1.
National emblem of Indonesia
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The national emblem of Indonesia is called Garuda Pancasila. The main part of Indonesian national emblem is the Garuda with a shield on its chest. The shields five emblems represent Pancasila, the five principles of Indonesias national ideology, the Garuda claws gripping a white ribbon scroll inscribed with the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika written in black text, which can be loosely translated as Unity in Diversity. Garuda Pancasila was designed by Sultan Hamid II from Pontianak, supervised by Sukarno, Garuda, the discipled carrier or vehicle of Lord Vishnu, appears in many ancient Hindu-Buddhist temples of ancient Indonesia. Temples such as Mendut, Borobudur, Sajiwan, Prambanan, Kidal, Penataran, Belahan, in Prambanan temple complex there is a single temple located in front of Vishnu temple, dedicated to Garuda. However, there is no statue of Garuda inside the chamber today, the deified statue of King Airlangga depicted as Vishnu mounting Garuda from Belahan, probably the most famous statue of Garuda from ancient Java. Now the statue is one of the important collection of Trowulan Museum, Garuda appear in many traditions and stories, especially in Java and Bali. In many stories Garuda symbolises the virtue of knowledge, power, bravery, loyalty, as the vehicle of Vishnu, Garuda also bears the attributes of Vishnu, which symbolise preservation of cosmic order. Balinese tradition venerated Garuda as the lord of all flying creatures, in Bali, Garuda traditionally portrayed as a divine creature with head, beak, wings, and claw of an eagle, while has the body of a human. Usually portrayed in intricate carving with golden and vivid colours, as the vehicle of Vishnu or in battle scene against Nāga serpents. The important and noble position of Garuda in Indonesian tradition since ancient times has venerated Garuda as the symbol of Indonesia. Garuda also chosen as the name of Indonesian national airlines, Garuda Indonesia, next to Indonesia, Thailand also uses the Garuda as its national symbol. The committee task is to select the proposals of United States of Indonesia national emblem to be presented to the government, according to Mohammad Hatta, in his memoire Bung Hatta Menjawab, to fulfill the mandate of the Cabinet, Minister Priyono had launched the design competition. After the competition was held, there were two proposed designs selected as the finalist, one is the work of Sultan Hamid II, on 8 February 1950, the design created by Sultan Hamid II was presented to President Sukarno. The design featuring Garuda in its form, similar to traditional depiction of Garuda in ancient Javanese, Balinese and Siamese art. However, the Masyumi Islamic party expressed their objection and stated that the bird with human neck, President Sukarno presented this design to the cabinet and Prime Minister Hatta. At that time, the Rajawali Garuda Pancasila was still bald without crest crowning its head like current version, President Sukarno introduced the national emblem of Indonesia to the public at Hotel Des Indes, Jakarta, on 15 February 1950. Sukarno continued to improve the design of Garuda Pancasila, on 20 March 1950, Sukarno ordered the palace artist Dullah to make several improvements according to his suggestions, such as the addition of a crest and the change of talons position to the scroll
2.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
3.
Jakarta
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Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world, established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the countrys independence was declared in 1945. Jakarta is listed as a city in the 2012 Globalization and World Cities Study Group. Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, and Bangkok. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their names, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia, Djakarta. Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta, the origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language. Jayakarta translates as victorious deed, complete act, or complete victory, Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York. In the colonial era, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten, initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavias canals, mansions. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this came to be more associated with the suburbs, with their wide lanes, many green spaces. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles, the harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, in 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre, through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and this site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682
4.
People's Representative Council
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Together with the Regional Representative Council, a second chamber with limited powers, it makes up a legislative body, the Peoples Consultative Assembly. Currently there are 560 members, following the 2009 elections, all elected, the house has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high level of fraud and corruption. It met for the first time in 1918, ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters, the body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people. In 1925, the Volksraad gained some legislative powers and it had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and it was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments. The Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942 and this body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the Committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed, on 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman, the two proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August. The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president, the Central Indonesian National Committee or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia, Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee, during the War of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Two months later, the made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-war Volksraad officially became the Provisional Federal Government. This body invited heads of the making up the United States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined together to establish the Federal Consultative Assembly to represent the federal regions, initially Peoples Representative Council had 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the 15 component parts of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year, the KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being, the provisional Peoples Representative Council met for the first time on 16 August 1950. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. The PNI had 36 seats and no party had more than 17
5.
President of Indonesia
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The President of the Republic of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The President leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is the commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, on 20 October 2014, Joko Widodo became the 7th and current President of Indonesia. The Indonesian presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence, on 16 October 1945, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidential decree which turned the Central National Committee of Indonesia equal status with that of the president. On 11 November 1945, the KNIP made the decision to separate the role of Head of State with that of Head of Government, during the Indonesian National Revolution, both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave a mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency Government and this was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its Chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13 July 1949, on 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elected president of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia and presidential mandate passed to Assaat. When it became clear that RIS was going to be replaced by a state, Asaat stepped down from the presidency. Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS, officially known as the Provisional Constitution, the document confirmed the presidents role as the Head of State, but limited him to a mostly ceremonial role. He appointed a Prime Minister on the advice of formateurs, despite his limited constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great moral authority. Nonetheless, he was never content with the role of ceremonial Head of State, the rest of the decade saw a series of unstable governments. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959, the People reacted enthusiastically and there was strong pressure on the Constituante, the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the Constituante did not budge, Sukarno issued a Presidential Decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution and that document made the president head of government as well as head of state. In 1963, Sukarno declared himself president for Life, although Indonesia had re-adopted the 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. The MPR, which at this stage was still on a basis, was subservient to the president despite its status of the Nations highest Governing Body. It was only in 1966, when the tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. All throughout his rise to power, General Suharto seemed determined to do things constitutionally, Suharto allowed the MPR to execute its constitutional duty of formulating the Broad Outlines of State Policy whilst he as the president would be responsible for implementing GBHN. Suharto also made it an obligation to deliver accountability speeches towards the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made, despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was also subservient to him
6.
Supreme Court of Indonesia
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The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia is the independent judicial arm of the state. It maintains a system of courts and sits above the courts and is the final court of appeal. It can also re-examine cases if new evidence emerges, the Supreme Court is independent as of the third amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia. The Supreme Court has oversight over the courts and district courts. There are about 68 high courts,31 General Courts,29 Religious Courts,4 Administrative Courts and 4 Military Courts, there are around 250 district courts with additional district courts being created from time to time. The Supreme Court is the court of appeal following appeals from the district courts to the high courts. The Supreme Court can also re-examine cases if sufficient new evidence is found, Constitutional matters, however, fall within the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, established in 2003. According to the Constitution, candidates for Supreme Court Justices are required to have integrity, candidates are proposed to the House of Representatives by the Judicial Commission. If the House of Representatives approves them, their appointment is confirmed by the president. As of mid 2011, there was a total of 804 courts of various kinds in Indonesia, about 50 justices sat in the Supreme Court while other high and lower courts across Indonesia employed around 7,000 judges. Officially, the Supreme Court consists of 51 justices divided into 8 chambers, the chief justice and his or her deputy is elected by the Supreme Court justices from among the members of the court. Sometimes the process is controversial and attracts public criticism, there was said to be all-out competition for the post of chief justice because of the influence that the position holds and it was rumoured that the competition might include payments. In the election held on 8 February 2012, Muhammad Hatta Ali comfortably won the position of chief justice ahead of four other candidates and he was sworn in as chief justice by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 1 March 2012. Hatta first became a judge in 1982 when he took up a position on the North Jakarta District Court and he was appointed to the High Court in 2003 and then to the Supreme Court in 2007. Wirjono Prodjodikoro, who held office from 1952 to 1966, has been the longest office-holder of the position of head justice, like most of the Indonesian legal system, the Supreme Court is badly overloaded with demands on resources. One observer has noted that the Supreme Court is drowning in a flood of new cases each year. In 2010, for example, there were more than 22,000 cases before the court of which the court managed to rule on less than 14,000. Partly in response to pressures of this kind, proposals for reform of the way that business is conducted have been under consideration for some time
7.
Constitution of Indonesia
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The Constitution of Indonesia is the basis for the government of the Indonesia. The constitution was written in June, July and August 1945 and it was abrogated by the Federal Constitution of 1949 and the Provisional Constitution of 1950, but restored on 5 July 1959. The 1945 Constitution then set forth the Pancasila, the five nationalist principles devised by Sukarno and it provides for a limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The governmental system has been described as presidential with parliamentary characteristics, the Japanese invaded the Netherlands East Indies in 1942, defeated the Dutch colonial regime, and occupied it for the duration of the Second World War. Indonesia then fell under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Southern Expeditionary Army, based in Saigon, on 29 April 1945, the 16th Army established Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, for Java. The 25th Army later established a BPUPKI for Sumatra, No such organisation existed for the remainder of Indonesia. The BPUPKI in Java, when established, consisted of 62 members and it was chaired by Dr Radjiman Wedyodiningrat. The future president Sukarno and vice-president Mohammad Hatta were among its members and they met in the building that had been used by the Dutch colonial quasi-parliament, the Volksraad in central Jakarta. It held two sessions,29 May –1 June and 10–17 July 1945, the first session discussed general matters, including the philosophy of the state for future independent Indonesia, Pancasila. The philosophy was formulated by nine members of BPUPKI, Soekarno, Hatta, Yamin, Maramis, Soebardjo, Wahid Hasjim, Muzakkir, Agus Salim and Abikoesno. The outcome was something of a compromise, and included an obligation for Muslims to follow syariah Islamic law, the second session produced a provisional constitution made up of 37 articles,4 transitory provision and 2 additional provision. The nation would be a state and a republic. On 26 July 1945, the Allies called for the surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration. The Japanese authorities, realising they would lose the war, began to make firm plans for Indonesian independence. On 6 August, a bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. On 7 August, the Nanpo Gun headquarters announced that an Indonesian leader could enact a body called the Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, the dropping of a second atomic bomb, on Nagasaki, on 9 August prompted the Japanese to surrender unconditionally on 15 August 1945. Sukarno and Hatta declared independence on 17 August 1945, and the PPKI met the following day, in the meeting chaired by Sukarno, the 27 members, including Hatta, Supomo, Wachid Hasjim, Sam Ratulangi and Subardjo, began to discuss the proposed constitution article by article. The Committee made some changes, including the removal of 7 words from the text of Jakarta Charter which stated the obligation for Muslims to follow syariah Islamic law
8.
Politics of Indonesia
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Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two Peoples Representative Councils, the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The 1945 constitution provided for a separation of executive, legislative. The governmental system has been described as presidential with parliamentary characteristics, a constitutional reform process lasted from 1999 to 2002, with four constitutional amendments producing important changes. Among these are term limits of up to 2 five-year terms for the President and Vice-President, tNI/POLRI representation in the DPR and MPR ended in 2004. Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change, having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past, the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch. Through his appointed cabinet, the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government, a general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national, provincial and regional parliaments in over forty years. Megawatis PDI-P party had won the largest share of the vote in the election, while Golkar. Several other, mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR, further democratic elections took place in 2004 and 2009. The president and vice-president are selected by vote of the citizens for five-year terms, prior to 2004, they were chosen by Peoples Consultative Assembly. The last election was held 9 July 2014, the president heads the Kabinet Kerja which means the cabinet of work. The president appoints a cabinet, who do not have to be elected members of the legislature, the Peoples Consultative Assembly is the legislative branch in Indonesias political system. Following elections in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral parliament, the Regional Representatives Council is the upper house of The Peoples Consultative Assembly. The General Elections Commission is the responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections in Indonesia. Article 22E of the Constitution rules that the Commission is national, permanent, prior to the General Election of 2004, KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties. However, members of KPU must now be non-partisan, the Indonesian Supreme Court is the highest level of the judicial branch. Its judges are appointed by the president, the Constitutional Court rules on constitutional and political matters, while a Judicial Commission oversees the judges. It received international denunciation for its annexation of East Timor in 1978, Indonesia is a founding member of the Association of South East Asian Nations, and thereby a member of both ASEAN+3 and the East Asia Summit
9.
Pancasila (politics)
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Pancasila is the official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state. Pancasila consists of two Old Javanese words, pañca meaning five, and sīla meaning principles and it comprises five principles held to be inseparable and interrelated, Belief in the absoluteness of God. Democracy guided by the wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives. Social justice for all of the people of Indonesia, in 1945, facing the need to pull together the diverse archipelago, the future President Sukarno promulgated Pancasila as the philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state. Sukarnos political philosophy was mainly a fusion of elements of socialism, nationalism and monotheism, the fifth sila concerning religiosity was promoted to become the first sila. Internationalism, justice and humanity remain as parts of the second sila, the previously first sila about nationalism became the third sila about Indonesian unity. The third and fourth sila about democracy and social welfare become the fourth and fifth sila, Pancasila was thus intended to help solve the conflicting priorities among Muslims, nationalists and Christians. The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia then set forth Pancasila as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state, since its inception, Pancasila has been the subject of differences of opinion. One prime area of concerns the first of the five pillars. During the negotiations concerning this principle the nationalists were concerned that the formulation ought to promote religious freedom, the Muslims wanted a formulation where the religion of Indonesia is Islam. A historical anachronism is found in the Constitution, on 18 August 1945, the group that ratified the Constitution unanimously agreed that the term Allah should be replaced by Tuhan, a more general term which was supported by the Hindus. The word Ketuhanan and Allah is used in the preamble to the Constitution, but the term Allah appears in Article 9, there is an alternative presidential promise in the same article which does not mention God at all. The content of the philosophy has been interpreted by different philosophers. Pancasila has been an object of philosophical discourse since 1945 onwards, the Pancasila philosophers continually reinterpreted the content, so that its meaning varied from time to time. The following are chronological analyses of the content of philosophies of Pancasila, the first draft of Pancasila was formulated by Sukarno, delivered on 1 June 1945 before the Investigating Committee for the Preparation for Independence, without the word Indonesia. The second draft of Pancasila was formulated in the Jakarta Charter by the Committee of Nine, Sukarno accepted the suggestion of the other members of the committee to change the sequence of Pancasila. The fifth Sila of Sukarno become the first Sila of the Jakarta Charter, the first draft of the Pancasila philosophy was formulated by Sukarno on 1 June 1945. Ketuhanan, to him, was indigenous, while Kemanusiaan was inspired by the Hindu concept of Tat Twam Asi, the Islamic concept of fardhukifayah
10.
Joko Widodo
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Joko Widodo is the seventh President of Indonesia, in office since 2014. Previously he was the Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012 and he is the first Indonesian president without a high-ranking political or military background. Jokowi was nominated by his party, the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, Jokowi was elected as Governor of Jakarta on 20 September 2012 after a second round runoff election in which he defeated the incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo. Jokowis win was seen as reflecting popular voter support for new or clean leaders rather than the old style of politics in Indonesia. His nomination as PDI-P candidate for the 2014 presidential election was announced on 14 March 2014, the presidential election was held on 9 July 2014. After some controversy about the result of the election, Jokowi was named as president-elect on 22 July, Joko Widodo is of Javanese descent. Before changing his name, Jokowi was called Mulyono and his father came from Karanganyar, his grandparents came from a village in Boyolali. His education began in State Primary School 111, Tirtoyoso, known for being a school for the wealthy citizens. At the age of twelve, he started working in his fathers furniture workshop, the evictions he experienced three times in his childhood affected his way of thinking and his leadership later on as the mayor of Surakarta as he organised housing in the city. After primary school, he continued his studies in SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta and he had wanted to continue his education in SMA Negeri 1 Surakarta, but he failed the entrance exam and went to SMA Negeri 6 Surakarta instead. Joko Widodo graduated from Faculty of Forestry at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta in 1985 to study, Jokowi began his tenure at a state-owned enterprise company called PT Kertas Kraft Aceh, but went home not long after due to his disinterest. He then began working for his grandfathers furniture factory, before establishing his own company called Rakabu, the companys fine product has its fame heard internationally, as they are also exported to the Western World. It was in France where his furniture product first start penertrating European market and this brought Widodo to a customer named Bernard, who gave him the nickname he is famous for, Jokowi. Ultimately he was inspired to become a politician so that he can transform his hometown, Surakarta, Jokowi ran for mayoral race in 2005 together with his running mate, F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo, winning 36. 62% of the vote against the incumbent Slamet Suryanto and 2 other candidates, when he first ran for the office of mayor of Surakarta, his background as a property and furniture businessman was questioned. He adopted the development framework of European cities into his own city of Surakarta, in 2007, Surakarta had also hosted the World Music Festival which was held at the complex of Fort Vastenburg. The FMD in 2008 was held in the Mangkunegaran Palace Complex, part of Jokowis personal style was his populist can-do elements designed to build bonds with the broad electorate. Following the electric company policy to pursue a more disciplined approach to collecting overdue bills, the city government quickly authorized payment but in settling the bill protested that it should consider the public interest before taking this type of action
11.
Vice President of Indonesia
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The Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia is the first in the line of succession in the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian Vice Presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 constitution by the Researching Body for the Preparation of the Indonesian Independence, the office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Mohammad Hatta was elected by acclamation. In the early days of the Republic, the office of Vice-President showed how important it can be, on 16 October 1945, Hatta announced a Vice-Presidential decree which turned the Central National Committee of Indonesia equal status with that of the President. As a result of decree, the KNIP was able to separate the role of Head of State. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto Parliamentary Democracy, during the Indonesian National Revolution, both Hatta and Sukarno were captured by the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Together with Sukarno, Hatta gave mandate for Syafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency Government and this was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as Chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno and consequently, to Hatta on 13 July 1949, although the Vice Presidency continued to exist, the form of Government was now officially a Parliamentary Democracy and there was not a significant role for the Vice-President to play. On 1 December 1956, partly because of his differences with Sukarno, for the next 17 years, the Vice Presidency remain vacant. In December 1965, there were calls for a Vice-President to be named to assist President Sukarno during the times of uncertainty, the idea did not gain momentum and the Vice Presidency continued to remain vacant as the Presidency passed over from Sukarno to General Suharto. In March 1973, the Vice Presidency vacancy was filled by Hamengkubuwono IX when he was elected by the MPR, after Hamengkubuwono IX and throughout the New Order, the Vice Presidency were successively held by Adam Malik, Umar Wirahadikusumah, Sudharmono, Try Sutrisno, and BJ Habibie. During his time as President, Suharto would reduce the Vice Presidency to a sinecure, a Vice-President was reduced to making sure that Government policy was being implemented and attending ceremonies. The Vice-President did not even take on Presidential duties when Suharto was either out of the country or ill, the office would derogatorily be known as Ban Serep. With Suhartos fall in May 1998 and Habibies accession to the Presidency, in October 1999, Megawati Sukarnoputri was elected as Vice-President and the office began to gain significance. Megawati was delegated genuine tasks to do and in 2000, she became responsible for the day-to-day running of the Government. During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was decided that from 2004 onwards. The substantial role that the Vice Presidency is now going to have was evident in the way in which the 2004 Presidential Candidates chose their running mates, at the end, Jusuf Kalla became Indonesias first directly elected Vice-President. The 1945 Constitution, The Vice-Presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origins, the Provisional Constitution, The Vice-Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. He cannot be someone who is deemed to be undesirable or has had his right to part in elections stripped
12.
Jusuf Kalla
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Muhammad Jusuf Kalla is an Indonesian politician who has been Vice President of Indonesia since 2014, having previously served from 2004 to 2009. He was unsuccessful as Golkars presidential candidate in the 2009 presidential election, since 2009 Kalla has served as the Chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society. He is the first person to hold two non-consecutive terms as Vice President of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla was born on 15 May 1942 in Watampone, the capital of the Bone Regency in South Sulawesi. His parents were Hadji Kalla, a businessman and Athirah. He was the second of 10 children, after completing school, Kalla attended Hasanuddin University in Makassar. At university he became active in the Indonesian Student Action Front, Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI. In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University, the economic situation was bleak at the time and his father, Hadji Kalla, considered shutting down the family business, NV Hadji Kalla. Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm, putting aside his political activities, in 1968 Kalla became CEO of NV Hadji Kalla while his father became chairman. In the beginning the business only had one employee and business was slow, Kallas mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses. Over time the business grew and became quite successful, NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors. In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm, in 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris. NV Hadji Kalla is now known as the Kalla Group and is one of the business groups in Indonesia. Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations, from 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association in Makassar and continues to be an adviser for ISEI. Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, from 1985 to 1998 he was chairman for KADIN in South Sulawesi and was coordinator for KADIN in eastern Indonesia. In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar, Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre. Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth, Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the Peoples Consultative Assembly as a regional representative for South Sulawesi. He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992,1997, and 1999, when Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as President by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade. He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises, Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations
13.
Cabinet of Indonesia
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The Cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia is the council of ministers appointed by the President. Indonesia has seen dozens of cabinets since independence in 1945, although during the New Order most cabinets remained unchanged for five years at a time, most cabinets are referred to by the names given them at the time of formation. The current presidential cabinet is the Working Cabinet of Joko Widodo, the concept of a cabinet is not mentioned explicitly in the 1945 Constitution, so Indonesias cabinets since 14 November 1945 are the result of administrative convention. There have been two types of cabinet in Indonesian history, presidential and parliamentary, during this period, the cabinet had between 16 and 37 ministers with 12-15 ministries. On 27 December 1949, the Netherlands recognised the sovereignty of the United States of Indonesia, under the Federal Constitution of 1949, the RIS had a parliamentary cabinet as ministers were responsible for government policy. With the return to the state of Indonesia in August 1950. Article 83 of the Provisional Constitution of 1950 stated that ministers had full responsibility for government policy, over the following nine years there were seven cabinets with between 18 and 25 members. On 5 July 1959, President Sukarno issued a decree abrogating the 1950 Constitution, during the final years of Sukarnos presidency, cabinets were larger, peaking at 111 ministers. During the New Order under President Suharto, cabinets were smaller, offices that were not sanctioned by the 1945 Constitution were abolished. Following the fall of Suharto and the beginning of the Reformasi era, until 2010, cabinet ministries were dubbed Departments following the United States model. The present Indonesian cabinet, the Working Cabinet, was sworn in on October 27,2014, the cabinet consists of 34 ministers. On August 12,2015, President Jokowi held the first reshuffle of his cabinet and he further reshuffled his ministerial team on July 27,2016 Parliamentary cabinets were usually known by the name of the prime minister, but after 1959 they were named after their principal tasking. The complete list of cabinets follows, List of female cabinet ministers of Indonesia Daniel Dhaidae & H. N. H. Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia, yayasan API, Panduan Parlemen Indonesia, ISBN 979-96532-1-5 Indonesian Cabinet 1945 –2001, Indonesian Embassy in the United Kingdom
14.
Subdivisions of Indonesia
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Provinces are made up of regencies and cities. Provinces, regencies and cities have their own governments and parliamentary bodies. Since the enactment of Law Number 22 Year 1999 regarding Local Government, foreign policy, defence, system of law, and monetary policy, however, remain the domain of the national government. Since 2005, heads of government have been directly elected by popular election. A province is headed by a governor, each province has its own legislative body, called Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah. Governors and representative members are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, Indonesia is divided into 34 provinces. Eight provinces have been created since 2000, the Sultan of Yogyakarta is de facto and de jure governor of Yogyakarta since he is given priority when electing the governor. For centuries, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta has reigned in the region, however, recently the central government proposed a law that required the governor to be popularly elected as in the other provinces, while still giving the sultan significant political power. Papua, since 2001 local government has a role, including use of its own flag and anthem of province. West Papua, has the status as Papua. Jakarta Special Capital Region, is the capital of Indonesia, the Governor of Jakarta has the power to appoint and dismiss mayors and regent within the Jakarta Special Capital Region. The local government is allowed to co-operate with other cities from other countries, regency and city, collectively known as Daerah Tingkat II is a local level of government beneath the provincial level. However, they enjoy greater decentralisation of affairs than the body, such as provision of public schools. Both regency and city are at the level, having their own local government. The difference between a regency and a city lies in differing demographics, size and economics, generally the regency has a larger area than the city, and the city has non-agricultural economic activities. A regency is headed by a regent, and a city is headed by a mayor, the regent or mayor and the representative council members are elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years. Regencies and cities are divided into districts, there are two types of districts, Kecamatan, headed by a camat. A camat is a servant, responsible to the regent or to the mayor
15.
People's Consultative Assembly
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The Peoples Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia is the legislative branch in Indonesias political system. It is composed of the members of the Peoples Representative Council, before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia. 16/1960, the assembly was formed after the first general election of 1971 and it was decided at that time that the membership of the Assembly would be twice that of the Representative House. The 920 membership of MPR continued for the periods of 1977–1982, for the periods 1987–1992, 1992–1997, and 1997–1999 the MPRs membership became 1000. One hundred members were appointed representing delegations from groups as addition to the delegates of Karya Pembangunan, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia. For the period of 1999–2004 the membership of MPR was only 700, on 18 August 1945, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence approved a new constitution for the country. It was, however, difficult to implement because of the postwar conditions. The Preparatory Committee therefore decided to implement a document titled The Four Clauses of Transition Regulations. Clause IV of those regulations stated that until permanent governing bodies could be established all governmental powers would be held by the President with the assistance of a National Committee. On 29 August 1945, the Central Indonesian National Committee was set up, on 16 October 1945, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta issued a decree that outlined the function and authority of the KNIP. In addition to the assisting the President, the committee would perform legislative duties until an MPR and DPR could be formed, in taking on the functions of the MPR, the KNIP was responsible for creating the Broad Outlines of Government Policy. The role which KNIP played would provide an outline of the duties which Preparatory Committee would later perform. On 27 December 1949, Indonesias independence was recognised by the Dutch Government, from that year until 17 August 1950, Indonesia was known as the United States of Indonesia and had a federal system of government. Under the constitution of the RIS, the MPR was not recognised as the highest state institution, on 17 August 1950, however, the RIS ceased to exist, and Indonesia changed its name to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Parliamentary democracy was the form of government quickly adopted by the newly re-formed nation and it operated under a provisional constitution that did not recognise the MPR. As a result of the 1955 legislative elections, however, a new DPR was formed, in December 1955, a government body called the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia was formed, and its duty was to draft a new constitution for Indonesia. On 5 July 1959, President Sukarno, who then had played the role of ceremonial Head of State intervened. In a decree, he dissolved the Constitutional Assembly and declared that the 1945 Constitution would thenceforth be in force, with the return to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was once again recognised as the highest governing body in the land
16.
Regional Representative Council
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The Regional Representative Council, alternatively translatable as the House of Regions or as the House of Regional Representatives, is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia. Together with the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body, under Indonesias constitution, the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advise on bills to the DPR. Unlike the DPR, the DPD has no direct law-making power, the DPD was created by the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia enacted 9 November 2001 in a move towards bicameralism. The DPD does not have the powers of an upper house like the United States Senate. The power of the DPD is relatively weak compared to the older chamber, according to Indonesian constitutional scholar Jimly Asshiddiqie, the relative weakness of the DPD was a result of a compromise in the committee responsible for the constitutional amendment. The reformist faction wanted a second chamber in addition to the existing DPR in order to strengthen checks and balances. Article 22C of the Constitution rules that all members of the DPD are elected through the same Legislative Election every five years, the total number of members is limited so that it does not exceed one third of that of DPR. The DPD can propose bills to the DPR and must be heard on any regional bill proposed by DPR. A third legislative body, the Peoples Consultative Assembly, comprises the members of the DPR, the acronym DPD is a common one in Indonesia. In political parties, it stands for Indonesian, Dewan Pimpinan Daerah. It should not be confused with the Legislative body, denny Indrayana Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002, An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition, Kompas Book Publishing, Jakarta ISBN 978-979-709-394-5 Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Lembaga Perwakilan dan Permusyawaratan Rakyat Tingkat Pusat
17.
Judiciary of Indonesia
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The Judiciary of Indonesia comprises the Supreme Court of Indonesia and the Constitutional Court of Indonesia together with public courts, religious courts, administrative courts and military courts. The Supreme Court is Indonesias highest court and it is the final court of appeal for criminal and civil verdicts. It also resolves disputes between courts and it is led by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia, currently Muhammad Hatta Ali. There are two separate officeholders for the title of Deputy Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Indonesia, Muhammad Syarifuddin for judicial affairs, the Constitutional Court rules over disputes concerning the Constitution of Indonesia as well as matters involving elections and political parties. The current Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia is Arief Hidayat, zoelvas predecessor, Akil Mochtar, was stripped of his powers following allegations of accepting bribes. The current Deputy Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia is Anwar Usman, the public courts comprise the district courts at the first level and the high courts at the appellate level, after which any appeal goes to the Supreme Court. They can try criminal and civil cases involving Indonesian citizens or foreign citizens, state courts have authority at the city and regency level, while high courts function at the provincial level. There are specialised courts formed within the system of courts, juvenile courts, human rights courts, labour courts, commercial courts, fishery courts. Religious courts are for Muslim citizens to resolve such as marriage, inheritance. Religious courts are located at the district/municipality level and there are 343 of these courts of first instance at the regency or city level across Indonesia, at the appeal level, religious high courts now number 29, including the recently renamed Mahkamah Syariat in Banda Aceh. Since 2006, a number of districts have issued local ordinances based on Syariah, administrative courts were established in 1986 as a consequence of a law intended to ensure that people would not be treated arbitrarily by government officials or organisations. They rule in disputes involving the state officials or bodies, both at the centre and in the regions, there is one specialised court created within the system of the administrative courts - the Tax Court. These deal with cases involving members of the Armed Forces, first-instance military courts consider cases regarding military personnel whose ranks are not higher than a captain. High military courts consider appeals against decisions of the lower Dilmil courts and also act as courts in cases, involving military personnel with ranks of a major. The Primary Military Court hears appeals against the decisions of Dilimilti courts, judges decide cases based on written law. If there is no written law, Law No. 14/1970 states that judges must apply unwritten law and decide cases with wisdom and full responsibility to God
18.
Judicial Commission of Indonesia
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The idea of a body to consider and give a final ruling on the appointment, promotion, transfer or dismissal of judges first arose in 1968 but failed to make the statute books. Pressure for the establishment of a body to bring about an honest, clean, transparent, on 9 November 2001, during its annual session, the Peoples Consultative Assembly passed the third amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia, mandating the establishment of a Judicial Commission. The proposal to establish the Judicial Commission was added into the amendment at the last minute and, in the view of some observers, the Commission was established in a hasty way. On 13 August 2004, Law No.22 on the Judicial Commission was promulgated and on 2 July 2005, the members were sworn in by the president on 2 August 2005. Since its inception in 2005, most of the Commissions recommendations have been ignored by the Supreme Court and this has led the English-language publication the Jakarta Post to describe the Supreme Court as resistant to reform. The commission works to maintain the honor, dignity and behavior of judges, members are appointed by the president with the agreement of the House of Representatives. The precise authority of the Judicial Commission, however, was not agreed upon by the different branches of the system in Indonesia. Following that decision of the Constitutional Court, it was agreed that the powers of the Judicial Commission needed to be clarified, under the proposed changes to the law, however, the authority to punish Supreme Court justices would remain with the Supreme Court. In 2015, the Commission suffered a blow to its powers when the Constitutional Court ruled in favor of a judicial review filed by the Indonesian Judges Association. The review alleged that selection of candidates for the bench was out of the Commissions purview, the Judicial Commission consists of seven members drawn from former judges, legal practitioners, legal academics and community members. The current members for the Commissions 2015 -2020 session are, Aidul Fitriciada Azhari Sukma Violetta H
19.
Indonesian legislative election, 2004
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Indonesia held legislative elections on 5 April 2004 for both houses of the Peoples Consultative Assembly, the countrys national legislature. This included all 550 seats in the Peoples Representative Council and 128 seats of the new Regional Representative Council, final results of the popular vote tally showed that Golkar, the former ruling party of the New Order era, received the largest number of votes. It had lost to the Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle in the 1999 legislative election, the Democratic Party and the Prosperous Justice Party, two of the newest parties to participate in the elections, received a combined 14.8 percent of the popular vote. The election has been described as the most complicated election in the history of democracy, during its 2002 annual session, the Peoples Consultative Assembly added 14 amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia. Included in these amendments were measures to reorganize the legislature, beginning in 2004, the MPR was composed of the existing Peoples Representative Council and a new Regional Representative Council. Because all the seats in the MPR were directly elected, this called for removal of the military from the legislature and this change and an amendment for direct election of the President and Vice President were major steps for Indonesia on the road towards a full democracy. On 13 July 2003, President Megawati Sukarnoputri signed into effect a law outlining the composition of the reorganized MPR, the new DPD was composed of four representatives from each of the 32 provinces of Indonesia, not totaling more than one-third of the members of the DPR. The revised constitution also set membership in the DPR at 550, during the first phases of registration,150 parties were registered with the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. However, this number was reduced to 50 and then 24 after scrutiny from the newly created General Election Commission, only six parties met this requirement, and the remaining parties were required to merge or reorganize into a new party. The campaign period for parties and candidates began on 11 March and it was split into two phases by Nyepi, the Balinese day of silence. Parties delivered their national agendas indoors between 11 and 25 March, although this was meant to encourage dialogue between parties and their constituents, these events were poorly attended. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems conducted a survey that showed not all voters knew how to vote for candidates of the new DPD. Up to 475,000 candidates were nominated by the parties in the national, provincial. More than 1,200 candidates stood for 128 seats in the DPD, candidates were elected in an open list system. The election results determined which political parties were eligible to submit candidates for Indonesias first direct presidential election, only parties that received five percent of the popular vote or three percent of seats in the Peoples Representative Council could submit candidates. Parties that did not meet these criteria had to join other parties to meet at least one criterion. Election day,5 April, was free of major incidents. Minor violations included officials helping elderly voters cast and submit ballots, two Indonesian election officials were also reported killed when delivering voting equipment in Papua
20.
Indonesian legislative election, 2009
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Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 9 April 2009 for 132 seats of the Regional Representative Council and 560 seats of the Peoples Representative Council. A total of 38 parties met the requirements to be allowed to participate in the national elections, the Democratic Party of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won the largest share of the vote, followed by the Golkar Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle. On 5 October 2004, three regencies were carved out of the province of South Sulawesi to form West Sulawesi as the 33rd province of Indonesia, because this occurred after the 2004 legislative election, West Sulawesi was not represented in the Regional Representative Council during the 2004–2009 period. There were talks on increasing the number of seats in the Peoples Representative Council as early as September 2007, in a meeting of a committee to draft changes to the Constitution, various factions within the government proposed an increase to between 560 and 600 seats total. On 18 February 2008, the agreed on a 10-seat increase in the Council to 560 total seats in order to accommodate for the new province of West Sulawesi. In accordance with General Election Commission Regulation No, 20/2008, the first phase of the election was finalizing the list of voters. This was completed on 24 October 2008 with 170,022,239 people announced as eligible voters. However, a later, the Commission announced that due to errors in entering data, and after eliminating multiple counting. It changed the final count once again on 12 March 2009 to 171,265,442 national, however, TV advertising was permitted to continue. The legislative election took place on 9 April, and results were announced one month later, the new members of the Regional Representative Council and the Peoples Representative Council will be sworn in on 1 October. Over 60 parties registered for the elections, but only 34 originally met the eligibility requirements, however, on 15 August 2008, following a successful legal challenge, another four parties were permitted to join the contest, making 38 in total. A total of 11,219 candidates vied for seats in the Peoples Representative Council, among the requirements for parties is that 30 percent of candidates are women. The Constitutional Court also lifted the restriction on former members of the Indonesian Communist Party to stand as candidates in the legislative election. The introduction of a parliamentary threshold also meant that only parties receiving more than 2.5 percent of the vote would be seated in the Peoples Representative Council. Although the election began on 12 July 2008, before 16 March it was limited to invitation-only meetings, advertisements in the media. The public campaign ran until 5 April 2009, participants in the campaign were banned from calling into question the ideological or constitutional basis of the state as well as its form as a unitary republic. In contrast to previous elections that were closed list, Indonesia instituted an open list system for this election. Individuals campaigned not only as members of their party but also on their own merits
21.
Indonesian legislative election, 2014
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For eligible voters residing outside Indonesia, elections were held on 5 or 6 April 2014 based on the decision of electoral commission of each different countries. A total of 46 parties registered to take part in the election nationwide, candidates for the DPR and DPRDI/II stand on a party platform. The ballot papers had a section for each of the parties with the party number, under the symbols, that parties candidates were listed. Voters could vote for just the party, or one of the candidates by punching a hole in the paper with the tool provided. Candidates for the DPD stood on a basis, so voters simply needed to punch a hole in the candidates picture. For the Peoples Representative Council election each province was divided into one and eleven electoral districts depending on population. Each of these districts elected between three and ten members by proportional representation with a 3. 5% national threshold. Once the votes were counted, the General Elections Commission eliminated any party that had failed to obtain an 3. 5% share of the national vote and it then allocated seats in the Peoples Representative Council via a two-stage process. First the number of votes to secure one DPR seat in each district was calculated by dividing the number of valid votes by the number of seats to be elected in each district. Each partys vote in each district was divided by this amount to determine the number of seats won outright, any party with less than this amount won no seats in this first stage. The remaining votes were used to determine which party won any seats so far unallocated by awarding these seats to the parties with the largest remainders until all seats were allocated. For the Regional Representative Council each province, regardlesa of size and population, the candidates for DPD stood independently. Voters were given one and only one vote, the system used is Single Non-Transferable Vote. Only parties with at least 25 percent of the vote or that control 20 percent of seats in the DPR were able to nominate candidates for the presidential election. Parties that did not achieve this percentage had to form a coalition with parties to make up the required percentage share to nominate a candidate. Numerous opinion polls have been done by many different pollsters to gauge the voting intention of the electorate, however, many of them are regarded to be unreliable. The quality of polling in Indonesia varies considerably, further, some of the polling institutions provide little information about their polling methods. The data set out below should therefore be treated with care, indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle won the election by 18. 95% votes, followed by Golkar with 14. 75% votes and Great Indonesia Movement Party with 11. 81% vote
22.
Indonesian presidential election, 2004
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The first direct presidential election in Indonesia was held in two rounds on July 5 and September 20,2004. Prior to a 2002 amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia, the President and Vice President were elected by the countrys top legislative body, the Peoples Consultative Assembly. If no pair receives the amount of required, the election will continue into the second round with the pairs receiving the highest. The incumbent President, Megawati Sukarnoputri, was elected into office in 2001 after the legislature impeached and removed her predecessor, president Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawatis re-election bid was challenged by four candidates, including incumbent Vice President Hamzah Haz. In the first round, former member and retired General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono received a plurality of the valid ballots submitted, followed by Megawati. Yudhoyono eventually defeated Megawati with 60.62 percent of the ballots in the second round. He was inaugurated as the sixth President of Indonesia on 20 October 2004, the PDI–P was led by Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of Sukarno, Indonesias first president. Megawatis supporters had expected her to be elected President by the MPR and her only opponent at the time was President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, who came into office in May 1998, but he withdrew his candidacy after his accountability speech was rejected by the MPR. The PKB, which was led by Abdurrahman Wahid, the leader of Indonesias largest Islamic organization Nahdlatul Ulama, had pledged to support Megawati for President. However, it clear that Megawati did not have enough votes to back her candidacy. Additionally, National Mandate Party leader Amien Rais and his Central Axis, Abdurrahman eventually won the MPRs presidential election, and Megawati was elected as Vice President. As President, he repealed many of the laws enacted during the Suharto era that discriminated against Chinese Indonesians, among these were bans on the use of Chinese characters and display of images relating to Chinese culture. Following this act, many political parties began to reach out to Chinese Indonesians for their votes by displaying Chinese characters on campaign material, following Abdurrahmans impeachment and removal from office by the MPR in July 2001, the legislative body elevated Megawati to the presidency. She would complete the remainder of Abdurrahmans five-year term, ending in October 2004 and this presidential election process would involve political parties nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket with the option of runoff election. In December 2003, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems began a survey in order to assess the popularity of potential candidates. The survey continued until the start of the first election round on 5 July, the first IFES survey indicated that incumbent President Megawati Sukarnoputri received a plurality of the votes. However, by the time of the April 2004 legislative election, other potential candidates included DPR Speaker Akbar Tanjung and Yogyakarta Sultan Hamengkubuwana X. The results of the election determined which political parties were eligible to submit presidential tickets
23.
Indonesian presidential election, 2009
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Presidential elections were held in Indonesia on 8 July 2009. The elections returned a president and vice president for the 2009–2014 period, Yudhoyono was officially declared the victor of the election on 23 July 2009, by the General Election Commission. This was the election in which Indonesians elected their President. In 2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono defeated incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri in a run-off election, polls through early January 2009 saw Yudhoyono leading a large field of potential presidential candidates. Incumbent Vice President Jusuf Kalla announced in February 2009 that he would not be returning as a presidential candidate with Yudhoyono. Instead, he was ready to challenge Yudhoyono should Golkar, the party which he chaired, on 17 February, the Constitutional Court ruled that independent candidates would not be allowed to run in the election. Following legislative elections held on 9 April, coalitions of political parties began to emerge in order to nominate candidates for President and Vice President. Under the 2008 Presidential Election Law, the candidates must be nominated by a party or coalition that won at least 25% of the vote or 112 of 560 seats of the Peoples Representative Council. Indonesias Constitutional Court also ruled that independent candidates would not be allowed to run, candidates had to officially register with the General Election Commission by midnight of 16 May in order to appear on the ballots. However, talks were broken off on 13 April 2009, with Golkar reportedly more interested in continuing the coalition with Yudhoyono rather than risk being cut off from power completely. Yudhoyono was also in talks with Islamist parties in a bid to form a coalition controlling more than half the seats in parliament. By late April 2009, Golkar was in talks with smaller parties to gain the votes it lacked to be able to nominate Kalla as a presidential candidate. Two parties who had been considering joining the coalition, the National Mandate Party, shortly after the ten-party coalition was announced, incumbent Vice President Kalla announced a joint ticket with former Indonesian military leader Wiranto. The PDI–P selected former president Megawati as its candidate on 7 May. On 12 May 2009, Yudhoyono chose Boediono, the governor of Bank Indonesia, four parties which had planned to form a coalition with Yudhoyonos Democratic Party had expected that the vice presidential nominee would come from one of their parties. Although they threatened to form their own coalition with Gerindra and present their own candidate, the remaining three parties eventually agreed to support the Yudhoyono–Boediono ticket and attended the nomination ceremony in Bandung on 15 May. Nominees for president and vice president registered their candidacy at the central General Election Commission office in Jakarta on 16 May, candidates underwent physical and psychological evaluations at Gatot Subroto Army Hospital following registration. Personality tests were conducted using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
24.
Indonesian presidential election, 2014
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On 22 July the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodos victory. He and his vice-president, Jusuf Kalla, were sworn-in on 20 October 2014 and this law was challenged in the Constitutional Court, but in late January 2014 the Court ruled that the requirement would stand for this election. No party exceeded the threshold in the 2014 legislative elections, therefore two coalitions were formed, arrangements for the conduct of elections in Indonesia are carried out under the supervision of the General Elections Commission. The presidential elections in 2014 will be carried out in accordance with the Law, in practice, berita terkini these conditions set a rather high bar for nomination. The likelihood is that only supported by one of the major parties, perhaps with some support from several of the minor parties. Among other things, the effect of this requirement is likely to be a limit on the number of candidates who will be able to stand for the presidency. Indonesia is working towards e-voting in hope of implementing the new system in the 2014 general elections, however, the system was not ready for the election. Therefore, voters voted on paper by punching a hole in one of the two candidates photograph, number, or name. The ballots were collected and counted at the village level, then city/regency level, province level. Candidates for president are nominated as individuals, however, support from the political parties is likely to play a key role in influencing the result. Partly for this reason, the highly changeable map of political parties in Indonesia contributes to the uncertainty of political trends in the run-up to the presidential election, in recent years, the number of political parties contesting major elections has varied considerably. In 2004,24 parties contested the elections and 16 secured enough seats to be represented in the national parliament. In 2009,38 parties contested the elections and 9 secured enough seats to be represented in the national parliament. In 2014,12 parties contested the legislative elections on 9 April. They are also banned from participating the next due to the failing of passing the Electoral Threshold of 2. 5% of the national legislative vote in 2014. The leader of Democratic Party and incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is officially neutral in the election, see also, List of political parties in Indonesia Before the national legislative elections on 9 April 2014, the following candidates had declared their intention to run for president. Following the legislative elections, these candidates were unable to reach the threshold, NOTE, The quality of polling in Indonesia varies considerably. Furthermore, some of the polling institutions provide little information about their polling methods, the data set out below should therefore be treated with care
25.
Provinces of Indonesia
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Indonesian territory is composed of 34 provinces. A province is the highest tier of the local government divisions of Indonesia, provinces are further divided into regencies and cities, which are in turn subdivided into sub-districts. Each province has its own government, headed by a governor. The governor and members of representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. Five provinces have special status, Aceh, for the use of the law as the regional law of the province. Special Region of Yogyakarta, a sovereign monarchy within Indonesia with the sultan Hamengkubuwono as hereditary Governor, SR Yogyakarta refused to call themselves as the province according to Law No. 12/2012 about The Speciality of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Papua, for implementation of sustainable development. West Papua, for granting implementation of sustainable development, the provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units. This clickable map shows provinces of Indonesia as of 25 October 2012, click on a province name to go to its main article. A considerable number of new provinces have been proposed in addition to the 34 existing provinces of Indonesia, as of 2013, the government has targeted the creation of eight new provinces by 2020, by splitting several of the existing provinces. On 25 October 2013, the Indonesian House of Representatives began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies and 8 new provinces
26.
Regencies of Indonesia
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This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia. Both regencies and cities are second-level administrative subdivision in Indonesia, immediately below the provinces, in Indonesia, both regency and city are at the same administration level, each having their own local government and legislative body. The difference between a regency and a city lies in demography, size and economy, generally, a regency comprises a rural, larger area than a city. A city usually has non-agricultural economic activities, a regency is headed by a regent, known locally as bupati, while a city is headed by a mayor. All regents, mayors and members of legislatures are elected via elections to serve for a five year term which can be renewed once. Each regency or city is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan, an administrative city is a city without its own local legislatures. The mayor of a city is directly appointed by the Governor. This type of city in Indonesia is only found in Jakarta which consisted of 5 administrative cities and 1 administrative regency, following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities became the key administrative units responsible for providing most governmental services. The list below groups regencies and cities in Indonesia by provinces, each regency has an administrative centre, the regency seat. The Indonesian title of bupati is originally a loanword from Sanskrit originating in India, related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati and senapati. A regency is a subdivision of a province in Indonesia. The Indonesian term kabupaten is also translated as municipality. Regencies and cities are divided into Districts, the English name regency comes from the Dutch colonial period, when regencies were ruled by bupati and were known as regentschap. Bupati had been regional lords under the pre-colonial monarchies of Java, when the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not strictly speaking native rulers because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into Residencies headed by exclusively European Residents. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms bupati, since the start of Reformasi in 1998 a remarkable secession of district governments has arisen in Indonesia. This process has become known as pemekaran, following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the end of the Soeharto era in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies from around 300 at the end of 1998 to over 490 in 2008 ten years later, the agreement will be forwarded on for government approval
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Cities of Indonesia
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This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia. Both regencies and cities are second-level administrative subdivision in Indonesia, immediately below the provinces, in Indonesia, both regency and city are at the same administration level, each having their own local government and legislative body. The difference between a regency and a city lies in demography, size and economy, generally, a regency comprises a rural, larger area than a city. A city usually has non-agricultural economic activities, a regency is headed by a regent, known locally as bupati, while a city is headed by a mayor. All regents, mayors and members of legislatures are elected via elections to serve for a five year term which can be renewed once. Each regency or city is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan, an administrative city is a city without its own local legislatures. The mayor of a city is directly appointed by the Governor. This type of city in Indonesia is only found in Jakarta which consisted of 5 administrative cities and 1 administrative regency, following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities became the key administrative units responsible for providing most governmental services. The list below groups regencies and cities in Indonesia by provinces, each regency has an administrative centre, the regency seat. The Indonesian title of bupati is originally a loanword from Sanskrit originating in India, related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati and senapati. A regency is a subdivision of a province in Indonesia. The Indonesian term kabupaten is also translated as municipality. Regencies and cities are divided into Districts, the English name regency comes from the Dutch colonial period, when regencies were ruled by bupati and were known as regentschap. Bupati had been regional lords under the pre-colonial monarchies of Java, when the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not strictly speaking native rulers because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into Residencies headed by exclusively European Residents. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms bupati, since the start of Reformasi in 1998 a remarkable secession of district governments has arisen in Indonesia. This process has become known as pemekaran, following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the end of the Soeharto era in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies from around 300 at the end of 1998 to over 490 in 2008 ten years later, the agreement will be forwarded on for government approval
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Administrative village
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An administrative village is the lowest level of government administration in Indonesia. It could be a village or a kelurahan, a village is headed by a village chief, who is elected by popular vote. A kelurahan is headed by a lurah, a civil servant appointed by local government, a village is divided non-administratively into local communities which manage a certain number of households. In Aceh, a village is called as gampong, since the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, the larger nagari has been introduced in place of the desa as the lowest government unit in West Sumatra. Village is the lowest level of government administration in Indonesia, a village is divided into several community groups, which are further divided into neighbourhood groups. In Java, the desa is divided further into smaller units called dusun or dukuh, these units are the same as rukun warga
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Foreign relations of Indonesia
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Following Suhartos ouster in 1998, Indonesias government has preserved the broad outlines of Suhartos independent, moderate foreign policy. Preoccupation with domestic problems has not prevented successive presidents from travelling abroad, Indonesia managed to play a role as a peacemaker in the Cambodia-Thailand conflict over the Preah Vihear temple. Indonesia and other ASEAN member countries collectively have also played a role in encouraging the government of Myanmar to open up its political system, given its geographic and demographic size, rising capabilities and diplomatic initiatives, scholars have labelled Indonesia to be one Asia-Pacifics middle powers. Since then, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, and Cambodia also have joined ASEAN. 70A, Kebayoran Baru, other than serving their diplomatic missions for Indonesia, numbers of foreign embassies and diplomatic mission in Jakarta are also accredited to ASEAN. ASEAN Headquarter has led to the prominence of Jakarta as a hub in Southeast Asia. In the late 1990s to early 2000s, Indonesias continued domestic troubles have distracted it from ASEAN matters, Indonesia is viewed to have weight, international legitimacy and global appeal to draw support and attention from around the world to ASEAN. Indonesias bilateral relations with three neighboring fellow ASEAN members — Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam — are not without challenges, if not managed properly would result in mutual mistrust and suspicion, thus hindering bilateral and regional cooperation. In the era of rising Indonesia which might asserts its leadership role within ASEAN, nevertheless, the rise of Indonesia should be regarded in the sense of optimism. First, although Indonesia is likely to become assertive, the tone of its foreign policy are mainly liberal. The consolidation of Indonesian democratic government played a key role and influence in ASEAN, the second, institutional web of ASEAN will sustain engagements and regular meeting between regional elites, thus deepening their mutual understanding and personal connections. Indonesia also was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement and has taken positions in its councils. As NAM Chairman in 1992-95, it led NAM positions away from the rhetoric of North-South confrontation, Indonesia continues to be a prominent, and generally helpful, leader of the Non-Aligned Movement. Indonesia has the worlds largest Muslim population, and is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and it carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions but generally has been an influence for moderation in the OIC. President Abdurrahman Wahid has pursued better relations with Israel, and in August 2000 he met with former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, however, as of January 2006, theres no formal diplomacy link between Indonesia and Israel. As such, Indonesia, alongside its Malaysian neighbour, conducts its foreign relations with Israel through Singapore, Indonesia has been a strong supporter of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. As the largest economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia also belongs to another economic groupings such as G-20 major economies, in 2008, Indonesia was admitted as a member of the G20, as the only ASEAN member state to be included in the group. Problems in Timor and Indonesias reluctance to implement economic reform, have complicated Indonesias relationship with donors, Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 1 January 1984. Brunei Darussalam was recognised by Jakarta on independence in 1984, although they do not share a direct land border, Indonesia and Brunei share the island of Borneo
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Indonesian language
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Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is a register of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, of its large population, the majority speak Indonesian, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. However, most formal education, and nearly all national mass media, governance, administration, judiciary, the Indonesian name for the language is Bahasa Indonesia or sometimes simplified as Bahasa. This term is occasionally found in English and other languages. Indonesian is a register of Riau Malay, which despite its common name is not the Malay dialect native to Riau. Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra, Malay has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium and it might be attributed to its ancestor, the Old Malay language. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, trade contacts carried on by various ethnic peoples at the time were the main vehicle for spreading the Old Malay language, which was the main communications medium among the traders. Ultimately, the Old Malay language became a lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago, Indonesian is essentially the same language as the official Malaysian, Singaporean and Brunei standards of Malay. However, it does differ from Malaysian in several respects, with differences in pronunciation and these differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian. Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar, which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands. Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the classical Malay of earlier centuries, even though modern Malaysian has been influenced, in lexicon as well as in syntax. The question of whether High Malay or Low Malay was the parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language, however, the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the language of their trading outpost in the east. Following the bankruptcy of the VOC the Dutch crown took control of the colony in 1799 and it was then that education in. Even then, Dutch administrators were reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes. Dutch thus remained the language of a elite, in 1940
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Government of Indonesia
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The term Government of Indonesia can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three branches of government – the Executive branch, Legislative branch and Judicial branch. The term is used colloquially to mean the Executive and Legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the Executive Branch in form of the Cabinet of Indonesia as this is the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance, a constitutional reform process lasted from 1999 to 2002, with four constitutional amendments producing important changes. Among these are term limits of up to 2 five-year terms for the President and Vice-President, tNI/POLRI representation in the DPR and MPR ended in 2004. Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change, having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past, the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch. Through his appointed cabinet, the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government, a general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national, provincial and regional parliaments in over forty years. Megawatis PDI-P party had won the largest share of the vote in the election, while Golkar. Several other, mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR, further democratic elections took place in 2004 and 2009. The president and vice-president are selected by vote of the citizens for five-year terms, prior to 2004, they were chosen by Peoples Consultative Assembly. The last election was held 9 July 2014, the president appoints a cabinet, members of which do not have to be elected members of the legislature. The Peoples Consultative Assembly is the branch in Indonesias political system. Following elections in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral parliament, the Regional Representatives Council is the upper house of The Peoples Consultative Assembly. The Indonesian Supreme Court is the highest level of the judicial branch and its judges are appointed by the president. The Constitutional Court rules on constitutional and political matters, while a Judicial Commission oversees the judges, reformasi, the struggle for power in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Crows Nest, NSW, Allen & Unwin, a nation in waiting, Indonesias search for stability. ISBN 0-8133-3650-3 Republic of Indonesia - National portal
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University of Indonesia
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Universitas Indonesia is a state university in Depok, West Java and Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia is the oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia, UI is generally considered as the most prestigious university in Indonesia, along with Bandung Institute of Technology and Gadjah Mada University. In the 2015/2016 QS World Universities Ranking, UI is ranked 1st in Indonesia, 79th in Asia, the roots of UI date back to 1851. At that time, the government of the Dutch East Indies established a school to train medical assistants. Training lasted for two years, and the graduates were certified to provide medical treatments. The degree conferred was Javanese Doctor, as the graduates were certified only to open their practice in the Dutch East Indies, the program became more comprehensive, by 1864 it was expanded to three years. By 1875, the program of study had reached seven years, the next step came in 1898, when the Dutch East Indies government established a new school to train medical doctors, named STOVIA. A school building was opened in March 1902, in a building that is now the Museum of National Awakening, the prerequisite to enter STOVIA was roughly the equivalent of a junior high school diploma. The schooling took nine years, so it was a mix between high school and university education, many STOVIA graduates later played important roles in Indonesias national movement toward independence, as well in developing medical education in Indonesia. In 1924, the government again decided to open a new tertiary-level educational facility. The RHS would later evolve into the Faculty of Law, in 1927, STOVIAs status was changed to that of a full tertiary-level institution and its name was changed to GHS. The GHS occupied the main building and used the same teaching hospital as the current Faculty of Medicine. Many GHS alumni would later play roles in establishing Universitas Indonesia, after Indonesia gained independence, the Indonesian Institute for Higher Education was established in Jakarta consisting of three faculties, Medicine and Pharmacy, Letters, and Law. The institute produced its first 90 graduate students as medical doctors in the same year, when the Dutch colonial army occupied Jakarta in late 1945, the BPTRI moved to Klaten, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Malang. In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood Universiteit or Emergency University at Jakarta, in 1947, the name was changed to Universiteit van Indonesië or Universitas Indonesia. Following the Indonesian National Revolution, the government established a university in Jakarta in February 1950. The name was Universiteit Indonesia, comprising the BPTRI units and the former UVI, by 1950, UI was a multi-campus university, with faculties in Jakarta, Bogor, Bandung, Surabaya, and Makassar. The Surabaya campus became the University of Airlangga in 1954, in the following year, the Makassar campus became the University of Hasanuddin
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Airlangga University
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Airlangga University is the second-oldest university in Indonesia and also a public university located in Surabaya, East Java. It started with a school and school of dentistry. Now Universitas Airlangga hosts 15 faculties with more than 35,000 students and 1,570 faculty members, the university is also equipped with biosafety level three facilities. Universitas Airlangga has international partnerships worldwide, including with University of Bonn, Seoul National University, the QS Asian University Ranking 2014 have placed Universitas Airlangga as the best university in Citations per paper category. In 2010, Universitas Airlangga was ranked 466th worldwide according to the Top 500 QS World University Rankings 2010, in the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities 2011, Universitas Airlangga was placed fourth in Indonesia and 22nd in the Southeast Asia region. Universitas Airlangga has two internationally standardized quality management certificates for its management quality, the Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy are among the best life science schools in Indonesia, ranked 45th in Asia and 356th in the world by QS World University Rankings 2011. The Faculty of Medicine is affiliated with the Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital, before Universitas Airlangga was established on October 11,1847, the proposal to educate young Javanese to become health experts was submitted to the Dutch colonial government. On May 8,1913 — through Edict No.4211 of the Governor General of the Netherlands-Indies — NIAS was founded as an education center in Surabaya. The first medical institution is located in Jl, in 1923, NIAS was moved to its present-day location of the Faculty of Medicine of Universitas Airlangga, on Jl. Major General Prof. Dr. Moestopo, Surabaya, Dr. Lonkhuizen, the director of the Department of Health, proposed the establishment of School of Dentistry in Surabaya. He received approval from Dr. R. J. F, van Zaben, the succeeding director of NIAS and the new school was opened in July 1928. Later on, the school was known as STOVIT with 21 students. Later during the Japanese occupation STOVIT was renamed Ika-Shika Daigaku under the supervision of Dr. Takeda as its first director, while NIAS was closed down. Two years later, the post-WW II Dutch colonial government took over Ika-Shika Daigaku and then changed its name to Tandheelkundig Instituut, in 1948, the dentistry institute changed its status to Universitair Tandheelkundig Instituut. Later after Republik Indonesia Serikat gained its independence in 1950, UTI was renamed LIKG for four years, under the leadership of Prof. M. Knap. In 1948, both became part of Universitas Indonesias Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry. Universitas Airlangga was established by Government Regulation No, 57/1954 and was inaugurated by the first president of the Republic of Indonesia on November 10,1954, coinciding with the celebration of the ninth national Heroes Day. In the same year, the Faculty of Law of Universitas Airlangga was established, the name Airlangga is taken from the name of the reigning king of East Java in 1019–1042, Rakai Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramattungadewa
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Surabaya
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Surabaya, is the capital of Jawa Timur, located on northeastern Java island and along the edge of the Madura Strait and the second-largest-city in Indonesia. At the 2010 census, the city had a population over 2, Surabaya was once the largest city in Dutch East Indies and virtually the center of trading in the nation, exceeding those of Batavia, competing with the likes of Shanghai and Hong Kong. It was said that the two powerful animals agreed for a truce and set boundaries, that the domain would be in the sea while the crocodiles domain would be on the land. However one day the shark swam into the estuary to hunt, this angered the crocodile. The Shark argued that the river was a water-realm which meant that it was shark territory, while the crocodile argued that the river flowed deep inland, a ferocious fight resumed as the two animals bit each other. Finally the shark was badly bitten and fled to the sea. The two animals are now used as the symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo. Alternate derivations proliferate, from the Javanese sura ing baya, meaning bravely facing danger, some people consider Jayabayas prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other in order to be the king of the city, the two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies, though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable, the earliest record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua, in which it was called Jung-ya-lu, the ancient name of Surabaya. At the estuary, the water is fresh. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Surabaya was a duchy and it entered a conflict with, and was later captured by, the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung. It was one of Matarams fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabayas allies, Sukadana and Madura, with this conquest, Mataram then controlled almost the whole of Java, with the exception of the Sultanate of Banten and the Dutch settlement of Batavia. The expanding Dutch East India Company took the city over from a weakened Mataram in November 1743, Surabaya became a major trading center under the Dutch colonial government, and hosted the largest naval base in the colony. Surabaya was also the largest city in the serving as the center of Javas plantation economy. However, by 1920 a census recorded that Batavia has overtaken Surabayas population size, in 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association. The revolt was crushed and the insurgents given harsh sentences. Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the occupation of Indonesia, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists
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Denpasar
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Denpasar is the capital of Bali. Situated on the Bali island, it is worldwide as a major tourist destination. The city is also a hub for cities in the Lesser Sunda Islands. With the rapid growth of the industry in Bali, Denpasar has encouraged and promoted business activities and ventures. The population of Denpasar was 834,881 in 2012, up from 788,445 at the 2010 Census, the surrounding metropolitan area has roughly 2 million residents. The municipalitys area extent, population, and density are similar to San Francisco, in the 18th and 19th century, Denpasar functioned as the capital of the Hindu Majapahit Kingdom of Badung. Thus, the city was formerly called Badung, the royal palace was looted and razed during the Dutch intervention in 1906. In 1958 Denpasar became the seat of government for the Province of Bali and it remained the administrative centre of both Badung Regency and the City of Denpasar. Both Denpasar and Badung Regency have experienced physical, economic. Denpasar has become not only the seat of government, but also the centre of commerce, education, industry, average population growth of 4. 05% per annum, accompanied by rapid development, led to a variety of urban problems. It was resolved that meeting the needs and demands of the urban community would best be addressed by giving Denpasar administrative independence from Badung Regency. Agreement was reached to raise the status of Denpasar to that of an autonomous City and it was inaugurated by the Minister of Home Affairs on 27 February 1992. On 16 November 2009, in an administrative realignment, Regulation Number 67 shifted the capital of Badung Regency from Denpasar to Mangupura. Denpasar is located at a height of 0-75 mdpl, while the total area of 127.78 km² or 2. 18% of the total area of Bali Province. From the use of land,2,768 hectares of land are paddy,10,001 hectares are dry land, Badung River divides Denpasar, after which the river empties into the Gulf of Benoa. Denpasar, located just south of the equator, has a wet and dry climate, with hot. Due to this there is little change throughout the year. Unlike many cities outside Indonesia with this climate, there is little seasonal temperature change
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Malang
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Malang is the second largest city in East Java. It has a history dating back to the Singhasari, the city population at the 2010 Census was 820,243. Its built-up area was home to 2,795,209 inhabitants spread on 2 cities and 22 districts, during the period of Dutch colonization, it was a popular destination for European residents. The city is known for its mild climate. People in East Java sometimes call it Paris of East Java, in 2013, Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis, and since that time it has been marked by steady economic and population growth. The etymology of the name Malang is uncertain, one of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words Malangkucecwara which means God has destroyed the false and enforced the right. The words was taken from an ancient term which mention a legendary temple called Malangkucecwara supposedly located near the city Malang, the word Malangkucecwara was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony, in 1879, Malang was connected to Javas railroad network, further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. The government could not satisfy the needs for affordable housing. Today, the shanty towns still exist, although some have been transformed into “better” housing, Malang has a total area of 252.136 km2. Malang City is an enclave located within Malang Regency, brantas River flows through the city, as well as Amprong and Metro Rivers. Malang is served by the Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport, an airport with flights to Jakarta. Connection to another city will be available in the near future, the popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption. The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate as the climate throughout the year is greatly influenced by the monsoon. The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 334 mm, the temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 476 m above sea level. The hottest month is October and November with average 24.3 °C and this is the climate data of Malang in 2014 to 2016. However, the growth is not very high, at roughly 1 percent a year. The racial makeup of the city is mainly of Javanese, with a percentage of Madurese, Chinese
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Sriwijaya University
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For the Thai university, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya also known as Srivijaya University, see Rajamangala University of Technology. Sriwijaya University is a research, teaching and learning center which has contributed significantly in the development and advancement of sciences, technologies, arts, Unsri obtained accreditation Very Good awarded by the National Accreditation Board of Higher Education or in Indonesian (Badan Akrediasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi. The idea to establish a college in South Sumatera had been around since the early 1950s and was prompted on Independence Day celebration on August 17,1952, initiated by some community leaders, the idea was transformed into an agreement to form a Panitia Fakultet Sumatera Selatan. At the end of August 1952, the faculty of economics was established under some considerations, thus, Panitia Fakultet Ekonomi Sumatera Selatan was set up and then managed by a foundation established on the 1st of April 1953. It was named Yayasan Perguruan Tinggi Syakhyakirti and this Faculty was officially opened on October 31,1953 in a ceremony attended by Mr. Hadi, Secretary General of the Ministry of Education Teaching and Culture, Drg. M. Isa, Bambang Utoyo, and Ali Gathmyr, the Foundation of Higher Education Syakhyakirti continued the efforts to establish the university by Organizing Panitia Penyelenggaraan Fakultas Hukum. It was inaugurated as ‘Faculty of Law and Public Knowledge’ on November 1,1957, the cornerstone laying ceremony took place on October 31,1957. The next effort was state validation of the existing college, with the persistent efforts of community leaders of South Sumatera, like Colonel Harun Sohar and A. Bastari, the obstacles of building the university could be overcome. M Isa was appointed with Presidential Decree No, 696/M of 1960 dated 29 October 1960 as the first President of the University. To meet the development demands, Sriwijaya University planned to expand the area by opening an area of 712 hectares in Indralaya, Ogan Komering Ilir. The development of new campus building started in 1983. The development of the started in 1989 and ended in 1993. The South Sumatera’s Governor at that time, Ramli Hasan Basri H, the Inauguration of Sriwijaya University’s new campus in Indralaya was officially held on March 6,1997 by President Suharto. The campus is located in Palembang and Indralaya, srijaya Negara Bukit Besar, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia 30139 Faculty of Medicine, Jl. RSMH Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia 30126 Graduate School of Sriwijaya University, padang Selasa No.524 Bukit Besar, Palembang, South Sumatera Indonesia 30139 Indralaya Campus, Jl. 32, Indralaya Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatera, Indonesia The inter campus transportation for students and staffs are Buses, for internal transportation within Indralaya, the campus offers free shuttle buses. On the emblem depicted five petals with yellow color. Five petals symbolize the life philosophy of Pancasila as the nation of Indonesia, chrysanthemum flower as a symbol of the oldest found in the history of Srivijaya
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Palembang
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Palembang is the second-largest city on Sumatra island after Medan and the capital city of the South Sumatra province in Indonesia. It is one of the oldest cities in the Malay Archipelago, Palembang is located on the Musi River banks on the east coast of southern Sumatra, with a land area of 369.22 square kilometres and a population of 1,708,413 people. Palembang is the sixth-largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan and its built-up area with Talang Kelapa and Rambutan was home to 1,620,429 inhabitants at the 2010 census. Palembang is the oldest city in Indonesia, and has a history of being the city of the Kingdom of Srivijaya, a powerful Malay kingdom. The earliest evidence of its dates from the 7th century. The first inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century, namely the Kedukan Bukit Inscription around Palembang in Sumatra, Palembangs main landmarks include Ampera Bridge and Musi River, the latter of which divides the city into two. The north bank of river in Palembang is known as Seberang Ilir and this city was known as a host city for 2011 Southeast Asian Games. Additionally,2018 Asian Games is going to be held in the city along with Jakarta, the word Palembang is derived from two words in Malay pa and lembang. Pa or Pe in Malay is a prefix indicates a place or situation meanwhile lembang or lembeng means lowland. In other words, Palembang literally means the place which was inundated by water. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription, which is dated 682 AD, is the oldest inscription found in Palembang, the Matajap of the inscription is believed to be Mukha Upang, a district of Palembang. According to George Coedes, in the half of the 9th century Java. As the capital of the Srivijaya kingdom, this second oldest city in Southeast Asia has been an important trading centre in maritime Southeast Asia for more than a millennium. Sanskrit inscriptions and Chinese travelogues report that the kingdom prospered as an intermediary in the trade between China and India. Thus, Srivijaya grew to be the biggest international trade centre, and not only the market and it functioned as a cultural centre as well. He also recorded there were many states under the kingdom called Srivijaya. In 990, an army from the Kingdom of Medang in Java attacked Srivijaya, Palembang was sacked and the palace was looted. Cudamani Warmadewa, however, requested protection from China, by 1006, the invasion was finally repelled
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Mohammad Mahfud
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Mohammad Mahfud MD is an Indonesian politician and lawyer. He is of Madurese descent, born in Sampang, a city on Madura Island and he completed his five-year term as chief justice back in April 2013 and has announced that he will not seek reelection as chief justice. Mahfud holds a degree in political science and a doctorate in constitutional law from Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta. Since 1984, he has also been a professor of law at the faculty of law at the Islamic University of Indonesia in Yogyakarta. He has also taught in a number of universities in Indonesia. Mahfud was appointed as Minister of Defense by President Abdurrahman Wahid on August 23,2000, following a cabinet shuffle on 20 July 2001 Mahfud moved from the defense portfolio and was appointed Minister of Justice and Human Rights. He held office briefly until Wahids impeachment by the Peoples Consultative Assembly the following month, in 2004, Mahfud became one of the National Awakening Partys nominees for the 2004 parliament election. He was successful in the elections and become a member of the Peoples Representative Council during the period 2004-2008 and he sat on a number of parliamentary commissions during his term in parliament. He served in the position until his term ended in April 2013, Mahfud attracted considerable publicity during his period at the court. Mahfud has been married to Zaizatun Nihayati since 1982, the couple has three children, Ikhwan Zein, Vina Amalia, and Royhan Akbar. Mahfud is well known as a commentator and public speaker and he often comments on issues concerning human rights in Indonesia. More recently, in September 2012 he was critical of a proposal from the National Counterterrorist Agency to certify Islamic clerics, towards the end of 2012 there was increased speculation about the possibility that Mahfud would become a candidate in the 2014 presidential elections in Indonesia. Several polls indicated high support for Mahfud amongst some groups of voters, in November 2012 he stood for, and was elected to, the position of chair of the Islamic Students Alumni Association, an influential Moslem organisation. Mohammad Mahfud MD Ketua Mahkamah Kosntitusi 2008-2011
