1.
Bill Gold
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Bill Gold is an American former graphic designer best known for thousands of film poster designs. His first film poster was for Yankee Doodle Dandy, and his most recent work was for J. Edgar, among his most famous film posters are those for Casablanca and A Clockwork Orange. Bill Gold was born on January 3,1921, in New York City and he studied illustration and design at Pratt Institute in New York. He began his design career in 1941, in the advertising department of Warner Bros. Bill Gold became head of design in 1947. In 1959 his brother Charlie joined him in the business and they formed BG Charles to do the film trailers, Charlie operated BG Charles in Los Angeles, while Bill operated in New York City. In 1987 Charlie left the business and retired to Vermont, Charlie Gold died on December 25,2003 at the age of 75. Bill Gold lives in Greenwich, CT, in 1962, Bill Gold created Bill Gold Advertising in New York City. In 1997 Bill moved the company to Stamford, Connecticut and continued his business, producing posters for every film Clint Eastwood produced, directed, and/or acted in, in 1994 Bill was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from The Hollywood Reporter. Richard Benjamin was the MC for the ceremony at the Directors Guild, in 2011, Bill ended an unsuccessful retirement when he agreed to create posters for Clint Eastwoods film, J. Edgar. Bill Gold is currently a member of the Society of Illustrators, the Art Directors Club. A limited-edition, oversized one-volume retrospective was published in January,2011 in coordination with Golds 90th birthday, after his first film project, Yankee Doodle Dandy, Gold collaborated with the American film industrys top film directors and film producers. Especially fruitful was Golds relationship with the illustrator Bob Peak, Golds work has spanned eight decades and has inspired numerous other designers. Secrets Behind Hollywoods Greatest Movie Posters and this feature article about Golds career has a link to fourteen images of his posters. Poster Master With a Cool Hand, article on Gold on the occasion of a book about his art. The Gold Standard, Roundtable Pictures Interviews Legendary Movie Poster Designer Bill Gold, meet Bill Gold, The Man Behind the Most Iconic Movie Posters Ever. Bill Gold reflects on his art and his career,1994 Hollywood Reporter Lifetime Achievement Award video
2.
Paul Newman
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Paul Leonard Newman was an American actor. Newmans other films include The Hustler, Cool Hand Luke, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as Butch Cassidy, The Sting, and The Verdict. Despite being colorblind, Newman won several championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing. He was a co-founder of Newmans Own, a company from which he donated all post-tax profits. As of 2016, these donations have totaled over US$460 million and he was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network, a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need. In 1988, Newman founded the SeriousFun Childrens Network, a family of summer camps. Newman was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the son of Theresa and Arthur Sigmund Newman. Newmans father was Jewish, and was the son of Simon Newman and Hannah Cohn, immigrants from Hungary, Newman had no religion as an adult, but described himself as a Jew, saying its more of a challenge. Newmans mother worked in his fathers store, while raising Paul and his brother, Arthur. Newman showed an early interest in the theater, his first role was at the age of seven, playing the court jester in a school production of Robin Hood. At age 10, Newman performed at the Cleveland Play House in a production of Saint George and the Dragon, graduating from Shaker Heights High School in 1943, he briefly attended Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, where he was initiated into the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Newman served in the United States Navy in World War II in the Pacific theater, initially, he enrolled in the Navy V-12 pilot training program at Yale University, but was dropped when his colorblindness was discovered. Boot camp followed, with training as a radioman and rear gunner, qualifying in torpedo bombers in 1944, Aviation Radioman Third Class Newman was sent to Barbers Point, Hawaii. He later flew as a gunner in an Avenger torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, his unit was assigned to the USS Bunker Hill along with other replacements shortly before the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, the pilot of his aircraft had an ear infection which kept their plane grounded. The rest of their squadron flew to the Bunker Hill, days later, a kamikaze attack on the vessel killed a number of service members, including the other members of his unit. After the war, Newman completed his Bachelor of Arts in drama and economics at Kenyon College in Gambier, shortly after earning his degree, he joined several summer stock companies, most notably the Belfry Players in Wisconsin and the Woodstock Players in Illinois. He toured with them for three months and developed his talents as a part of Woodstock Players and he later attended the Yale School of Drama for one year, before moving to New York City to study under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio
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George Kennedy
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George Harris Kennedy Jr. was an American actor who appeared in more than 200 film and television productions. He received a second Golden Globe nomination for portraying Joe Patroni in Airport, Kennedy was the only actor to appear in all four films in the Airport series, having reprised the role of Joe Patroni three times. He was also recognized as Police Captain Ed Hocken in the Naked Gun series of comedy films. Kennedy was born on February 18,1925, in New York City and his father, George Harris Kennedy, a musician and orchestra leader, died when Kennedy was four years old. He was raised by his mother, Helen A. a ballet dancer and his maternal grandfather was a German immigrant, his other ancestry was Irish and English. Kennedy made his debut at age two in a touring company of Bringing Up Father, and by seven was a New York City radio DJ. Joining the U. S. military during World War II, he spent 16 years in that career until the late 1950s and he reached a rank of captain. His first notable role was a military advisor on the TV sitcom The Phil Silvers Show, where he served as a technical adviser. His film career began in 1961 in The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come and he played the character Blodgett in a 1966 episode Return to Lawrence of the ABC western series The Legend of Jesse James. Kennedy followed with films such as The Dirty Dozen, Bandolero. in 1970, he appeared in the Academy Award-winning disaster film Airport, in which he played one of its main characters, airline troubleshooter Joe Patroni. He reprised this role in Airport 1975, Airport 77, Airport 79, the only cast member to appear in each film of the series. The Airport franchise helped inspire the Zucker, Abrahams, and Zucker satire Airplane. in which the filmmakers hoped to cast Kennedy as the bumbling plane dispatcher, the role went to Lloyd Bridges, because Kennedy couldn’t kill off his Airport cash-cow, Jerry Zucker said in 2010. He also starred in two series, Sarge, which aired from 1971-72 on NBC, and The Blue Knight. In 1984, Kennedy starred opposite Bo Derek in the box-office bomb Bolero, there were two sequels in which Kennedy co-starred. On television, Kennedy starred as Carter McKay in the CBS prime time serial Dallas, from the mid- to late-1990s, he promoted Breathasure tablets in radio and television commercials. Around this time, he reprised his role as McKay in the television films Dallas, returns and Dallas, War of the Ewings. In the late 1970s, Kennedy also appeared as a celebrity guest on the game show Match Game. In 1998, he voiced Brick Bazooka for the film Small Soldiers, in 2005, he made a cameo appearance in the film Dont Come Knocking, playing the director of an ill-fated western
4.
J. D. Cannon
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John Donovan Cannon, known as J. D. Cannon, was an American actor. An alumnus of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City, Cannon served in the United States Army during World War II. Cannon first appeared on television as Master Sgt, sherman in the original CBS sitcom, The Phil Silvers Show, also known as Youll Never Get Rich. He played a recurring character - a lawman named Harry Briscoe working for the Bannerman Detective Agency - in the 1971 to 1973 western series, Alias Smith, stoney Burke, and the miniseries Testimony of Two Men and Top of the Hill. He was cast in episodes of CBSs Murder, She Wrote. His last television acting appearance was on an episode of Law & Order in 1991 and he wore a toupee in most of his later roles. The exception was the Remington Steele episode Steele in the News and he also appeared, that same season, of Remington Steele in Episode 21 Hounded Steele. Cannon also appeared in roles, often as a cold-eyed villain. Cannon was a member of Joseph Papps New York Shakespeare Festival, starring in their productions of The Taming of the Shrew. His wife, Alice Cannon, appeared on Broadway in several productions including Company and Johnny Johnson and she also wrote Great Day In The Morning, which ran between March 28 and April 7,1962. Cannon died at his Hudson, New York home on May 20,2005 and he was survived by his wife and two brothers. An American Dream as Police Sgt, airport 79 as Lt. John Ratcliff Raise the Titanic as Captain Joe Burke Death Wish II as New York D. A. Beyond Witch Mountain as Deranian Street Justice as Dante J. D. Cannon at the Internet Movie Database J. D. Cannon at Find a Grave
5.
Robert Drivas
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Robert Drivas was an American actor and theatre director. Drivas was born Robert Choromokos in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Hariklia, Drivas studied at the University of Chicago and the University of Miami with further training at the Greek Playhouse in Athens, Greece. He made his Broadway debut in the role of Rameses in 1958 in the play The Firstborn, directed by and he continued to perform on stage, as Jacko in the Beverley Cross play One More River, with George C. In 1963 he won a Theatre World Award for his performance in Mrs. Dally Has a Lover, Drivas was associated with many well-known theatrical figures of his time. Concurrent with his work, Drivas appeared in television, beginning in 1957, on such crime shows and dramas as Route 66. The Defenders, The Fugitive, Twelve OClock High, The Wild Wild West, Hawaii Five-O, Drivas first theatrical film appearance was in the role of Loudmouth Steve in the classic prison drama Cool Hand Luke. This debut led to film work, in The Illustrated Man. He died in 1986 of AIDS-related complications, at age 47, Robert Drivas at the Internet Movie Database Robert Drivas at Find a Grave
6.
Lou Antonio
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Lou Antonio is an American actor and TV director best known for performing in the films Cool Hand Luke and America America. He also starred in two short-lived TV series, Dog and Cat, and Makin It and he played the human version of a chimpanzee turned human on an episode of the supernatural sitcom Bewitched. As a director, he worked on TV movies such as Mayflower Madam, and TV series such as The Rockford Files, Dawsons Creek, CSI, Crime Scene Investigation. Antonio was married to fellow Actors Studio member, Lane Bradbury, His brother, Lou Antonio at the Internet Movie Database Lou Antonio at the University of Wisconsins Actors Studio audio collection Lou Antonio at AllMovie
7.
Strother Martin
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Martin perhaps is best known as the prison captain in the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke, in which he uttered the famous line, What weve got here is failure to communicate. The line is number 11 on the American Film Institute list of AFIs 100 Years.100 Movie Quotes, Martin was born in Kokomo in Howard County in north central Indiana. For a short time, the Martins moved to San Antonio, Texas, as a child, he excelled at swimming and diving, he was nicknamed T-Bone Martin because of his diving expertise. At 17, he won the National Junior Springboard Diving Championship and he served as a swimming instructor in the United States Navy during World War II and was a member of the diving team at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He entered the adult National Springboard Diving competition in hopes of gaining a berth on the U. S. Olympic team, after the war, Martin moved to Los Angeles, California and worked as a swimming instructor and as a swimming extra in water scenes in films. He was cast in 1955 as Landry Kersh in the episode Shadow of God on the ABC religion anthology series and he gave a memorable performance as a man with learning difficulties in the Cooter episode written by Sam Peckinpah in the first season of Gunsmoke. Martin appeared in the first Brian Keith series, Crusader, a Cold War drama on CBS and he guest starred as a circus tightrope walker in one of the 1957 episodes of CBSs Have Gun, Will Travel. He portrayed a soldier in a 1958 episode of the syndicated western series, Boots. That same year, he played the lead in the episode Pete Henke of NBCs western Jefferson Drum. In 1959, Martin played Polk, with Denver Pyle as Houston, in the episode No Place to Stop of the CBS western series, The Texan, starring Rory Calhoun as Bill Longley. In another 1959 western series, Martin was cast as Deputy Jess in the episode Johnny Yuma of ABCs The Rebel, in 1960, Martin guest starred in James Whitmores ABC crime drama, The Law and Mr. Jones. In 1962, Martin was cast as Harold Horton in The Chocolate Cake Caper of the CBS sitcom, Pete and Gladys, starring Harry Morgan and he guest starred in Jack Lords ABC adventure/drama series, Stoney Burke. In 1963, he was cast as Private Anton Copang in the episode Walk Through the Badlands of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, The Dakotas. In 1966, Martin appeared twice as Cousin Fletch in the short-lived ABC comedy western The Rounders, with Ron Hayes, Patrick Wayne, earlier, he had guest starred with Harry Morgan and Cara Williams in their CBS sitcom, Pete and Gladys. In 1967, Martin played Arizona miner Ed Schieffelin in the episode Silver Tombstone of the television series Death Valley Days. In the story line, after years of failure, Schieffelin is convinced that he is on the verge of a bonanza and he invites his brother to join him in the pending strike. Jamie Farr appears as Dick Gird and his lunatic turn in the latter film as Lee Marvins characters insanely sadistic henchman, gleefully giggling in anticipation of each horrendous atrocity, remains a particularly memorable performance. Martin also excelled in comedy, playing an incompetent Indian agent in the John Wayne film, McLintock. and as a horse trader in the 1969 film
8.
Jo Van Fleet
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Catherine Josephine Jo Van Fleet was an American theatre and film actress. Known primarily for playing roles older than she was, her career spanned three decades, and she won an Academy Award as well as a Tony Award. She won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play in 1954 for her performance as Jessie Mae Watts in Horton Footes The Trip to Bountiful, costarring Lillian Gish, after her success on the stage, director Elia Kazan brought her to Hollywood to work on screen. Kazan, who had directed her on stage in 1952s Flight to Egypt and 1953s Camino Real, cast her as Cathy Ames in his adaptation of John Steinbecks East of Eden. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance and her subsequent film work was steady through 1960, and included such films as The Rose Tattoo, Ill Cry Tomorrow, The King and Four Queens, and Gunfight at the O. K. Corral. However, her career did not progress as she had hoped and her friend and mentor, Kazan, once said Jo stagnated, and, since she knew it, was bitter. And as she became bitter, she became more difficult, in 1958, she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in Look Homeward, Angel, in which she played the acquisitive mother of Anthony Perkins character. Her television work included Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Thriller, Bonanza, Van Fleet was married to William Bales from 1946 until his death in 1990. Van Fleet died in a Jamaica, Queens hospital from undisclosed causes at the age of 80 and her interment was at Flushing Cemetery. She was survived by her son Michael Bales, and a grandson and she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to Motion Pictures, at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard. Jo Van Fleet at the Internet Broadway Database Jo Van Fleet profile, lortel. org, Jo Van Fleet at the Internet Movie Database Jo Van Fleet at the TCM Movie Database Jo Van Fleet at AllMovie
9.
Lalo Schifrin
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Lalo Schifrin is an Argentine pianist, composer, arranger and conductor. He is best known for his body of film and TV scores since the 1950s, including the Theme from Mission. He has received four Grammy Awards and six Oscar nominations, associated with the jazz music genre, Schifrin is also noted for work with Clint Eastwood in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, particularly the Dirty Harry films. Schifrin was born in Buenos Aires and his father, Luis Schifrin, led the second violin section of the orchestra at the Teatro Colón for three decades. At the age of six, Schifrin began a course of study on piano with Enrique Barenboim. At age 16, Schifrin began studying piano with the Greek-Russian expatriate Andreas Karalis, former head of the Kiev Conservatory, during this time, Schifrin also became interested in jazz. Although Schifrin studied sociology and law at the University of Buenos Aires, at age 20, he successfully applied for a scholarship to the Paris Conservatoire. At night, he played jazz in the Paris clubs, in 1955, Schifrin played piano with Argentinian bandoneon giant Ástor Piazzolla, and represented his country at the International Jazz Festival in Paris. After returning home to Argentina in his twenties, Schifrin formed a jazz orchestra, Schifrin also began accepting other film, television and radio assignments. In 1956, Schifrin met Dizzy Gillespie and offered to write a work for Gillespies big band. Schifrin completed the work, Gillespiana, in 1958, later that year, Schifrin began working as an arranger for Xavier Cugats popular Latin dance orchestra. While in New York in 1960, Schifrin again met Gillespie, Gillespie invited Schifrin to fill the vacant piano chair in his quintet. Schifrin immediately accepted and moved to New York City, Schifrin wrote a second extended composition for Gillespie, The New Continent, which was recorded in 1962. In 1963, MGM, which had Schifrin under contract, offered the composer his first Hollywood film assignment with the African adventure Rhino, Schifrin moved to Hollywood late that year. One of Schifrins most recognizable and enduring compositions is the music for the long-running TV series Mission. It is a tune written in the uncommon 5/4 time signature. CBS Television used part of the theme of his St. Ives soundtrack for its broadcasts in the 1970s. Schifrins score for the 1968 film Coogans Bluff was the beginning of an association with Clint Eastwood
10.
Conrad Hall
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Conrad Lafcadio Hall, ASC was an American cinematographer from Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia. For his work he garnered a number of awards, including three Academy Awards and BAFTA Awards, in 2003, Hall was judged to be one of historys ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild. He has been given a star in Hollywood Boulevards Walk of Fame, Conrad L Hall was born on June 21,1926 in Papeete, Tahiti. His father was James Norman Hall, an ace pilot and captain in the Lafayette escadrille that fought for France in World War I, James also co-wrote Mutiny On The Bounty. His mother was Sarah Winchester Hall, growing up during the relative infancy of cinema, Hall never was around cameras and the idea of going to the movies was a foreign concept. In his teens, Hall moved from Tahiti to Santa Barbara for prep school, after prep school, Hall was told by his father to find his path in life. Hall attended the University of Southern California, intending to study journalism and he wasn’t sure this was the right decision, yet he thought since this was a new art form it would be interesting to start from the bottom. Hall went to the school at a time when Slavko Vorkapić was the head of the program. He taught the principles, and left the rest up to us”, after creating his first shots in school he fell in love with the art and wanted to continue telling his stories through imagery. A few people visited his school during his education at USC were John Huston and Orson Welles. After graduation in 1949 Hall expected to get a job out of college. At the time, however, Hollywood only allowed the crew to be filled with people that were on the International Photographers Guild roster. After graduation Hall collaborated with his classmates, Marvin R. Weinstein, couffer, to create Canyon Films in 1949. In the beginning they made advertising commercials and documentaries and did pickup shots for features, in 1956 Canyon Films acquired a short film, My Brother Down There, which allowed Hall to enter into the cameraman position and become part of the International Photographers Guild. However, the Guild made Canyon Films hire an established Guild Cameraman for My Brother Down There, denying Hall credit, instead he was credited as the visual consultant, after United Artists released the film under the new title Running Target. Once Running Target was finished Canyon Films dissolved, and its members went off on their own paths, following a year of working as an assistant cameraman, he was awarded the chance to be the camera operator on the television series Stoney Burke. In 1963, he began filming another series called The Outer Limits. Then, in 1964, he shot his first feature-length black and white film, Wild Seed, halls breakthrough came with Morituri in 1965, for which he received his first Oscar nomination
11.
Sam O'Steen
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Samuel Alexander Sam OSteen was an American film editor and director. He had an extended, notable collaboration with the director Mike Nichols, among the notable films that OSteen edited were Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Cool Hand Luke, The Graduate, Rosemarys Baby, and Chinatown. On a 2012 listing of the 75 best edited films of all time, compiled by the Motion Picture Editors Guild based on a survey of its members, OSteen was born in Paragould, Arkansas. As a child in Burbank, California, he would try to make it onto the Warner Bros. lot hoping that it could be an entree to work in the editing room. He was finally able to secure a position as an assistant editor in 1956, as was typical at the time, he served as an assistant editor at Warner Brothers for eight years, his first credit as editor was on Youngblood Hawke, which was directed by Delmer Daves. Within a year, OSteen had become the editor on Mike Nichols first film as a director, OSteen was Nichols principal editor for nearly thirty years, during which he edited twelve of Nichols films, their last film together was Wolf. OSteen gives the time to study the performers face before cutting the scene. OSteen allows for long, personal looks at Hoffmans facial expressions to give the viewers an idea of what the character is thinking instead of the quick-cutting seen so often in modern films. In The Graduate Hoffmans expressions at the party scene are as important to the character as any bit of dialogue, for example, one sequence in the film begins with the recent college graduate Benjamin floating on an air mattress in his parents swimming pool. As he leaves the pool to walk back into their house, over the next couple of minutes through continuous editing the scenes shift back and forth between his parents home pool and Benjamins mental projections of his meetings with Mrs. Robinson. This associational montage shows adeptness of the technique and reinforces the inner sense of Benjamins feelings of alienation. OSteen directed seven films for television in the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Queen of the Stardust Ballroom and he also directed one feature film Sparkle. His editing of The Graduate was honored by a BAFTA Award for Best Editing and he was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Film Editing, for Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Chinatown, and Silkwood. In 1976, OSteen won the Most Outstanding Television Director award from the Directors Guild of America and his film Queen of the Stardust Ballroom won the Outstanding Directorial Achievement Award in the category Movies for Television and Mini-Series. OSteen was also nominated for an Emmy award for Outstanding Directing in a Special Program - Drama or Comedy for his work on Queen of the Stardust Ballroom, OSteen was married twice, and had four daughters. OSteens memoir of his career, Cut to the Chase, Forty-Five Years of Editing Americas Favorite Movies, was published in 2001, shortly after OSteens death. The book is mostly as a transcript of OSteens responses to questions posed by Bobbie OSteen, with sidebars about individual films. Ray Zone has characterized it as one of the very best anecdotal histories of filmmaking in print, list of film director and editor collaborations Sam OSteen at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Warner Bros.-Seven Arts
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Warner Bros. -Seven Arts, Inc. was an American entertainment company active from 1967 until 1970. Warner Bros. -Seven Arts started when Seven Arts Productions acquired Jack L. Warners controlling interest in Warner Bros. for $32 million, the acquisition included the black and white Looney Tunes library and Warner Bros. Records plus Reprise Records. Later that same year, Warner Bros. -Seven Arts purchased Atlantic Records and those record labels were combined in 1970 with two other acquisitions in a new holding company, Warner-Elektra-Atlantic, under the direction of Mo Ostin and Joe Smith. The head of production was Kenneth Hyman, son of Seven Arts co-founder Eliot Hyman and their first film was Camelot and their last film was Wait Until Dark. Warner Bros. -Seven Arts was acquired in 1969 by Kinney National Company, due to a financial scandal over its parking operations, Kinney National spun off its non-entertainment assets in 1972 and changed its name to Warner Communications Inc. List of record labels Kinney National Company Kinney Parking Company National Kinney Corporation Warner Communications
13.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
14.
Hombre (film)
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Newmans amount of dialogue in the film is minimal and much of the role is conveyed through mannerism and action. This was the sixth and final time Ritt directed Newman, they had worked together on The Long Hot Summer, Paris Blues, Hemingways Adventures of a Young Man, Hud. In late 19th-century Arizona, an Apache-raised white man, John Russell, three others ride with them, Indian agent Professor Alexander Favor, his aristocratic wife Audra and the crude Cicero Grimes. Upon discovering that John Russell is of Apache background, Professor Favor requests that Russell ride up top with driver Henry Mendez. The stagecoach is robbed by a led by Grimes, who knew that Dr. Favor had been carrying money that he stole from the very Apaches whom Russell grew up with. Grimes rides off, taking Mrs. Favor as a hostage, Russell shoots two of the outlaws—one of whom is Jessies former lover, sheriff-gone-bad Frank—who have the stolen money in their saddle bags. He insists that Dr. Favor give the money to him. The bigots he rode with now appeal to Russell to lead them to safety, after Russell scouts ahead, Dr. Favor disarms Mendez. Russell returns as Favor is about to leave with the money and supplies, Russells instincts to protect the group clash with their morality and desire to save the Favors, especially when Grimes and his remaining gang offer to trade Mrs. Favor for the money. Their pity for Mrs. Favors life eventually outweighs the knowledge that Grimes is using her to bait a trap, Russell gives the money to Billy Lee and asks him to take it back to the Indians from whom it was stolen. Russell descends from the hideout with saddle bags that he pretends are full of the money, while Billy Lee stays in the hideout. In the ensuing firefight, although Russell is able to kill Grimes, he, as his last words, the Mexican outlaw asks What was his name. Paul Newman as John Russell Fredric March as Dr. Racism against Indians, and their exploitation, are depicted. The movie was filmed on location in the Coronado National Forest in Arizona, at the Helvetia Mine in Pima County, Arizona, at Old Tucson, Arizona, stage station scenes filmed at Jean Dry Lake, Las Vegas, Nevada. The film earned $6.5 million in rentals in North America, most reviews of the film are positive. Critics praise the performance of Newman and the writing of Elmore Leonard, film critic Roger Ebert, in a 1967 review, notes, The performances are uniformly excellent. Ritt directs with a hand, and the dialog by Irving Ravetch. Its intelligent, and has a certain grace as well, last year, Richard Brooks The Professionals was the best-directed film out of Hollywood, and this year it looks as if the honors may rest with Martin Ritt and Hombre
15.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year
16.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
17.
Sadomasochism
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Sadomasochism is the giving or receiving pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation. Practitioners of sadomasochism may seek sexual gratification from their acts, while the terms sadist and masochist refer respectively to one who enjoys giving or receiving pain, practitioners of sadomasochism may switch between activity and passivity. The abbreviation S&M is often used for sadomasochism, although practitioners themselves normally remove the ampersand, Sadomasochism is not considered a clinical paraphilia unless such practices lead to clinically significant distress or impairment for a diagnosis. Similarly, sexual sadism within the context of mutual consent, generally known under the heading BDSM, is distinguished from acts of sexual violence or aggression. The term sadomasochism is used in a variety of different ways and it can refer to cruel individuals or those who brought misfortunes onto themselves and psychiatrists define it as pathological. The two words incorporated into this compound, sadism and masochism, were derived from the names of two authors. The term Sadism has its origin in the name of the Marquis de Sade, who not only practiced sexual sadism, Masochism is named after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who wrote novels expressing his masochistic fantasies. These terms were first selected to identifying human behavioural phenomena and for the classification of psychological illnesses or deviant behaviour, the German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing introduced the terms Sadism and Masochism into medical terminology in his work Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis in 1890. In 1905, Sigmund Freud described sadism and masochism in his Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie as stemming from aberrant psychological development from early childhood and he also laid the groundwork for the widely accepted medical perspective on the subject in the following decades. This led to the first compound usage of the terminology in Sado-Masochism by the Viennese Psychoanalyst Isidor Isaak Sadger in his work Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex in 1913, however, the term BDSM also includes, B&D, D/s, and S&M. The terms bondage and discipline usually refer to the use of physical or psychological restraint or punishment. Both terms were introduced to the field by German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his 1886 compilation of case studies Psychopathia Sexualis. Pain and physical violence are not essential in Krafft-Ebings conception, and this observation is commonly verified in both literature and practice, many sadists and masochists define themselves as switchable—capable of taking pleasure in either role. However it has also argued that the concurrence of sadism and masochism in Freuds model should not be taken for granted. Freud introduced the terms primary and secondary masochism and this complete rejection is related to the death drive in Freuds psychoanalysis. In a secondary masochism, by contrast, the masochist experiences a less serious, more feigned rejection, secondary masochism, in other words, is the relatively casual version, more akin to a charade, and most commentators are quick to point out its contrivedness. In Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, René Girard attempts to resuscitate and reinterpret Freuds distinction of primary and secondary masochism, both Krafft-Ebing and Freud assumed that sadism in men resulted from the distortion of the aggressive component of the male sexual instinct. Masochism in men, however, was seen as a more significant aberration, Freud doubted that masochism in men was ever a primary tendency, and speculated that it may exist only as a transformation of sadism
18.
Jesus
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In Christology, the Person of Christ refers to the study of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ as they co-exist within one person. There is no discussion in the New Testament regarding the dual nature of the Person of Christ as both divine and human. Hence, since the days of Christianity theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures. In the period following the Apostolic Age, specific beliefs such as Arianism and Docetism were criticized. On the other end of the spectrum, Docetism argued that Jesus physical body was an illusion, docetic teachings were attacked by St. Ignatius of Antioch and were eventually abandoned by proto-orthodox Christians. However, after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Logos, historically in the Alexandrian school of christology, Jesus Christ is the eternal Logos paradoxically humanized in history, a divine Person who became enfleshed, uniting himself to the human nature. The views of these schools can be summarized as follows, Alexandria, Antioch, Logos assumes a specific human being The First Council of Ephesus in 431 debated a number of views regarding the Person of Christ. At the same gathering the council debated the doctrines of monophysitism or miaphysitism. The council rejected Nestorianism and adopted the term hypostatic union, referring to divine, the language used in the 431 declaration was further refined at the 451 Council of Chalcedon. However, the Chalcedon creed was not accepted by all Christians, because Saint Augustine died in 430 he did not participate in the Council of Ephesus in 431 or Chalcedon in 451, but his ideas had some impact on both councils. On the other hand, the major theological figure of the Middle Ages. The Third Council of Constantinople in 680 held that both divine and human wills exist in Jesus, with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will. John Calvin maintained that there was no element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the person of The Word. Calvin also emphasized the importance of the Work of Christ in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ, the study of the Person of Christ continued into the 20th century, with modern theologians such as Karl Rahner and Hans von Balthasar. Balthasar argued that the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the absorption of human attributes, thus in his view the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine
19.
Crucifixion of Jesus
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The crucifixion of Jesus occurred in 1st century Judea, most probably between the years 30 and 33 AD. According to the gospels, Jesus, the Christ, was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink and he was then hung between two convicted thieves and according to Marks Gospel, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating Jesus of Nazareth and they then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died, the Bible describes seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred. Collectively referred to as the Passion, Jesus suffering and redemptive death by crucifixion are the aspects of Christian theology concerning the doctrines of salvation. The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus, bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be, eddy and Boyd state that it is now firmly established that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified. While scholars agree on the historicity of the crucifixion, they differ on the reason, geza Vermes also views the crucifixion as a historical event but provides his own explanation and background for it. John P. Meier views the crucifixion of Jesus as historical fact and states that, based on the criterion of embarrassment, Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader. Meier states that a number of criteria, e. g. the criterion of multiple attestation. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, the analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels, there are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes, all four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more detail than any other portion of that Gospels narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening, after being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the King of the Jews, clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on
20.
Deep South
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The Deep South is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States. Historically, it is differentiated from the Upper South as being the states most dependent on plantation-type agriculture, the Deep South was also commonly referred to as the Lower South or the Cotton States, for their production of cotton as the primary commodity crop. Today, the Deep South is usually delineated as being those states, the seven states that seceded from the United States before the firing on Fort Sumter and the start of the American Civil War, and were the first to form the Confederate States of America. Ultimately the Confederacy included eleven states, in order of secession they are, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The first six states to secede were those that held the largest number of slaves, a large part of the original Cotton Belt. Some of this is coterminous with the Black Belt, originally referring to areas of Alabama and Mississippi with fertile soil. The term came to be used for much of the Cotton Belt, though often used in history books to refer to the seven states that originally formed the Confederacy, the term Deep South did not come into general usage until long after the Civil War ended. Up until that time, Lower South was the designation for those states. This was the part of the South many considered the most Southern, later, the general definition expanded to include all of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and often taking in bordering areas of East Texas and North Florida. Houston is the largest city of the Deep South region and they sometimes served as overseers on plantations. Georgia -1,132,184 out of 3,009,484 people identified as English, making them 37. 62% of the states total. Mississippi -496,481 people out of 1,551,364 people identified as English, making them 32. 00% of the total, the largest national group by a wide margin. Florida -1,132,033 people out of 5,159,967 identified English as their only ancestry group, making them 21. 94% of the total. Louisiana -440,558 people out of 2,319,259 people identified only as English, making them 19. 00% of the total people and the second-largest ancestry group in the state at the time. Those who wrote only French were 480,711 people out of 2,319,259 people, or 20. 73% of the total state population. Texas -1,639,322 people identified as English only out of a total of 7,859,393 people, making them 20. 86% of the people in the state. These figures to do not take into account people who identified as English, when the two were added together, people who self identified as being of English with other ancestry, made up an even larger portion of southerners. South Carolina was settled earlier than those states commonly classified as the Deep South, the map to the right was prepared by the Census Bureau from the 2000 census, it shows the predominant ancestry in each county as self-identified by residents themselves
21.
Stockton, California
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Stockton is the county seat of San Joaquin County located in the central valley portion of the U. S. State of California and the. Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses, the city is named after Robert F. Stockton, and it was the first community in California to not have a name of Spanish or Native American origin. The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an population of 315,592 as of 2016. Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States and it was named an All-America City in 1999,2004 and again in 2015. Built during the California Gold Rush, Stocktons seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and it provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines. Stockton has been the location of the oldest university in California, as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, Stockton was the second largest city in the United States to file for bankruptcy protection. Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015, Stockton is situated amidst the farmland of Californias San Joaquin Valley, a subregion of the Central Valley. In and around Stockton are thousands of miles of waterways, which make up the California Delta, Interstate 5 and State Route 99, inland Californias major north-south highways, pass through the city. State Route 4 and the dredged San Joaquin River connect the city with the San Francisco Bay Area to its west, Stockton and Sacramento are Californias only inland sea ports. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city occupies an area of 64.8 square miles. When Europeans first visited the Stockton area, the Yatchicumne, a branch of the Northern Valley Yokuts Indians and they built their villages on low mounds to keep their homes above regular floods. A Yokuts village named Pasasimas was located on a mound between Edison and Harrison Streets on what is now the Stockton Channel in downtown Stockton, the Siskiyou Trail began in the northern San Joaquin Valley. It was a centuries-old Native American footpath that lead through the Sacramento Valley over the Cascades, Gold rush era Europeans and Americans started to arrive in the area after gold was found in northern California, starting with the California Gold Rush in 1848. When Captain Charles Maria Weber, a German immigrant, decided to try his hand at mining in late 1848. As an alien, Weber could not secure a land grant directly, born in New York, Gulnae had married a Mexican woman and sworn allegiance to Mexico, which then ruled California. He applied in Webers place for a grant of eleven square leagues on the east side of the San Joaquin River. Weber acquired the Rancho Campo de los Franceses Mexican land grant, Weber built the first permanent residence in the San Joaquin Valley on a piece of land now known as Weber Point. During the California Gold Rush, Stockton developed as a river port, during its early years, Stockton was known by several names, including Tuleburg, Fat City, Mudville, and Californias Sunrise Seaport
22.
Tavares, Florida
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Tavares is a city located in the central portion of the U. S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Lake County, the population in 2015 was 14,583, with a total of 5,000 households and an average household income of $40,000. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area, the name is a popular Portuguese surname and toponym. The city was founded by newspaper and railroad man Alexander St. Clair-Abrams in 1880, in 1883 a post office was established, which was followed by a hotel, three stores, a sawmill, and eight cottages in 1884. While St. Clair-Abrams did not achieve his dream that Tavares become the capital of Florida. St. Clair-Abrams later chartered a railroad to run from Tavares to Orlando, in 1919, Tavares incorporated as a town. Tavares is located at 28°48′6″N 81°44′1″W According to the United States Census Bureau, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,700 people,4,471 households, and 2,821 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,368.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 5,475 housing units at an average density of 772.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 98% White,7. 70% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 80% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,1. 04% from other races, and 1. 10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 46% of the population,33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the family size was 2.48. In the city, the population was out with 14. 1% under the age of 18,5. 8% from 18 to 24,19. 8% from 25 to 44,22. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 56 years, for every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $31,337, and the median income for a family was $36,243. Males had an income of $28,911 versus $20,271 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,942, about 6. 6% of families and 10. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 2% of those under age 18 and 6. 9% of those age 65 or over. The Tavares Seaplane Base is a city-owned, public-use seaplane base located on Lake Dora in Tavares, the base is popular and gives rise to the citys nickname, Americas Seaplane City. The LakeXpress is Lake Countys public transportation and has been active since May 2007, LakeXpress is a fixed-route transportation service
23.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
24.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
25.
United States Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
26.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
27.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
28.
What we've got here is failure to communicate
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The phrase What weve got here is failure to communicate is a quotation from the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke, spoken in the movie first by Strother Martin and later, abridged, by Paul Newman. The context of the first delivery of the line is, Captain, You gonna get used to wearing them chains after a while, what weve got here is failure to communicate. Some men you just cant reach, so you get what we had here last week, which is the way he wants it. I dont like it any more than you men, the Captains line is often misquoted as What we have here is a failure to communicate. Towards the end of the movie, Luke takes a stab at freedom – stealing a dump truck. After his dramatic escape from the Florida chain gang prison, Luke abandons the truck and enters a church, feeling that his life is no longer worth living, walks to a window facing the police and mocks the Captain by repeating the first part of his speech. He is immediately shot in the neck by Boss Godfrey, the phrase ranks at No.11 on the American Film Institute list, AFIs 100 Years. Guns N Roses included the quotation, sampled from Martins speech in the film, in the opening of their song Civil War, and later remixed it in Madagascar. The quote has been used in the movies Take the Money and Run, Smokey and it was also in the first episode of the TV series The Mod Squad. The quote was used in the Garfield comic strip in the early 1980s, sound clip of the phrase The quote on IMDb
29.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
30.
Parking meter
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A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time. An early patent for a meter, US patent, was filed by Roger W. Babson, on August 30,1928. The meter was intended to operate on power from the battery of the parking vehicle, holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale designed the first working parking meter, the Black Maria, historys Lost and Found documents their success in developing the first working parking meter. The worlds first installed parking meter was in Oklahoma City on July 16,1935, magee received a patent for the apparatus on 24 May 1938. Industrial production started in 1936 and expanded until the mid-1980s, the first models were based on a coin acceptor, a dial to engage the mechanism and a visible pointer and flag to indicate expiration of paid period. This configuration lasted for more than 40 years, with only a few changes in the design, such as a double-headed design. Rhodes Inc. of Hartford, Connecticut started making meters for Mark-Time Parking Meter Company of Miami, upon insertion of coins into a currency detector slot or swiping a credit card or smartcard into a slot, and turning a handle, a timer is initiated within the meter. Some locations now allow payment by mobile phone, a dial or display on the meter indicates the time remaining. In many cities, all parking meters are designed to use one type of coin. Use of other coins will fail to register, and the meter may cease to function altogether, for example, in Hackensack, New Jersey all parking meters are designed for quarters only. In 1960, New York City hired its first crew of meter maids and it was not until 1967 that the first man was hired. In the mid-1980s, a version was introduced, replacing the mechanical parts with electronic components, boards, keyboards. This allowed more flexibility to the meter, as an EEPROM chip can be reconfigured more easily than corresponding mechanical components, more modern parking meters are generically called multispace meters and control multiple spaces per block or lot. While with these meters the parker may have to walk several car lengths to the meter, there are significant benefits in terms of service, performance. Multispace meters incorporate more features such as on-screen instructions and acceptance of credit cards for payment—no longer do drivers have to have pockets full of coins. With pay by space meters, the parks in a space, goes to the meter and enters the space number. The meter memorizes the time remaining, and enforcement personnel press the bay buttons to check for violations, other advances with parking meters include vehicle detection technology, which allows the pay by space meters to know when there is a car parked in a space
31.
Chain gang
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A chain gang is a group of prisoners chained together to perform menial or physically challenging work as a form of punishment. Such punishment might include repairing buildings, building roads, or clearing land and this system existed primarily in the Southern United States, and by 1955 had been phased out nationwide, with Georgia the last state to abandon the practice. Chain gangs were reintroduced by a few states during the get tough on crime 1990s, the introduction of chain gangs into the United States began shortly after the American Civil War. The southern states needed finances and public works to be performed, Prisoners were a free way for these works to be achieved. A single ankle shackle with a length of chain attached to a heavy ball is known as a ball. It limited prisoner movement and impeded escape, two ankle shackles attached to each other by a short length of chain are known as a hobble or as leg irons. These could be chained to a longer chain with several other prisoners. The walk required to avoid tripping while in leg irons is known as the convict shuffle, a group of prisoners working outside prison walls under close supervision, but without chains, is a work gang. Their distinctive attire and shaven heads served the purpose of displaying their punishment to the public, however, the public was often brutal, swearing at convicts and even throwing things at them. The use of chains could be hazardous, some of the chains used in the Georgia system in the first half of the twentieth century weighed twenty pounds. Some prisoners suffered from shackle sores — ulcers where the ground against their skin. Gangrene and other infections were serious risks, falls could imperil several individuals at once. Modern prisoners are put into handcuffs or wrist manacles and leg irons. This form of restraint is most often used on prisoners expected to be violent, various claims as to the purpose of chain gangs have been offered. These include, punishment societal restitution for the cost of housing, feeding, the use of chain gangs in the United States generally ended in 1955. Chain gangs experienced a resurgence when Alabama began to use again in 1995. Several jurisdictions in the United States have re-introduced prison labor, arizonas modern chain gangs, rather than chipping rocks, digging ditches or other non-productive tasks, often do work of economic benefit to a correctional department, such as removing trash. Opponents claim that the gangs often work outside in oppressive desert heat, a year after reintroducing the chain gang in 1995, Alabama was forced to again abandon the practice pending a lawsuit from, among other organizations, the Southern Poverty Law Center
32.
Morgan Woodward
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Morgan Woodward is an American actor. He is best known for his role on the soap opera Dallas as Marvin Punk Anderson. He also played the silent, sunglasses-wearing man with no eyes, Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke, one of Woodwards longest television roles was in forty-two episodes between 1958 and 1961 in the ABC television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, as the deputy/sidekick Shotgun Gibbs. In that series, Woodward played a tall, cantankerous, shotgun-toting backwoodsman who eventually became the deputy of lawman Wyatt Earp in his days as a Kansas. Several episodes have comedy scenes about Gibbs and his beloved and supposedly highly intelligent mule and he also made multiple guest appearances on Wagon Train between 1958 and 1965. Woodward guest starred in two different episodes of the series of Star Trek as two different characters. In the first-season episode Dagger of the Mind, Woodward plays Dr. Simon van Gelder, Van Gelder himself becomes a victim of sadistic experiments being carried out on patients by the facilitys director and is confined as one of the patients. Escaping to the orbiting USS Enterprise, the deranged and incoherent Van Gelder eventually recovers enough to be able to divulge the nefarious goings-on at the hospital. In articles in the magazines Starlog and Entertainment Weekly, Woodward called the role of Dr. Simon Van Gelder the most physically and emotionally exhausting acting job of his career. Desperate to get out of Westerns and expand his range, he was cast against type for this episode and was so well regarded that he was cast in The Omega Glory in the second season. Playing Van Gelder did take its toll on his personal life and he is grateful that this episode opened up whole new opportunities for him. In the second-season episode, The Omega Glory, Woodward portrays Captain Ron Tracey, the commander of the starship USS Exeter, Woodward was a familiar face on the television drama series Dallas from 1980-1989. His recurring role was Marvin Punk Anderson, a friend of Jock Ewings, as the series progressed, Woodwards role became that of an advisor to the Ewing sons, and a voice of reason. His characters wife Mavis was played by character actress Alice Hirson, Hirson and Woodward were written out of the show during the 1989 season for budgetary reasons although the characters were mentioned in the following last two seasons of the show. Woodward made many television guest appearances, including, Morgan Woodward at the Internet Movie Database Official website
33.
Trustee
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Trustee is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, can refer to any person who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another. A trustee can also refer to a person who is allowed to do certain tasks, in all cases, the trustee may be a person or company, whether or not they are a prospective beneficiary. However, a trustee may act otherwise than in accordance with the terms of the trust if all beneficiaries, being sui juris and together absolutely entitled, direct the trustee to do so. If any question arises as to the constriction of the provisions of the trust, account for actions and keep beneficiaries informed, these include a duty to inform beneficiaries as to their entitlements under the trust and other matters concerning the trust. As trustees as not under a duty to disclose their reasoning in applying a trust power, protection of confidentiality has been described as one of the most important limitations on the right to disclose of trust documents. Memoranda or letter of wishes do not necessarily need to be disclosed to a beneficiary if they are of a number of potential beneficiaries, corporate trustees, typically trust departments at large banks, often have very narrow duties, limited to those the trust indenture explicitly defines. A trustee carries the responsibility and liability to use the trust assets according to the provisions of the trust instrument. The trustee may find himself liable to claimants, prospective beneficiaries and it is common for lawyers to draft will trusts so as to permit such payment, and to take office accordingly, this may be an unnecessary expense for small estates. In an exception to the duties outlined above, sabbatical officers of unions who are also trustees of these organisations they work for do have the right to a salary. This is an exception explicitly granted in the 1993 act The broadest sense of the term applies to someone held to a fiduciary duty similar in some respects to that of a trustee proper. For example, the directors of a bank may be trustees for the depositors, directors of a corporation are trustees for the stockholders, many corporations call their governing board a board of trustees, though in those cases they act as a board of directors. Many UK charities are also limited liability companies registered with Companies House, in case the trustees are also directors of the company. This is the model if the charity owns property or employs people. The law on this in England changed considerably with the Charities Act of 2006, an account of the main changes can be found in Charities Act 2006 A guide to the new law by Michael King and Ann Phillips. One of the key changes made was that it introduced the Charitable Incorporated Organisation which is basically a limited liability charity, there are thus now two main aspects of corporate management of charities. One is the way in which a corporation is a corporate trustee of a given charity. The second is the new way, in which the charity itself is incorporated as a CIO, the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods is a complicated matter. According to King and Philips, many of the advantages of incorporating as a CIO are obtained if the trustees are not individuals but a corporate entity
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Bloodhound
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The Bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar, and since the Middle Ages for tracking people. Believed to be descended from hounds once kept at the Abbey of Saint-Hubert, Belgium and this breed is famed for its ability to discern human scent over great distances, even days later. Bloodhounds weigh from 36 to 72 kg. They are 58 to 69 cm tall at the withers, according to the AKC standard for the breed, larger dogs are preferred by conformation judges. Acceptable colors for bloodhounds are black, liver, tan, Bloodhounds possess an unusually large skeletal structure with most of their weight concentrated in their bones, which are very thick for their length. The coat typical for a scenthound is hard and composed of fur alone and this breed is gentle, and is tireless when following a scent. Because of its strong tracking instinct, it can be willful and somewhat difficult to obedience train, Bloodhounds have an affectionate and even-tempered nature with humans, making excellent family pets. However, like any pet, they require supervision when around small children, up to at least the seventeenth century bloodhounds were of all colours, but in modern times the colour range has become more restricted. The colours are listed as black and tan, liver and tan. White is not uncommon on the chest, and sometimes appears on the feet, genetically, the main types are determined by the action of two genes, found in many species. One produces an alternation between black and brown, if a hound inherits the black allele from either parent, it has a black nose, eye rims and paw-pads, and if it has a saddle, it is black. The other allele suppresses black pigment and is recessive, so it must be inherited from both parents and it produces liver noses, eye rims, paw-pads, and saddles. The second gene determines coat pattern and it can produce animals with no saddle, ones with saddle-marking, or ones largely covered with darker pigment, except for tan lips, eyebrows, forechest and lower legs. These last are sometimes referred to as ‘blanket’ or ‘full-coat’ types, however, more modern study attributes the variation to 3 different alleles of the Agouti gene. Ay produces the non saddle-marked red hound, As produces saddle-marking, of these Ay is dominant, and at is recessive to the others. The interaction of these variants of the two produces the six basic types shown below. It is likely that a third gene determines whether or not there is a melanistic mask, em, the allele for a mask, is dominant over E, the allele for no mask. Compared to other purebred dogs, Bloodhounds suffer a high rate of gastrointestinal ailments. The breed also suffers a high incidence of eye, skin
35.
Curry powder
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Curry powder is a spice mix of widely varying composition based on South Asian cuisine. The word curry is derived from the Tamil word kari meaning sauce, however, use of curry-like mixtures was prevalent in South Asia long before the arrival of Europeans in India. In fact, almost 4000 years prior, spice blends with key ingredients of ginger, garlic, the chili pepper, a ubiquitous ingredient in curry today, was brought to South Asia from the Americas through the Columbian Exchange in the 16th century. Most curry powder recipes include curry leaf, coriander, turmeric, cumin, fenugreek, the Portuguese importation of the chili pepper from Brazil and their mixing of other Asian spices enabled the development of curi. 1 tablespoon of curry powder contains the following nutritional information according to the USDA, Calories,20 kcal Fat,0.87 g Carbohydrates,3.66 g Fibers,2.1 g Protein,0.8 g
36.
Joy Harmon
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Joy Patricia Harmon is a baker and former American actress. Joy Patricia Harmon was born in Flushing, New York and she and her family moved to Connecticut in 1946. A runner-up for Miss Connecticut, Harmon was a contestant during the last season of Groucho Marxs television program You Bet Your Life and she guest-starred on several 1960s TV series, including Gidget, Batman, and The Monkees. She appeared in a role as blonde Ardice in the Jack Lemmon comedy Under the Yum Yum Tree in 1963. She had a role as Tony Dows girlfriend in the 1965-66 television soap opera, harmons best-remembered acting roles are as the thirty-foot-tall Merrie in Village of the Giants, and as the car-washing Lucille in Cool Hand Luke. Harmon was married to Hollywood TV and film producer and film editor Jeff Gourson from 1968 to 2001, raising three children. In 1973, she left Hollywood to devote her time to her love of baking, as she started her own company, Aunt Joys Cakes. Batman Gidget Burkes Law My Three Sons The Beverly Hillbillies About Us, archived from the original on August 20,2013. Joy Harmon at the Internet Movie Database
37.
Luke Askew
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Francis Luke Askew was an American actor best known for his role in the 1969 film Easy Rider. He appeared in westerns, and had a rare lead role in the spaghetti Western Night of the Serpent. Askew was born in Macon, Georgia to Milton Dillard Askew, Askew attended the University of Georgia, Mercer University, and Walter F. Askew served in the United States Air Force during his years in intelligence. He made his debut in Hurry Sundown, but was first noticed as an actor for his role in the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke. The following year he worked with John Wayne in The Green Berets, the following year he worked with Dennis Hopper and Peter Fonda in Easy Rider, a film that set him on the road to becoming a cult figure of modern cinema. Askew continued to work as an actor after that, predominantly appearing in guest roles on television series and this includes work on such series as, Bonanza, High Chaparral, Mission, Impossible, Cannon, The Rockford Files, Quincy, M. E. The Six Million Dollar Man, T. J. Hooker, L. A. Law, MacGyver, Walker, Texas Ranger, Murder She Wrote and he appeared frequently with Bill Paxton. Askew sang Muddy Waters, Howlin Wolf and Jimmy Reed songs at The Gaslight Cafe, according to Bob Dylan, when Luke sang at The Gaslight Cafe it was like a guy who sounded like Bobby Blue Bland. He later moved to Lake Oswego, Oregon and he died in Portland, on March 29,2012, three days after his 80th birthday, from lung cancer. Victor Pietro Duchell Bonanza - Kingdom of Fear, deputy Hatch BJ and the Bear
