1.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
2.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
3.
Kevin Roche
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Eamonn Kevin Roche, FAIA is an Irish-born American Pritzker Prize-winning architect. He has been responsible for the planning for over 200 built projects in both the U. S. and abroad. These projects include eight museums,38 corporate headquarters, seven research facilities, performing arts centers, theaters, and campus buildings for six universities. Among other awards, Roche received the Pritzker Prize in 1982, the Gold Medal Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1990, in 2012, Roche was inducted into Irish America magazines Hall of Fame. Born in Dublin, but raised in Mitchelstown, County Cork and he then worked with Michael Scott from 1945-46. From summer to fall of 1946 he worked with Maxwell Fry in London, in 1949, he worked at the planning office for the United Nations Headquarters building in New York City. In 1950, he joined the firm of Eero Saarinen and Associates, in 1954, he became the Principal Design Associate to Saarinen and assisted him on all of the projects from that time until Saarinens death in September 1961. In 1966, Roche and John Dinkeloo formed Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo, the firm of Roche & Dinkeloo has designed numerous corporate headquarters, office buildings, banks, museums, and art centers. Roche has served as a trustee of the American Academy in Rome, president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, member of the National Academy of Design, and member of the U. S. Morgan Headquarters, New York, NY1993 – Corning Incorporated Corporate Headquarters, Corning, “Kevin Roche, Pritzker Prize Winner”, Veranda, pp. 150–158,241. Kevin Roche, Architecture and Urbanism Extra Edition, Tokyo, Japan, yoshio Yoshida, Publisher,1987 Hozumi, Toshio et al. Latest Works of Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates, Architecture & Urbanism,211, Tokyo, Japan, The Japan Architect Co. Ltd. America’s New Architectural Wave, The Architect Kevin Roche’s Appearance on The Scene,63, A Monthly Journal of Art & Architecture, Tokyo, Japan, January 1970. Roche Dinkeloo, General Foods Headquarters, Texas Christian University Visual Arts Center, & Kevin Roche Interview Global Architecture, GA Document 9, A. D. A. Roche Dinkeloo,6 High Rise Projects Deutsche Bank, J. P. Morgan, Design for Two Buildings in Denver, Dallas Competition, Roche Dinkeloo Cummins Engine Company Corporate Office Building, Columbus Indiana & Conoco Inc. Petroleum Headquarters, Global Architecture, GA Document 14, editing and publishing by Yukio Futagawa, EDITA Tokyo Co. Ltd. photographs, RETORIA, Y. Futagawa & Associated Photographers, December 1985, Roche Dinkeloo, Bouygues Headquarters, Global Architecture, GA Document 22. PritzkerPrize. com Yale School of Architecture Honors Kevin Roche with Exhibition, Symposium
4.
Convention center
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A convention center is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests. Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to several thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for trade shows, are sometimes known as exhibition centres. Convention centers typically have at least one auditorium and may also contain concert halls, lecture halls, meeting rooms, some large resort area hotels include a convention center
5.
Dublin Docklands
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Dublin Docklands is an area of the city of Dublin, Ireland, on both sides of the River Liffey, roughly from Talbot Memorial Bridge eastwards to the 3Arena. The Docklands has over recent years been regenerated as an extension of the business hub of Dublins International Financial Services Centre. By 2008 the area had over 600 enterprises with new companies moving in every month, values and development activity has since 2014 made a significant recovery. The urban regeneration has transformed the Docklands into a built environment. New infrastructure, such as the Samuel Beckett Bridge and the LUAS Docklands extension, has made the more accessible. New venues, including the Bord Gais Energy Theatre, the refurbished 3Arena, on 22 May 2014, it was announced that a fast-track planning process was approved by An Bord Pleanala. It is also the location of the Convention Centre Dublin, Point Village, A redevelopment beside The Point Depot, it includes a hotel, a shopping centre,13,000 m² of office space, a 3-story underground car park, a 12-screen cinema, and more. While the hotel and cinema opened, the centre and office space remain empty. A U2 Experience Museum was originally planned for the development, but was opened as a permanent exhibition in the Little Museum of Dublin on St. Stephens Green and renamed U2. This and the elements of the GCD are now known as Silicon Docks and host the European HQs of Google, Facebook, LinkedIn. Completed projects include Grand Canal Square, Marker Hotel, Alto Vetro, Google Docks, wheel of Dublin, From July 2010 to November 2011, the 10 million euro,350 tonne,60 metre tall,42 capsule Ferris wheel operated beside ‘O2 Dublin’. Before its arrival in Dublin, the wheel had been located beside Belfast’s City Hall from October 2007 to April 2010, following closure in Belfast, it was dismantled and transported to Dublin. It closed due to a lack of demand, and was again on the move. Point Village Market, The outdoor weekend market was developed by businessman Harry Crosbie and it featured a large open-air stage with performances from local musicians. The market stalls offered traditional farmers produce as well as goods, crafts, antiques. The Point Village Market was open from May to November 2010, Point Village on Ice, The 5000 square feet outdoor ice rink was open for a short time in the winter of 2010-2011. It opened again December 2014-January 2015, U2 Tower, Also known as Britain Quay Tower, it was intended to be the tallest building on the island of Ireland at an estimated 180m. It was meant to house a studio for U2
6.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
7.
River Liffey
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The River Liffey is a river in Ireland, which flows through the centre of Dublin. Its major tributaries include the River Dodder, the River Poddle, the river supplies much of Dublins water and a range of recreational opportunities. The river was previously named An Ruirthech, meaning fast runner, the word Liphe referred originally to the name of the plain through which the river ran, but eventually came to refer to the river itself. It was also known as the Anna Liffey, possibly from an anglicisation of Abhainn na Life, James Joyce personified the river as Anna Livia Plurabelle in Finnegans Wake. See Annals of Inisfallen for the year 808, AI808.2 A defeat by the Laigin on Áed, son of Niall, the Liffey rises in the Liffey Head Bog between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow Mountains, forming from many streamlets at Sally Gap. It crosses from County Wicklow into County Kildare at Poulaphouca and from County Kildare into County Dublin at Leixlip, the catchment area of the Liffey is 1,256 km2. The long term average flow rate of the river is 18.0 m3/s, the Liffey system is a substantial one, including dozens of smaller rivers and streams. Early tributaries include the Athdown Brook, Shankill River, Ballylow Brook, Brittas River and Woodend Brook, downstream of Poulaphouca are the Lemonstown Stream, Kilcullen Stream and Pinkeen Stream, followed by the Painestown River, Rye Water, and the Griffeen River. Within Dublin are the various Phoenix Park streams on the bank, interspersed with right bank tributaries such as the Glenaulin Stream. In earlier times, the River Tolka was also arguably a tributary of the Liffey, or at least shared its mouth, there are dams for three ESB hydroelectric power stations along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip. Major reservoir facilities also exist at Poulaphouca, the Liffey does not feature natural lakes, and has few islands. Significant falls at Poulaphouca and at Golden Falls were flooded by reservoir construction, there remain areas of rapids, notably as the river approaches Dublin city. Towns along the river include Ballymore Eustace, Athgarvan, Kilcullen, Newbridge, Caragh, Clane, Celbridge, Leixlip, the River Liffey in Dublin city has been used for many centuries for trade, from the Viking beginnings of the city up to recent times. It is connected to the River Shannon via the Grand Canal, around 60% of the Liffeys flow is abstracted for drinking water and to supply industry. Much of this makes its way back into the river after purification in wastewater treatment plants, a popular myth is that Liffey water is used to brew Guinness but this is not true as Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains. ESB hydroelectric power stations exist along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip, a well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s, the Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness cargo ships were used to export Guinness from the St. Jamess Gate Brewery. In recent years, the regular traffic on the river within the city is the Liffey Voyage water tour bus service. Downstream of the East-Link bridge, the river is mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic
8.
Enda Kenny
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Enda Kenny is an Irish politician who has been leader of Fine Gael since 2002 and Taoiseach since March 2011. He has also been Irelands Minister for Defence since 6 May 2016 and he was a two-term Vice-President of the European Peoples Party and was Irelands Minister for Tourism and Trade from 1994 to 1997. Kenny has been a Teachta Dála for Mayo since 1975, having succeeded his father Henry Kenny and he is the longest-serving TD currently in Dáil Éireann, which makes him the incumbent Father of the Dáil. He is the first taoiseach from Fine Gael since John Bruton, Enda Kenny was born in 1951 in Derrywash, Islandeady, near Castlebar, County Mayo, the third child of five of Mary Eithne and Henry Kenny. He was educated locally at St Patricks National School, Cornanool and at St. Geralds College and he attended St Patricks College of Education, Dublin, qualifying as a national teacher and was an undergraduate student at University College Galway. He worked as a school teacher for four years. Kenny has been married to Fionnuala OKelly since 1992 and she has been described by the media as his secret weapon. OKelly is first cousin to sitting Fine Gael MEP Seán Kelly, the OKelly family originally come from the parish of Kilcummin near Killarney, County Kerry. The Kennys have three children, one daughter - Aoibhinn, and two sons - Ferdia and Naoise, the couple met in Leinster House where OKelly worked as a press officer for Fianna Fáil. She later worked with Raidió Teilifís Éireann, Kenny has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro and completed the Ring of Kerry Charity Cycle. He is a supporter of his native Mayo GAA football team. He played Gaelic football for his club, Islandeady, of which he is the current club president. His father Henry won an All-Ireland medal with the county team in 1936 and his grandfather was a lighthouse keeper. From an early age Kenny was exposed to politics as his father, Henry Kenny, in the early 1970s he became directly involved in politics when he started helping his father with constituency clinics. In 1975, Henry Kenny died after a battle with cancer. The Fine Gael party wanted one of his sons to stand as their candidate at the subsequent by-election and he was elected on the first count with 52% of the vote, and at 24 he was the youngest member of the 20th Dáil. Kenny remained on the backbenches of the Dáil for almost a decade and he was appointed party spokesperson firstly on youth affairs and sport, then western development, however, he failed to build a national profile as he concentrated more on constituency matters. Kenny was left out in the cold when Garret FitzGerald became Taoiseach for the first time in 1981 and he was, however, appointed as a member of the Fine Gael delegation at the New Ireland Forum in 1983 and later served on the British-Irish Parliamentary Association
9.
Ballsbridge
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Ballsbridge or Balls Bridge is an affluent neighborhood of the city of Dublin, capital of the Republic of Ireland. The neighborhood is situated around and to the north and west of a stone bridge built in 1791. Ballsbridge was once part of the Pembroke Township, however, that name is little used. Situated on the river Dodder, this village had a source of power for small industries, including by the 1720s a linen and cotton printers, and by the 1750s a paper-mill. The land around Ballsbridge was rural, and mostly belonged to the Earl of Pembroke, after the Royal Dublin Society moved into its present site near Ballsbridge in 1879, the Earl of Pembroke began to develop these lands into suburban residential housing. The RDS held their first show on their new premises in the early 1880s, in 1903 the lands formerly known as the ‘Forty Acres’ were given to the city by the Earl of Pembroke to establish Herbert Park. In 1907 the Dublin International Exhibition was held in Herbert Park, until 1965 there was a well-known botanical garden on Landsdowne Road near Ballsbridge. The garden belonged to Trinity College, which had leased land from the Earl of Pembroke, in 1960 the original lease from the Pembroke Estate expired and was not renewed. After reducing their size considerably, in 1965 Trinity decided to close the botanical gardens, two hotels now stand on the site. Joyce was living at the time in a house at 60 Shelbourne Road, in 1916, the Mount Street bridge, which spans the Grand Canal at the foot of Northumberland Road, was the site of an important battle during the Easter Rising. The ORahilly, one of the leaders of the Rising, lived at 40 Herbert Park, another resistance leader, Eoin MacNeill, who refused to participate in the rising, lived down the road at 19 Herbert Park. In the 1940s and 50s the writer Brendan Behan lived in Ballsbridge, as did the poet Patrick Kavanagh, Kavanagh wrote his famous song On Raglan Road about a girl he met on that street in 1944. The park, a park is thirty-two acres in size and is divided by a road, also called Herbert Park. The Royal Dublin Society has its grounds here, and the Lansdowne Road headquarters of the Irish Rugby Football Union is on the boundary between Ballsbridge and Irishtown, the corporate headquarters of Allied Irish Banks are also located in Ballsbridge. Ailesbury Road, along with adjacent Shrewsbury Road comprise the blue properties in the Dublin edition of the board-game Monopoly, Shrewsbury Road was the sixth most expensive street in the world in 2007. The bulk of Dublins embassies and many residences are located in the southern part of Ballsbridge on. The British, American, Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Israeli embassies are all located in the Ballsbridge area of Dublin, the U. S. embassy, an iconic cylindrical building, is a major landmark in present-day Ballsbridge. It was designed in 1955 by John M. Johansen, Professor of Architecture at Yale university, the project was 9 years in incubation and the building was inaugurated in 1964, shortly after the assassination of John F. Kennedy
10.
Phoenix Park
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Phoenix Park is an urban park in Dublin, Ireland, lying 2–4 km west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey. Its 11 km perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares it is one of the largest enclosed recreational spaces within any European capital city. It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of fallow deer. The English name comes from the Irish fionn uisce meaning clear water, the Irish Government is lobbying UNESCO to have the park designated as a world heritage site. They established an abbey at Kilmainham on the now occupied by Royal Hospital Kilmainham. The knights lost their lands in 1537 following the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII of England, eighty years later the lands reverted to the ownership of the Kings representatives in Ireland. On the restoration of Charles II of England, his Viceroy in Dublin and it contained pheasants and wild deer, making it necessary to enclose the entire area with a wall. It was opened to the people of Dublin by the Earl of Chesterfield in 1745, in 1882, it was the location of a double murder. The Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Under-Secretary for Ireland, a small insurgent group called the Invincibles were responsible. During the Emergency thousands of tons of turf were transported from the bogs to Dublin, the park is split between three civil parishes, Castleknock to the north-west, Chapelizod to the south and St James to the north. The last named is mainly centred south of the River Liffey around St James parish church, the residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin, built in 1754, is located in the park. As the Viceregal Lodge, it was the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland until the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. Dublin Zoo is one of Dublins main attractions, within a year the zoo housed 123 species. The Papal Cross was erected at the edge of Fifteen Acres for the visit of Pope John Paul II on 29 September 1979, over one million people attended an open-air mass in the park at the time. The white cross, which dominates its surroundings, is 35 metres high and was built with steel girders and it was installed with some difficulty, after several attempts, the cross was eventually erected just a fortnight before the Pope arrived. The Wellington Monument is a 62 metres tall obelisk commemorating the victories of the Duke of Wellington and it is the largest obelisk in Europe and would have been even higher if the publicly subscribed funding had not run out. There is also a monument to commemorate Lord Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke and it is a 60cm long cross, filled with a small amount of gravel and cut thinly in to the grass. The Deerfield Residence, originally built in 1776 was the residence of the Chief Secretary for Ireland
11.
Dublin Port
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Dublin Port is a seaport in Dublin, Ireland. It has both historical and contemporary economic importance, approximatively two-thirds of the Republic of Irelands port traffic goes via Dublin Port. Recently, the port and its land, mostly at the end of Dublins Northside, were valued at €25 billion – €30 billion. The modern Dublin Port is located side of the River Liffey. On the north side of the river, the part of the port lies at the end of East Wall and North Wall. The element of the port on the side of the river is much smaller. The main activity of the port, as per the statistic above, is handling, with a wide range of vessels, from large container carriers to small diesel lighters. Roll-on/roll-off ferry services run regularly across the Irish Sea to Holyhead in Wales, Liverpool in England and in the months and at Christmas to Douglas. The largest car ferry in the world, the Irish Ferries ship MV Ulysses which can carry up to 2000 passengers, Dublin Port is also a docking area for cruise liners. The port is operated by the semi-state Dublin Port Company, incorporated on 28 February 1997, according to the DPC, the port handled 23.5 million tonnes of cargo in 2003, as well as 1,426,000 passengers. That year 7,917 ships docked in the port, including 54 cruise liners carrying 54,000 visitors, in April 2010, the Dublin Port Company announced its busiest week ever, following restrictions placed on European airspace because of the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland. Some 72,118 passengers were reported to have travelled through the ferry terminals during the week 15–21 April and that week saw the culmination of increased trade in Dublin Port, as the companys figures for the first quarter of 2010 would eventually reveal. March 2010 saw a 13. 5% trade increase when compared with March 2009, the Dublin Port Company is responsible for pilotage services within Dublin Bay, and manages the three port lighthouses. It also operates three diesel tugboats and two drydocks and provides divers for underwater hull inspections and it licences private companies to provide stevedoring services. Entered at the side of the port, but lying in East Wall, is one end of the Dublin Port Tunnel. The medieval port of Dublin was located on the bank of the Liffey near Christ Church Cathedral. In 1715, the Great South Wall was constructed to shelter the entrance to the port, Poolbeg Lighthouse at the end of the South Bull Wall was constructed in 1767. In 1800, a survey of Dublin Bay conducted by Captain William Bligh recommended the construction of the Bull Wall, after the completion of the wall in 1842, North Bull Island slowly formed as sand built up behind it
12.
European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
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