1.
Equitable Life Building (Manhattan)
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The Equitable Life Assurance Building was the headquarters of The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. Construction was completed on May 1,1870 at 120 Broadway in New York City, at a then-record 130 feet, it is considered by some the worlds first skyscraper. The architects were Arthur Gilman and Edward H. Kendall, with George B, post as a consulting engineer and hydraulic elevators made by the Elisha Otis company. The building, described as fireproof, was destroyed by a fire on January 9,1912. Extremely cold weather caused the water from the trucks to freeze on the building. The present Equitable Building was completed in 1915 on the same plot, the massive bulk of the newer building was a major impetus behind the citys 1916 Zoning Resolution. —pamphlet about the fire, published in 1912 and available on Archive. org
2.
Chemical Bank
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Chemical Bank was a bank with headquarters in New York City from 1824 until 1996. At the end of 1995, Chemical was the third-largest bank in the U. S. with about $182.9 billion in assets, after 1988, the bank operated as the primary subsidiary of the bank holding company Chemical Banking Corporation. Following Chemicals acquisition of Chase in 1996, the bank adopted the venerable Chase brand, the bank is now part of JPMorgan Chase. Chemical Bank was the operating subsidiary of the Chemical Banking Corporation. As of the end of 1995, before its merger with the Chase Manhattan Bank, Chemical was the third-largest bank in the United States by total assets, the Chemical Banking Corporation was the fifth-largest bank holding company in terms of total assets. Of Chemicals $182.9 billion, the bank held about $82.1 billion of loans, including loans, other consumer loans. Among Chemicals largest international exposure was to Japan, Germany, the other assets on the banks balance sheet included cash as well as various debt and equity securities. Chemical reported record net income of $1.8 billion for 1995, Chemicals level of capital at the end of 1995 remained strong, with capital adequacy ratios well in excess of regulatory requirements. The Corporations Tier 1 and Total Capital ratios were 8. 5% and 12. 1%, Chemical was one of the leading banks in the U. S. active both in corporate banking as well as retail banking. Chemicals corporate banking business provided a wide variety business loans, leasing, real estate financing, money transfer, Chemical was among the leading bank lenders to small and medium-sized businesses. Chemical also had a significant presence in investment banking as well as underwriting corporate debt, before its 1996 merger with Chase, Chemical had two operating segments, the Global Bank and Consumer & Relationship Banking. The banks private equity and venture capital functions were housed in this division. Global Markets was primarily focused on sales and trading activities, foreign exchange dealing, derivatives trading and structuring, risk management, in 1995, Chemicals Global Bank revenue was roughly balanced between investment banking and markets activities Consumer & Relationship Banking. Consumer and Relationship Banking was made up of a number of businesses, including banking, commercial banking, credit cards. Chemical maintained a market share position in providing financial services to middle market companies nationally. This division also included a private banking business, although Chemical was not a leading player in this market. The bank opened its first offices at 216 Broadway in Downtown New York in 1824 at the corner of Ann Street. In 1848, the agreed to sell its building to its neighbor Barnums American Museum
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Jacob Schiff
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Jacob Henry Schiff was an Jewish-American banker, businessman, and philanthropist. Among many other things, he helped finance the expansion of American railroads, born in Frankfurt, Germany, Schiff migrated to the United States after the American Civil War and joined the firm Kuhn, Loeb & Co. He also became a director of many important corporations, including the National City Bank of New York, Equitable Life Assurance Society, Wells Fargo & Company, in many of his interests he was associated with E. H. Harriman. Schiff was born in 1847 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, to Moses and Clara Schiff and his father, Moses Schiff, was a broker for the Rothschilds. Schiff was educated in the schools of Frankfurt and was first employed in the banking, after the American Civil War had ended in April,1865, Schiff came to the United States, arriving in New York City on August 6. He was licensed as a broker on November 21,1866 and he became a naturalized citizen of the United States in September 1870. Upon the dissolution of Budge, Schiff & Company in 1872, in 1873 he became manager of the Hamburg branch of the London & Hanseatic Bank. He returned to Frankfurt, however, upon the death of his father later that year, in 1874 Abraham Kuhn of the banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Company invited him to return to New York and enter the firm. On May 6,1875, he married Therese Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb, the couple were the parents of a son, Mortimer L. Schiff and a daughter, Frieda. In 1885 Schiff became head of Kuhn, Loeb & Company, less fortunate was his share in the reorganization in 1902 of the Metropolitan Street Railway of New York. He became associated with E. H. Harriman in notable contests with James J. Hill and he was elected a director of Wells Fargo in September 1914 to succeed his brother-in-law, Paul Warburg, who had resigned to accept appointment to the original Federal Reserve Board. What was perhaps Schiffs most famous action was during the Russo-Japanese War. Schiff met Takahashi Korekiyo, deputy governor of the Bank of Japan and he subsequently extended loans to the Empire of Japan in the amount of $200 million, through Kuhn, Loeb & Co. These loans were the first major flotation of Japanese bonds on Wall Street and it is quite likely Schiff also saw this loan as a means of answering, on behalf of the Jewish people, the anti-Semitic actions of the Russian Empire, specifically the then-recent Kishinev pogrom. This loan attracted worldwide attention, and had major consequences, Japan won the war, thanks in large part to the purchase of munitions made possible by Schiffs loan. In 1905, Japan awarded Schiff the Order of the Sacred Treasure, and in 1907, the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, Schiff was the first foreigner to receive the Order in person from Emperor Meiji in the Imperial Palace. Schiff also had an audience with King Edward VII of the United Kingdom in 1904. In addition to his famous loan to Japan, Schiff financed loans to other nations
7.
Horace Brigham Claflin
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Horace Brigham Claflin, American merchant, was born in Milford, Massachusetts. Claflin was educated at Milford Academy, became a clerk in his fathers store in Milford, in 1832 the firm opened a branch store in Worcester, Massachusetts, and in 1833 Claflin and Daniels secured the sole control of this establishment and restricted their dealing to dry goods. In 1843 Claflin moved to New York City, Claflin became a member of the firm of Bulkley & Claflin, wholesale dry goods merchants. In 1851 and in 1864 the firm was reorganized, being designated in these years as Claflin, Mellin & Company. Under Claflins management the business increased so rapidly that the sales for a time after 1865 probably exceeded those of any other house in the world. The firm was temporarily embarrassed at the beginning of the American Civil War, the reputation of Claflin increased because of his promptness in paying off debts during the financial panic of 1873. He died at Fordham, New York, on 14 November 1885 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
8.
Marcellus Hartley
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Marcellus Hartley was an American arms dealer, appointed as an agent by the Union Government to purchase guns from Europe during the American Civil War. He later manufactured cartridges for breech-loading guns, owned the Remington Arms Company, Hartley was the son of Catherine Munson and merchant, Robert Milham Hartley, who was active in public health reform and the New York temperance movement. Hartley was educated in New York and entered his father’s business at the age of seventeen as a clerk, after three years he moved to Francis Tomes & Sons, Maiden Lane, New York, and became involved with gun sales. In 1854, at the age of twenty six, he started in business with partners Jacob Rutsen Schuyler and they purchased goods in Europe and found a ready market in New York, with Hartley specialising in guns and ammunition. In 1857 a financial panic hit the country and many companies went under, the firm of Schuyler, Hartley and Graham survived, in 1860, due to the threat of civil war, another panic hit the market. The company also had to itself in front of the grand jury when accusations were made against the partners of selling goods to the South. As war approached it became apparent that there was a shortfall in weaponry for the armies of the North. The Secretary of War sought advice on who could act on their behalf and his knowledge of the industry and contacts in Europe made him the ideal candidate. For the purpose of his mission he was appointed to a status the equivalent of a brigadier-general, in addition to buying guns he was also instructed to block the sale of weapons to Confederate agents where ever possible. When Hartley was a young salesman travelling in the West, an acquaintance gave him a cartridge as a souvenir. The majority of weapons at the time were loaded with paper cartridges. A metallic cartridge would enable rifles to be breech-loaded, but producing the ammunition had always been one of the stumbling blocks, another purchase was the Bridgeport Gun Implement Company, that produced sporting guns and other sporting equipment. Hartley also became involved with the development and application of electrical generation. He invested heavily in the United States Electrical Lighting Company, working with such as Hiram Maxim. USELC eventually became part of the Westinghouse Company with Hartley on the board of directors, in 1888 Hartley, in partnership with Winchester Arms Company, purchased the Remington Arms Company at auction from the receiver. Later Hartley bought out Winchester’s share of the business, Hartley’s partner, Jacob Schuyler, retired in 1875, his share of the business was absorbed by the other partners and the company became Hartley and Graham. In 1899 Malcolm Graham died and the business passed into Hartley’s hands and he was also the first British politician to put the case before Parliament for the abolition of slavery in 1776. Another distant relative was James Smithson who provided the funding for the Smithsonian Institution
9.
Joseph Seligman
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Joseph Seligman was an American banker and businessman. As a small child, he worked in his mothers dry goods shop, at fourteen, Seligman attended the University of Erlangen. At seventeen, he boarded a steamer at Bremen and sailed to America and his salary was $400 a year. Using his savings from work, Seligman began selling goods door to door in rural Pennsylvania, after saving $500, Seligman was able to send to Germany for his brothers William and James, who joined him in peddling. The Seligmans encountered some antisemitic abuse in their interactions with Americans, Joseph Seligman and his brothers owned and operated several stores in Alabama, but they became uncomfortable with the institution of slavery in the South. Additionally, the rest of the family had emigrated to New York, leading the brothers to move north and establish J. Seligman, Jesse Seligman ran the stores branch in San Francisco, while Joseph managed the New York City store. Despite the economic booms and busts of the 1850s and 1860s, J. Seligman, later historians have suggested that Seligmans role in financing the war through bonds has been exaggerated. According to Stephen Birmingham, Seligman was obliged to accept 7.30 bonds from the government as payment for the uniforms his factory was delivering, Union defeats, combined with a suspiciously high interest rate, lowered confidence in the bonds, making them difficult to sell. In the post-Civil War Gilded Age, J. & W. Seligman & Co. invested heavily in railroad finance, later, in 1876, the Seligmans joined forces with the Vanderbilt family to create public utilities in New York. Seligmans firm made a number of investments in railroads, among these were the Missouri Pacific, the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, the South Pacific Coast Railroad, and the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad. They also helped finance New Yorks first elevated railway, after the American Civil War, nothing generated as much financial excitement as rail transportation, and the Seligmans were, at that time, the countrys leading financiers. Joseph started conservatively in this sector, selling bonds. Joseph served as director of the A&P, the Missouri–Kansas–Texas, as well as the South Pacific railroads, however, he never felt comfortable here, and suspected that they were over-invested in the sector. After the Panic of 1873 he swore never to sell another railroad bond, but in 1874 was again selling A&P bonds, touted as the only snow-free route to the Pacific. In 1875 the A&P failed, and its franchise was taken over by the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway, Joseph unfortunately died, five years before being able to see the AT&SF reach Los Angeles. The Seligmans tended to lose money on their railroad ventures. An example is the purchase of land in Arizona to be used for grazing cattle, the aridity of the desert made it unsuitable for the venture, but there remains a town by the name of Seligman, Arizona. President Ulysses S. George Sewall Boutwell accepted the position and eventually clashed with the Seligmans
10.
Equitable Building (Manhattan)
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The Equitable Building is a 40-story office building in New York City, located at 120 Broadway between Pine and Cedar Streets in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. A landmark engineering achievement as a skyscraper, it was designed by Ernest R. Graham – the successor to D. H.2 million square feet of floor space. Although it is now dwarfed by taller buildings in its vicinity, the building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, and a New York City landmark in 1996. It was restored in 1983-90 by Ehrenkrantz, Eckstut & Whitelaw, the building is in the neoclassical style, rising 538 ft with a total floor area of 1,849,394 square feet, giving a floor area ratio of 30. Upon its completion, the building was the largest in the world and it has no setback from the street beyond the depth of the sidewalk, rising vertically for all its floors. The building has an entrance lobby with a pink marble floor, sand-colored marble walls. It originally housed the exclusive Bankers Club on its top three floors, the white marble of the building is Yule marble, quarried in Marble, Colorado, which is also the source of the marble used for the Tomb of the Unknowns and the Lincoln Memorial. The building occupies the block, and is bordered by Broadway to the West, Cedar Street to the North, Nassau Street to the East. The building was constructed as the headquarters of The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, the site had previously been intended in 1906 for a 62-story tower designed by Daniel H. Burnham, but the project had been postponed. When the Equitables previous headquarters, the Equitable Life Building was destroyed by fire in 1912, the building is currently listed as 40 storeys and 40 floors. Many New Yorkers reasoned that further construction of buildings like it would turn Manhattan into an unpleasant, in response, the city adopted the 1916 Zoning Resolution which limited the height and required setbacks for new buildings to allow the penetration of sunlight to street level. As a consequence of the new restrictions, the remained the largest office building by floor area in the world until the construction of Chicagos Merchandise Mart in 1930. The effort to place restrictions on use in New York City led to the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act. The act became the blueprint for zoning in the rest of the country, in March 1942, a seven-inch shell struck the 37th floor of the building but caused little damage and no injuries. The shell was one of eight fired by a battery near the East River by mistake. The other rounds all fell harmlessly into the river, on May 29,1962, four window cleaners were killed when a scaffold fell from the 19th floor of the building. The Equitable Building is owned by Silverstein Properties, Inc, after buying the building in 1980, Larry Silverstein had the building renovated and restored at a cost of $30 million, with renovations completed in 1990. The stretch of lower Broadway where the building sits has since become the route of ticker-tape parades in Manhattan
11.
Wall Street
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Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the markets of the United States as a whole. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, there are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named de Walstraat got its name. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons— the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal, among the first settlers that embarked on the ship Nieu Nederlandt in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. The Dutch word wal can be translated as rampart, however, even some English maps show the name as Waal Straat, and not as Wal Straat. But soon after that, the Dutch governor, Kieft, sent his men out there one night, few of them escaped, but they spread the story of what had been done, and this did much to antagonize all the remaining tribes against all the white settlers. Shortly after, Nieuw Amsterdam erected a palisade for defense against its now enraged red neighbors. The space between the walls is now called Wall Street, and its spirit is still that of a bulwark against the people. In the 1640s basic picket and plank fences denoted plots and residences in the colony, in 1685, surveyors laid out Wall Street along the lines of the original stockade. In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, Wall Street was also the marketplace where owners could hire out their slaves by the day or week. The rampart was removed in 1699, the slave market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets. It was a structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years. The city directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought, in the late 18th century there was a buttonwood tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities. The benefit was being in proximity to each other, in 1792, traders formalized their association with the Buttonwood Agreement which was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange. The idea of the agreement was to make the more structured and without the manipulative auctions. Persons signing the agreement agreed to each other a standard commission rate, persons not signing could still participate. In 1789 Wall Street was the scene of the United States first presidential inauguration when George Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on April 30,1789 and this was also the location of the passing of the Bill Of Rights. Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Treasury secretary and architect of the early United States financial system, is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church, in the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly business predominated
12.
Broad Exchange Building
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The Broad Exchange Building is located at 25 Broad Street, at the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. It was built by Clinton & Russell in 1900 to provide space for financial companies including Paine Webber. At the time of its completion it was the largest office building in Manhattan and it was remortgaged in 1909 for USD$3. 5m. In 1997, it was gutted and renovated into 347 luxury apartments, the building was designated as a landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission on June 27,2000. In 2005, it was purchased for USD $200m, subsequently, negotiations over landmark decertification of portions of the building took place. Early skyscrapers Media related to Broad Exchange Building at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Continental Bank Building
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The Continental Bank Building is a skyscraper located at 30 Broad Street in New York City that was completed in 1932. It is next to the New York Stock Exchange, in 1929, a new 50-story building was announced at 30 Broad Street to house the Continental Bank and Trust Company and various brokers. The site extends along Broad Street at 87 feet 7 inches, the length of Exchange Place runs 149 feet 8.5 inches from New Street, the building site was once owned by the Dutch church which had erected the city’s second almshouse on the site before 1659. Broad Street was originally a canal first known as “Common Ditch” then later “The Prince’s Ditch”, the canal was filled in 1676, and it was first paved in 1693. The estimated cost of the new building is $20 million, the project is the largest single cooperative building venture undertaken to this time. Cross and Cross architects are announced as the building’s planners, architects Morris and O’Connor completed drawings in 1931 indicating 48 stories,564 feet above street level with a “simple” architecture. According to the architects, the structure is designed to express straightforward business of the highest class without excessive ornamentation, the first three stories of the façade are clad in limestone with the remainder made up of light-colored brick and dark brick at the spandrels. The building footprint rises from street level to floor 20 where the first setback is made until floor 23 where another setback is located, the building tower then rises from floor 24 to floor 48. The top of the building is flat, the 48th floor is accessed by stairs from floor 47. Total rentable space is announced as 300,000 square feet, the building columns sit on new footings which rest upon rocks. The average depth of the new foundations is 46 feet below Broad Street, however, the Broad Street side of the building rests on existing caissons. An adjoining structure along the property line required triple cantilever plate girders to provide headroom for the elevator doors. There are three floors below ground, the total building weight is estimated at 55,000 tons. The demolition of the Johnston building was spanned from May 5 to July 13, the 15-story structure had exterior masonry that bore walls composed of granite that were up to three feet thick at the lower walls. The exterior was ashlar granite while the interior was common brick backup laid in cement mortar, the steel structure was only designed to carry the floor loads, because the exterior was self-supporting. The building opened for occupancy on April 27,1932, the commercial real estate services company Cushman & Wakefield established a branch office here in 1932. City Investing Company bought the building in 1943
14.
26 Broadway
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26 Broadway, also known as the Standard Oil Building, is a 31-story, 520-foot-tall landmarked office building located at Bowling Green in the Financial District of New York City. As of 2010, the structure is the 197th tallest building in New York City,26 Broadway was also the home address in the late 18th century of Alexander Hamilton, his wife Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, and their family. Standard Oils first building on the site of 26 Broadway was built in 1885 to design specifications by architect Francis H. Kimball and it was a 10-story, 86-foot-wide building that extended between Broadway and New Street in Manhattan. It was designed by Ebenezer L. Roberts, in 1895, six stories were added and a 27-foot-wide extension was made on its north side, designed by Kimball & Thompson. After World War I, Walter C, teagle decided to greatly expand the structure by buying all four neighboring buildings on the block. The building was overhauled and virtually rebuilt in 1921–28 by Thomas Hastings. Hastings, who had helped design the Cunard Building across the street at 25 Broadway, was chosen as lead architect. The building is unusual in that its lower portion follows the contour of Broadway at that point. It is one of the first buildings in Manhattan to have setbacks and is topped by a pyramid modeled on the Mausoleum of Maussollos. At the time of completion, the pyramid was the tallest tower at the tip of Manhattan and was illuminated as a beacon for ships entering the harbor. Standard Oil of New Jersey, moved to 75 Rockefeller Plaza in 1946, the Mobil division moved to 150 East 42nd Street in 1954. Standard Oil sold the building in 1956, the building was designated as a New York City landmark in 1995. Lower portions of the building have used for museums, the Museum of American Finance from 1988 to 2006. Current tenants include the JDRF & Cornell Universitys College of Architecture, Art, ISBN9780847835645 Media related to 26 Broadway at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Fifth Avenue
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Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare going through the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States. It stretches from West 143rd Street in Harlem to Washington Square North at Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village and it is considered among the most expensive and best shopping streets in the world. The lower stretch of Fifth Avenue extended the stylish neighborhood of Washington Square northwards, Fifth Avenue is the central scene in Edith Whartons 1920 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Age of Innocence. The novel describes New Yorks social elite in the 1870s and provides context to Fifth Avenue. Originally a narrower thoroughfare, much of Fifth Avenue south of Central Park was widened in 1908, the midtown blocks, now famously commercial, were largely a residential district until the start of the 20th century. In 1906 his department store, B. Altman and Company, the result was the creation of a high-end shopping district that attracted fashionable women and the upscale stores that wished to serve them. Lord & Taylors flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue near the Empire State Building. In the 1920s traffic towers controlled important intersections from 14th to 59th Streets, traffic crosses the river on the Madison Avenue Bridge. Fifth Avenue serves as the line for house numbering and west-east streets in Manhattan. It separates, for example, East 59th Street from West 59th Street, the most expensive street in the world moniker changes depending on currency fluctuations and local economic conditions from year to year. For several years starting in the mid-1990s, the district between 49th and 57th Streets was ranked as having the worlds most expensive retail spaces on a cost per square foot basis. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Fifth Avenue as being the most expensive street in the world, some of the most coveted real estate on Fifth Avenue are the penthouses perched atop the buildings. The American Planning Association compiled a list of 2012 Great Places in America and this historic street has many world-renowned museums, businesses and stores, parks, luxury apartments, and historical landmarks that are reminiscent of its history and vision for the future. Below is a list of sites on Fifth Avenue with their designation dates,500 Fifth Avenue Building – December 14,2010 Aeolian Building – – December 10,2002 George W. It recognizes structures, buildings, sites, and districts associated with important events, people, Fifth Avenue from 142nd Street to 135th Street carries two-way traffic. Fifth Avenue carries one-way traffic southbound from 135th Street to Washington Square North, the changeover to one-way traffic south of 135th Street took place on January 14,1966, at which time Madison Avenue was changed to one way uptown. From 124th Street to 120th Street, Fifth Avenue is cut off by Marcus Garvey Park, Fifth Avenue is one of the few major streets in Manhattan along which streetcars did not operate. Instead, Fifth Avenue Coach offered a more to the taste of fashionable gentlefolk
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Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
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Seventh Avenue – known as Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard north of Central Park – is a thoroughfare on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It is southbound below Central Park and a street north of the park. Seventh Avenue originates in the West Village at Clarkson Street, where Varick Street becomes Seventh Avenue South and it is interrupted by Central Park from 59th to 110th Street. Artisans Gate is the 59th Street exit from Central Park to Seventh Avenue, north of Warriors Gate at the north end of the Park, the avenue carries traffic in both directions through Harlem, where it is called Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard. Addresses continue as if the street was continuous through Central Park, the road has two northern termini, an upper level terminates at the western end of the Macombs Dam Bridge, traveling over the Harlem River, where Jerome Avenue commences in the Bronx. A lower level continues a bit north and curves into the lower level of West 155th Street. Seventh Avenue was originally out in the Commissioners Plan of 1811. The southern terminus of Seventh Avenue was Eleventh Street in Greenwich Village through the part of the 20th Century. It was extended southward, as Seventh Avenue South, to link up with Varick Street in 1914, extension of the avenue allowed better vehicular connections between midtown Manhattan and the commercial district in what is now TriBeCa. It also permitted construction of the New York City Subway IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line which opened in 1918, the extension had been urged by civic groups to meet the commercial needs of Greenwich Village. A significant number of old buildings were marked for demolition in the extension, most of Seventh Avenue has carried traffic one-way southbound since June 6,1954. The portion north of Times Square carried two-way traffic until March 10,1957, Seventh Avenue is served by the 123 trains for most of its length, with N Q R W service between 42nd Street and Central Park South. The Seventh Avenue station also serves the B D E trains, north of the park, Powell Boulevard is served by the 155th Street station on the B D trains. It is also served by local buses. South of 14th Street Seventh Avenue is a thoroughfare in the West Village. The now defunct Saint Vincents Catholic Medical Center was a downtown hospital on Seventh Avenue. The first, temporary signs designating the section of Seventh Avenue as Fashion Avenue were dual-posted in 1972, Seventh Avenue intersects with Broadway and with 42nd Street at Times Square, with multiple buildings at the intersections. Notable buildings on Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, from Central Park north through Harlem, include, state Office Building Hotel Theresa Seventh Avenue is frequently mentioned in films, plays and books
17.
Second Avenue (Manhattan)
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Second Avenue is an avenue on the East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan extending from Houston Street at its south end to the Harlem River Drive at 128th Street at its north end. A one-way street, vehicular traffic on Second Avenue runs southbound only, south of Houston Street, the roadway continues as Chrystie Street south to Canal Street. A bicycle lane in the left hand portion from 55th to 34th Street closes a gap in the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway, the bike lane extends from 125th Street all the way down to Houston Street. Second Avenue passes through a number of Manhattan neighborhoods including the Lower East Side, East Village, Gramercy Park, Murray Hill, Upper East Side, Yorkville and Spanish Harlem. Although the theaters are gone, many traces of Jewish immigrant culture remain, such as kosher delicatessens and bakeries, and the famous Second Avenue Deli. The Second Avenue Elevated train line ran above Second Avenue the full length of the north of 23rd Street. South of Second Avenue, it ran on First Avenue and then Allen, the elevated trains were noisy and often dirty. This depressed land values along Second Avenue during the late 19th, partially because of the presence of the El, most buildings constructed during this era were working class tenements. The line was torn down in 1942 because it was deteriorated and obsolete. Second Avenue maintains its modest architectural character today, despite running through a number of high income areas, Second Avenue has carried one-way traffic since June 4,1951, before which it carried traffic in both the northbound and southbound directions. On March 26,2015, a gas explosion and resulting fire in the East Village destroyed three buildings at 119,121 and 123 Second Avenue, between East 7th Street and St. At least twenty-two people were injured, four critically, and two people were listed as missing. Later, two men were dead in the debris of the explosion and were confirmed to be the ones listed as missing. The illegal taps were serving some of the apartments in the building, Con Ed turned off the gas to the building for 10 days until the taps were removed and the plumber who did the work certified to the citys Building Department that it had been completed. Neither the Building Department nor Con Ed was required by law to verify that the work had been done, in the days before the explosion, work was ongoing in the building for the installation of a new 4-inch gas line to service the apartments in 121. Con Ed workers inspected the installation just an hour before the explosion, There was no gas running through the new line. Shortly after, the owner of the restaurant smelled gas and called the landlord of the building, when the contractor in charge of the work being done and the landlords son opened the basement door, the explosion took place. Eleven other buildings were evacuated as a result of the explosion, several days later, some residents were allowed to return to some of the vacated buildings
18.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
19.
United States Custom House (New York City)
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The United States Custom House, sometimes referred to as the New York Custom House, was the place where federal customs duties on imported goods were collected in New York City. The custom house existed at several locations over the years, from 1790 to 1799, it was at South William Street, opposite Mill Lane, known as 5 Mill Street. From 1799 to 1815, it was in the Government House, from 1842 it was at 26 Wall Street in a new building designed by John Frazee, that building is now Federal Hall National Memorial. From 1862 it was in the Merchants Exchange Building at 55 Wall Street, in 1907 it moved into a new building, now called the Alexander Hamilton U. S. Custom House, built on the site where Government House sat earlier, in 1973 it moved to 6 World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the September 11,2001 attacks. In the 19th century, the Port of New York was the port of entry for goods reaching the United States. The amount of passing through the Custom House made working there a prime position. At one point,27,000 people applied for 700 open positions in the Custom House, until the civil service reforms of the late nineteenth century, all Custom House employees were political appointees. The President appointed the four officers, Collector of Customs, Naval Officer, Surveyor of Customs. The Customs House patronage was the subject of debate during the Rutherford B. One Collector of Customs, Chester A. Arthur, later became President of the United States, Arthur was said to have made several times more income as a collector than he did as a lawyer, about $50,000 a year in his first three years in office. Customs United States Customs Service Notes Sources Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps, the Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909
20.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
21.
German Empire
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The German Empire was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918, when Germany became a federal republic. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, with most being ruled by royal families and this included four kingdoms, six grand duchies, five duchies, seven principalities, three free Hanseatic cities, and one imperial territory. Although Prussia became one of kingdoms in the new realm, it contained most of its population and territory. Its influence also helped define modern German culture, after 1850, the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized, with particular strengths in coal, iron, chemicals, and railways. In 1871, it had a population of 41 million people, and by 1913, a heavily rural collection of states in 1815, now united Germany became predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological, Germany became a great power, boasting a rapidly growing rail network, the worlds strongest army, and a fast-growing industrial base. In less than a decade, its navy became second only to Britains Royal Navy, after the removal of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck by Wilhelm II, the Empire embarked on a bellicose new course that ultimately led to World War I. When the great crisis of 1914 arrived, the German Empire had two allies, Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, however, left the once the First World War started in August 1914. In the First World War, German plans to capture Paris quickly in autumn 1914 failed, the Allied naval blockade caused severe shortages of food. Germany was repeatedly forced to send troops to bolster Austria and Turkey on other fronts, however, Germany had great success on the Eastern Front, it occupied large Eastern territories following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 was designed to strangle the British, it failed, but the declaration—along with the Zimmermann Telegram—did bring the United States into the war. Meanwhile, German civilians and soldiers had become war-weary and radicalised by the Russian Revolution and this failed, and by October the armies were in retreat, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed, Bulgaria had surrendered and the German people had lost faith in their political system. The Empire collapsed in the November 1918 Revolution as the Emperor and all the ruling monarchs abdicated, and a republic took over. The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848, called Pan-Germanism, to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarcks pragmatic Realpolitik. He envisioned a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany, the war resulted in the Confederation being partially replaced by a North German Confederation in 1867, comprising the 22 states north of the Main. The new constitution and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871, during the Siege of Paris on 18 January 1871, William accepted to be proclaimed Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The second German Constitution was adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, the political system remained the same. The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag, which was elected by universal male suffrage, however, the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas
22.
NYSE American
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NYSE MKT LLC, formerly known as the American Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange situated in New York City, New York. AMEX was previously a mutual organization, owned by its members, until 1953, it was known as the New York Curb Exchange. On January 17,2008, NYSE Euronext announced it would acquire the AMEX for $260 million in stock, on October 1,2008, NYSE Euronext completed the acquisition. Before the closing of the acquisition, NYSE Euronext announced that the AMEX would be integrated with the Alternext European small-cap exchange, in March 2009, NYSE Alternext U. S. was changed to NYSE Amex Equities. On May 10,2012, NYSE Amex Equities changed its name to NYSE MKT LLC and these brokers often traded stocks that were speculative in nature. With the discovery of oil in the half of the 19th century. By 1865, following the American Civil War, stocks in small companies, such as iron and steel, textiles. Efforts to organize and standardize the market started early in the 20th century under Emanuel S. Mendels, in 1908, the New York Curb Market Agency was established, to codify trading practices. In 1911, the curbstone brokers came to be known as the New York Curb Market, after several years of outdoor trading, the curbstone brokers moved indoors in 1921 to New York Curb Exchange Building on Greenwich Street in Lower Manhattan. In 1929, the New York Curb Market changed its name to the New York Curb Exchange, within no time, the Curb Exchange became the leading international stock market, listing more foreign issues than all other U. S. securities markets combined. In 1953 the Curb Exchange was renamed the American Stock Exchange, in November 1972, Kolton was named as the exchanges first chief executive officer and its first salaried top executive. Kolton announced in July 1977 that he would be leaving his position at the American Exchange in November of that year, the American Stock Exchange merged with the New York Stock Exchange on October 1,2008. Post merger, the Amex equities business was branded NYSE Alternext US, as part of the re-branding exercise, NYSE Alternext US was re-branded as NYSE Amex Equities. On December 1,2008, the Curb Exchange building at 86 Trinity Place was closed, the Curbstone Brokers, The Origins of the American Stock Exchange. AMEX, A History of the American Stock Exchange
23.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
24.
Madison Avenue
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Madison Avenue is a north-south avenue in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States, that carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square to meet the southbound Harlem River Drive at 142nd Street, in doing so, it passes through Midtown, the Upper East Side, East Harlem, and Harlem. It is named after and arises from Madison Square, which is named after James Madison. Ruggles who had purchased and developed New Yorks Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square. Since the 1920s, the name has been metonymous with the American advertising industry. Therefore, the term Madison Avenue refers specifically to the agencies, Madison Avenue techniques refers, according to William Safire, to the gimmicky, slick use of the communications media to play on emotions. Between East 135th Street and East 142nd Street, Madison Avenue carries southbound traffic only, the term Madison Avenue is often used metonymically for advertising, and Madison Avenue became identified with the American advertising industry after the explosive growth in this area in the 1920s. In recent decades, many agencies have left Madison Avenue, with some moving further downtown and others moving west. The continued presence of large agencies in the city makes New York the third largest job market per capita in the U. S. in 2016 according to a study by marketing recruitment firm MarketPro. Today, only a few agencies are located in the old business cluster on Madison Avenue, including StrawberryFrog, TBWA Worldwide. However, the term is used to describe the agency business as a whole and large. Madison Square is formed by the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street, the square was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United States. The focus of the square is Madison Square Park, a 6, the first Garden was a former rail station that was converted into an open-air circus venue by P. T. Barnum in 1871 and was renamed Madison Square Garden in 1879. The original Garden was demolished in 1889 and replaced by a new arena designed by Stanford White that opened the following year. The second Garden had a statue of the Roman goddess Diana on the tower of the sports arena. When it moved to a new building at 50th Street and Eighth Avenue in 1925 it kept its old name, Madison Square Garden is now located at Eighth Avenue between 31st and 33rd Street, however, it still retains the name. These buses use a bus lane between 42nd and 59th Street, but the bus lane is not present in any other portion of the avenue. In July 1987, then New York City Mayor Edward Koch proposed banning bicycling on Fifth, Park and Madison Avenues during weekdays, but many bicyclists protested and had the ban overturned
25.
Horace Henry Baxter
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Horace Henry Baxter was a Vermont businessman who served as Adjutant General of Vermont at the start of the American Civil War and President of the New York Central Railroad. H. Henry Baxter, the son of Judge Henry Baxter, was born in Saxtons River and he attended schools in Windham and Windsor Counties and at age 15 he became a clerk in a Boston dry goods commission warehouse. He worked in Boston for two years and became a supervisor of employees as the head bookkeeper. In the mid-1830s Baxter returned to Vermont, after securing the financing to open his own dry goods store in Bellows Falls, having extended credit to his customers during the Panic of 1837, Baxter did not receive timely repayment. He closed the store when he was unable to run it profitably, despite bouts of ill health usually caused by overwork, Baxter was a large man with commanding presence. Baxter personally supervised his workers, and completed the Rutland and Burlington contract successfully and his success led to construction work for other railroads, including the Western Vermont and Cleveland and Toledo. Baxter then settled in Rutland and purchased the Rutland Marble Company, Baxter operated Rutland Marble in partnership with his brother John N. Baxter and Charles Clement and Sons, which included Percival W. Clement, Rutland Marble employed Redfield Proctor as Manager. Baxter operated a farm on Creek Road, Baxter called his farm Maple Grove, and raised cattle, sheep and thoroughbred horses. Baxter also constructed a mansion at Maple Grove, which he called Grove Hall, after his death his home was operated as the Crestwood Hotel until it was demolished in 1945. He took steps to prepare the militia in anticipation of the Civil War, after the war started Baxter was responsible for recruiting the 1st Vermont Infantry, a regiment enlisted for three months service. After leaving the Adjutant Generals post Baxter returned to his business interests and he sold the Rutland Marble Company to Proctor, and pursued several other opportunities, including founding the Rutland County Bank. After selling Rutland Marble Baxter resided in New York City and Rutland, in 1870 he incorporated Rutlands Baxter National Bank, of which he was President until his death. In addition to his business association with Cornelius Vanderbilt, Baxter sometimes partnered with Trenor W. Park, joseph Railroad, Panama Canal Railway, Continental Bank of New York City, and the Pullman Palace Car Company. He also owned a company which built most of New York Citys elevated railway. Baxter was in poor health in his later years, especially after an 1877 fall left him with a debilitating back injury. He was often bedridden, but continued to manage his investments until his death in New York City on February 17,1884. He was buried in Rutlands Evergreen Cemetery, in 1841 Baxter married Eliza Wales of Bellows Falls
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
New-York Tribune
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The New-York Tribune was an American newspaper, first established by Horace Greeley in 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper bore the name New-York Daily Tribune, from the 1840s through the 1860s it was the dominant Whig Party and then Republican newspaper in the U. S. The paper achieved a circulation of approximately 200,000 during the decade of the 1850s, making it the largest in New York City, the Tribunes editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune, Greeley had previously published a weekly newspaper, The New Yorker, in 1833, and was also publisher of the Whig Partys political organ, Log Cabin. In 1841, he merged operations of two publications into a new newspaper, the New-York Tribune. The Tribune did reflect some of Horace Greeleys idealist views, the journal retained Karl Marx as its London-based European correspondent in 1852. The arrangement provided Marx with much needed income during a period of his life in which his friend, the arrangement, whereby Engels also submitted articles under Marxs by-line, lasted ten years, with the final Marx column being published in February 1862. In 1854 the paper joined the newly formed Republican Party—Greeley chose the partys name—and emphasized opposition to slavery, during the American Civil War the Tribune usually spoke for the Radical Republican faction that was very hostile to the Confederacy and wanted slavery abolished immediately. The paper generated a large readership, with a circulation of approximately 200,000 during the decade of the 1850s. This made the paper the largest circulation daily in New York City and perhaps in the entire United States — gaining commensurate influence among voters and political decision-makers in the process. After the failure of the Peninsular Campaign in the spring of 1862, during the 1863 Draft Riots a mob tried to burn down the Tribune building which lacked the Gatling guns of the nearby New York Times. Following Greeleys defeat by Ulysses S. Grant for the presidency of the United States in 1872, Greeley checked into Dr. Choates Sanitarium where he died a few weeks later. In 1886, the Tribune became the first publication to be printed on a linotype machine, which allowed it to exceed the standard newspaper size of eight pages. Under Reids son, Ogden Mills Reid, the acquired the New York Herald in 1924 to form the New York Herald Tribune. Copies of the New-York Tribune are available on microfilm at large libraries. Also, indices from selected years in the nineteenth century are available on the Library of Congress website. The original paper articles from the newspapers morgue are kept at The Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin, a new New York Tribune debuted in 1976 in New York City. The paper, which was originally named The News World and later changed to The New York City Tribune, was published by News World Communications, Inc. owned by the Unification Church
28.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
29.
JPMorgan Chase
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JPMorgan Chase & Co. is a U. S. multinational banking and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City. It is the largest bank in the United States, the third largest bank by total assets, with total assets of roughly US$2.5 trillion. It is a provider of financial services, and according to Forbes magazine is the worlds sixth largest public company based upon a composite ranking. The hedge fund unit of JPMorgan Chase is the second largest hedge fund in the United States, the company was formed in 2000, when Chase Manhattan Corporation merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. The J. P. Morgan brand, historically known as Morgan, is used by the investment banking, asset management, private banking, private wealth management, and treasury & securities services divisions. Fiduciary activity within private banking and private wealth management is done under the aegis of JPMorgan Chase Bank, the Chase brand is used for credit card services in the United States and Canada, the banks retail banking activities in the United States, and commercial banking. The corporate headquarters is located at 270 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, the retail and commercial bank is headquartered in 270 Park Avenue, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York, U. S. JPMorgan Chase & Co. is considered to be a universal bank. As of 2016, JPMorgan Chase is one of the Big Four banks of the United States, followed by Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo. JPMorgan Chase, in its current structure, is the result of the combination of several large U. S. banking companies since 1996, including Chase Manhattan Bank, Bank One, Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual. The Chase Manhattan Bank was formed upon the 1955 purchase of Chase National Bank by the Bank of the Manhattan Company, the Bank of the Manhattan Company was the creation of Aaron Burr, who transformed The Manhattan Company from a water carrier into a bank. This of course injected a powerful element of politics into the process and invited what today would be called corruption, the innocuous-looking clause allowed the company to invest surplus capital in any lawful enterprise. Within six months of the creation, and long before it had laid a single section of water pipe, the company opened a bank. Still in existence, it is today J. P. Morgan Chase, weakened by the real estate collapse in the early 1990s, it was acquired by Chemical Bank in 1996, retaining the Chase name. Before its merger with J. P. Morgan & Co. the new Chase expanded the investment, in 1999, it acquired San Francisco-based Hambrecht & Quist for $1.35 billion. In April 2000, UK-based Robert Fleming & Co. was purchased by the new Chase Manhattan Bank for $7.7 billion, the New York Chemical Manufacturing Company was founded in 1823 as a maker of various chemicals. In 1824, the company amended its charter to perform banking activities, in the 1980s and early 1990s, Chemical emerged as one of the leaders in the financing of leveraged buyout transactions. In 1984, Chemical launched Chemical Venture Partners to invest in equity transactions alongside various financial sponsors. At many points throughout history, Chemical Bank was the largest bank in the United States
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J.P. Morgan & Co.
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J. P. Morgan & Co. is a commercial and investment banking institution based in the United States founded by John Pierpont Morgan and commonly known as the House of Morgan or simply Morgan. The firm is a predecessor of three of the largest banking institutions in the United States and globally, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, and Deutsche Bank. In 2000, J. P. Morgan & Co. merged with Chase Manhattan Bank to form JPMorgan Chase & Co. one of the largest global banking institutions. Today, the J. P. Morgan brand is used to market certain JPMorgan Chase wholesale businesses, including investment banking, commercial banking and asset management. The J. P. Morgan branding was revamped in 2008 to return to its traditional appearance after several years of depicting the Chase symbol to the right of a condensed and modernized JPMorgan. Between 1959 and 1989, J. P. Morgan operated as the Morgan Guaranty Trust, the origins of the firm date back to 1854 when Junius S. Morgan joined George Peabody & Co. a London-based banking business headed by George Peabody. Junius took control of the firm, changing its name to J. S, Morgan & Co. in 1864 on Peabodys retirement. Juniuss son, J. Pierpont Morgan, first apprenticed at Duncan, Sherman and Company in the New York City, then founded his own firm with a cousin, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company traded in government bonds and foreign exchange. It also acted as an agent for Peabody’s, Junius, however, considered some of Pierpont’s ventures to be highly speculative. So, Pierpont took on a senior partner and the firm was known first as Dabney, Morgan and Company, then Drexel. In these firms, Pierpont used his Peabody connection to bring British financial capital together with rapidly growing U. S. industrial firms, such as railroads, who needed financial capital. The Drexel of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was Philadelphia banker Anthony J. Drexel, on Junius’ death in 1890, Pierpont Morgan took his place at J. S. After Drexel’s death, Drexel, Morgan reorganized in 1895 and became J. P and it financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, which took over the business of Andrew Carnegie and others and was the worlds first billion-dollar corporation. In 1895, it supplied the United States government with $62 million in gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of $100 million. In 1892, the company began to finance the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, built in 1914,23 Wall Street was known as The Corner and The House of Morgan, and for decades the banks headquarters was the most important address in American finance. At noon, on September 16,1920, an anarchist bomb exploded in front of the bank, killing 38, shortly before the bomb went off, an unknown person placed a warning note in a mailbox at the corner of Cedar Street and Broadway. The warning read, Remember we will not tolerate any longer, free the political prisoners or it will be sure death for all of you. The Bank of England became an agent of J. P. Morgan & Co
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Chase Bank
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The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank, the bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual, Chase offers more than 5,100 branches and 16,100 ATMs nationwide. JPMorgan Chase has 250,355 employees and operates in more than 100 countries, JPMorgan Chase currently has assets of roughly US$2.49 trillion. JPMorgan Chase, through its Chase subsidiary, is one of the Big Four banks of the United States. From September 1,1799, to 1955, it was called The Bank of The Manhattan Company, Chase National Bank was formed in 1877 by John Thompson. It was named after former United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, the Chase National Bank acquired a number of smaller banks in the 1920s, through its Chase Securities Corporation. In 1926, for instance, it acquired Mechanics and Metals National Bank, however, its most significant acquisition was the Equitable Trust Company of New York in 1930, the largest stockholder of which was John D. Rockefeller, Jr. This made Chase the largest bank in America and indeed, in the world, in 1955, Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company merged to create The Chase Manhattan Bank. The deal was structured as an acquisition by the Bank of the Manhattan Company of Chase National. This avoided the need for consent by shareholders. For Chase Manhattan Banks new logo, Chermayeff & Geismar designed a stylized octagon in 1961, the Chase logo is a stylized representation of the primitive water pipes laid by the Manhattan Company, which were made by nailing together wooden planks. The bank included a management business called the Chase Investors Management Corporation. Under McCloys successor, George Champion, the bank relinquished its antiquated 1799 state charter for a modern one, in 1969, under the leadership of David Rockefeller, the bank became part of a bank holding company, the Chase Manhattan Corporation. In July 1996, Chemical Bank of New York purchased Chase Manhattan Bank, chemicals previous acquisitions included Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, in 1991, and Texas Commerce Bank, in 1987. Although Chemical was the survivor, the merged company retained the Chase name since it was better known. In December 2000, the combined Chase Manhattan completed the acquisition of J. P. Morgan & Co. in one of the largest banking mergers to date, the combined company was renamed JPMorgan Chase. In 2004, the bank acquired Bank One, making Chase the largest credit card issuer in the United States, JPMorgan Chase added Bear Stearns & Co. and Washington Mutual to its acquisitions in 2008 and 2009 respectively
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Chase Paymentech
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Chase Paymentech is the payment processing and merchant acquiring business of JPMorgan Chase. Paymentech payment platforms support businesses of all sizes to process payments, including credit, debit, Paymentech can authorize payment transactions in more than 130 currencies. The company also provides business analytics, payment fraud detection, in 2012, Chase Paymentech processed 29.5 billion transactions with a value of $655.2 billion. 1985, MNET, MBanks retail unit and merchant acquirer founded 1987, the expansions continued with further acquisition of Litle and DMGT in 1995. The brand Paymentech was created in the year 1996 and the IPO was executed in the same year, Paymentech acquired Gensar, which later became Paymentech Network Services, Tampa, and Merchant Link in 1996. In 1997, Chase Paymentech was created as a joint venture between Chase Merchant Services and First Data Corporation and that year, First USA was acquired by Bank One. In 2001, Paymentech completed the largest retail merchant conversion,2002, Chase Paymentech acquired the merchant acquiring portfolios of Scotiabank and Citibank CA. Chase Paymentech opened its first European office in Dublin, Ireland in 2004 and that year also saw the merger of Bank One and JPMorgan Chase. Their product portfolio includes products to help merchants reduce payment fraud, the company offers solutions across multiple industry verticals, including e-commerce, retail, professional services, travel and lodging, restaurant, digital content, and government. The firm offers products for merchants and small business owners to take payments in real time on mobile devices and their “Chase Mobile Checkout” product, launched in May 2013, allows businesses to accept credit and debit cards via smartphone with their mobile app and card reader. The firm provides payment terminals and PC solutions for credit card acceptance at point of sale, the Index shows both sales volume and transaction count for online purchases across Chase Paymentechs global processing platforms
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Highbridge Capital Management
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Highbridge Capital Management, LLC is a US$25 billion multi-strategy alternative investment management firm founded by Glenn Dubin and Henry Swieca in 1992. The firm was founded in 1992, by childhood friends Glenn Dubin, the company started with $35 million in capital and is named after the 19th-century aqueduct that connects Washington Heights and the Bronx. In 2004, J. P. Morgan Asset Management purchased 55% ownership of the firm, the company maintains offices in New York, London, and Hong Kong. The firm operates as a subsidiary of J. P. Morgan Asset Management, in October 2015, it was reported that JPMorgan Chase was nearing a deal to sell the firm. Brooke Harlow - Former Managing Director
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One Equity Partners
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One Equity Partners is the private merchant banking arm of JPMorgan Chase, focused on leveraged buyout and growth capital investments in middle-market companies. Formed at Bank One in 2001, the group has offices in New York City, Chicago, Sao Paulo, Vienna, Hong Kong and it manages approximately $10 billion of investments and capital commitments by JPMorgan Chase. In 2006, One Equity, together with The Blackstone Group, the company owns Worldspan and Galileo as well as approximately 48% of Orbitz Worldwide. The sale of Travelport followed the spin-offs of Cendants real estate and hospitality businesses, Realogy Corporation and Wyndham Worldwide Corporation, respectively, later in the year, TPG and Silver Lake would acquire Travelports chief competitor Sabre Holdings. One Equity Partners was founded in 2001 by Dick Cashin to serve as the equity investment arm of Bank One. Cashin had previously served as president of Citicorp Venture Capital, the predecessor of Court Square Capital Partners and CVC Capital Partners, in 2002, former Ford Motor Company CEO Jacques Nasser joined One Equity. He would serve as chairman of Polaroid Corporation, Nasser was involved in 2006, when One Equity was speculated as one of several potential private equity bidders for Jaguar Cars. In 2004, JPMorgan Chase completed its acquisition of Bank One, prior to the merger, JPMorgan had its own in-house private equity investment group, JPMorgan Partners. JPMorgan Partners was significantly larger than One Equity and focused on larger transactions, in 2008, when JPMorgan Chase acquired Bear Stearns private equity platform, Bear Stearns Merchant Banking, One Equity was once again designated the exclusive private equity arm for the combined firm. In 2006 One Equity Partners purchased Pennsylvania-based NCO Group, which posted $1.56 billion in revenue last year, according to a J. P. Morgan spokesman, by 2010 the company was winding down the debt-buying side and will focus on debt collection. Bear Stearns Merchant Banking CCMP Capital JP Morgan may spin off One Equity Partners, september 13,2004 JPMorgans buy-out unit to become an independent firm. March 2,2005 JPMorgan Chase Announces Changes to Private Equity Business, march 1,2005 One Equity Partners
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Jamie Dimon
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James Jamie Dimon is a Greek American business executive. Dimon was named to Time magazines 2006,2008,2009 and he was also named to Institutional Investors Best CEOs list in the All-America Executive Team Survey from 2008 through 2011. Dimon is one of the few bank chief executives to become a billionaire and he received a $23 million pay package for fiscal year 2011, more than any other bank CEO in the United States. Dimon received $20 million in compensation for his work in fiscal year 2013, Dimon was born in New York City, to Theodore and Themis Dimon, one of three sons. He is of Greek descent and attended The Browning School and his paternal grandfather was a Greek immigrant who changed the family name from Papademetriou to Dimon to make it sound more French, and worked as a banker in Smyrna and Athens. He has a brother, Peter, and a fraternal twin brother. Dimons father and grandfather were both stockbrokers at Shearson and he majored in psychology and economics at Tufts University. During one summers break from Tufts, he worked at Shearson, after graduating, he worked in management consulting for two years before enrolling at Harvard Business School, along with classmates Jeffrey Immelt, Steve Burke, Stephen Mandel and Seth Klarman. During the summer at Harvard, he worked at Goldman Sachs and he graduated in 1982, earning a Master of Business Administration degree as a Baker Scholar. After graduation, Sandy Weill convinced him to turn down offers from Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, although Weill could not offer the same amount of money as the investment banks, Weill promised Dimon that he would have fun. Dimons father, Theodore Dimon, was a vice president at American Express. The younger Dimon came to Weills attention when Theodore passed along an essay that Jamie had written, Weill left American Express in 1985 and Dimon followed him. The two then took over Commercial Credit, a finance company, from Control Data. Dimon served as the financial officer, helping to turn the company around. Dimon left Citigroup in November 1998, after being asked to resign by Weill during a weekend executive retreat. It was rumored at the time that he and Weill argued in 1997 over Dimons not promoting Weills daughter, Jessica M. Bibliowicz, at least one other account cites a request by Dimon to be treated as an equal as the real reason. In his 2005 University of Chicago Graduate School of Business Fireside Chat and 2006 Kellogg School of Management interviews, in March 2000, Dimon became CEO of Bank One, the nations fifth largest bank. When JPMorgan Chase purchased Bank One in July 2004, Dimon became president, on December 31,2005, he was named chief executive officer of JPMorgan Chase and on December 31,2006, he was named chairman of the board
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Jing Ulrich
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Jing Ulrich, née Li, is the managing director and vice chairman of Asia Pacific at JPMorgan Chase. Ulrich is one of the most prominent advisors to the largest global asset-management companies, sovereign-wealth funds and she is in charge of covering JPMorgan Chases most senior global clients across all asset classes and strengthening relationships with executives in Asia Pacific and the rest of the world. In recent years, various publications have listed her among the worlds most powerful women, likewise, in October 2013, the South China Morning Post featured Ulrich as one of Hong Kongs 25 most inspirational and influential women, who have made a difference to society. In 2016, she received the inaugural Asian Women Leadership Award from China Daily and Asia News Network. Previous conferences run by Ulrich have included speeches by former officials such as Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji, U. S. President Bill Clinton, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. She also joined a roster of prominent international figures on the International Advisory Council of Bocconi University in Italy, moreover, Ulrich has served as an independent director on the boards of GlaxoSmithKline, a global healthcare company, and Italian luxury-goods firm, Ermenegildo Zegna. In 1990, she received a degree with honors in English and American Literature from Harvard University. From 1994 to 1996, Ulrich worked as a manager for Greater China at Emerging Markets Management in Washington, D. C. Her drive and talent, even at that age, prompted him to predict she would one day become a leader of China, from 2003 to 2005, Ulrich was managing director of Greater China equities at Deutsche Bank. Before joining Deutsche Bank, Ulrich spent seven years at CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, Ulrich has been the managing director and chairman of global markets, China at JPMorgan since 2005. With the more recent Forbes publication also including her among the worlds 20 youngest power women, in 2011 and 2012, FinanceAsia named Ulrich one of the top 20 women in finance and top 30 bankers in China. In March 2012 and 2013, Forbes magazine named her one of Asias top 50 powerful businesswomen, as an advisor to the world’s largest asset-management companies, sovereign-wealth and pension funds, Ulrich’s views influence the allocation of trillions of dollars in assets. She also serves as an advisor to Chinese institutions making investments overseas, during the past twelve years, Ulrich has achieved recognition as the industry’s most respected China watcher. Until she moved into a senior role, global investors in independent research polls of other publications such as Asiamoney magazine repeatedly chose her as the best China strategist. Print and TV media often interview Ulrich for her views on China, when traveling to the U. S. she is a frequent guest of Maria Bartiromo on CNBCs Closing Bell investor news program. She has also appeared on the PBS Nightly Business Report, in Asia she regularly speaks on Bloomberg Television. Ulrich’s views, interviews, and columns often appear in such as The Financial Times, The New York Times. In recent years, the South China Morning Post, China Daily, and others have referred to Ulrich as the voice of China
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J. P. Morgan
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John Pierpont J. P. Morgan was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States. In 1892, Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and he was instrumental in the creation of the United States Steel Corporation, International Harvester and AT&T. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907 and he was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. Morgan has been described as America’s greatest banker, Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. His fortune was estimated at only US$80 million, prompting John D. Rockefeller to say, Morgan was born into the influential Morgan family in Hartford, Connecticut, and was raised there. He was the son of Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to the plans of his father. In the fall of 1848, Pierpont transferred to the Hartford Public School and then to the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut, boarding with the principal. In September 1851, Morgan passed the exam for The English High School of Boston. In the spring of 1852, an illness struck which was to more common as his life progressed. Rheumatic fever left him in so much pain that he could not walk and he convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to the English High School in Boston to resume his studies. After he graduated, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school near the Swiss village of Vevey and his father then sent him to the University of Göttingen in order to improve his German. He attained a level of German within six months and also a degree in art history, then traveled back to London via Wiesbaden. Morgan went into banking in 1857 at the London branch of merchant banking firm Peabody, in 1858, he moved to New York City to join the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Company, the American representatives of George Peabody and Company. Morgan had avoided serving during the war by paying a substitute $300 to take his place, from 1860 to 1864, as J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, he acted as agent in New York for his fathers firm, renamed J. S. Morgan & Co. upon Peabodys retirement in 1864, from 1864–72, he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan, and Company. In 1871, he partnered with the Drexels of Philadelphia to form the New York firm of Drexel, at that time, Anthony J. Drexel became Pierponts mentor at the request of Junius Morgan. After the death of Anthony Drexel, the firm was rechristened J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895, retaining close ties with Drexel & Company of Philadelphia, Morgan, Harjes & Company of Paris, and J. S. By 1900, it was one of the most powerful banking houses of the world, Morgan had many partners over the years, such as George W. Perkins, but always remained firmly in charge
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J. P. Morgan Jr.
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John Pierpont Jack Morgan Jr. also referred to as J. P. Morgan Jr. was an American banker, finance executive, and philanthropist. Morgan Jr. inherited the fortune and took over the business interests including J. P. Morgan & Co. after his father J. P. Morgan died. He supported the New York Lying-In Hospital, the Red Cross, the Episcopal Church, Morgan brokered a deal that positioned his company as the sole munitions and supplies purchaser during World War I for the British and French governments. The results produced a one percent commission on $3,000,000,000 or $30,000,000 to the company, Morgan was also a banking broker for financing to foreign governments both during and after the war. Morgan was born on September 7,1867 in Irvington, New York to J. P. Morgan and Frances Louisa Tracy. He graduated from St. Pauls School and later, Harvard College, in 1886 and his siblings included Louisa Pierpont Morgan, who married Herbert L. Satterlee, Juliet Pierpont Morgan who married William Pierson Hamilton, and Anne Tracy Morgan, a philanthropist. His paternal grandparents were Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, the daughter of John Pierpont, the younger Morgan resembled his father in his dislike for publicity and continued his fathers philanthropic policy. In 1905, his father acquired the bank Guaranty Trust as part of his efforts to consolidate New York City banking, after his father died in 1913, the bank became Jacks base. Morgan played a prominent part in financing World War I, following its outbreak, he made the first loan of $12,000,000 to Russia. In 1915, a loan of $500,000,000 was made to France, the firms involvement with British and French interests fueled charges the bank was conspiring to maneuver the United States into supporting the Allies in order to rescue its loans. By 1915 it became apparent the war was not going to end quickly, contributing to the tensions was the favoritism displayed by Morgan officials to British interests. Morgan organized a syndicate of about 2200 banks and floated a loan of $500,000,000 to the Allies, the British sold off their holdings of American securities and by late 1916 were dependent on unsecured loans for further purchases. When the United States entered the war, this way to close collaboration. From 1914 to 1919, he was a member of the council for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. On 3 July 1915, an intruder, Eric Muenter, entered Morgans Long Island mansion and this was ostensibly to bring about an embargo on arms, and in protest of his profiteering from war. Morgan, however, quickly recovered from his wounds, after World War I and the Versailles Treaty, Morgan Guaranty managed Germanys reparation payments. After the war, Morgan made several trips to Europe to investigate, in 1919 he was for a time chairman of the international committee, composed of American, British and French bankers, for the protection of the holders of Mexican securities. In November 1919, he was made a director of the Foreign Finance Corporation, by the 1920s, Morgan Guaranty had become one of the worlds most important banking institutions, as a leading lender to Germany and Europe
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Junius Spencer Morgan
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Junius Spencer Morgan I was an American banker and financier as well as the father of J. P. Morgan. He founded J. S. Morgan & Co. Morgan was born on April 14,1813 in Holyoke, the Morgan name is traced to Carmarthen, Wales, and the first known Morgan family ancestral is Hyfaidd ap Bleddri, third son of Bledri of Wales. Miles Morgan, ancestor to the Morgan family in America, emigrated from Bristol and his sister, Lucy Morgan was married to Major James Goodwin, one of the founders, and a president for many years, of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. He had inherited wealth from his father, Joseph Morgan, and showed great business ability. He was soon invited to become a partner in the house of J. M. Beebe & Co. one of the largest retail stores in Boston and he was in the dry goods business from about 1836 to 1853. After some years, he met George Peabody, the well-known London banker, shortly after the meeting, in 1854, Morgan entered Peabodys prosperous firm, George Peabody & Co. as a partner. Ten years later, in 1864, Morgan succeeded Peabody as head of the firm, during the American Civil War, the firm was a seller of United States war bonds in England. With the assistance of his son, J. P. Morgan, after establishing himself in London, he did not return to the United States for 23 years, in 1877. In a dinner upon his return, Morgan stated. never do anything to cause evil to be spoken of the American name, in 1836, Morgan married Juliet Pierpont, daughter of John Pierpont, a poet, lawyer, merchant, and Unitarian minister. Their daughter, Mary Ethel Burns married Lewis Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt in 1899, Junius Spencer Morgan, who died young Juliet Pierpont Morgan, who was the mother of John Junius Morgan. He contributed money to the Hartford Free Library, his church and to Trinity College, Morgan died on April 8,1890, from injuries sustained in a carriage accident. At his funeral, the pallbearers were Roland Mather, Levi P. Morton, Anthony Joseph Drexel, Chauncey M. Depew, Cornelius Vanderbilt II, rogers, J. Kearney Warren, and Edward John Phelps. He was interred at the lot in Cedar Hill Cemetery. At his death, he left an estimated at about $10,000,000
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George Peabody
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George Peabody was an American-British financier widely regarded as the father of modern philanthropy. Born poor in Massachusetts, Peabody went into business in dry goods, in 1837, he moved to London, then the capital of world finance, where he became the most noted American banker and helped to establish the young countrys international credit. In his old age, Peabody won worldwide acclaim for his philanthropy and he founded the Peabody Trust in Britain and the Peabody Institute and George Peabody Library in Baltimore, and was responsible for many other charitable initiatives. For his generosity, he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and made a Freeman of the City of London, Peabody was born in 1795 what was then South Danvers, Massachusetts. His family had Puritan ancestors in the state, but were poor, as one of 7 children, George suffered some deprivations during his childhood, and was only able to attend school for a few years. These factors influenced his later devotion to both thrift and philanthropy, in 1816, he moved to Baltimore, where he made his career and would live for the next 20 years. He established his residence and office in the old Henry Fite House, at that time London, Amsterdam, Paris and Frankfurt, were at the center of international banking and finance. Only they held the quantity of reserves of capital necessary to extend credit to a developing economy like that of the US. Over the next decade Peabody made four more trips, establishing a branch office in Liverpool. Later he established the firm of George Peabody & Company in London. In 1837, he took up permanent residence in London, where he lived for the rest of his life, although Peabody was briefly engaged in 1838, he never married. Ron Chernow describes him as homely, with a rumpled face, knobby chin, bulbous nose, side whiskers, and heavy-lidded eyes. At around this time, Peabody began to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, at about the same time, Peabody was also mentioned in newspapers as a future presidential candidate. Peabody described the presidential suggestion as a kind and complimentary reference and he died in London on November 4,1869, aged 74, at the house of his friend Sir Curtis Lampson. At the request of the Dean of Westminster, and with the approval of Queen Victoria and his will provided that he be buried in the town of his birth, Danvers, Massachusetts. He was laid to rest in Harmony Grove Cemetery, in Salem, Massachusetts, Peabodys death and the pair of funerals were international news, through the newly completed trans-Atlantic underwater telegraph cable. Hundreds of people participated in the ceremonies and thousands more attended or observed, branches were opened in New York and Philadelphia in 1822. Riggs retired in 1829, and the firm became Peabody, Riggs & Co. with the names reversed as Peabody became the senior partner, Peabody first visited England in 1827 to purchase wares, and to negotiate the sale of American cotton in Lancashire
. The New York Times. New York City, New York, United States. August 1, 1940. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
