Contrails or vapor trails are line-shaped clouds produced by aircraft engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruising altitudes several miles above the Earth's surface. They are composed primarily of water, in the form of ice crystals. The combination of water vapor in aircraft engine exhaust and the low ambient temperatures at high altitudes causes the trails' formation. Impurities in the engine exhaust from the fuel, including sulfur compounds provide some of the particles that serve as cloud condensation nuclei for water droplet growth in the exhaust. If water droplets form, they can freeze to form ice particles that compose a contrail. Their formation can also be triggered by changes in air pressure in wingtip vortices, or in the air over the entire wing surface. Contrails, and other clouds caused directly by human activity, are called homogenitus.
Contrails of a Boeing 747-438 from Qantas at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
A vintage P-40 Warhawk with propeller tip vortex condensation
NASA photograph showing aircraft contrails and natural clouds
USAAF 8th Air Force B-17s and their contrails
In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature.
Cloudscape over Borneo, taken by the International Space Station
Windy evening twilight enhanced by the Sun's angle, can visually mimic a tornado resulting from orographic lift
Cirrus fibratus clouds in March
High cirrus upper-left merging into cirrostratus right and some cirrocumulus far right