1.
Megacity
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A megacity is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people. A megacity can be a metropolitan area or two or more metropolitan areas that converge. The terms conurbation, metropolis and metroplex are also applied to the latter, as of 2017, there are 37 megacities in existence. The largest of these are the areas of Tokyo and Shanghai, each of these having a population of over 30 million inhabitants. Tokyo is the worlds largest metropolitan area, while Shanghai has the worlds largest city proper population, the UN predicts there will be 41 megacities by 2030. This is the list of worlds largest cities and metropolitan areas by population as of 2016, the term megacity entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, one of the earliest documented uses being by the University of Texas in 1904. Initially the United Nations used the term to describe cities of 8 million or more inhabitants, in 1800, only 3% of the worlds population lived in cities, a figure that rose to 47% by the end of the twentieth century. In 1950, there were 83 cities with populations exceeding one million, by 2007, the UN forecasts that todays urban population of 3.2 billion will rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five people will live in cities. This increase will be most dramatic on the continents, Asia. Surveys and projections indicate that all urban growth over the next 25 years will be in developing countries, one billion people, almost one-seventh of the worlds population, now live in shanty towns. In many poor countries overpopulated slums exhibit high rates of disease due to conditions, malnutrition. By 2030, over 2 billion people in the world will be living in slums, over 90% of the urban population of Ethiopia, Malawi and Uganda, three of the worlds most rural countries, already live in slums. By 2025, Asia alone will have at least 30 megacities, including Mumbai, India, Shanghai, China, Delhi, India, Tokyo, Japan and Seoul, lagos, Nigeria has grown from 300,000 in 1950 to an estimated 15.2 million today. For almost five hundred years, Rome was the largest, wealthiest and its population passed one million people by the end of the 1st century BC. Baghdad was likely the largest city in the world shortly after its foundation in 762 AD until the 930s. Chinese capital cities Changan and Kaifeng also experienced population booms during prosperous empires. From around 1825 to 1918 London was the largest city in the world, with the population growing rapidly, in 1950, New York City was the only urban area with a population of over 10 million. Geographers had identified 25 such areas as of October 2005, as compared with 19 megacities in 2004 and this increase has happened as the worlds population moves towards the high urbanization levels of North America and Western Europe
2.
Megalopolis
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A megalopolis is typically defined as a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas. S. Extending from Boston, Massachusetts, through New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, the latter is sometimes called the BosWash megalopolis. Megalopolis is a Western deformation of the Greek word that derived from Greek, μέγας - great and Greek, πόλις - city and this term is closer in meaning to megacity. Because in Greek, πόλις is feminine, the term is megalopolis. A megalopolis, also known as a megaregion, is a network of cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million, doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million. America 2050, a program of the Regional Plan Association, lists 11 megaregions in the United States, literally, megalopolis in Greek means a city of exaggerated size where the prefix megalo- represents a quantity of exaggerated size. Megapolitan areas were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang, a later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 megapolitan areas grouped into 10 megaregions. The concept is based on the original Megalopolis model, modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping and this term was coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau. Cairo–Giza–Qalyubia–Helwan–6th of October City, Egypt The area around the Nile is also densely populated. Nile River Delta Governorates have a population of 41,045,135. The total area of these Governorates is 18,199 square miles making the population density 2,255.4 per square mile, the Nairobi Metropolitan Region consisting of the counties of in Kenya, which have a combined population of 8 million people. Pearl River Delta Megalopolis, if Shantou/Quanzhou added 70,000,000, within 150 km from its center Shenyang, it has Fushun, Anshan City, Benxi, Liaoyang, Yingkou, Panjin, and Tieling, with a total population of 23 million. And it can be extended to Dalian, Fuxin and Dandong. This area used to be the most industrialized region in China and it declined during 1980s-1990s, but in recent years, it has rapidly revived. Taiheiyō Belt – Ibaraki, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Aichi, Gifu, Mie, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, Wakayama, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, the total population is 24 million according to the 2011 estimate. Kathmandu valley, which consists of 5 municipalities namely Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur and Madhyapur Thimi, along with the cities of Banepa, Panauti
3.
Population growth
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In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1. 1% per year, the global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. It is expected to keep growing, and estimates have put the population at 8.4 billion by mid-2030. Many nations with rapid growth have low standards of living. The growth of the started in the Western world during industrialization by the end of the 18th century. The reasons for the Modern Rise of Population were particularly investigated by the British health scientist Thomas McKeown, although the McKeown thesis has been heavily disputed, recent studies have confirmed the value of his ideas. His work is pivotal for present day thinking about population growth, birth control, public health, McKeown had a major influence on many population researchers, such as health economists and Noble prize winners Robert W. Fogel and Angus Deaton. The latter considered McKeown as the founder of social medicine, the population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. A related measure is the net reproduction rate, most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. The Analytic Logistic Solution This is a differential equation that can be derived through integration. The analytic solution is useful in analyzing the behavior of population models, the equation is separable and to find the solution we integrate. ∫ d P P = ∫ k ⋅ d t Working on just the left side of the equation, the fraction in the denominator is eliminated by multiplying the variable K, and then the fraction is split in 2. 1 P ⋅ K K = K P K P =1 P +1 K − P The partial fraction is then integrated more easily. This is the equation that remains, | K − P P | = e − k t − C Get rid of the absolute value, in 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1. 1%. The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1. 86%,0. 78%, and 1. 08% respectively. The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then declined to 73.9 million in 2003. In 2009, the population increased by 74.6 million. In some countries the population is declining, especially in Eastern Europe, mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates, in Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths
4.
Transport
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, the field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations, terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be public or private, depending on the country. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution. While it is subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow. A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a type of vehicle, infrastructure. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route. Human powered transport, a form of transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power, human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing, even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people, humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift, a gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners, two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow
5.
Labour economics
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Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour. Labour markets or job markets function through the interaction of workers and employers, Labour economics looks at the suppliers of labour services and the demanders of labour services, and attempts to understand the resulting pattern of wages, employment, and income. In economics, labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and it is conventionally contrasted with such other factors of production as land and capital. There are theories which have developed a concept called human capital, there are two sides to labour economics. Labour economics can generally be seen as the application of microeconomic or macroeconomic techniques to the labour market, microeconomic techniques study the role of individuals and individual firms in the labour market. Macroeconomic techniques look at the interrelations between the market, the goods market, the money market, and the foreign trade market. It looks at how these interactions influence macro variables such as employment levels, participation rates, aggregate income, the labour force is defined as the number of people of working age, who are either employed or actively looking for work. The participation rate is the number of people in the force divided by the size of the adult civilian noninstitutional population. The unemployment level is defined as the labour force minus the number of people currently employed, the unemployment rate is defined as the level of unemployment divided by the labour force. The employment rate is defined as the number of people currently employed divided by the adult population, in these statistics, self-employed people are counted as employed. Variables like employment level, unemployment level, labour force, and they can be contrasted with flow variables which measure a quantity over a duration of time. Changes in the force are due to flow variables such as natural population growth, net immigration, new entrants. Technological advancement often reduces frictional unemployment, for example, internet search engines have reduced the cost, structural unemployment – This reflects a mismatch between the skills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. The process of globalization has contributed to changes in labour markets. Natural rate of unemployment – This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment and it is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, given that some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the level of the rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%. The estimated rate varies from country to country and from time to time, demand deficient unemployment – In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rate is probably due to insufficient goods demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing the underutilisation of inputs, neoclassical economists view the labour market as similar to other markets in that the forces of supply and demand jointly determine price and quantity
6.
Travel to work area
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However, they give planners and geographers an alternate view of urban life as their boundaries are tied not to arbitrary administrative limits but socio-economic ties. Having an idea of people commute from for work is particularly useful for public transport planning. Travel to Work Areas are defined by the Office for National Statistics using census data for commuting between wards, based on the different locations of individuals home and work addresses, according to this measure, there were 243 TTWAs within the United Kingdom in 2007. Travel to Work Areas in Scotland and Wales and those covering only rural areas are not included, to increase the range of statistics available the State of the Cities also publishes data for Travel to Work Areas approximated to local authority boundaries. These areas can differ considerably from the more accurate ward-based areas, metropolitan area, a more general concept of a travel to work area Primary Urban Area Office for National Statistics Map of UK TTWAs,1998,2001,2011 UK1997 Census tables using TTWAs
7.
Patrick Geddes
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Sir Patrick Geddes FRSE was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is known for his thinking in the fields of urban planning. He introduced the concept of region to architecture and planning and coined the term conurbation, the son of Janet Stevenson and soldier Alexander Geddes, Patrick Geddes was born in Ballater, Aberdeenshire, and educated at Perth Academy. He lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880 to 1888 and he married Anna Morton, who was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, in 1886 when he was 32 years old. They had three children, Norah, Alasdair and Arthur, during a visit to India in 1917 Anna fell ill with typhoid fever and died, not knowing that their son Alasdair had been killed in action in France. In 1895 Geddes published an edition of The Evergreen magazine, with articles on nature, biology, artists Robert Burns and John Duncan provided illustrations for the magazine. Geddes wrote with J. Arthur Thomson an early book on The Evolution of Sex and he held the Chair of Botany at University College Dundee from 1888 to 1919, and the Chair of Sociology at the University of Bombay from 1919 to 1924. He inspired Victor Branford to form the Sociological Society in 1903 to promote his sociological views and he was a major influence on the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford. He was knighted in 1932, shortly before his death at the Scots College in Montpellier, Geddes was the father-in-law of the architect and planner Frank Charles Mears. In this theory, the family is viewed as the biological unit of human society from which all else develops. Geddes drew on Le Plays circular theory of geographical locations presenting environmental limitations and his central argument was that physical geography, market economics and anthropology were related, yielding a “single chord of social life all three combined”. Geddes writing demonstrates the influence of ideas on his theories of the city. He saw the city as a series of interlocking patterns. He criticised the tendency of modern scientific thinking to specialisation, each sees clearly and seizes firmly upon one petal of the six-lobed flower of life and tears it apart from the whole. He continued to use and advocate for this approach throughout his career, very early on in his career Geddes demonstrated the practicality of his ideas and approach. In 1886 Geddes and his married wife purchased a row of slum tenements in James Court, Edinburgh. The best of the houses were kept and restored. Geddes believed that this approach was more economical and more humane. ”However, he wished this policy of sweeping clearances to be recognised for what he believed it was
8.
West Midlands conurbation
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According to the 2011 Census the area had a population of 2,440,986, making it the third most populated in the United Kingdom behind the Greater London and Greater Manchester Built Up Areas. The conurbation has several lesser used names, such as the Birmingham conurbation, the Birmingham-Wolverhampton conurbation. It should be noted that these settlements are not coterminous with the Metropolitan Boroughs of the same name, the area of conurbation between Birmingham and Wolverhampton is known as the Black Country. The Black Country has no centre, having grown up from a number of historic market towns. It remains essentially polycentric with many of the towns and villages remaining recognisable communities, coventry is separated from the West Midlands conurbation by the Meriden Gap, and other urban areas, such as Cannock and Codsall are also only narrowly avoided. For administrative purposes, the vast majority of the conurbation falls within the six Metropolitan Boroughs of Birmingham, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall, the West Midlands Built Up Area consists of the below settlements. In the 2011 Census, Coleshill and Water Orton are two separate areas with populations of 6,341 and 3,444 respectively. Prior to 2011, they were considered part of the West Midlands Urban Area, bentley Heath was not considered to be a settlement within the West Midlands Urban Area in 1981. Yew Tree is only considered part of the West Midlands Urban Area in the 2001 census, cheswick Green was not considered to be a settlement within the West Midlands Urban Area in 1981. Shelly Green was not considered to be a settlement within the West Midlands Urban Area in 1981 or 1991
9.
Ruhr
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The Ruhr, or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 2, 800/km² and a population of eight and a million, it is the largest urban agglomeration in Germany. It consists of large, industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west. In the southwest it borders the Bergisches Land and it is considered part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region of more than 12 million people, which is among the largest in Europe. The most populous cities are Dortmund, Essen and Duisburg, the Ruhr area has no administrative center, each city in the area has its own administration, although there exists the supracommunal Regionalverband Ruhr institution in Essen. Since the 19th century, these districts have grown together into a complex with a vast industrial landscape. For 2010, the Ruhr region was one of the European Capitals of Culture, the urban landscape of the Ruhr extends from the Lower Rhine Basin east to the Westphalian Plain and south to the hills of the Rhenish Massif. Through the centre of the Ruhr runs a segment of the belt that extends across Germany from west to east. Historically, this belt has underlain some of Germanys richest agricultural regions. Geologically, the region is defined by coal-bearing layers from the upper Carboniferous period, the coal seams reach the surface in a strip along the River Ruhr and dip downward from the river to the north. Beneath the River Lippe, the coal seams lie at a depth of 600 to 800 metres, the thickness of the coal layers ranges from one to three metres. This geological feature played a role in the development of coal mining in the Ruhr. According to the Regionalverband Ruhr,37. 6% of the area is built up. A total of 40. 7% of the land remains in agricultural use. Forests account for 17. 6%, and bodies of water and other types of land use occupy the rest, the inclusion of four mainly rural districts in the otherwise mainly industrial Ruhr helps to explain the large proportion of agricultural and forested land. In addition, the city boroughs of the Ruhr region have outlying districts with a rural character, seen on a map, the Ruhr could be considered a single city, since—at least in the north-south dimension—there are no visible breaks between the individual city boroughs. Thus the Ruhr is described as an urban area, which shares a similar history of urban. Instead, the city boroughs and urban districts of the Ruhr grew independently of one another during the Industrial Revolution
10.
Randstad
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The Randstad is a megalopolis in the central-western Netherlands consisting primarily of the four largest Dutch cities and their surrounding areas. Among other things, it contains the Port of Rotterdam, and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. With a population of 7,100,000 it is one of the largest metropolitan regions in Europe, comparable in size to Milan or the San Francisco Bay Area and its also one of the most important and densely populated economic areas in northwestern Europe. The Randstads main cities are Almere, Amersfoort, Amsterdam, Delft, Dordrecht, Gouda, Haarlem, Leiden, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Zaanstad, and Zoetermeer. Although the name Randstad is often translated into English as edge city or border city, a more accurate translation would be rim city. The Dutch name was coined in 1938 by KLM founder Albert Plesman who, while flying over the region, while technically more of a crescent, the ring shape formed by connecting the four major cities of the region led to the use of the name Ring City. Within the Netherlands, a divide between the Randstad and the rest of the country exists. Recently, Dutch planners have started to refer to the Randstad as Deltametropool, deltametropolis actually consists of two large metropolitan areas,1. The Noordvleugel, consisting of the Haarlem and IJmuiden conurbations in the west, Amsterdam at the centre and Almere, the conurbation of Utrecht can be considered to be part of this wing, but can also be excluded. The cultural centre of the Noordvleugel, however, is centered on Amsterdam. Amsterdam recently started to present itself as the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area, the expectation is that the use of the Noordvleugel and the Randstad will become less as a result. The Zuidvleugel, stretching some 60 kilometers from Dordrecht in the South East to Leiden in the North, the main conurbations are the Rotterdam and The Hague areas. The virtual centre of the Zuidvleugel lies in between two major cities, near Delft. The first steps toward this development were taken with the construction of a new fast light-rail connection between Rotterdam and The Hague, RandstadRail. A long-delayed extension of the western A4-motorway from the south of Delft to Rotterdam has also been constructed, creating a second connection between Rotterdam, via The Hague, to Amsterdam. A possible new area would be the Zuidoostflank, parallel to the A2 motorway and parallel to the A12 motorway, over the last few decades, a major topic in the Randstad is the conflict between the cities and the towns in between. Cities need more space to expand, yet the towns fear losing their identity, the Randstads borders have never been officially specified. Some consider only the four biggest cities of the Netherlands part of it, others would say that such as Alkmaar, Hoorn
11.
North Jersey
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North Jersey comprises the northern portions of the U. S. state of New Jersey between the upper Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean. Geologically, the north is in the Piedmont Province, the Highlands Province, depending on definitions, some is counted as being in the Atlantic coastal plain. A broad definition includes all points in New Jersey north of I-295 in the part of the state. Another definition uses the 1958 telephone area code 201, and all its additions, some people, especially residents of the northern tier of counties, use a narrower definition, counting only that area north of the mouth of the Raritan River. The state is sometimes described as having North Jersey and South Jersey separated from each other by Central Jersey. Generally in this approach, North Jersey is defined as anything north of an extending from I-287 in Edison westward to US22. South of that line down to I-195 is referred to as Central Jersey, in 2008 the New Jersey State Department of Tourism divided the state into six tourist regions, of which the Gateway Region and the Skylands Region are in North Jersey. The following counties are considered part of North Jersey. Its colonial history started after Henry Hudson sailed through Newark Bay in 1609, although Hudson was British, he worked for the Netherlands, so he claimed the land for the Dutch as part of the provincial colony of New Netherland, with original settlements were centered on Bergen. In 1664 the region part of the Province of New Jersey. During the American Revolutionary War, New Jersey was a location between New York City, and the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Important materials necessary to the war effort were produced in North Jersey, the Continental Army made its home here during the war, and history from this period can be found in nearly every village and town in North Jersey. Battle fields, camps, skirmish sites, and headquarters can be found near Morristown, in the northwestern part of the state, iron mines and foundries supplied raw material for guns and ammunition. The Industrial Revolution in America started by the founding of the North Jersey town of Paterson, today, the United States and the world enjoy the fruit born of seeds planted in North Jersey during the Industrial Revolution. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary for the Treasury and President of the Bank of New York during the end of the eighteenth century and he promoted the natural power of the Great Falls as an excellent location for textile mills and other manufacture. Paterson attracted skilled craftsmen and engineers from Europe to run the mills and produced a concentration of creative. During the mid century, the engines and materials to tame a continent were made here. Thomas Edison installed one of the first hydroelectric plants in the world using the Great Falls as an energy source
12.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
13.
San Francisco Bay
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San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary in the U. S. state of California. It is surrounded by a region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, dominated by the large cities San Francisco, Oakland. San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California and it then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. However, this group of interconnected bays is often called the San Francisco Bay. The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2,2013, the bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles, depending on which sub-bays, estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement. The main part of the bay measures 3 to 12 miles wide east-to-west and it is the largest Pacific estuary in the Americas. Later, wetlands and inlets were filled in, reducing the Bays size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bays size, despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands, from the mid-19th century through the late 20th century, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The idea was, and remains, controversial, there are five large islands in San Francisco Bay. Alameda, the largest island, was created when a shipping lane was cut in 1901 and it is now predominantly a bedroom community. Angel Island was known as Ellis Island West because it served as the point for immigrants from East Asia. It is now a park accessible by ferry. Mountainous Yerba Buena Island is pierced by a tunnel linking the east and west spans of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, attached to the north is the artificial and flat Treasure Island, site of the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. From the Second World War until the 1990s, both served as military bases and are now being redeveloped. Isolated in the center of the Bay is Alcatraz, the site of the federal penitentiary. The federal prison on Alcatraz Island no longer functions, but the complex is a popular tourist site, despite its name, Mare Island in the northern part of the bay is a peninsula rather than an island. During the last ice age, the now filled by the bay was a large linear valley with small hills
14.
Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
15.
Fort Worth
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Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. The city is in North Central Texas and covers nearly 350 square miles in the counties of Denton, Parker, Wise, according to the 2015 census, estimates, Fort Worths population is 833,319. The city is the second-largest in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, the city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today, Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture, USS Fort Worth is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city. Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, designed by Tadao Ando. The Amon Carter Museum of American Art, designed by Philip Johnson, the Sid Richardson Museum, redesigned by David M. Schwarz, has one of the most focused collections of Western Art in the U. S. emphasizing Frederic Remington and Charles Russell. The Treaty of Birds Fort between the Republic of Texas and several Native American tribes was signed in 1843 at Birds Fort in present-day Arlington, Texas. Article XI of the treaty provided that no one may pass the line of trading houses without permission of the President of Texas and these trading houses were later established at the junction of the Clear Fork and West Fork of the Trinity River in present-day Fort Worth. At this river junction, the U. S, War Department established Fort Worth in 1849 as the northernmost of a system of 10 forts for protecting the American Frontier following the end of the Mexican–American War. The City of Fort Worth continues to be known as where the West begins, originally 10 forts had been proposed by Major General William Jenkins Worth, who commanded the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849, Worth proposed a line of 10 forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork, One month later, Worth died from cholera in South Texas. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas, Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6,1849, Arnold, advised by Middleton Tate Johnson, established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River, in August 1849, Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff, which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River. The United States War Department officially named the post Fort Worth on November 14,1849, E. S. Terrell from Tennessee claimed to be the first resident of Fort Worth. The fort was flooded the first year and moved to the top of the bluff, the fort was abandoned September 17,1853. As a stop on the legendary Chisholm Trail, Fort Worth was stimulated by the business of the cattle drives, millions of head of cattle were driven north to market along this trail. Fort Worth became the center of the drives, and later. It was given the nickname of Cowtown, during Civil War, Fort Worth suffered from shortages of money, food, and supplies
16.
Urbanization
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Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed, the United Nations projected that half of the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and that is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia. Notably, the United Nations has also projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities. Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including geography, sociology, economics, urban planning, the phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can be seen as a condition at a set time or as an increase in that condition over time. The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many years ago. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify during the few decades. Outside Asia, Mexico City, São Paulo, London, New York City, Lagos, in England the proportion of the population living in cities jumped from 17% in 1801 to 72% in 1891. Growing trade around the world also allowed cereals to be imported from North America and refrigerated meat from Australasia, spatially, cities also expanded due to the development of public transport systems, which facilitated commutes of longer distances to the city centre for the working class. Urbanization rapidly spread across the Western world and, since the 1950s, at the turn of the 20th century, just 15% of the world population lived in cities. According to the UN the year 2007 witnessed the turning point when more than 50% of the population were living in cities. Living in a city can provide opportunities of proximity, diversity, as against this, there may be alienation issues, stress, increased cost of living, and negative social aspects that result from mass marginalization. In cities, money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized, many rural inhabitants come to the city to seek their fortune and alter their social position. Businesses, which provide jobs and exchange capital, are concentrated in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the ports or banking systems, commonly located in cities, many people move into cities for the economic opportunities, but this does not fully explain the very high recent urbanization rates in places like China and India. Rural flight is a factor to urbanization. Farm living has always been susceptible to environmental conditions, and in times of drought, flood or pestilence
17.
Port Louis
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Port Louis is the capital city of Mauritius, located in the Port Louis District, the western part also lies in the Black River District. Port Louis is the economic, cultural, political centre. It is administered by the Municipal City Council of Port Louis, according to the 2012 census conducted by Statistics Mauritius, the population was 149,194. Port Louis was already in use as a harbor in 1638, the Port is named in honor of King Louis XV. During this period of French colonization, Mauritius was known as Ile de France, the French governor at that time, Bertrand-François Mahé de Labourdonnais, contributed to the development of the city. Since Port Louis was relatively well-protected from strong winds during cyclones by the Moka Mountain Range, value of the port continued during the British occupation of the island during the Napoleonic Wars, and helped Britain control the Indian Ocean. However, port calls of ships fell drastically following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, activity in the port increased during the seven-year closure of the Suez Canal. Modernization of the port in the late 1970s has helped it maintain its role as the point for all imports and exports from Mauritius. Port Louis features a hot semi-arid climate under Köppens climate classification and its wettest months are from December through April where on average 60 mm of rain falls during each of these months. The remaining months forms Port Louis dry season, the city also shows a noticeable range of average temperatures. Port Louis’ coolest temperatures are seen mid-year where average temperatures are around 24 °C. Port Louis is home to the biggest port facility in the Indian Ocean region, Port Louis is home to the nations main harbor, and is the only official port of entry and exit for sea vessels in Mauritius. Ships must cleared in the port before visiting any other anchorage in the island nation, the Mauritius Ports Authority, established by law in 1998, is the port authority responsible for Port Louis. The harbor adjoins the city, with the port currently comprising three terminals. Terminal I contains a total of 1180 meters of quay, with six berthing positions for cargo, passengers, Terminal II contains 986 meters of quays with six berthing positions, and includes specialized facilities for handling and storing sugar, fish, tallow, and caustic soda. In particular, the Bulk Sugar Terminal can handle vessels with up to 11 meters of draft, can load sugar at a rate of 1450 tones per hours, and can store 175,000 tons of cargo. Also present in Terminal II is a dedicated 124-meter cruise ship jetty, Terminal III has two 280-meter quays with a depth of 14 meters, and is specialized for handling container ships, having five post-Panamax gantry cranes. Also present are storage facilities for bulk ethanol and tie-in points for reefer containers, vessels too large to dock at the quays can anchor at the Outer Anchorage, which is still within the official boundaries of the port
18.
Curepipe
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Curepipe also known as La Ville-Lumière, is a town in Mauritius, located in the Plaines Wilhems District, the eastern part also lies in the Moka District. The town is administered by the Municipal Council of Curepipe, Curepipe lies at a higher elevation, often referred to as the Central Plateau. According to the census made by Statistics Mauritius in 2015, the population of the town was at 79,014, the towns name, Curepipe, is said to be originated from the French curer sa pipe, which translates to cleaning the pipe. There are several theories by historians as to the naming of the city, some historians believe that the name was given as travelers and soldiers from the 19th century often traveled from Port Louis and Grand Port to refill their pipes in Curepipe. Other historians believe that the name was given after a late landowner during the 18th century, the town officially covers an area of 23.8 square kilometres. It is located in the Plaine Wilhems district on the plateau of Mauritius at an altitude of 561 meters. Of the larger towns of the central plateau, Curepipe is the most southern. As a consequence of its height, Curepipe is known for its relatively cool, Curepipe is managed by a council, which is democratically elected by its citizens. The council is headed by the Mayor and is responsible for local policy making. The current Mayor is Nathalie Stephanie Gopee, the towns administration on the other hand is responsible for the implementation of these policies as well as the day-to-day management of the councils activities. The current administrative head is Mr Vineshsing Seeparsad, who joined the government in March 2011. Curepipes historic town hall was originally situated in Moka. For the general elections the town is classified as the No 17 constituency known as Curepipe, according to the census made by Statistics Mauritius in 2015, the population of the town was at 79,014. The primary spoken language is Mauritian Creole, though French predominates in more formal situations, tamil, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Telugu, Urdu, Mandarin and Hakka Chinese are also spoken as second or third language mostly in religious activities. The councils official language is English, the town hosts several textile factories, a diamond processing industry and a range of jewelry businesses. In addition, handicraft shops, restaurants and shopping centers add to the mix of the town. The relatively affluent suburbs are home to a great deal of business activity. The town council is acutely aware of the need to bring principles of sustainability into the economic development
19.
Quatre Bornes
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Quatre Bornes also known as La Ville des Fleurs, is a town in Mauritius, located in the Plaines Wilhems District, the western part also lies in the Rivière Noire District. The town is administered by the Municipal Council of Quatre Bornes, situated between the towns of Beau-Bassin Rose-Hill and Vacoas-Phoenix, Quatre Bornes is linked by roads to the north, east, south and west of Mauritius. According to the census made by Statistics Mauritius in 2015, the population of the town was at 77,505, in 1721, Wilhem Leicknig of Prussian origin settled on the island then known as Isle de France, the district of Plaine Wilhems was named after him. In 1740, French cartographer Guyomar drew the Quartiers des Plaines Wilhems where Quatre Bornes was shown as a forest which was slowly being colonised, joseph François Charpentier de Cossigny named his region Palma and Governor Antoine Desforges Boucher named his region Bassin in 1764. During the British period, the St Jean church was built in 1850, Quatre Bornes was proclaimed a village in 1890, then proclaimed Town under Governor Harman in 1896. The Bassin and Palma state was annexed to the Town of Quatre Bornes in 1967, for the general elections the town is classified as the No 18 constituency known as Belle Rose and Quatre Bornes and the No 14 Savanne and Black River constituency. Schools in Quatre Bornes include 12 secondary schools and 9 primary schools which are either state own or private institutions, secondary institution include the College Sainte-Marie, College du Saint-Esprit, Dr. The town is home to the Guy Rozemont Football Stadium, the team of the town is the AS Quatre Bornes, the town of Quatre Bornes is divided into different regions. Quatre Bornes is twinned with, Saint-Benoît, Réunion Ambalavao, Madagascar List of places in Mauritius
20.
Mauritius
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Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres off the southeast coast of the African continent. The country includes the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, and the outer islands, the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues form part of the Mascarene Islands, along with nearby Réunion, a French overseas department. The area of the country is 2,040 km², the capital and largest city is Port Louis. Mauritius was a British colonial possession from 1810 to 1968, the year of its independence, the government uses English as the main language. The sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom, the UK excised the archipelago from Mauritian territory in 1965, three years prior to Mauritian independence. The UK gradually depopulated the archipelagos indigenous population and leased its biggest island, Diego Garcia, access to the archipelago is prohibited to casual tourists, the media, and its former inhabitants. Mauritius also claims sovereignty over Tromelin Island from France, the people of Mauritius are multiethnic, multi-religious, multicultural and multilingual. The islands government is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system. Along with the other Mascarene Islands, Mauritius is known for its flora and fauna. The island is known as the only known home of the dodo. Mauritius is the country in Africa where Hinduism is the largest religion. The first historical evidence of the existence of an island now known as Mauritius is on a map produced by the Italian cartographer Alberto Cantino in 1502. From this, it appears that Mauritius was first named Dina Arobi around 975 by Arab sailors, in 1507 Portuguese sailors visited the uninhabited island. The island appears with a Portuguese name Cirne on early Portuguese maps, another Portuguese sailor, Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, gave the name Mascarenes to the Archipelago. In 1598 a Dutch squadron under Admiral Wybrand van Warwyck landed at Grand Port and named the island Mauritius, in honour of Prince Maurice van Nassau, later the island became a French colony and was renamed Isle de France. On 3 December 1810 the French surrendered the island to Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars, under British rule, the islands name reverted to Mauritius /məˈrɪʃəs/. Mauritius is also known as Maurice and Île Maurice in French. The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit during the Middle Ages by Arab sailors, in 1507 Portuguese sailors came to the uninhabited island and established a visiting base
21.
Plaines Wilhems District
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Plaines Wilhems is a district of Mauritius. It is the most populous district, with its estimated at 368,621 as of 31 December 2015. The district is urban, it consists of four towns. The Plaines Wilhems district does not have a District Council, it has four Municipal Town Councils, the towns are Beau-Bassin Rose-Hill, Curepipe, Quatre Bornes and Vacoas-Phoenix. The villages are Midlands, Cascavelle and Moka, the district was named after Wilhem Leicknig. Of Prussian origin, he settled on the island of Mauritius, then known as Isle de France, secondary schools in the district include, Lycée La Bourdonnais - Curepipe Lycée des Mascareignes- Moka Districts of Mauritius List of places in Mauritius
22.
Lagos
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Lagos /ˈleɪɡɒs/ is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its conurbation, is the largest in Nigeria. It is one of the fastest growing in the world, Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa, the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Due to rapid urbanization, the city expanded to the west of the lagoon to include areas in the present day Lagos Mainland, Ajeromi-Ifelodun and Surulere. This led to the classification of Lagos into two main areas - the Island, which was the city of Lagos, before it expanded into the area known as the Mainland. Lagos, the capital of Nigeria since its amalgamation in 1914, however, the state capital was later moved to Ikeja in 1976, while the federal capital also moved to Abuja in 1991. This conurbation makes up 37% of Lagos States total land area, the exact population of Metropolitan Lagos is disputed, In the 2006 federal census data, the conurbation had a population of about 8 million people. However, the figure was disputed by the Lagos State Government, Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people in the 15th century, who called it Oko. Under the leadership of the Oloye Olofin, the Awori moved to an island now called Iddo and then to the larger Lagos Island. In the 16th century, the Awori settlement was conquered by the Benin Empire and the became a Benin war-camp called Eko under Oba Orhogba. Eko is still the name for Lagos. Lagos, which means lakes, was a given to the settlement by the Portuguese. The present-day Lagos state has a percentage of Awori, who migrated to the area from Isheri along the Ogun river. Throughout history, it was home to a number of warring ethnic groups who had settled in the area. Following its early settlement by the Awori nobility, and its conquest by the Bini warlords of Benin, Portuguese explorer Rui de Sequeira visited the area in 1472, naming the area around the city Lago de Curamo. Another explanation is that Lagos was named for Lagos, Portugal—a maritime town which, in 1849, Britain appointed John Beecroft Consul of the Bights of Benin and Biafra, a position he held until his death in 1854. John Duncan was appointed Vice Consul and was located at Wydah, at the time of Beecrofts appointment, the Kingdom of Lagos was in the western part of the Consulate of the Bights of Benin and Biafra and was a key slave trading port. Oba Akitoye then signed the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos abolishing slavery, the signing of the 1852 treaty ushered in the Consular Period in Lagos history wherein Britain provided military protection to Lagos
23.
Agege
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Agege is a suburb and local government area in the Ikeja Division of Lagos State, Nigeria. From the Southern part of Lagos it stretches from Ashade retail market to Akilo street, from the Eastern part of Lagos it stretches from Oba ogunji road up to the by-pass to Agege Motor road by Nitel office. From the Western part of Lagos, the boundary of Agege stretches from Abeokuta express road from boundary with Ikeja Local government to Dopemu junction, when Dasab Airlines existed, its Lagos office was in Agege. It includes a campus of Lagos State University, national Youth Service Corps Permanent Orientation Camp is located at Iyana-Ipaja Road, Agege. Agege boost of very few industries, it is the hub of the Popular Aluminium Village which connects with the popular Abeokuta Express road, railway stations in Nigeria Agege Local Government New School, NYC. Sustainable Cities Club blog post about Agege, Lagos
24.
Alimosho
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Alimosho is a Local Government Area in the Ikeja Division, Lagos State, Nigeria It is the largest local government in Lagos, with 1,288,714 inhabitants, according to the official 2006 Census. It has now been subdivided between several Local Community Development Areas, the LCDA structure kicked off after the administration of Bola Ilori who was the last chairman of the old single Alimosho Local Government. The six sub-divisions created out of the old Alimosho are Agbado/Oke-odo LCDA, Ayobo/Ipaja LCDA, Alimosho LG, Egbe/Idimu LCDA, Ikotun/Igando LCDA, the LGA contains the urban area of Akowonjo. Alimosho was established in 1945 and it was under the western region. Majority who dominate Alimosho were the Egbados, the area is very rich in culture, prominent amongst which are Oro, Igunnu and Egungun Festivals annually celebrated. Aside the cultural heritages, majority of the inhabitants of the area are Islamic. However, Yoruba language is spoken in the community. The source of Alimosho is Alashua River, which is located on the axis of Oki, the most recognised Baale is late Chief Kokumo follow by Lateef Sekoni, while the present Baale is Afuwape. The royal family includes Folarin, Kokumo, Ogunbowale and Afuwape, the Central Mosque in Alimosho is the 3rd Mosque in Lagos after the Badagry Central Mosque and the Lagos Central Mosque
25.
Ifako-Ijaiye
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Ifako-Ijaiye is a city and local government area in Lagos, Nigeria. It has a land are of 43 square kilometres and had a population of 427,878 people in 2006, the current chairman is Babatunde I. Q. The Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government was created along with 183 other local governments on October 1,1996 by General Sani Abacha and it was carved out of Agege Local Government, with headquarters in Ifako. The 1991 census found the majority of inhabitants to be Yoruba, Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government is a border suburb town as it shares border with Ogun State. The major settlements are Ogba-Ijaiye, Ifako, Oke-Ira, Iju-Ishaga, Obawole, Iju-Ogundimu Fagba, the past leaders of the Local Government are, Engr. Marufdeen Adeola Adefolabi Hon. Demola Doherty Hon. Oloruntoba Oke The Governor of Lagos State, rajh-Label as Sole Administrator of the Local Government in June,2016. Rajh-Label Head of Administration - Mrs. Kudirat Bello Council Treasurer - Mrs
26.
Kosofe
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Kosofe is a Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Kosofe and it has an area of 81 km² and a population of 665,393 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 100, one of the major settlements in Kosofe is Ikosi
27.
Mushin, Lagos
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Mushin is a Local Government Area in Lagos. It is located 10 km north of the city core, adjacent to the road to Ikeja. It had 633,009 inhabitants at the 2006 Census, after the 1960 independence from Great Britain, there became large migrations to the suburban areas. As a result, poor sanitation and inadequate housing lead to living conditions. However, since the rise of industrialization in Nigeria, Mushin has become one of the largest beneficiaries of the industrial expansion and their local commercial enterprises include spinning and weaving of cotton, shoe manufacturing, bicycle and motorized-cycle assembly, along with the production of powdered milk. Once a staple source of revenue in Nigeria, agriculture is also a central market. The town is home to a hospital as well educational facilities reaching the school level. Mushin lies at the intersection of roads from Lagos, Shomolu, most of its inhabitants are from the Yoruba tribe and as a result Yoruba is the most common language spoken
28.
Oshodi-Isolo
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Oshodi-Isolo is a Local Government Area within Lagos State. The LGA is part of the Ikeja Division of Lagos State, at the 2006 Census it had a population of 621,509 people, and an area of 45 square kilometres. Hon. Bolaji Muse Ariyoh, a man, was recently elected for three-year term as the Executive Chairman. The area includes two constituencies of the National House of Representatives, as of 2009, Hon. Moruf Akinderu Fatai also known as MAF by his constituents and supporters, of the Action Congress represented Oshodi-Isolo I, and Hon. Joseph Ajatta represented Oshodi-Isolo II. From 1999-2007, Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein of the Alliance for Democracy party represented Oshodi-Isolo
29.
Johannesburg
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Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africas three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, in the same year, the population of Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area was 7,860,781. Some view the surrounding the city of Johannesburg yet more broadly than the metropolitan area, adding Ekurhuleni, West Rand and Lenasia. The land area of the city is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2. The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm, the city is commonly interpreted as the modern day El Dorado due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand. The name is attributed to one or all of three men involved in the establishment of the city, in ten years, the population was 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until the 1990s, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg, Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent, controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name Johannes who were involved in the history of the city. Among them are the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Johannes Rissik, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic 1883-1900. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility, precise records for the choice of name were lost. Rissik and Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to attain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik Street is today a street where the historically important and dilapidated Post Office, since burnt out. The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San people, the Sotho–Tswana practised farming and extensively mined and smelted metals that were available in the area. The most prominent site within Johannesburg is Melville Koppies, which contains an iron smelting furnace, the main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes that triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the start of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name, Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility
30.
City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
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Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality is a metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of the East Rand region of Gauteng, South Africa. The name Ekurhuleni means place of peace in Tsonga, Ekurhuleni is one of the five districts of Gauteng province and one of the eight metropolitan municipalities of South Africa. The seat of Ekurhuleni is Germiston, the largest language group among its 2,480,260 people is Zulu. OR Tambo International Airport is in the Kempton Park area of Ekurhuleni, an Integrated Transport Plan has been initiated to allow Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality to confidently develop a transport system within its responsibilities over the next 5 years. The 2001 census divided the municipality into the main places. The municipal council consists of 224 members elected by proportional representation. In the election of 3 August 2016 the African National Congress lost its majority on the council for the first time, the ANC subsequently formed a coalition with the African Independent Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the Patriotic Alliance. The following table shows the results of the 2016 election, South African Airways, the flagship air carrier of South Africa, and its subsidiary South African Express Airways have their head offices in Ekurhuleni. In addition Mango, a low cost airline owned by SAA, is headquartered on the grounds of OR Tambo International Airport, the headquarters of Comair and Kulula. com are at an intersection within Ekurhuleni in close proximity to OR Tambo International Airport. Federal Air also has its headquarters on the OR Tambo International Airport grounds, 1Time has its head office in the Isando Industrial Park. Safairs head office is in Kempton Park, airports Company South Africa has its head office in Bedfordview, Ekurhuleni. TAAG Angola Airlines has an office in Bedfordview
31.
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality
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The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality /ˈtswɑːnɛ/ is the metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of northern Gauteng Province, South Africa. The Metropolitan area is centred on the city of Pretoria with surrounding towns, the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality was established on 5 December 2000, comprising 13 former city and town councils and managed under an executive mayoral system. The Metsweding District Municipality was incorporated into the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipalitys land area increased from 2,198 square kilometres in 2010 to 6,368 square kilometres after the incorporation of Metsweding. The Tswaing crater is in the northwest of Soshanguve. 40% black,20. 08% white,2. 01% coloured and 1. 84% Indian or Asian, the municipal council consists of 214 members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. In the election of 3 August 2016, the Democratic Alliance won a plurality of 93 seats on the council, on August 19,2016, minority parties united with the DA to vote in DA mayoral candidate, Solly Msimanga as the first Democratic Alliance mayor of Tshwane. Msimanga appointed a mayoral committee consisting of the DA, African Christian Democratic Party. The following table shows the results of the 2016 election, as of 2016 City of Tshwane receives 72% of its bulk water from Rand Water, which utilizes the Integrated Vaal River System. The remaining 28% of Tshwanes water is sourced from its own treatment plants, Water restrictions are implemented during drought, heat waves or other seasonal changes. The main rail station is in Pretoria, the Gautrain runs through parts of the municipality, with stations in Centurion and Pretoria, ending at a station in the suburb of Hatfield. OR Tambo International Airport in neighbouring Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality serves Tshwane, wonderboom Airport in the north of Tshwane serves light aircraft. The Tshwane municipality is home to the Tshwane University of Technology, the South African Air Force military bases AFB Waterkloof and AFB Swartkop are in Tshwane. Although the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality was only created in 2000, the SANDF memorial is at Fort Klapperkop and the South African Air Force memorial is at AFB Swartkop. There are a number of museums, many of them in Pretoria. The origin of the name of the river is unclear and it may mean place -e of the black cow, tshwana, from ceremonies where a black cow was sprinkled with water from the river to end a drought. However, some Ndebele kings claim to have never heard of a chief named Tshwane, two other common explanations are demonstrably untrue. One is that it is the Tswana for the motto of Tshwane Municipality, however, this appears to be promoted for its emotional value, if anything, it would mean we are not the same in Tswana. The name Tshwane is sometimes used as a name for the city of Pretoria itself. Following the city councils vote of March 8,2005, it could become the new name if approved by the central government
32.
Greater Buenos Aires
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Greater Buenos Aires is the urban agglomeration comprising the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the adjacent 24 partidos over the Province of Buenos Aires. Thus, it does not constitute an administrative unit. The conurbation spreads south, west and north of Buenos Aires city, to the east, the River Plate serves as a natural boundary. The term is related to other expressions that are not necessarily well-defined, the Buenos Aires conurbation, the Greater Buenos Aires Agglomeration. The National Institute of Statistics and Censuses has defined Greater Buenos Aires, there are three main groups within the Buenos Aires Conurbation. The first two groups comprise the traditional conurbation, or the conurbation proper, the third group of six partidos is in process of becoming fully integrated with the rest. D. and Marcos, M. The social map of Greater Buenos Aires as empirical evidence of urban models, volume 11 Number 1, pp. 67–78, DOI10. 1353/lag.2012.0012 Keeling, D. Buenos Aires, Global Dreams, Local Crisis
33.
La Plata
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La Plata is the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and of the partido La Plata. According to the 2001 census, it has a population of 765,378, La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880. It was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882 and its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton. La Plata was renamed Eva Perón City between 1952 and 1955, the city is home to two important first division football teams, Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. Rocha decided to erect a new city to host the provincial government institutions, urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park, in addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonal streets. This design is copied in a manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. For every six blocks, there is a park or square. Other than the streets, all streets are on a rectangular grid and are numbered consecutively. Thus, La Plata is nicknamed la ciudad de las diagonales and it is also called la ciudad de los tilos, because of the large number of linden trees lining the many streets and squares. Palms and subtropical evergreen trees thrive, but are comparatively infrequent. The city design and its buildings are noted to possess a strong Freemason symbolism and this is said to be a consequence of both Rocha and Benoit being Freemasons. The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, the City Hall by Germans, electric street lighting was installed in 1884, and was the first of its kind in Latin America. The neo-Gothic cathedral of La Plata is the largest church in Argentina, the Curutchet House is one of the two buildings by Le Corbusier built in the Americas. The Teatro Argentino de La Plata is one of the most important opera houses in Argentina, the theatre was built on the square block between 9th and 10th Street and 51st and 53rd Avenue. It was opened on November 19,1890 and it was designed by Leopoldo Rochi in Renaissance style. The work was funded by the first inhabitants of La Plata, in the foyer, entering through the majestic doors, there was a beautiful white Carrara marble staircase
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Greater La Plata
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Gran La Plata is an urban agglomeration formed around the city of La Plata, in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It includes the La Plata, Berisso and Ensenada partidos, gran La Plata is located to the south of the Greater Buenos Aires agglomeration next to Rio de La Plata. To a small extent, the two areas have slowly begun to merge. Nevertheless, the main centres remain separated by two dense forest reserves, the Punta Lara jungle by the River Plate, and the Pereyra Iraola Forest a few kilometers inland. The cities of Berisso and Ensenada existed well before La Plata and were both candidates to become the city of Buenos Aires Province once Buenos Aires city was federalized in 1880. Eventually, it was decided to build a new city, La Plata, soon after, irregular suburbs began to appear outside the designed limits of La Plata. These suburbs would go on to become an part of La Plata Partido municipality
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Campana, Buenos Aires
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Campana is a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the seat of the Campana Partido and it is located about 75 km from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, on the right-hand margin of the Paraná River. Its population is 94,333 inhabitants as per the 2010 census, Campana and Zárate make up an important industrial region. The city is linked to Zárate and the Zárate-Brazo Largo Bridge by Provincial Route 6, the Pan-American Highway links Campana to Buenos Aires, Rosario, Córdoba and the north of Argentina. The village of Campana was officially created in 1875, on 6 July 1885 the Campana Partido was created as an offshoot of the Exaltación de la Cruz Partido. Campana has been since late 19th century and to a lesser degree today an important shipyard, japanese automobile manufacturer Honda opened a factory in 2011, where it has built the Honda City and Honda HR-V. Campana has a total of 94,333 inhabitants, most of the citys population consists almost entirely by descendants of Italian and Spanish immigrants, although there are other minorities such as Germans, British, French and Roms. In recent years there has been an increase in population from East Asia and Latin American countries like Bolivia, Paraguay. Campana is home to Club Villa Dálmine, a club that currently plays in Argentinas regionalised 2nd division, and to Puerto Nuevo. Municipality of Campana - Official website, Municipal information, Municipal Affairs Federal Institute, Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina
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Greater Rio de Janeiro
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It consists of 21 municipalities, including the capital of the State, Rio de Janeiro. The metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro is known as a historical, cultural and economic centre of Brazil, the region was first officially defined on July 1,1974, less than 1 year till the fusion of Guanabara into Rio de Janeiro. Several municipalities show a level of conurbation, with Rio de Janeiro–Baixada Fluminense. It was changed several times to include or remove different cities in different moments of the history, in the years 1993,2001,2002,2009 and 2013
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Golden Horseshoe
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The Golden Horseshoe is a region of Southern Ontario, Canada, which lies at the western end of Lake Ontario with outer boundaries stretching south to Lake Erie and north to Georgian Bay. The region is among the most densely populated and industrialized in Canada, most of it is also part of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, Quebec City–Windsor Corridor and the Great Lakes Megalopolis. The area has a population than the entire province of Quebec or the three Prairie provinces, four Atlantic provinces, and three northern territories combined. The wider region spreads inland in all away from the Lake Ontario shoreline, southwest to Brantford, west to the Waterloo Region area, north to Barrie. The whole regions area covers approximately 33,500 km2, out of this,7,300 km2 or approximately 22% of the area is covered by the environmentally protected Greenbelt. A subsequent edition released February 16,2005, broadened the term further, adding Brant, the Greater Golden Horseshoe region is officially designated in Ontario Regulation 416/05 under the Places to Grow Act. The population of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was 9.39 million residents at the 2016 census, the region is projected to grow to 11.5 million people by 2031. In 2011, the Greater Horseshoe was the fifth most populous urbanized area in North America. The economy of region is very diverse. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the third largest in North America by market capitalization, cities such as Hamilton, Oshawa, Oakville, Whitby and Kitchener all contain major large-scale industrial production facilities, Hamilton being steel-dominated and Oshawa being much more car-oriented. Other significant automotive-production facilities also exist in Brampton, St. Catharines, Cambridge, Hamilton and Toronto also have two of the largest seaports in Lake Ontario. The Welland Canal system handles tanker ship and recreational traffic through the Great Lakes, large rail and truck distribution facilities are located in Toronto, Vaughan and Brampton. Food processing is also a key ingredient in the economy, as of 2014, sectors such as IT, health care, tourism, research and finance provide the bulk of growth. The suburban cities of Brampton, Markham and Mississauga are emerging as technology hubs, the golden part is historically attributed to the regions wealth and prosperity, according to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary. The speech writer who actually penned the phrase was Charles Hunter MacBain, Toronto is an alpha global city, known for its performing arts and night life. Downtown Toronto is one of the largest downtowns in North America, the city is pedestrian friendly and has one of the lowest crime rates in Canada, the 45 murders committed in 2011 is the lowest for a major North American city. Torontos Yorkville is an example of a shopping district in the city. The city also is home to several shopping malls such as Yorkdale Shopping Centre, Toronto Eaton Centre, Scarborough Town Centre
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Industrialisation
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As industrial workers incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution, the invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work, by the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world. The BRICS states are undergoing the process of industrialisation, there is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. The concentration of labour into factories has increased urbanisation and the size of settlements, to serve, workers have to either leave their families or bring them along in order to work in the towns and cities where these industries are found. The family structure changes with industrialisation, the sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an extended family structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the nuclear family, consisting of parents and their growing children. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist, extended family bonds become more tenuous. Currently the international development community endorses development policies like water purification or primary education and Co-Operation amongst third world communities, the relationships among economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction are complex. Higher productivity is argued to be leading to lower employment, division of labour Newly industrialised country Idea of Progress Chandler Jr. Alfred D. The Visible Hand, The Management Revolution in American Business, belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Hewitt, T. Johnson, H. and Wield, D. industrialisation and Development, Oxford University Press, hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Revolution. Kemp, Tom Historical Patterns of Industrialisation, Longman, London, ISBN 0-582-09547-6 Kiely, R industrialisation and Development, A comparative analysis, UCL Press, London. The Unbound Prometheus, Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, Cambridge, New York, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Pomeranz, Ken The Great Divergence, China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy by Tilly, industrialization as an Historical Process, European History Online, Mainz, Institute of European History,2010, retrieved,29 February 2011
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