1.
Tasman Sea
–
The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about 2,000 kilometres across and about 2,800 kilometres from north to south, the sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who was the first recorded European to encounter New Zealand and Tasmania. The British explorer Captain James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s as part of his first voyage of exploration. The Tasman Sea is informally referred to in both Australian and New Zealand English as The Ditch, for example, crossing the Ditch means travelling to Australia from New Zealand, or vice versa. The diminutive term The Ditch used for the Tasman Sea is comparable to referring to the North Atlantic Ocean as The Pond, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Tasman Sea as follows, On the West. From the South East Rock to the North point of Three Kings Islands thence to North Cape in New Zealand, a line joining the South extreme of the foul ground off Cape Palliser and the Lighthouse on Cape Campbell. A line joining the Light on Waipapapa Point with East Head of Stewart Island, a line running from South West Cape, Stewart Island, through The Snares to North West Cape, Auckland Island, through this island to its Southern point. A line joining the Southern point of Auckland Island to South East Cape, the Tasman Seas mid-ocean ridge developed between 85 and 55 million years ago as Australia and Zealandia broke apart during the breakup of supercontinent Gondwana. It lies roughly midway between the continental margins of Australia and Zealandia, much of Zealandia is submerged, so the ridge runs much closer to the Australian coast than New Zealands. The first successful flight over the sea was accomplished by Charles Kingsford Smith later that year, the first person to row solo across the sea was Colin Quincey in 1977. The next successful crossing was completed by his son, Shaun Quincey in 2010. Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters Crossing the Ditch List of seas Media related to Tasman Sea at Wikimedia Commons
Tasman Sea
–
Map of the Tasman Sea
Tasman Sea
–
Location
Tasman Sea
–
Smoke from the
Black Saturday bushfires crosses the southern Tasman Sea
2.
Pacific Ocean
–
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
Pacific Ocean
–
Maris Pacifici by
Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean; see also
Waldseemüller map (1507).
Pacific Ocean
–
The Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
–
USS
Lexington under air attack on 8 May 1942 during the
Battle of the Coral Sea
Pacific Ocean
–
Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707.
3.
North Island
–
The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
North Island
–
Satellite image of the North Island
4.
South Island
–
The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
South Island
–
Satellite view of the South Island
South Island
–
Charcoal rock drawing at Carters rockpool on the Opihi River
South Island
–
First European impression of Māori, at
Murderers' Bay, 1642.
South Island
–
Ships in what is likely to be
Akaroa Harbour some time in the early 19th century.
5.
South Pacific Ocean
–
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
South Pacific Ocean
–
Maris Pacifici by
Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean; see also
Waldseemüller map (1507).
South Pacific Ocean
–
The Pacific Ocean
South Pacific Ocean
–
USS
Lexington under air attack on 8 May 1942 during the
Battle of the Coral Sea
South Pacific Ocean
–
Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707.
6.
Wellington
–
Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
Wellington
–
Wellington Harbour and city viewed from
Mount Victoria at twilight
Wellington
–
"The Old Shebang" on
Cuba Street, c. 1883
Wellington
–
The Old High Court, since restored as the
Supreme Court of New Zealand
Wellington
–
Old Government Buildings
7.
Strait
–
A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of water that lies between two land masses, some straits are not navigable, for example because they are too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago. The terms channel, pass or passage, can be synonymous and used interchangeably with strait, in Scotland firth or kyle are also sometimes used as synonyms for strait. Straits can be important shipping routes, and wars have been fought for control of them, numerous artificial channels, called canals, have been constructed to connect two bodies of water over land, such as the Suez Canal. Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes or a lake and a sea, and these seem to suit the formal definition of strait, the term strait is typically reserved for much larger, wider features of the marine environment. There are exceptions, with straits being called canals, Pearse Canal, Straits are the converse of isthmuses. That is, while a strait lies between two masses and connects two larger bodies of water, an isthmus lies between two bodies of water and connects two larger land masses. Some straits have the potential to generate significant tidal power using tidal stream turbines, tides are more predictable than wave power or wind power. The Pentland Firth may be capable of generating 10 GW, cook Strait in New Zealand may be capable of generating 5. There may be no suspension of innocent passage through such straits, list of straits Media related to Straits at Wikimedia Commons
Strait
Strait
–
Diagram of a strait
8.
James Cook
–
Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 and he saw action in the Seven Years War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society, in three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail, as he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, Cook was attacked and killed while attempting to kidnap the native chief of Hawaii during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in the village of Marton in Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November in the church of St Cuthbert. He was the second of eight children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, in 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his fathers employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years schooling, he work for his father. For leisure, he would climb a hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks Cottage, his parents last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, having moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles to the village of Staithes. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suitable for work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sandersons, John. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade and their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their fleet of vessels. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and his three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea
James Cook
–
James Cook, portrait by
Nathaniel Dance-Holland, c. 1775,
National Maritime Museum,
Greenwich
James Cook
–
Portrait of Mrs. Elizabeth Cook by William Henderson, dated 1830.
James Cook
–
James Cook's 1775 chart of
Newfoundland
James Cook
–
Endeavour replica in
Cooktown, Queensland harbour — anchored where the original Endeavour was beached for seven weeks in 1770.
9.
Europe
–
Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Europe
–
Reconstruction of
Herodotus ' world map
Europe
Europe
–
A medieval
T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of
Noah — Asia to Sem (
Shem), Europe to Iafeth (
Japheth), and Africa to Cham (
Ham)
Europe
–
Early modern depiction of
Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical
Europa of the 8th century BC.
10.
Kupe
–
In the Māori mythology of some tribes, Kupe was involved in the Polynesian discovery of New Zealand. There is contention concerning the status of Kupe, the contention turns on the authenticity of later versions of the legends, the so-called orthodox versions closely associated with S. Percy Smith and Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury. The orthodox version also places Kupe hundreds of years before the arrival of the other founding canoes, whereas in the earlier traditions, in addition, according to legends of the Whanganui and Taranaki regions Kupe was a contemporary of Turi of the Aotea canoe. In other traditions, Kupe arrived around the year 1400 on other canoes, including Tainui, in the orthodox version, Kupe was a great chief of Hawaiki who arrived in New Zealand in 925 AD. He left his cousin Hoturapa to drown during an expedition and kidnapped his wife, Kuramarotini. During their subsequent journeys, they overcame numerous monsters and sea demons, including the great octopus named as Te Wheke-a-Muturangi, returning to Hawaiki, Kupe told of his adventures and convinced others to migrate with him. David Simmons said A search for the sources of what I now call The Great New Zealand Myth of Kupe, Toi, in this form they did not exist in the old manuscripts nor in the whaikorero of learned men. Kupe was and is known, in the traditions of the Hokianga, Waikato, East Coast and South Island, the stories given by Smith were a mixture of differing tribal tradition. In other words the whole tradition as given by Smith was pakeha, similarly, the story of Toi and Whatonga and the canoe race leading to settlement in New Zealand could not be authenticated except from the one man who gave it to Percy Smith. Learned men of the same tribe make no mention of this story, tribal origin canoes are well known to the tribes belonging to them, but none of them talk as Smith did of six large sea-going canoes setting out together from Raiatea. The Great New Zealand Myth was just that, traditions about Kupe appear among the peoples of the following areas, Northland, Ngāti Kahungunu, Tainui, Whanganui-Taranaki, Rangitāne, and the South Island. In the Northland traditions, Kupe is a discoverer and contemporary with, but older than, Nukutawhiti, Kupe arrives, lives at Hokianga, and returns to Wawauatea, his homeland, leaving certain signs and marks of his visit. A reference to Kupe occurs in a version of the legend of Māui fishing up the North Island, recorded in 1841 by Catherin Servant, māui’s hook, made from the jawbone of his eldest son, catches in the gable of the house of Nukutawhiti, Kupe’s wife. Kupe was involved in the formation of New Zealand, in 1849 Āperahama Taonui of Ngā Puhi wrote that Kupe came to this land in olden times to look for Tuputupuwhenua. He went to all places on this island and he did not see Tuputupuwhenua on this land. Hokianga was seen, a returning of Kupe, that is Hokianga, under the earth are his and Kui’s dwelling’. Āperahama adds a genealogy from Kupe to Nukutawhiti, the ancestor of the Ngā Puhi, Nukutawhiti came ‘from overseas’ with his brother-in-law Ruanui in their canoe named Mamari. They met Kupe at sea, who told Nukutawhiti that Tuputupuwhenua was at Hokianga, when Nukutawhiti arrived at the mouth of the harbour, Tuputupuwhenua disappeared underground
Kupe
–
House carving showing Kupe (holding a paddle), with two sea creatures at his feet
Kupe
–
Stephenson Percy Smith, 1905
Kupe
–
Paratutae Rock, with the indentations said to have been left in the cliff-face by Kupe's paddle
Kupe
–
Kupe Statue at the
Centennial Exhibition (1939–1940)
11.
Te Wheke-a-Muturangi
–
In Māori mythology, Te Wheke-a-Muturangi is a monstrous octopus destroyed in Whekenui Bay, Tory Channel or at Pātea by Kupe the navigator. The octopus was a pet or familiar of Muturangi, a tohunga of Hawaiki. The wheke was nonetheless a wild creature and a guardian, when Kupe reached New Zealand, he encountered the beast off Castlepoint. The giant octopus then fled across Cook Strait, and was chased by Kupe through Tory Channel, here a great battle took place, and when the octopus appeared to be about to flee, Kupe cut off its arms with his adze, killing it. In the traditions of the Ngāti Ranginui people of Tauranga, Te Wheke-a-Muturangi was killed by their ancestor Tamatea, New Zealand ethnologist David Simmons has suggested that this may be the more authentic tradition, and that the association with Kupe is found only in problematic sources. Simmons, The Great New Zealand Myth, a study of the discovery, E. R. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary,1891,184,620
Te Wheke-a-Muturangi
–
House carving showing
Kupe (holding a paddle), with two sea creatures at his feet
12.
Tory Channel
–
Tory Channel / Kura Te Au is one of the drowned valleys that form the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand. Inter-island ferries normally use it as the channel between Cook Strait and the Marlborough Sounds. Tory Channel lies to the south of Arapaoa Island, separating it from the mainland, at its western end it joins the larger Queen Charlotte Sound, which it meets halfway along the latters length. Its eastern end meets Cook Strait close to the straits narrowest point, Tory Channel forms a substantial part of the ferry route between Wellington and Picton. Erosion attributed to the ferries, particularly the new ones, has resulted in speed restrictions. One of the two candidates for the easternmost point in the South Island lies at the entrance of Tory Channel, although James Cook anchored several times nearby in Ship Cove, he did not find the channel. Tory Channel was surveyed in 1840 and named after the New Zealand Company ship Tory, around this time, whaling stations were already operating in Te Awaiti Bay. Between 1911 and 1964, the Perano family hunted whales from Whekenui Bay, humpback whales were spotted from the hills at the Tory Channel entrance during their migration through Cook Strait. The Perano Whaling Station was the last whaling operation in New Zealand, the name of Tory Channel was officially altered to Tory Channel / Kura Te Au in August 2014. Energy Pacifica has applied for consent to install up to ten underwater tidal stream turbine, each able to produce up to 1.2 MW. They claim Tory Channel has tidal flows of 3.6 metres per second with good bathymetry and access to the electricity network
Tory Channel
–
Entrance of Tory Channel
13.
Abel Tasman
–
Abel Janszoon Tasman was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and merchant, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the service of the Dutch East India Company. In 1633 he sailed from Texel to Batavia in the service of the Dutch East India Company, Tasman took part in a voyage to Seram Island, the locals had sold spices to others than the Dutch. He had a escape from death, when in an incautious landing several of his companions were killed by people of Seram. In August 1637 he was back in Amsterdam, and the year he signed on for another ten years. On 25 March 1638 he tried to sell his property in the Jordaan, in 1639 he was second-in-command of an exploration expedition in the north Pacific under Matthijs Quast. The fleet included the ships Engel and Gracht and reached Fort Zeelandia and this expedition used two small ships, the Heemskerck and the Zeehaen. According to Marco Polo, Locach was a kingdom where gold was “so plentiful that no one who did not see it could believe it”, Beach was in fact a mistranscription of Locach. Locach was Marco Polo’s name for the southern Thai kingdom of Lavo, or Lop Buri, in Chinese, Lavo was pronounced “Lo-huk”, from which Marco Polo took his rendition of the name. In the German cursive script, “Locach” and “Boeach” look similar and they seem to have drawn on the map of the world published in Florence in 1489 by Henricus Martellus, in which provincia boëach appears as the southern neighbour of provincia ciamba. Book III of Marco Polo’s Il Milione described his journey by sea from China to India by way of Champa, Java, Locach, after a chapter describing the kingdom of Champa there follows a chapter describing Java. Locach, located between Champa and Sumatra, was likewise misplaced far to the south of Java, by some geographers on or near an extension of the Terra Australis. Gerard Mercator did just that on his 1541 globe, placing Beach provincia aurifera in the northernmost part of the Terra Australis in accordance with the faulty text of Marco Polo’s Travels. Following Mercator, Abraham Ortelius also showed BEACH and LVCACH in these locations on his map of 1571. Confirmation that land existed where the maps showed Beach to be had come from Dirk Hartog’s landing in October 1616 on its west coast, which he called Eendrachtsland after the name of his ship. In accordance with Visschers directions, Tasman sailed from Batavia on 14 August 1642 and arrived at Mauritius on 5 September 1642, the reason for this was the crew could be fed well on the island, there was plenty of fresh water and timber to repair the ships. Tasman got the assistance of the governor Adriaan van der Stel, because of the prevailing winds Mauritius was chosen as a turning point. After a four-week stay on the island both ships left on 8 October using the Roaring Forties to sail east as fast as possible. On 7 November snow and hail influenced the ships council to alter course to a more north-eastern direction, on 24 November 1642 Abel Tasman reached and sighted the west coast of Tasmania, north of Macquarie Harbour
Abel Tasman
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Fragment of "Portrait of Abel Tasman, his wife and daughter" attributed to
Jacob Gerritsz Cuyp, 1637 (not fully authenticated)
Abel Tasman
–
Teerketelsteeg, the alley where Tasman lived when he married in 1632.
Abel Tasman
–
The Abel Tasman map 1644, also known as the Bonaparte Tasman map.
Abel Tasman
–
Mauritius
14.
Whale
–
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals. They are a grouping within the infraorder Cetacea, usually excluding dolphins. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the order Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, the two parvorders of whales, baleen whales and toothed whales, are thought to have split apart around 34 million years ago. The whales comprise eight extant families, Balaenopteridae, Balaenidae, Cetotheriidae, Eschrichtiidae, Monodontidae, Physeteridae, Kogiidae, Whales are creatures of the open ocean, they feed, mate, give birth, suckle and raise their young at sea. So extreme is their adaptation to life underwater that they are unable to survive on land. Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres and 135 kilograms dwarf sperm whale to the 29.9 metres and 190 metric tons blue whale, the sperm whale is the largest toothed predator on earth. Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that the females are larger than males, baleen whales have no teeth, instead they have plates of baleen, a fringe-like structure used to expel water while retaining the krill and plankton which they feed on. They use their throat pleats to expand the mouth to take in huge gulps of water, balaenids have heads that can make up 40% of their body mass to take in water. Toothed whales, on the hand, have conical teeth designed for catching fish or squid. Some species, such as whales, are well adapted for diving to great depths to catch squid. Whales have evolved from land-living mammals, as such they must breathe air regularly, though they can remain submerged for long periods. They have blowholes located on top of their heads, through air is taken in. They are warm-blooded, and have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin, with streamlined fusiform bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers, whales can travel at up to 20 knots, though they are not as flexible or agile as seals. Whales produce a variety of vocalizations, notably the extended songs of the humpback whale. Although whales are widespread, most species prefer the waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Species such as humpbacks and blue whales are capable of travelling thousands of miles without feeding, males typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them, mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for one to two years. Once relentlessly hunted for their products, whales are now protected by international law, the North Atlantic right whales nearly became extinct in the twentieth century, with a population low of 450, and the North Pacific gray whale population is ranked Critically Endangered by the IUCN
Whale
–
Southern right whale
Whale
–
The
hippopotamuses are the
sister clade to the
Cetacea, which contains whales,
dolphins and
porpoises.
Whale
–
Basilosaurus skeleton
Whale
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Features of a
sperm whale skeleton
15.
Whaler
–
A whaler or whaling ship is a specialized ship, designed for whaling, the catching and/or processing of whales. The former includes the whale catcher – a steam or diesel-driven vessel with a gun mounted at its bow. The latter includes such vessels as the sail or steam-driven whaleship of the 16th to early 20th century, there have also been vessels which combined the two activities, such as the bottlenose whalers of the late 19th and early 20th century, and catcher/factory ships of the modern era. Whaleships had two or more whaleboats, open rowing boats used in the capture of whales, whaleboats brought the captured whales to the whaleships to be flensed or cut up. Here the blubber was rendered into oil using two or three set in a brick furnace called the tryworks. At first, whale catchers either brought the whales they killed to a station or factory ship anchored in a sheltered bay or inlet. Later, with the development of the slipway at the ships stern, the World War II Flower-class corvettes were based on the design of the whale catcher Southern Pride. The crews of whaling vessels fought small skirmishes for the control of the Spitsbergen whale fishery between 1613 and 1638. In the late 18th and early 19th century the owners of whalerships frequently armed their vessels with cannons to enable the vessels to protect themselves against pirates, and in wartime, privateers. At the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, British privateers captured several French whaleships, among them Necker and Deux Amis, dutch privateers captured Port de Paix and Penn. At the time, many French whaleships transferred to the American flag, some whaleships also carried letters of marque that authorized them to take enemy vessels should the opportunity arise. In July 1793 the British armed whaleship Liverpool, of 20 guns, however, Chardons crew succeeded in retaking their vessel. In 1793, an armed British whaleship captured the French whaleship Hébé in Walvis Bay, during the War of 1812, the U. S. Navy captured two whaleships, Essex Junior and Seringapatam, and used them as warships. During World War II, the Norwegian and later British Royal Navies hired a number of whalers for use in a variety of such as minesweeping, search and rescue. Ten Allied vessels categorized as whalers were lost in the war, history of whaling Moby-Dick Whaleboat Whaling Demerliac, Alain La Marine De Louis XVI, Nomenclature Des Navires Français De 1774 À1792. ISBN 2-906381-23-3 Jason Southern Actor Hvalur 9 RE399
Whaler
–
A steam powered whale catcher with harpoon cannon from Sept-Îles (
Quebec), about 1900.
Whaler
–
The
Charles W. Morgan was a whaleship built in 1841.
Whaler
–
Commercial
16.
Marlborough Sounds
–
The Marlborough Sounds are an extensive network of sea-drowned valleys at the north end of the South Island of New Zealand. The Marlborough Sounds were created by a combination of land subsidence, according to Māori mythology, the sounds are the prows of the sunken wakas of Aoraki. Covering some 4,000 km2 of sounds, islands, and peninsulas, the almost fractal coastline has 1/5 of the length of New Zealands coasts. The steep, wooded hills and small bays of the sounds are sparsely populated. Many of the settlements and isolated houses are only accessible by boat. The main large port is Picton on the mainland, at the head of Queen Charlotte Sound and it is at the northern terminus of the South Islands main railway and state highway networks. The main small boat port is Waikawa which is one of New Zealands largest, the main sounds, other than Queen Charlotte Sound, are Pelorus Sound and Kenepuru Sound. Tory Channel is an arm of Queen Charlotte Sound. Other islands in the sounds include DUrville Island, the Sounds are home to the entire breeding population of the rare and vulnerable rough-faced shag which nests on a small number of rocky islets there. The Department of Conservation manages a total of over 50 reserves in the area, the sounds were extensively travelled and partly inhabited by Māori groups before the coming of the Europeans, using the sounds as shelter from bad weather and partaking of the rich food sources. They were also known to carry their canoes over some stretches of land on portage paths, however, like in most areas of the South Island, populations were smaller than in the North Island. European history of the area is considered to start with Captain Cooks visit to the sounds in the 1770s, on Motuara Island, Cook also proclaimed British sovereignty over the South Island. Some parts of the also later developed a significant whaling history. The Marlborough Sounds are connected to the Cook Strait at the north-east extreme, at this point, the North Island is at its closest to the South Island, and the inter-island road, rail, and passenger ferry service between Picton and Wellington travels through the sounds. Marine farming, especially of salmon and mussels, is increasingly common, however, the wakes caused by fast catamaran vehicular ferry services to the North Island have allegedly damaged farms and destroyed crab grounds. They were also blamed for stripping the local beaches bare of sand and this resulted in a dispute heard in the New Zealand Environment Court in the early 1990s, brought forward by the Guardians of the Sounds group. The court, however, not only refused to restrict the fast ferries and this was seen as a strong blow against civic action, and a curtailing of the powers of the Resource Management Act. The protest was intended to call attention to what they allege is the Ministry of Fisheries ignoring the effect of the practice
Marlborough Sounds
–
Tory Channel, a major arm of Queen Charlotte Sound.
Marlborough Sounds
–
The Sounds visible to the left of the
Space Shuttle, image taken from the
International Space Station
Marlborough Sounds
–
The Marlborough Sounds as seen from the Wellington-Picton ferry.
17.
Kapiti Coast
–
The Kapiti Coast is the name of the section of the coast of the south-western North Island of New Zealand that is north of Wellington and opposite Kapiti Island. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Wellington Regional Council, the Kapiti Coast District stretches from Paekakariki in the south through Otaki in the north. It includes the towns of Te Horo, Waikanae, Paraparaumu, Raumati Beach, Otaki, and Raumati South, and smaller such as Emerald Glen, Lindale, Maungakotukutuku, Otaihanga. The district extends inland to the top of the Tararua Range, Kapiti is possibly most famous for its island, Kapiti Island. Most of the island is a bird sanctuary, where a permit is required to visit. The area has a climate with moderate temperature swings between seasons, resulting in warm summers and mild winters without any severe heat waves or cold spells. Māori chief Te Rauparaha established a base on Kapiti Island, and from this position, Te Rauparaha sold him land in the Nelson and Golden Bay area. The line was opened in 1886, with the final spike driven in on the Kapiti Coast at Otaihanga, in 1908, the WMR was purchased by the New Zealand Railways Department, who incorporated the line into the North Island Main Trunk Railway. In June 1940, the Wellington-Paekakariki section was electrified as electric locomotives provided better motive power and this meant trains would swap from steam to electric traction in Paekakariki and it retained its status as a significant locomotive depot. It also became the terminus of the Wellington commuter railway network until 8 May 1983. In February 2011 electrification reached Waikanae, which became the new terminus, during World War II, Queen Elizabeth Park – a large tract of parkland between Raumati South and Paekakariki – was the location of two United States Army and Marines camps, McKay and Russell. US troops were stationed at the camps in 1942–44 prior to being sent into combat in the Pacific Ocean theatre, after World War II, Wellingtons Rongotai Airport was closed due to safety reasons in 1947 and Kapiti Coast Airport became the main airport for the Wellington Region. In 1949, it was New Zealands busiest airport and helped to stimulate growth on the Kapiti Coast, the Wellington International Airport was opened in 1959 and Paraparaumu Airport never regained its status, with some of its land sold for residential development in the 1990s and 2000. It is now used for commercial activity such as that of airline Air2there, helicopter and light aircraft training and for private. Recently, the Kapiti Coast has seen a significant population surge and is one of New Zealands fastest growing areas and this has led to considerable growth in all towns apart from Paekakariki, where development is geographically limited by the sea and steep hill sides. The Kapiti Coast is well known for its cheeses and other products from Lindale, light industry is focused in Paraparaumu and Otaki, with small clusters in Waikanae and Raumati. Many of the Kapiti Coasts residents are not employed in the area, instead, they commute to jobs in Wellington. In February 2017 an 18 km long expressway diversion from Mackays Crossing north of Paekakariki to just north of Peka Peka, was opened to enable State Highway 1 to bypass developed urban areas, the Kapiti Coast area has also made appearances in television and film
Kapiti Coast
–
Kapiti Island seen from Waikanae Beach, Kapiti Coast.
18.
Te Rauparaha
–
Te Rauparaha was a Māori rangatira and war leader of the Ngāti Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. He was influential in the sale of land to the New Zealand Company and was a participant in the Wairau Affray in Marlborough. From 1807, muskets became the weapon of choice and partly changed the character of tribal warfare, in 1819 Te Rauparaha joined with a large war party of Ngāpuhi led by Tāmati Wāka Nene, they probably reached Cook Strait before turning back. Led by Te Rauparaha they began a retreat or migration southwards, conquering hapu. This campaign ended with Ngāti Toa controlling the southern part of the North Island and particularly the strategically placed Kapiti Island, which became the tribal stronghold for a period. Crossing in a flotilla of war canoes under cover of darkness and this decisive victory left Te Rauparaha and the Ngāti Toa able to dominate Kapiti and the adjacent mainland. Following the Battle of Wairoa Te Rauparaha began a series of almost annual campaigns into the South Island with the object in part of seizing the sources of the valuable mineral greenstone. Between 1827 and 1831 he was able to extend the control of Ngati Toa and his base for these sea-based raids remained Kapiti. During this period Pākehā whaling stations established in the region with Te Rauparahas encouragement. Some Māori women married Pākehā whalers and a lucrative trade of supplies for muskets was established, thereby increasing Te Rauparahas mana. By the early 1830s Te Rauparaha had defeated a branch of the Rangitane iwi in the Wairau Valley, Te Rauparaha married his daughter Te Rongo to an influential whaling captain Captain John William Dundas Blenkinsop to whom he sold land in the Wairau Valley for a whaling station. It is uncertain if Te Rauparaha understood the implications of the deed of sale that he signed. Te Rauparaha then hired the brig Elizabeth, captained by John Stewart, to himself and approximately 100 warriors to Akaroa Harbour with the aim of attacking the local tribe. Hidden below deck Te Rauparaha and his men captured the Ngai Tahu chieftain Tamaiharanui, his wife, several hundred of the Ngai Tahu were killed both on the Elizabeth and during a surprise landing the next morning. During the voyage back to Kapiti the chief strangled his own daughter Nga Roimata, Te Rauparaha was incensed and following their arrival at Kapiti the parents and other prisoners were killed, Tamaiharanui after prolonged torture. The last years of Te Rauparahas life saw the most dramatic changes, on 16 October 1839 the New Zealand Company expedition commanded by Col William Wakefield arrived at Kapiti. They were seeking to buy vast areas of land with a view to forming a permanent European settlement, Te Rauparaha sold them some land in the area that became known later as Nelson and Golden Bay. On 19 June of that year, he signed another copy of the treaty, Te Rauparaha soon became alarmed at the flood of British settlers and refused to sell any more of his land
Te Rauparaha
–
Te Rauparaha, 1840s
Te Rauparaha
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Te Rauparaha Memorial in Ōtaki, commissioned by Te Rauparaha's son Tamihana
Te Rauparaha
–
Te Rauparaha, contemporary sketch
19.
Nelson, New Zealand
–
Nelson is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay, and is the economic and cultural centre of the Nelson Region. Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand, Nelson city is bordered to the west and south-west by the Tasman District Council and the north-east, east and south-east by the Marlborough District Council. The city does not include Richmond, the areas second-largest settlement, Nelson City has a population of around 50,000, making it New Zealands 12th most populous city and the geographical centre of New Zealand. When combined with the town of Richmond which has close to 14,000 residents, Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene, Each year, the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike, such as the Nelson Arts Festival. The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum, Nelson was named in honour of the Admiral Horatio Nelson who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle, inhabitants of Nelson are referred to as Nelsonians. Nelsons Māori name, Whakatū, means build, raise, or establish, in an article to The Colonist newspaper on 16 July 1867, Francis Stevens described Nelson as The Naples of the Southern Hemisphere. Today, Nelson has the nicknames of Sunny Nelson due to its high sunshine hours per year or the Top of the South because of its geographic location, settlement of Nelson began about 700 years ago by Māori. There is evidence the earliest settlements in New Zealand are around the Nelson-Marlborough regions, the earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are the Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Tumatakokiri, Ngāti Apa and Rangitane tribes. Raids from northern tribes in the 1820s, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population, the New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy cheaply from the Māori some 200,000 acres which they planned to divide into one thousand lots, the Company earmarked future profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers and their families, and for the construction of public works. However, by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold, despite this the Colony pushed ahead, and land was surveyed by Frederick Tuckett. Three ships sailed from London under the command of Captain Arthur Wakefield, however, after some delay, Hobson allowed the Company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. The Company secured a vague and undetermined area from the Māori for £800 that included Nelson, Waimea and this allowed the settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841, within 18 months the Company had sent out 18 ships with 1052 men,872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners, the early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau and Neudorf. These were mostly Lutheran Protestants with a number of Bavarian Catholics
Nelson, New Zealand
–
A view of Nelson from the "Centre of New Zealand"
Nelson, New Zealand
–
Coat of arms
Nelson, New Zealand
–
Southern suburbs of Nelson (right) and the nearby town of Richmond (left) seen from the air
Nelson, New Zealand
–
Diocese of Nelson Christ Church Cathedral on Church Hill, central Nelson.
20.
Whanganui
–
Whanganui, also spelt Wanganui, is a city on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The Whanganui River, New Zealands longest navigable waterway, runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea, Whanganui is part of the Manawatu-Wanganui region. Like several New Zealand centres, it was designated a city until administrative reorganisation in 1989. Whanganui is located on the South Taranaki Bight, close to the mouth of the Whanganui River and it is 200 kilometres north of Wellington and 75 kilometres northwest of Palmerston North, at the junction of State Highways 3 and 4. Most of the lies on the rivers northwestern bank, due to the greater extent of flat land. Much of the town is on the rivers northwest bank, the river is crossed by four bridges – Cobham Bridge, City Bridge, Dublin Street Bridge and Aramoho Railway Bridge. Suburbs of the include, Gonville, Castlecliff, Tawhero, Springvale, St. Johns Hill, Otamatea, Aramoho, Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill. Of these, all except Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill, both Mount Ruapehu and Mount Taranaki can be seen from Durie Hill and other vantage points around the city. The area around the mouth of the Whanganui river was a site of pre-European Māori settlement. The pā named Pūtiki was and is home to the Ngāti Tūpoho hapū of the iwi Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi and it took its name from the legendary explorer Tamatea-pōkai-whenua, who sent a servant ashore to find flax for tying up his topknot. In the 1820s coastal tribes in the area assaulted the Kapiti Island stronghold of Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha retaliated in 1830 sacking Pūtiki and slaughtering the inhabitants. The first European traders arrived in 1831, followed in 1840 by missionaries Octavius Hadfield, on 20 June 1840, the Revd John Mason, Mrs Mason, Mr Richard Matthews and his wife Johanna arrived to establish a mission station of the Church Missionary Society. Revd Richard Taylor joined the CMS mission station in 1843, the Revd Mason drowned on 5 January 1843 while crossing the Turakina River. By 1844 the brick built by Mason was inadequate to meet the needs of the congregation. A new church was built under the supervision of Taylor, with the timber supplied by each pā on the river in proportion to its size, after the New Zealand Company had settled Wellington it looked for other suitable places for settlers. The settlement was threatened in 1846 by Te Mamaku, a chief from up the Whanganui River, the British military arrived on 13 December 1846 to defend the township. Two stockades, the Rutland and York, were built to defend the settlers, two minor battles were fought on 19 May and 19 July 1847 and after a stalemate the up river iwi returned home. By 1850 Te Mamaku was receiving Christian instruction from Revd Taylor, there were further incidents in 1847 when four members of the Gilfillan family were murdered and their house plundered
Whanganui
–
Whanganui or Wanganui
Whanganui
–
The Watt Fountain in Victoria Avenue, the old Post Office building is in the background
Whanganui
–
The War Memorial Tower on Durie Hill
Whanganui
–
A panoramic view of Wanganui, New Zealand, from the top of the War Memorial Tower on Durie Hill. In the centre is Wanganui City Bridge.
21.
Taranaki
–
Taranaki is a region in the west of New Zealands North Island, administered by the Taranaki Regional Council. It is named for its main feature, the stratovolcano of Mount Taranaki. The main centre is the city of New Plymouth, the New Plymouth District has over 65% of the population of Taranaki. New Plymouth is in North Taranaki along with Inglewood and Waitara, South Taranaki towns include Hawera, Stratford and Etham. Since 2005, Taranaki has used the promotional brand Like no other, Taranaki is on the west coast of the North Island, surrounding the volcanic peak. The region has an area of 7258 km², the large bays north-west and south-west of Cape Egmont are the prosaically named North Taranaki Bight and South Taranaki Bight. Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont, the second highest mountain in the North Island, is the dominant feature of the region. A Māori legend says that Taranaki previously lived with the Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu mountains of the central North Island, a near-perfect cone, it last erupted in the mid-18th century. The mountain and its immediate surrounds form Egmont National Park, the mountain has two alternative official names, Mount Taranaki and Mount Egmont. The region is fertile, thanks to generous rainfall and the rich volcanic soil. Dairy farming predominates, with Fonterras Whareroa milk factory just outside of Hawera producing the largest volume of dairy ingredients from a single anywhere in the world. There are also oil and gas deposits in the region, both on- and off-shore, the Maui gas field off the south-west coast has provided most of New Zealands gas supply as well as, at one time supporting two methanol plants at Motunui. More fuel and fertiliser is produced from a well-complex at Kapuni, the way the land mass projects into the Tasman Sea with northerly, westerly and southerly exposures results in many excellent surfing and windsurfing locations, some of them considered world-class. Taranaki has a population of 116,600 as of Statistics New Zealands June 2016,2.5 percent of New Zealands population and it is the tenth most populous region of New Zealand. The median age of Taranakis population is 39.9 years, around 16.2 percent of the population is aged 65 or over while 21.1 percent is aged under 15. There are 95.7 males for every hundred females in Taranaki, just under half the residents live in New Plymouth, with Hawera being the only other town in the region with a population over 10,000. The region has had a strong Māori presence for centuries, the local iwi include Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Ruanui, Taranaki, Te Āti Awa, Nga Rauru, Ngāruahinerangi and Ngāti Tama. Around 50.2 percent of Taranakis population affiliate with Christianity and 2.7 percent affiliate with non-Christian religions, catholicism is the largest Christian denomination in Taranaki with 15.5 percent affiliating, while Anglicanism is the second-largest with 13.5 percent affiliating
Taranaki
–
Satellite picture of Mount Taranaki, from the NASA Earth Observatory, showing the nearly-circular Egmont National Park surrounding it. New Plymouth is the grey area on the northern coast.
Taranaki
–
Taranaki
Taranaki
–
View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford, facing west. Fanthams Peak is to the left of the main peak. The cow in the foreground is emblematic of Taranaki as a major dairying region.
22.
Cape Campbell
–
Cape Campbell, Te Karaka in the Māori language, is in Marlborough, New Zealand, on the northeastern coast of the South Island. It lies at the end of Clifford Bay,15 kilometres northeast of Ward. Cape Campbell lies close to the works at Lake Grassmere. It is the third-easternmost point of the South Island, at a longitude of about 174o16.5 East, the Cape Campbell Lighthouse has guided ships rounding the cape since 1870. The third night of the Cape Campbell Track is spent at Cape Campbell, media related to Cape Campbell at Wikimedia Commons Cape Campbell at Land Information New Zealand
Cape Campbell
Cape Campbell
–
A different perspective on Cape Campbell from STS 116 travelling overhead during December 2006
Cape Campbell
–
View of Cape Campbell South Island New Zealand
23.
Pelorus Jack
–
Pelorus Jack was a Rissos dolphin that was famous for meeting and escorting ships through a stretch of water in Cook Strait, New Zealand, between 1888 and 1912. Pelorus Jack was usually spotted in Admiralty Bay between Cape Francis and Collinet Point, near French Pass, a dangerous channel used by ships travelling between Wellington and Nelson. Pelorus Jack was shot at from a ship, and was later protected by a 1904 New Zealand law. Pelorus Jack is also a popular Scottish Country dance, named in honour of the dolphin and this dance features a set of alternating tandem half-reels where two people act as one but swap who leads at the reel ends, this is now known as a Dolphin Reel. Pelorus Jack was approximately 13 feet long and was of a color with grey lines or shadings. Although its sex was never determined, it was identified from photographs as a Rissos dolphin and this is an uncommon species in New Zealand waters, and only 12 Rissos dolphins have been reported in that area. Pelorus Jack guided the ships by swimming alongside a craft for 20 minutes at a time. If the crew could not see Jack at first, they waited for him to appear. Despite his name, he did not live in nearby Pelorus Sound, instead, however, some local residents familiar with his habits claim that he never went through French Pass itself. Pelorus Jack was first seen around 1888 when it appeared in front of the schooner Brindle when the ship approached French Pass, a channel located between DUrville Island and the South Island. When the members of the saw the dolphin bobbing up and down in front of the ship, they wanted to kill him. To their amazement, the dolphin then proceeded to guide the ship through the narrow channel, and for years thereafter, he safely guided almost every ship that came by. With rocks and strong currents, the area is dangerous to ships, many sailors and travellers saw Pelorus Jack, and he was mentioned in local newspapers and depicted in postcards. Jack was last seen in April 1912, there were various rumours connected to his disappearance, including fears that foreign whalers might have harpooned him. However, research suggests that Pelorus Jack was an old animal, his head was white and his body pale, both indications of age, so it is likely that he died of natural causes. Since 1989, Pelorus Jack has been used as a symbol for the Interislander, a service across the Cook Strait. In 1904, someone aboard the SS Penguin tried to shoot Pelorus Jack with a rifle, despite the attempt at his life, Pelorus Jack continued to help ships. According to folklore, however, he no longer helped the Penguin, following the shooting incident, a law was proposed to protect Pelorus Jack
Pelorus Jack
–
Pelorus Jack in 1909
24.
Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
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Coastal fortifications were constructed in New Zealand in two main waves, around 1885 as a response to fears of an attack by Russia, and in World War II due to fears of invasion by the Japanese. The fortifications were built from British designs adapted to New Zealand conditions, there were also kitchens, barracks, and officer and NCO quarters. In the 1870s New Zealand was a young self-governing colony of Britain and it had developed no coastal defences of any consequence and was becoming increasingly sensitive to how vulnerable its harbours were to attack by a hostile power or opportunistic raider. In the aftermath of the Crimean war, Tsarist Russia seemed particularly suspicious. what has been hailed the greatest spoof in the countrys history, the Monday,18 February 1873 edition of the Southern Cross reported the sudden declaration of war between England and Russia. The Southern Cross article created panic and the Government commissioned its first reports on the colonys defences and it was now clearly understood that Britain would protect its territories and vital shipping routes, but the defence of individual ports was the responsibility of each self-governing colony. Then Russia declared war on Turkey in 1877 producing another scare, the decision was taken to construct fortifications and purchase naval boats which would protect the harbours at Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton and Port Chalmers. These coastal artillery fortifications or land batteries were to be based on British designs, Heavy artillery pieces and ammunition was ordered from Britain. By 1885 work started in earnest on the construction of what eventually became seventeen forts, in 1885 the New Zealand Government bought ten Armstrong BL 8-inch and thirteen Armstrong BL 6-inch guns on disappearing carriages. The disappearing gun was the very latest in technology in the 1880s. It was disappearing because as it fired, the recoil pushed the gun back underground where it could be reloaded under cover, the total costs of this artillery plus the costs of installation including land, emplacements, magazines and barracks was about £160,000. Following the second Russian scare a number of additional RML 7-inch and this was mainly a response to a perceived threat of invasion by the Japanese after the attack on Pearl Harbor. From 1942 until 1944, when the threat receded,42 coastal artillery fortifications or land batteries were developed using historical fortifications or were built from scratch. The fortifications were built from British designs adapted to New Zealand conditions, radar was installed which allowed long range shooting at night and replaced the traditional fortress system of range finding. The fortifications were equipped with old and new ordnance, mostly British. Some World War I ordnance was requisitioned from museums and recommissioned, the fortifications were administered by the Royal New Zealand Artillery, which grouped them into four areas. Each area was under the command of an artillery regiment. Within each regiment the fortifications were grouped into batteries, under the command of the 9th Heavy Regiment. Under the command of the 10th Heavy Regiment, under the command of the 11th Heavy Regiment
Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
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BL 8-inch Armstrong
disappearing gun at
North Head.
Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
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The New Zealand
coastline is 15,134 km long.
Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
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Tunnel layout for a three gun emplacement system.
Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
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Bunker at Castor Bay
25.
Wrights Hill Fortress
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Wrights Hill Fortress is a counter bombardment coastal artillery battery in the Karori suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. The fort was intended to house three 9.2 Mk, XV guns, but only two guns were installed and the fort never saw action. After World War II was over, fort commanders fired both of the guns, the fall of the shot was observed in Cook Strait and these test firings were deemed a success. In 1960, somewhat ironically, both of the guns were sold to the Japanese as scrap metal, the very nation Wrights Hill Fortress was constructed to defend Wellington against, the design of the fort is similar to the Stony Batter and Whangaparaoa 9.2 Mk. Wrights Hill Fortress is currently in the hands of a society and can be visited, by the public, on Waitangi Day, ANZAC Day, the Queens birthday. Tours may be booked, at dates and times, - by prior arrangement. The Fortress is listed as a Category I Historic Place, Wrights Hill is frequently used by TV and feature filmmakers. The Fellowship of the Ring sound designers used the tunnels to record echo effects for the Mines of Moria sequence, the New Zealand horror film The Devils Rock was filmed in the tunnels and gun pits, standing in for a World War II German bunker. Coastal fortifications of New Zealand Wrights Hill Fortress Restoration Society SITE O Regional Pages, Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific
Wrights Hill Fortress
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Inside the fortress tunnels
Wrights Hill Fortress
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Gun Emplacement
26.
Makara, New Zealand
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Makara is a locality located at the western edge of Wellington, New Zealand, close to the shore of the Tasman Sea. With winding road access from Karori or Ohariu, Makara is an area with sparse development. In the nineteenth century there was an amount of gold-mining. Adjacent to Cape Terawhiti the Cook Strait cables come ashore, carrying power and telecommunications between the North and South Islands
Makara, New Zealand
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Makara beach
27.
Pencarrow Head Lighthouse
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Pencarrow Head Lighthouse is a decommissioned Lighthouse at Pencarrow Head in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It was the first permanent lighthouse built in New Zealand and was constructed from sections of cast iron that were shipped from England and its first keeper, Mary Jane Bennett, was the first and only female lighthouse keeper in New Zealand. The light was decommissioned in 1935 when it was replaced by the Baring Head Lighthouse, the lighthouse is now registered as a Category I Historic Place. A new low level lighthouse was commissioned in 1906 due to the problem of the high level lighthouse being frequently obscured by fog and this lighthouse is still in use. List of lighthouses in New Zealand Lighthouses of New Zealand Maritime New Zealand
Pencarrow Head Lighthouse
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Upper light (decommissioned in 1935) and lower light (still in use)
28.
Baring Head Lighthouse
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Baring Head Lighthouse is a concrete Lighthouse at Baring Head in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand, powered by LED beacon. It is owned and operated by Maritime New Zealand, and can be accessed via walking tracks in the area of the East Harbour Regional Park. The lighthouse tower is 12.2 m tall, but the elevation gives a focal height of 87 m. The light range is 10 nautical miles and its purpose was to be the main approach light to the Wellington Harbour, as well as a coastal light for the Cook Strait. Lit on 18 June 1935, it replaced the light at Pencarrow Head, the lighthouse was initially powered by a diesel generator but was converted to mains electricity in 1950. The 1000 W light was automated in 1989 and demanned. In February 2005, the lens was replaced by a flashing LED beacon visible from up to 18 kilometres. List of lighthouses in New Zealand Lighthouses of New Zealand Maritime New Zealand
Baring Head Lighthouse
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Baring Head Lighthouse
29.
SS Penguin
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SS Penguin was a New Zealand inter-island ferry steamer that sank off Cape Terawhiti near the entrance to Wellington Harbour in poor weather on 12 February 1909. Penguins sinking caused the deaths of 75 people, leaving only 30 survivors and this was New Zealands worst maritime disaster of the 20th century. Penguin was built by Tod & McGregor of Glasgow, Scotland, for G. & J. Burns of Glasgow, registered in Glasgow on 4 April 1864, she was finally sold to the Union Steamship Company in 1879, and was extensively refitted in 1882. Penguin departed Picton on 12 February 1909 en route to Wellington in good conditions, however, by 8 p. m. the weather conditions had changed, with very strong winds and bad visibility. At 10 p. m Captain Francis Naylor headed further out to sea to wait for a break in the weather, unfortunately, as the ship turned, she smashed into Thoms Rock, and water started to pour in. Although women and children were loaded into the lifeboats first, the rough seas dragged the lifeboats underwater, only one woman survived, but all the children onboard Penguin were killed. Other survivors drifted for hours on rafts before reaching safety, as the Penguin sank, seawater flooded the engine room. As the cold water reached the boilers a massive steam explosion violently fractured the ship. Following the disaster, a holiday was declared in Wellington to allow the many funerals to be held. About forty of the people who were killed were laid to rest in Karori Cemetery, a court of inquiry found the ship struck Thoms Rock, near the mouth to Karori Stream in Cook Strait. The captain maintained that it had struck the hull of the Rio Loge. On the 100th anniversary of the sinking, Wellingtons mayor unveiled a plaque remembering the disaster at Tongue Point, THE SINKING OF THE SS PENGUIN, Passenger and Crew Lists
SS Penguin
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SS Penguin
