland struggled with many personal problems during filming. Summer Stock proved to be her last MGM movie and her last onscreen pairing with Gene Kelly, MGM terminated Garlands contract - by mutual agreement - in September 1950. Jane Falbury is an owner whose actress sister Abigail arrives at the family farm with her theater troupe. They need a place to rehearse, and Jane and her housekeeper Esme reluctantly agree to let them use their barn, the actors and actresses, including the director Joe Ross, repay her hospitality by doing chores around the farm. Although Joe is engaged to Abigail, he begins to fall in love with Jane after Abigail leaves him in an angry fit, similarly, although Jane is engaged to Orville, she falls in love with Joe. The films most famous scene is the final song-and-dance number Get Happy performed by Judy Garland in a jacket, black fedora. This sequence was choreographed by Charles Walters and filmed two months after the rest of the movie, after Garland sought the help of a hypnotist in Santa Barbara, Garland performed the number perfectly in just a couple of takes. According to New York Times critic Bosley Crowther, Get Happy finds Miss Garland looking and performing her best. In another notable sequence, Kelly performs a dance in a darkened barn, using a newspaper and a creaky board as partners and props. The dance turned out to be one of the numbers of his career. In the film, Garland and Kelly share what may be Garlands best dance duet on screen, All songs were written by Harry Warren and Mack Gordon except where noted. Orchestration chores were divided between Conrad Salinger and Skip Martin, Garland was suspended in May 1949, during the filming of Annie Get Your Gun, and spent three months in a hospital in Boston being treated for drug dependency. Betty Hutton replaced her on film, but Garland was reinstated to the lead in Summer Stock. Still, the filming of the movie was sometimes a struggle for Garland, busby Berkeley was originally slated to direct the film, but was replaced by Charles Walters before production began. Both Kelly and Walters worked on the film as a favor to Garland, mayer insisted that Garland be given another chance, saying Judy Garland has made this studio a fortune in the good days, and the least we can do is to give her one more chance. If you stop production now, itll finish her, Dance director Nick Castle did not choreograph You Wonderful You, All for You and Portland Fancy – these were done by Gene Kelly – but did do Dig-Dig-Dig Dig for Your Dinner and other numbers
Summer stock
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Summer Stock
47.
Any Wednesday
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Any Wednesday is a 1966 Technicolor romance/comedy film starring Jane Fonda, Jason Robards, and Dean Jones. The story centers on a Manhattan woman who is trying to decide between two suitors, one married and one not, on the day of her 30th birthday, John Cleves is a businessman with an office in New York and a home in New Jersey. On one day of week, Wednesday, he spends the night in the city, lying to wife Dorothy that he is out of town on business when he actually is seeing Ellen. A business client from Akron, Ohio, Cass Henderson, comes to town and is unable to find a room for the night. Cleves new secretary knows of an executive suite the boss maintains in town, when he meets Ellen, he mistakenly assumes she is a certain kind of lady hired by Cleves to entertain him. The secretary compounds the error by telling Dorothy about the apartment, Dorothy goes there and discovers Ellen and Cass, assuming them to be a young couple. The women take a liking to each other so Dorothy invites them to spend an evening out on the town with her, Dorothy eventually catches on to what her husband is up to and leaves him. Ellen invites her to use the apartment, John goes there and tries to win his wifes love back, but she just tells her husband to come visit her on any Wednesday. Exterior location scenes for Any Wednesday were filmed in Manhattan, New York City. During the course of the 28-month run of the play Any Wednesday on Broadway, don Porter and Gene Hackman also appeared in it. Jane Fonda was nominated for a 1966 Golden Globe Award in the category Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy, on August 18,2009, Warner Home Video released the movie on DVD-R as part of the Warner Archive Collection
Any Wednesday
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Film poster by
Robert McGinnis
48.
Anaheim, California
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Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County, Anaheim remained largely a rural community until Disneyland opened in the city in 1955. This led to the construction of hotels and motels around the area. The city also developed into a center, producing electronics, aircraft parts. Anaheims city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods, Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the citys eastern stretches that is home to many of the citys affluent. Downtown Anaheim has three historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure. The Platinum Triangle, a redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is a district north of California State Route 91. Anaheims name is a blend of Ana, after the nearby Santa Ana River, and heim, the city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. For $750 a share, the formed the Anaheim Vineyard Company. Their new community was named Annaheim, meaning home by the Santa Anna River in German, the name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as Campo Alemán, although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making. The community set aside 40 acres for a center and a school was the first building erected there. The first home was built in 1857, the Anaheim Gazette newspaper was established in 1870, for 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California. However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines, other crops – walnuts, lemons and oranges – soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles – Orange County region was connected to the railroad network in 1887. The famous Polish actress Helena Modjeska settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them Henryk Sienkiewicz, Julian Sypniewski, while living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger
Anaheim, California
Anaheim, California
Anaheim, California
Anaheim, California
