1.
Hackney Wick
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Hackney Wick is an area of east London in the London Borough of Hackney and Tower Hamlets, adjacent to the boundary with Old Ford in Tower Hamlets. It is an inner-city development situated 5 miles northeast of Charing Cross, west of its area, and with greater tube access, lies Hackney Central, the historic centre of Hackney Borough. Hackney Wick is in the far east of the borough and it is at the tip of Hackney Marshes and includes part of 2012 Olympic Park west of the River Lea. Here it abuts the London Borough of Waltham Forest and the London Borough of Newham, west of the old River Lea The Lee Navigation, here called Hackney Cut meets the Hertford Union Canal. In Roman times the River Lea was a wide, fast flowing river, in 894, a force of Danes sailed up the river to Hertford, Alfred the Great saw an opportunity to defeat the Danes and ordered the lower reaches of the Lea drained, at Leamouth. This left the Danes boats stranded, but also increased the flow of the river, prior to modern times, Hackney Wick was an area prone to periodic flooding. The construction of the canals and relief channels on the Lea alleviated that, in historic times, the marshes were used extensively for grazing cattle, and there was limited occupation around the great house at Hackney Wick. This area as well as the marshes were historically part of Lower Homerton, when Charles Booth surveyed Hackney Wick in his London-wide survey of poverty during the 1890s he would have noticed that there were, amid the noxious fumes and noise, areas of lessened deprivation. Streets south of the such as Wansbeck and Rothbury Roads were a mixture of comfort. Kelday Road, right on the canal seemed positively middle class, to the north of the railway, streets either side of Wick Road, e. g. Chapman Road, Felstead Street and Percy Terrace were described as very poor, with chronic want. In the last quarter of the century, water mills on the Hackney Brook were adapted for the manufacturer of silk. The worlds first true synthetic plastic, parkesine, invented by Alexander Parkes, was manufactured here from 1866 to 1868, in contrast shellac, a natural polymer was manufactured at the Lea Works by A. F. Suter and Co. at the Victory Works for many years. The factory at nos 83/4 Eastway commenced operation in 1927, subsequently they relocated to Dace Road in Bow. For many years Hackney Wick was the location of the oil distiller Carless, Capel & Leonard, the distinguished chemist and academic Sir Frederick Warner worked at Carlesss Hackney Wick factory from 1948–1956. William J Leonard was followed by his son Julian Mayard Leonard into the firm, nevertheless, Brooke Simpson Spiller is the successor company to the founding father of the British Dyestuff Industry. At Hackney Wick, Green discovered the important dyestuff intermediate Primuline and he was a contemporary of the organic chemist Richard John Friswell who was from 1874 a research chemist, and from 1886 until 1899 director and chemical manager. Perhaps even more distinguished was the Jewish chemist, Professor Raphael Meldola FRS and he worked at Hackney Wick from 1877 until 1885. A large collection of Hackney made dyestuffs is on view at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney Australia, the firm of W. C. Barnes of the Phoenix Works was also engaged in the aniline dye industry at Hackney Wick
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
5.
London Overground
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The London Overground is a suburban rail network in the United Kingdom. Established in 2007, it serves a large part of Greater London and parts of Hertfordshire, the network forms part of the National Rail network, but under the franchise control and branding of Transport for London. Operation has been franchised to Arriva Rail London since 13 November 2016, the Overground has been assigned the colour orange as a mode specific colour by Transport for London. This colour is used in the Overground version of the TfL roundel, for the representation of Overground routes on the map, in train interiors. Rail services in Great Britain are mostly run under franchises operated by train operating companies. The concept of developing a network of services around London goes back to the independently produced Ringrail proposals in the early 1970s. The proposal from Barren was for several overlapping services mainly using the North London Line and this was given the marketing name Cross Town Link-Line, and operated with basic 2-car diesel units. The next initiative came from the GLC in 1984, when the government supported the Broadgate development that would entail the demolition of Broad Street Station. The closure process was convoluted because of problems in making arrangements for the North London Line. These would eventually run to and from Liverpool Street via a new section of track and this used a name once associated with a semicircular service that operated from Broad Street to Mansion House, but ceased during World War 1. The pamphlets and briefings, first issued in 1997, initially suggested a route from Clapham Junction to the Greenwich Peninsula, intended to improve access from south London to the Millennium Dome. However, this was thwarted by architect Richard Rogers who considered a railway route on an elevated viaduct could cause community severance, nothing further happened to develop this network until after the new GLA was set up in 2000. But the lobbying discreetly continued with a series of short briefings published by one RDS member based in North London, mayoral and GLA candidates were approached to discuss the viability of the Outer Circle concept. The principle was widely supported and was adopted into the first Mayors Transport Plan, meanwhile, a pilot scheme was launched in 2003 to bring several National Rail local services, mainly in South London and operated by multiple companies, under the ON – Overground Network brand. TfL introduced consistent information displays, station signage and maps on the routes in South London. The pilot scheme was later dropped, in January 2004 the Department for Transport announced a review of the rail industry in Great Britain. As part of review, proposals were put forward by TfL for a London Regional Rail Authority to give TfL regulatory powers over rail services in. A result of consultation was agreement by the then Secretary of State for Transport, Alistair Darling
6.
Crossrail
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Crossrail is a 118-kilometre railway line under development in London and the home counties of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Essex. The project was approved in 2007 and construction began in 2009 on the central section and it has been described as one of Europes largest infrastructure construction projects. Its main feature is 21 km of new twin tunnels through central London and these tunnels will run from Paddington to Stratford and Canary Wharf in the east. Crossrail will be operated by MTR Corporation Ltd as a London Rail concession of Transport for London, in a similar manner to London Overground. The need for extra capacity along this corridor is such that the head of TfL, Sir Peter Hendy. New nine-carriage Class 345 trains will run at frequencies in the section of up to 24 trains per hour in each direction. The project that became Crossrail has origins in the 1943 County of London Plan and 1944 Greater London Plan by Patrick Abercrombie and these led to a specialist investigation by the Railway Committee, appointed in 1944 and reporting in 1946 and 1948. The term Crossrail emerged in the 1974 London Rail Study Report, although the idea was seen as imaginative, only a brief estimate of cost was given, £300 million. A feasibility study was recommended as a priority so that the practicability. It was also suggested that the alignment of the tunnels should be safeguarded while a decision was taken. The Central London Rail Study of 1989 proposed tunnels linking the rail network as the East–West Crossrail, City Crossrail. The City route was shown as a new connection across the City of London linking the Great Northern Route with London Bridge, the report also recommended a number of other schemes including a Thameslink Metro route enhancement, and the Chelsea–Hackney line. The cost of the east–west scheme including rolling stock was estimated at £885 million, in 1991 a private bill was submitted to Parliament for a scheme including a new underground line from Paddington to Liverpool Street. In 2001 Cross London Rail Links, a joint-venture between TfL and the DfT, was formed to develop and promote the Crossrail scheme, the proposal was rejected by Crossrail, and failed to receive the backing of the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, or the DfT. In February 2008 the Bill moved to the House of Lords, the Act gave CLRL the powers necessary to build the line. Construction began on 15 May 2009 when construction started, in September 2009 the project received £1 billion in funding. The money was lent to TfL by the European Investment Bank, the original planned schedule was that the first trains would run in 2017, but in 2010 the government delayed this to 2018 in order to save £1 billion. Crossrails central core section will utilise new east–west twin tunnels under central London, the tunnelled sections will be approximately 22 kilometres in length
7.
Docklands Light Railway
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The Docklands Light Railway is an automated light metro system opened in 1987 to serve the redeveloped Docklands area of London. It reaches north to Stratford, south to Lewisham, west to Tower Gateway and Bank in the City of London financial district, and east to Beckton, London City Airport and Woolwich Arsenal. The system uses minimal staffing on trains and at interchange stations. Similar proposals have made for the Tube. The DLR is operated under a franchise awarded by Transport for London to KeolisAmey Docklands and it was previously run for over 17 years by Serco Docklands, part of the Serco Group. The system is owned by Docklands Light Railway Ltd, part of the London Rail division of Transport for London, in Fiscal Year 2014, the DLR carried 110.2 million passengers. It has been extended several times and further extensions are under consideration, the docks immediately east of Central London began to decline in the early 1960s as cargo became containerised. They had been connected to the railway network via the London and Blackwall Railway. The opening of the Tilbury container docks, further east in Essex, finally rendered them redundant, as early as 1972, consideration was given to how to redevelop the moribund Docklands. Travis Morgan & Partners were commissioned by the London Docklands Study Team to consider the issue, the Greater London Council formed a Docklands Joint Committee with the Boroughs of Greenwich, Lewisham, Newham, Southwark and Tower Hamlets in 1974 to undertake the redevelopment of the area. A light railway system was envisaged, terminating either at Tower Hill tube station or at Fenchurch Street, but both options were seen as too expensive. This was intended to be the stage of the Fleet line – which had been renamed the Jubilee line. The government created the London Docklands Development Corporation in July 1981 to coordinate the redevelopment of the Docklands, the need to provide a cheap public transport solution led to it commissioning London Transport to evaluate a number of exclusively light rail options. The core of the route ran alongside the Great Eastern line out of London, three terminus options were proposed at the west end, at Tower Hill, Minories and Aldgate East. The Tower Hill option would have required a low-level interchange to be constructed alongside the existing Underground station, the Minories option, a high-level station virtually on the site of the old Minories railway station, was selected and became the current Tower Gateway DLR terminus. However, it became apparent that there was no capacity on the existing network for integrating the DLR into the Underground. Two southern terminus options were put forward, at Cubitt Town and Tiller Road, on the west side of Millwall Dock, with two possible routes to reach them. The central option required the West India Docks to be infilled or bridged and would run down the middle of the peninsula, the contract for the initial system was awarded to GEC Mowlem in 1984 and the system was constructed from 1985 to 1987 at a cost of £77 million
8.
National Rail
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The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
9.
Stratford station
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Stratford is a major multilevel interchange station serving the district of Stratford and the mixed-use development of Stratford City in the London Borough of Newham, Greater London. On the Underground it is a through-station on the Central line between Mile End and Leyton, and it is the terminus of the Jubilee line following West Ham. On the DLR it is a terminus for trains and for others it is a through-station between Stratford High Street and Stratford International. There are also limited services operated by c2c between Liverpool Street and Shoeburyness via the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. From 2019 the full Crossrail service will replace TfL Rail, linking Stratford to other stations in central London as well as Reading, the station was opened in 1839 by the Eastern Counties Railway. Today it is owned by Network Rail and is situated in Travelcard zone 2/3, Stratford served as a key travel hub for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games held in London. By the most recent National Rail entry and exit figures, it is the 6th busiest station in Britain, the Northern and Eastern Railway opened a section of its authorised line from Broxbourne to join the ECR at Stratford on 15 September 1840. As well as a station, a railway works was built adjacent to the line to Broxbourne and this and the engine shed later expanded into the area to the west of the station which is now occupied by a shopping centre and Stratford International station. The ECR tracks were set to a gauge of 5 ft on the recommendation of engineer John Braithwaite. This choice meant that the Northern & Eastern Railway who were planning to share the ECR line between Stratford and Bishopsgate were forced to adopt the same gauge, at the same time the associated Northern & Eastern Railway was also converted. New station buildings were built in 1847 replacing the structure on Angel Road. These were located in the V between the Cambridge and Colchester lines and access was via Station Road, the line through the low level platforms first opened in 1846 as a goods only branch as far as Thames Wharf. The bridge under the line was too low for many locomotives. On opening there was also a line that linked what is now known as the Great Eastern Main Line directly to the docks enabling through running from Colchester to Thames Wharf, the docks and associated railway networks expanded with passenger services to North Woolwich starting in 1847. There was an accident at Stratford station on 18 July 1846 when an up train ran into the back of a passenger train from Ipswich. There were 10 passengers seriously injured one of whom later died, in 1854 the newly opened London Tilbury and Southend Railway served Stratford joining the main line at Forest Gate Junction a few miles north. Their services generally served Fenchurch Street and were routed via the Bow Road route although some carriages were detached at Stratford for onward working to Bishopsgate and this practice was discontinued in 1856 as passengers preferred the more conveniently sited Fenchurch Street. In connection with the introduction of the new LTSR services a third line was built from Stratford to Bow Junction which was used by down Fenchurch Street services and a new platform face opened
10.
Stratford International station
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Stratford International is a National Rail and connected Docklands Light Railway station located in Stratford in the London Borough of Newham, east London. On the DLR it is a terminus for services via Canning Town. Construction of the National Rail station was completed in 2006 but it opened in 2009. In 2011 an extension of the DLR was opened to connect Stratford International to the wider London public transport network, the DLR station is physically separate and across the road from the HS1 station. Oyster cards are valid for travel to and from the DLR station, which is in Travelcard zone 2/3, the four-platform HS1 station is built within Stratford Box, a 1. 1-kilometre concrete-sided cutting. It is located on the edge of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. The station is on the High Speed 1 railway between St. Pancras and Ebbsfleet International, as the station lies just inside the eastern boundary of the London Olympic Park, much of the surrounding land was little more than construction site until mid-2012. The tracks descend into tunnel at both ends of the station as its platforms are closer to the surface than the tunnels, Stratford International has four platforms in the station box, two at the outer edges and two shorter ones forming a central island. The main line tracks run down each side of the station between the adjacent platforms. There is a room on the island platforms but not on the outer platforms. Thirty-five metres beyond the portals, the tunnels pass just below the Central line tunnels turning north from Stratford. The bottom invert of each Central line tunnel is only 4.3 metres and 8.0 metres above the running tunnels. The station was not authorised by the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996, in the centre of the station is a single-track inclined viaduct, rising to the east end along and above the length of the island platforms. This is to allow trains to leave the station box. The full service started on 13 December 2009 using Class 395 multiple units, the peak hour service is 19 trains arriving at St Pancras between 07,00 and 09,59. During the 2012 Olympic Games, a service of eight trains an hour ran between St Pancras and Ebbsfleet, calling at Stratford, replacing the high speed service, two of these would be extended to Ashford and one to Faversham. Between 11pm and 1am the service between St Pancras and Ebbsfleet would be increased to twelve per hour, to enable the domestic services to stop at platforms previously designed for Eurostar trains the platforms had to be raised. Originally planned to open in July 2010, this was delayed to 31 August 2011, London Buses routes 97,108,308 and 339 and night route N205 serve the station
11.
Hackney Wick railway station
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Hackney Wick railway station is on the North London Line in the London Borough of Hackney, on the northern side of the boundary between Hackney and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in east London. It is in Travelcard Zone 2, the station and all trains serving it are operated by London Overground. As of Spring 2017 the station is being rebuilt and modernised to become a significantly larger, as part of these works the older platform buildings have been removed. As part of the programme to introduce four-car trains on the London Overground network and this was to enable the installation of a new signalling system and the extension of 30 platforms. Engineering work continued to June 2011, during which reduced services operated, until 9 December 2006, when the line from Stratford to North Woolwich was closed to be converted to a Docklands Light Railway line, the eastbound service ran to North Woolwich. Hackney Wick station was a key point for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it is situated 100m from the western periphery of the Olympic Park. However, due to overcrowding, TfL announced that westbound trains would not stop at this station for the duration of the Games. Hackney Wick is one of four stations located around the park, along with Stratford station, Stratford International, Hackney Wick currently has the following London Overground services, which is operated by Class 378 trainsets. Off-peak, 6tph to Stratford 4tph to Richmond 2tph to Clapham Junction London Buses route 276 serves the station, on 29 December 1985, the station was the scene of one of the murders of the serial rapists John Duffy and David Mulcahy. The station is near the scene of the first railway murder, the victim, Thomas Briggs of 5 Clapton Square, was returning from dining with his niece in Peckham in July 1864 and, aged 69, had the misfortune to meet his murderer on the train. Two clerks discovered a compartment sticky with blood at Hackney, the victim was discovered on the line between Bow and Hackney Wick and was brought initially into the Mitford Castle public house in Cadogan Terrace and subsequently taken home, where he died. A hat belonging to Muller was discovered in the compartment, in the next few days, a Cheapside jeweller came forward with Briggss missing watch and chain, and a description of Muller. The theft was to pay for Mullers emigration to America, and he departed soon after on the Victoria and he was returned to England, tried, convicted, and hanged at Newgate Prison
12.
Greenwich Leisure Limited
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Its headquarters is in Middlegate House, the 1810-built former storekeepers mansion at Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, South East London. GLL was established to run services in the London Borough of Greenwich in 1993 as a non profit distributing co-operative. In the following years it started to run services for local authorities. It also manages Crystal Palace National Sports Centre, on 9 January 2012 it was announced that GLL would be managing the Aquatics Centre and Multi-Use Arena of the London 2012 Olympic Games from 2013 for 10 years. In January 2011 Nexus Community and GLL merged, the new group operates more than 100 leisure centres across South East England, in June 2012 GLL rebranded all their centres under the Better brand. GLL is a staff-led Leisure Trust, structured as an Industrial, the members of the co-operative and therefore owners of the company are the workers of GLL. Alongside democratically elected members of staff, the board includes representation of other stakeholders
13.
Olympic Delivery Authority
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Together with the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the ODA was one of the two main agencies that organised the London Olympic Games. The authority was established by the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006, the ODA was based alongside LOCOG at One Churchill Place in Canary Wharf. The ODA appointed a company, CLM, to manage the delivery of the Olympic Park. CLM was a consortium of CH2M Hill, Laing ORourke and Mace, cLMs organisation included teams responsible for the design and construction of the venues, structures bridges and highways as well as logistics and security. The authority was established by the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006, prior to the act receiving Royal Assent, Jack Lemley was appointed as chairman in 2005, but resigned on 18 October 2006. Lemley had run the Anglo-French group that designed and built the £8 billion Channel Tunnel, lemleys tenure as Chairman of the ODA and subsequent resignation in October 2006 became surrounded by controversy and recrimination. In February 2011, the Director of Finance, Dennis Hone succeeded David Higgins as Chief Executive and he left the position in April 2013 to become Chief Executive of the London Legacy Development Corporation, being replaced by Gerry Murphy. In 2012, the Authority won New Civil Engineer 40th Anniversary Award - Impact on Society at the British Construction Industry Awards, the ODA was dissolved by Parliament on 2 December 2014. The ODA was responsible for the delivery of the infrastructure required for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the ODAs original budget was £2.375 billion, provided by a public sector funding package agreed between Government and the Mayor of London in 2003. However, in October 2006, Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell announced that this could rise to over £4 billion, in March 2007 she announced a new funding package for the ODA, increasing its budget to £5.3 billion. However, as a result of the recession and fall in property prices since 2008, additional funding was requested from a contingency fund set up by the government
14.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
15.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
16.
Populous (company)
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Populous is a global architectural firm specializing in the design of sports facilities, arenas and convention centers, as well as the planning of major special events. Populous formerly operated as HOK Sport Venue Event, which was part of the HOK Group, in January 2009, Populous was created through a management buyout, becoming independently owned and operated. It is reported to be one of the largest architecture firms in the world, in 1983, HOK under Jerry Sincoff created a sports group. The firm initially consisted of eight architects in Kansas City, on several projects, HOK Sport had teamed with international design practice LOBB Partnership, which maintained offices in London, England, and Brisbane, Australia. On HOK Sports 15th anniversary in November 1998, the merged with LOBB. The new practice retained headquarters in all three cities, the Kansas City, Missouri, office was first based in the citys Garment District in the Lucas Place office building. It was the first major company to relocate to the neighborhood in several decades, in March 2009, HOK Sport Venue Event changed its name to Populous after a managers’ buyout by HOK Group. In October 2015, Populous relocated to its new headquarters at the newly renovated Board of Trade building at 4800 Main street near the Country Club Plaza in Kansas City. Other firms with sports design presence in Kansas City that trace their roots to Kivett include Ellerbe Becket Inc. Populous is credited for spearheading a new era of baseball park design in the 1990s, beginning with Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Starting with the Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati in 2003, subsequent stadium exteriors featuring this motif opened in Washington and Minnesota. And because the stadiums were designed for baseball instead of several sports, Camden Yards was not only hugely popular with baseball fans. The success of a new ballpark in downtown Baltimore convinced many cities to invest public funds in their own new ballparks to help revitalize struggling urban neighborhoods, from 1992 to 2012, HOK Sport/Populous were the lead architects on 14 Major League Baseball stadiums and helped renovate four existing stadiums. One sportswriter said the attempt to emulate the old parks in this way is contrived. S, Louis, Missouri – St. Louis Cardinals Nationals Park, Washington, D. C. Sir Bobby Robson Stand at Portman Road – Ipswich, England, UK – Ipswich Town Football Club Estádio da Luz – Lisbon, benfica Estádio Algarve – Loulé, Portugal – S. C. Monterrey Stade des Lumières – Décines, France – Olympique Lyonnais City of Manchester Stadium expansion – Manchester, UK – Manchester City F. C. C. Petersburg, Florida (joint project with Lescher & Mahoney Sports & Criswell, Blizzard & Blouin Architects Ervin J. Paul, Minnesota, USA2015 – Final Four - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Official website
17.
PTW Architects
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PTW Architects is an Australian architecture firm founded in Sydney in 1889. In 2013, PTW was acquired by the China-based state-owned enterprise, PTW Architects was established in Sydney by James Peddle in 1889. James Peddle was notable in the field, adapting the practice of architecture he learned in England. Samuel George Thorp was made a partner of the soon after his award-winning entry for Sydneys first planned garden suburb Daceyville in 1912. In 1924 H. Ernest Walker joined as the third partner bringing an interest in efficiency, henceforth the firm was known as Peddle Thorp & Walker and the office began to diversify from a purely domestic practice to one that also excelled at commercial and industrial architecture. During the years of the Second World War, PTW continued to practice with numerous defence projects awarded to it by the Commonwealth Department of Works. The 120-metre -high AMP Tower at Circular Quay built in Sydney in 1962 was the first office building to break the 50-metre -height limit imposed in 1912 and it was not only a physical landmark, but reached a standard of architectural refinement rare in such buildings at that time. Since then, PTW has been responsible for more than 50 commercial office buildings in Sydney and more than 150 throughout Australia, New Zealand and South-East Asia. PTW is also responsible for the bulk of the waterfront development opportunities in Sydney. PTW Architects has designed some of Australasias landmark buildings including the major architectural projects
18.
Arup Group
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The firm has over 14,000 staff based in 92 offices across 42 countries, and is present in Africa, the Americas, Australasia, East Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Arup has participated in projects in over 160 countries, Arup is owned by trusts, the beneficiaries of which are Arups past and present employees, who receive a share of the firms operating profit each year. The firm was founded in London in 1946, as the Ove N. Arup Consulting Engineers by Ove Arup and he set out to build a firm where professionals of diverse disciplines could work together to produce projects of greater quality than was achievable by them working in isolation. In 1963, together with the architect Philip Dowson, Arup Associates was formed, in 1970, the firm reformed as Ove Arup & Partners. It is best known for its work for the built environment. Projects to which it has contributed include the Sydney Opera House,3, Nevada, USA Druk White Lotus School was built to survive the Ladakhi weather. Kingdom Centre, The third tallest skyscraper in Saudi Arabia, and the second tallest in Riyadh and this group continues to work under the banner of Arup Associates following a streamlining of the Arup brand. Many of Arups modern stadia are designed with a contemporary, distinctive edge, the most notable stadium projects led by Arup remain the City of Manchester Stadium, Allianz Arena, Beijing National Stadium, Donbass Arena and the Singapore Sports Hub. Arups multidisciplinary sports venue design and engineering scope on the Singapore Sports Hub won the 2013 World Architecture Festival Award in the Future Projects, the Casa da Música, Oporto, designed by Arup and Office for Metropolitan Architecture was nominated for the 2007 Stirling Prize. Arup was awarded the Worldaware Award for Innovation for its Vawtex air system in Harare International School, Arup Fire has won the Fire Safety Engineering Design award four times since its creation in 2001. The 2001 inaugural award was won for Arups contribution to the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK, in 2004, the design for Londons City Hall was appointed joint winner. In 2005, the Temple Mills Eurostar Depot won, the 2006 winning entry was for Amethyst House, a nine-storey building with an atrium from the ground to the top, in Manchester, UK. Arup was also awarded Royal Town Planning Institute Consultancy of the award in 2008. Mike Glover is the recipient of the 2008 Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal, the Evelyn Grace Academy, London designed by Zaha Hadid Architects and Arup won the prestigious RIBA Stirling Prize 2011. Arup was named Tunnel Design Firm of the Year at the 2012 ITA AITES International Tunnelling Awards, Arup Fellow is a lifelong honorary title awarded to selected honorary individuals in the firm. It acknowledges the highest design and technical achievements of people, not only within the firm and they are considered role models who possess world-class expertise who put theory into effective practice. Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, structural engineer and philosopher, founder of the company, recipient of the RIBA Royal Gold Medal for Architecture 1966, peter Dunican, structural engineer, first chairman of Ove Arup Partnership, and President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1977 and 1978. Sir Jack Zunz, civil engineer, and principal designer of the Sydney Opera House
19.
London Lions (basketball)
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London Lions is a professional basketball team based in London, who compete in the British Basketball League – the top level mens basketball league in the United Kingdom. The club has previously been based in Hemel Hempstead, Watford, the franchise’s only trophy success to-date is the BBL Cup title, won in 2008 as the Milton Keynes Lions. From the start of the 2013–14 season, the team has used the Copper Box, originally built for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, the franchise that would become London Lions initially started out in the town of Hemel Hempstead, as the Hemel Hempstead Lakers. The team was named one of the NBA’s most famous teams, Los Angeles Lakers. In 1977, the Lakers entered the National Basketball League’s Division 2 and their second season would be even more successful, with the Lakers finishing second in Division 2 and winning promotion to the top-level league Division 1. With entry into the top league ensure, the club received a major sponsorship deal from beverage brand Ovaltine. Following the end of the Ovaltine sponsorship and a deal with retailers Poundstretcher. Meanwhile, on court, the failed to reproduce the performances of the past few seasons. This was a period in British Basketball and Hemel regularly brought top American talent from the States. Dick Miller is the greatest defensive player in the franchises history, the enigmatic Harvey Knuckles is considered one of the greatest players ever to play in Britain. Steve Hale was a fourth draft pick, Sam Smith scored big points from all round the court. For the 1989–1990 season the franchise opted to leave the top-tier and return to the second-tier league, after only one season, and a fourth-place finish, the Royals returned to Carlsberg League. The lack of fortunes and an ageing venue prompted the franchise to look at relocating and found a suitable, in preparation for the move, the franchise was rebranded as Hemel & Watford Royals in 1996 and made the move from the Dacorum Centre to Watford Leisure Centre in 1997. The move had little luck on the team’s playing performance and they finished 13th out of 13 in the 1997–1998 season, after a hugely successful run, the franchise reached its first major final in 2002 with an appearance at the SkyDome Arena in the BBL Trophy. The Lions fought valiantly but eventually lost to the all-conquering Chester Jets and it was announced on 8 May 2007 that coach Tom Hancock would not coach the Lions for the 2007–08 season, after just one term at the helm. On 17 May, the club declared owner Vince Macaulay-Razaq, a player and coach of the franchise. The signing of Yorick Williams during the pre-season was a massive coup, the Milton Keynes College Lions Basketball Academy is headed by Lions player Mike New. With Macaulay back controlling the club on court as well as off it, after finishing 4th in the league, Lions qualified for the post-season Play-offs with a seeded home-court Quarter-final tie against Scottish Rocks
20.
2012 Summer Olympics
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It took place in London and to a lesser extent across the United Kingdom from 25 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the stage in womens football began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees participated, London is the first and only city thus far to host the modern Olympic Games three times, having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability, the main focus was a new 200-hectare Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford, East London. The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid, the Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly. During the Games, Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Womens boxing was included for the first time, thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors and these were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by China, several world and Olympic records were set at the games. Furthermore, the focus on sporting legacy and post-games venue sustainability was seen as a blueprint for future Olympics. On 18 May 2004, as a result of a technical evaluation. All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February, throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin and its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004. In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris, on 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive, London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received positive evaluations. On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, Jacques Rogge said, but my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, on 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York, the final two contenders were London and Paris
21.
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
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It contains the athletes Olympic Village and several of the sporting venues including the London Stadium and London Aquatics Centre, besides the London Olympics Media Centre. The park is overlooked by the ArcelorMittal Orbit, an observation tower and it was simply called Olympic Park during the Games but was later renamed to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The park occupies an area straddling four east London boroughs, Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, part of the park reopened in July 2013, with a large majority of the rest reopening in April 2014. The site covers parts of Stratford, Bow, Leyton, and Hackney Wick in east London, the site was previously a mixture of greenfield and brownfield land, including parts of Hackney Marshes. The Royal Mail gave the park and Stratford City the postcode E20, the park was designed by the EDAW Consortium, working with Arup and WS Atkins. Detailed landscape architecture was by LDA Design in conjunction with Hargreaves Associates, LDA design contracted Wallace Whittle to carry out various aspects of the M+E Building services design. The NHBC carried out the Sustainability assessments, the park was illuminated with a lighting scheme designed by Sutton Vane Associates. The fencing arena was also cancelled, with the events taking place at ExCeL London. The remaining indoor arenas are the Basketball Arena and the Copper Box, in addition to the Water Polo Arena, the Aquatics Centre, the final design of the park was approved by the Olympic Delivery Authority and its planning-decisions committee. The Legacy List is the independent charity for Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Sarah Weir, who is an Executive Director of the Almeida Theatre and was running Arts Council England, found The Legacy List, the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park charity. In autumn 2013 Sarah moved on to take up the role of Chief Executive at Waddesdon Manor, during its construction over 80,000 workers were engaged on the project. The construction of the Olympic Park was managed by CLM Delivery Partner, comprising CH2M Hill, Laing ORourke, CLM specifically managed the white space between the venue construction zones, including managing the internal road network. No one, except perhaps the admirable Oudolf, wants to do the quiet stuff, great care was taken to make the Athletes Village aesthetically orderly, to the point where it began to resemble Ceausescus Bucharest, this eruption makes such efforts futile. Robert Holden and Tom Turner, in a review of the Olympic Parks landscape architecture state that Our fundamental point is that the planning is much better than the landscape design. The landscape planning includes the opening up of the River Lea in the section of the park, the habitat-creation strategy. The landscape design is dominated by vast pedestrian concourses which will be busy during events, there is some good garden-type planting but it has not been used to make gardens, it is used more like strips of planting beside highways. The park has a number of uses after the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London finished, such as, a university exploiting the sporting facilities and high-tech communications infrastructure remaining specialising in sport science, digital media and green technology. 3,600 apartments, the East Village, next to the Stratford City neighbourhood of Stratford, the Orbit, a steel tower which is the largest public work of art in the UK and a major tourist attraction
22.
Handball at the Summer Olympics
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Womens handball competition was introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Mens medal count Womens medal count Only players who participated in at least one game are counted, in 1936 the competition was field handball. List of Olympic venues in handball
23.
Goalball at the Summer Paralympics
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Goalball tournaments have been staged at the Paralympic Games since 1976
24.
2012 Summer Paralympics
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They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes, and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games. Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island, New York, after its original host, at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, the rights to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to London. As with the Olympics, the 2012 Summer Paralympics were overseen by LOCOG, LOCOG was responsible for overseeing the staging of the games, while the ODA dealt with infrastructure and venues. The Government Olympic Executive within the Department for Culture, Media, the GOE reported through the DCMS Permanent Secretary to the Minister for Sports and the Olympics Hugh Robertson. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross-programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy, the 2012 Summer Paralympics used many of the same venues as the 2012 Summer Olympics, along with two new locations such as Eton Manor for wheelchair tennis and Brands Hatch for road cycling. Londons purpose-built Olympic venues and facilities, including the Olympic Village itself, were designed to be accessible as possible so they could accommodate the Paralympics. Some venues also contained additional accessible seating areas during the Paralympics, transport for London operated the Paralympic Route Network to facilitate road traffic between venues and facilities. The network provided 8.7 miles of lanes specifically reserved for Paralympic athletes, TfL continued to operate its Get Ahead of the Games website during the Paralympics, which provided updates and advice for commuters during the Games. Prior to the Games, concerns were raised by TfL commissioner Peter Hendy that Londons transportation system might not be able to handle the Paralympics adequately, Sevenoaks railway station was designated as the preferred station for spectators travelling to watch the cycling at Brands Hatch. Organisers chose Sevenoaks over the closer Swanley railway station because of its existing step-free access and excellent transport links, whilst organisers did not believe that Swanley would be able to have wheelchair lifts installed by the start of the Paralympics, the station finished their installation by early August 2012. The formal handover occurred during the ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing. This was followed by a presentation by Britain, which was similar to its presentation during the Olympics closing ceremony. It featured urban dance group ZooNation, the Royal Ballet, and Candoco, a double-decker bus drove around the stadium, guided by Ade Adepitan, to music composed by Philip Sheppard. The top of the bus was open and folded down to show a privet hedge featuring London landmarks such as Tower Bridge, The Gherkin and the London Eye. Cherisse Osei, drummer for Mika, and Sam Hegedus then performed, before the top of the bus folded up into its original form, both the Paralympic and Olympic flags were formally raised outside of Londons City Hall on 26 September 2008. British Paralympians Helene Raynsford and Chris Holmes raised the Paralympic flag, on 8 September 2011 Trafalgar Square staged International Paralympic Day, hosted by Rick Edwards, Ade Adepitan and Iwan Thomas, to coincide with a visit to London by representatives of the IPC. The event celebrated the Paralympic Games, showcasing and demonstrating the 20 sports that would feature during the Games and it also featured appearances by Paralympic athletes Oscar Pistorius, Ellie Simmonds and Sascha Kindred, and the unveiling of a bronze statue of Pistorius by Ben Dearnley. British Prime Minister David Cameron and Londons mayor Boris Johnson also appeared, two days later on 10 September, supermarket chain Sainsburys and Channel 4 presented Sainsburys Super Saturday, a family event at Clapham Common
25.
Earls Court Exhibition Centre
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It was located in Earls Court within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and was the largest such venue within central London. The founder was John R. Whitley and the first exhibition included performances by Buffalo Bill Cody as part of the American Exhibition and this was followed by Four National Exhibitions, the title of C. Lowes 1892 book about Earls Court and its founder and it was also used as one of the venues for both the 1948 and 2012 Olympic Games. It was served by two London Underground stations, Earls Court and West Brompton, opposite its entrances on Warwick Road and Old Brompton Road respectively. In 2013 plans to demolish Earls Court were approved in order to make way for a new residential and retail estate on the site, demolition work began on the site in December 2014. Before 1887 Earls Court was farm land attached to Earls Court Manor, with the arrival of a multiplicity of railway companies, and before London Underground became distinct from the cross country railways, the tracks formed a triangle which became waste ground. The introduction of two Underground stations, and a network of rails trapped the land. The idea of introducing entertainment to the area was brought about by John Robinson Whitley, Whitley did not profit from his efforts, yet his desire had decided the future of Earls Court and its purpose in later years. In 1895 the Great Wheel, a huge Ferris wheel, was created for Imre Kiralfys Empire of India Exhibition, a plaque in the press centre commemorates some of these facts and that Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor to the shows. Kiralfy had built Earls Court in the style of the 1893 Chicago White City for the Columbian Exposition, in 1935 Earls Court was sold and the new owners decided to construct a show centre to rival any other in the world and to dominate the nearby Olympia exhibition hall. The plan was to create Europes largest structure by volume, the project did not go exactly to plan, it ran over budget and was late in completion. The Earls Court Motor Show immediately followed and later the Commercial Vehicle show, in spite of all the problems during the latter part of its construction, the project was eventually completed at a cost of £1.5 million. Following the construction of Earls Court Two, this building became known sometimes as Earls Court One. In response to the drastic need to increase space, Earls Court Two was constructed at a cost of £100 million. The barrel-roofed hall links with Earls Court One and the halls 17,000 sq m floor was entirely column-free, the hall was opened by Princess Diana on 17 October 1991 for the Motorfair. Earls Court Two was demolished by Capco Plc in 2015 and it was situated on land originally occupied by a mass of sheds linked to the Lillie Bridge Engineering and Railway Depot. Earls Court hosted many shows and exhibitions throughout the years, including the Earls Court Motor Show the Ideal Home Show, each summer from 1950 to 1999 Earls Court was home to the Royal Tournament, the first, oldest and biggest military tattoo in the world. For this the area now occupied by Earls Court Two became a stables, artillery, notable historic exhibitions at the centre include, The American Show,1887
26.
ExCeL London
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ExCeL is an exhibitions and international convention centre in the London Borough of Newham. It is located on a 100-acre site on the quay of the Royal Victoria Dock in London Docklands. The centre was built by Sir Robert McAlpine and first opened in November 2000, in May 2008, it was acquired by Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company. Phase II of development, which included building Londons first International Convention Centre, the Royal Victoria Dock closed to commercial traffic in 1981, but it is still accessible to shipping. The centres waterfront location allows visiting vessels to moor alongside the centre, there are also three sets of function rooms, one overlooking the water, another above the western end of the central boulevard, and the third on the north side of the building. These are used for meetings, seminars, presentations. There are six hotels, more than 30 bars and restaurants, ExCeL London has hosted numerous consumer and trade, private and public events including exhibitions, conferences, concerts, weddings and religious events since its opening in 2000. In 2011, ExCeL London was awarded the Business Superbrand 2011, the site welcomed its 20 millionth visitor on June 18,2014. ExCeL has also been awarded Venue Of The Year on several occasions at various industry ceremonies, in 2014, ExCeL hosted the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, chaired by American actress and UN Special Envoy Angelina Jolie and attended by 79 Ministers from 123 country delegations. ExCeL London is served by two Docklands Light Railway stations, which span the full 600 metre length of the venue. The western entrance is directly linked to Custom House for ExCeL station and serves the Platinum Suite, the eastern entrance is connected to Prince Regent station. The eastern entrance serves the International Convention Centre, which was opened in 2010 by then-Mayor Boris Johnson and is the Londons first, ExCeL London is located near London City Airport station. The DLR and a number of roads connect the centre to the airport. Since June 2012, the Emirates Air Line cable car now links ExCeL to The O2 on the Greenwich Peninsula, as part of this scheme, ExCeL produces an annual communication on progress addressing the issues of Human Rights, Labour, Environment and Anti-Corruption. ExCeL publishes details of its social responsibility efforts publicly in the UN Global Compact report. Currently ExCeL invests in the community of Newham by supporting select charities, chiefly Newham All Star Sports Academy. ExCeL also provides free of charge to local schools and sports teams. A boxing match on 22 April 2008 between Amir Khan and Gairy St. Clair for the World Boxing Organization intercontinental lightweight title, the Triathlon celebrated its 20th year at ExCeL London in summer 2016
27.
Light tube
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Light tubes or light pipes are physical structures used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light for the purpose of illumination, and are examples of optical waveguides. In their application to daylighting, they are often called tubular daylighting devices, sun pipes, sun scopes. Light pipes may be divided into two categories, hollow structures that contain the light with a reflective lining, and transparent solids that contain the light by total internal reflection. The principles governing the flow of light through these devices are those of nonimaging optics, both have the purpose of lighting, for example in architecture. Manufacturing custom designed Infrared light pipes, hollow waveguides and homogenizers is non-trivial, laser Black can be applied to certain parts of light pipes to absorb IR light. This is done to limit IR light to certain areas of the pipe. While most light pipes are produced with a round cross-section, light pipes are not limited to this geometry, square and hexagonal cross-sections are used in special applications. Hexagonal pipes tend to produce the most homogenized type of IR Light, the pipes do not need to be straight. Bends in the pipe have little effect on efficiency, also known as a “tubular skylight” or “tubular daylighting device”, this is the oldest and most widespread type of light tube used for daylighting. The concept was developed by the ancient Egyptians. The first commercial systems were patented and marketed in the 1850s by Paul Emile Chappuis in London. Chappuis Ltd’s reflectors were in production until the factory was destroyed in 1943. The concept was rediscovered and patented in 1986 by Solatube International of Australia and this system has been marketed for widespread residential and commercial use. Other daylighting products are on the market under various names, such as “SunScope”, “solar pipe”, “light pipe”, “light tube”. A tube lined with highly reflective material leads the light rays through a building, starting from an entrance-point located on its roof or one of its outer walls. A light tube is not intended for imaging, thus image distortions pose no problem and are in many ways encouraged due to the reduction of “directional” light. The entrance point usually comprises a dome, which has the function of collecting and reflecting as much sunlight as possible into the tube, many units also have directional “collectors”, “reflectors” or even Fresnel lens devices that assist in collecting additional directional light down the tube. In 2003, Veronica Garcia Hansen, Ken Yeang, and Ian Edmonds were awarded the Far East Economic Review Innovation Award in bronze for this development, Light transmission efficiency is greatest if the tube is short and straight
28.
Rainwater harvesting
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Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, the harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge. Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions and it provides water when there is a drought, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. It also helps in the availability of water as rainwater is substantially free of salinity. More development and knowledge is required to understand the benefits rainwater harvesting can provide to agriculture, many countries especially those with an arid environment use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed in order to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills, even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected in order for crops to grow. The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the flow of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism and by using a series of tanks, pre-filtration is a common practice used in the industry to ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediment. Pre-filtration is important to keep the system healthy, conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end use. However, in most of the world high quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts to the environment, Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. Systems are ideally sized to meet the demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow. The water storage tank size should be enough to contain the captured water. Before a rainwater harvesting system is built, it is helpful to use digital tools, for instance, if you want to detect if a region has a high rainwater harvesting potential, rainwater harvesting GIS maps can be made using an online interactive tool. Or if you need to estimate how much water is needed to fulfill a communitys water needs, tools like these can save time and money before a commitment to build a system is undertaken, in addition to making the project sustainable and last a long time. Contemporary system designs require an analysis of not only the economic and technical performance of a system, life Cycle Assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a precut or systems, from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al. developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting, the Economic and Environmental Analysis of Sanitations Technologies, EEAST model evaluates the greenhouse gas emissions and cost of such systems over the lifetime of a variety of building types
29.
Handball
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Handball is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team scores more goals wins. Modern handball is played on a court 40 by 20 metres, the goals are surrounded by a 6-meter zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed, goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while diving into it. The sport is played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball and Czech handball. The game is fast and high-scoring, professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago, body contact is permitted by the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal. The game was codified at the end of the 19th century in northern Europe, the modern set of rules was published in 1917 in Germany, and had several revisions since. The first international games were played under rules for men in 1925. Mens handball was first played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin as outdoors, and the time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich as indoors. Womens team handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics, the International Handball Federation was formed in 1946 and, as of 2016, has 197 member federations. The sport is most popular in the countries of continental Europe, in the womens world championships, only two non-European countries have won the title, South Korea and Brazil. The game also enjoys popularity in the Far East, North Africa, There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing a version of handball called expulsim ludere. There are records of games in medieval France, and among the Inuit in Greenland. By the 19th century, there existed similar games of håndbold from Denmark, házená in the Czech Republic, handbol in Ukraine, the team handball game of today was codified at the end of the 19th century in northern Europe—primarily in Denmark, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The first written set of team handball rules was published in 1906 by the Danish gym teacher, lieutenant and Olympic medalist Holger Nielsen from Ordrup grammar school, north of Copenhagen. The modern set of rules was published on 29 October 1917 by Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz, after 1919 these rules were improved by Karl Schelenz. The first international games were played under rules, between Germany and Belgium by men in 1925 and between Germany and Austria by women in 1930. In 1926, the Congress of the International Amateur Athletics Federation nominated a committee to draw up rules for field handball. The International Amateur Handball Federation was formed in 1928 and later the International Handball Federation was formed in 1946, Mens field handball was played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin
30.
Modern pentathlon
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The sport has been a core sport of the Olympic Games since 1912 despite attempts to remove it. A world championships for modern pentathlon has been held annually since 1949, originally the competition took place over four or five days, in 1996 a one-day format was adopted in an effort to be more audience-friendly. Modern pentathlon, despite its long Olympic history, has had to justify its inclusion in the modern Olympic Games several times. On February 11,2013 in Lausanne, the IOC confirmed modern pentathlon once again as one of the 25 core sports of the Olympic program through to 2020. The governing body, Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne, administers the sport in more than 90 countries in all the continents of the world. The foundation of the modern pentathlon is disputed, on the one hand, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, claimed authorship. The name derives from the Greek péntathlon contest of five events, the addition of modern to the name distinguished it from the original pentathlon of the ancient Olympic Games, which consisted of the stadion foot race, wrestling, long jump, javelin, and discus. In the 1912 Games, with only officers competing, they were, however, up to the 1952 Olympics the ordinary cavalry soldier was considered a professional athlete, as he was riding and training horses for a living, while the officer was the amateur. As long as there was no official international federation for Modern Pentathlon an IOC committee was set up for the sport making use of the expertise of IOC members, the event was first held at the 1912 Olympic Games, and was won by Swedish athlete Gösta Lilliehöök. The modern pentathlon has been on the Olympic program continuously since 1912, a team event was added to the Olympic Games in 1952 and discontinued in 1992. An event for women was added in 2000, a World Championship is held every year. The competitions include Men and Womens Individual and Team event together with events for Men and Women and, since 2010. Athletes gain points for their performance in each event and scores are combined to give the overall total and this is similar to the procedure for the decathlon in track and field athletics. However, in the Modern Pentathlon, starting times for the last event, are staggered so that the first person to cross the line is the winner. The first person to cross the line, therefore, will be the overall points leader. This method of finishing the competition would eventually find use in winter events. The fencing discipline uses the épée, the competition is a round-robin, meaning each competitor will face all the other competitors once. Each match lasts up to one minute, the first fencer to score a hit wins instantly, if neither scores within one minute, they both lose the match
31.
Goalball
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Participants compete in teams of three, and try to throw a ball that has bells embedded in it into the opponents goal. Teams alternate throwing or rolling the ball from one end of the area to the other. Players must use the sound of the bell to judge the position, Games consist of two 12-minute halves. Eyeshades allow partially sighted players to compete on a footing with blind players. Eyepatches may be worn under eyeshades to ensure coverage of the eye. Goalball gradually evolved into a game during the 1950s and 1960s. The sports first world championship was held in Austria in 1978, Goalball was added to the programme of the 1980 Summer Paralympics in Arnhem, becoming the first Paralympic sport designed exclusively for disabled players. International Blind Sports Federation, responsible for a range of sports for the blind, International Blind Sports Federation rules require the field of play to be 18 metres long by 9 metres wide. Goals span the width of the pitch, the court is divided into six even sections,3 by 9 metres. At either end, just in front of the goal, is the team area, beyond that is each teams landing zone. The middle two sections are referred to as the neutral zone. The lines of the court are made by placing tape over lengths of twine and this makes the line both visual and tactile. The team area and landing zone, including the boundary, goal lines, furthermore, the team area has six hash marks to assist with player orientation. The ball weighs 1.25 kilograms and has eight holes, the balls diameter is around 24 centimetres. At Paralympic level, the ball has been clocked leaving the hand in excess of 60 kilometres per hour, despite this, through training and some padding, there are very few injuries. Unlike most games, there are more officials than players on the court, each referee remains along the sideline at one half of the court. One referee is table-side, the other off-table side, positioned to the side of each goal edge, goal judges are crucial to the games speed, retrieving a ball going off court, and dropping it at the side hash mark of the team area so play can resume. Keep track of the time between when a player contacts the ball and when the ball is thrown, calling 10 second penalties when applicable
32.
Basketball Arena (London)
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The Basketball Arena for the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics was located in the Olympic Park in Stratford, London. The arena was designed to be recyclable, and was dismantled pending sale in January 2013. The fencing arena was also cancelled, and the took place at ExCeL. The Basketball Arena had 12,000 seats for Olympic basketball and the semi-finals and finals of Olympic handball, the arena was also used as a holding area for athletes during the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the games. Concept designs by Wilkinson Eyre Architects & KSS Design Group were agreed in June 2008 and it was a temporary venue, and the largest built for any Olympic games. In late October 2009, preparatory work had begun on the site, the basketball arena took 15 months to build and was completed in June 2011. The materials of the arena are recyclable, meaning that the debris can be recycled efficiently. The arena was officially put up for sale on 20 January 2013 by GL events Slick Seating, the arena was made out of sturdy individual components that could be easily dismantled and sub-divided for reuse elsewhere, with over two-thirds of the materials and components to be recyclable. Instead of using a concrete sub-structure, a steel frame was used. This meant the building was constructed in six weeks, the venue, a 30-metre-high rectangular volume was made out of a steel portal frame and wrapped in 20,000 square metres of lightweight phthalate-free and recyclable PVC plastic. This translucent bespoke cladding was then stretched across the steel framing modules that pushed the fabric out, the external fabric walls were translucent, allowing daylight to pass through during the day and artificial lighting to be visible during the evening. The architects worked with United Visual Artists to create lighting and colour-changing effects for the evening games, media related to Basketball Arena at Wikimedia Commons London 2012 Olympics profile
33.
British Basketball League
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The British Basketball League, often abbreviated to the BBL, is the premier mens professional basketball league in the United Kingdom. The BBL runs two knockout competitions alongside the BBL Championship, the BBL Cup and the BBL Trophy, as well as the post-season Play-offs. The BBL is not to be confused with the English Basketball League or the Scottish Mens National League, currently the League consists of 12 teams with representation from both England and Scotland. Member franchises of the BBL jointly own the league, and a chairman is elected by the teams to league operations. The head offices are located in Leicester, where the countrys oldest team, in partnership with England Basketball, the BBL launched a womens league in 2014, branded as the Womens British Basketball League. The 1990s also saw a growth in popularity and commercialism of the league, television crews and sponsors such as Peugeot, Lego, Playboy and Budweiser came flooding in, as did the crowds. For three seasons the cream of the north and the followed a American-style system with London Towers invincible in the South. A single-league BBL returned in 2002 and five different franchises won the Championship title in the five years after that, however the new millennium also saw a series of drawbacks for the BBL. The collapse of ITV Digital cost the league dear, with many struggling to recover from the lost revenue that the £21 million contract was providing. That title was one of four pieces of silverware won during the dubbed clean-sweep season of 2005–06, plymouth Raiders also put themselves on the map by overcoming their underdog tags to beat Newcastle on their own court in the BBL Trophy final, their first silverware as a BBL team. Newcastle managed to redeem themselves at the end, after a poor season, by their standards. In February 2014, the announced the 2015 BBL Play-Off Final would take place at The O2 Arena, London. The event saw a record breaking crowd of 14,700 in attendance, the league signed a 32 game broadcast deal with BBC which saw both British Basketball League and Womens British Basketball League games broadcast via the BBC Sport website. The three main finals would also be broadcast on the BBC Red Button, in September 2016, the league agreed a six-year deal with Perform, the leading digital sports content and media group, for the distribution and sale of all global media-related rights. The deal also saw every BBL game broadcast live via LiveBasketball. TV, the British Basketball League is an independent company owned by its member clubs. Ed Percival is the current elected chairman, matches are played according to FIBA rules and games consist of four-quarters of 10 minutes each. Two points are awarded for a win, with overtime used if the score is tied at the final buzzer – unlimited numbers of 5-minute overtime periods are played one team is ahead when a period ends. At the end of the season, the team with the most points is crowned as winners of the BBL Championship
34.
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball
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The Iowa Hawkeyes mens basketball team represents the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, as a member of the Big Ten Conference and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. They currently play in 15, 400-seat Carver-Hawkeye Arena, along with the womens basketball, wrestling. Fran McCaffery was named the Hawkeyes newest coach on Monday, March 29,2010, the Hawkeyes have won eight Big Ten regular-season conference championships, the last coming in 1979. More recently, Iowa has won the Big Ten tournament twice, Iowa has also played in the Final Four on three occasions, reaching the semifinals in 1955 and 1980 and playing in the championship game against the University of San Francisco in 1956. The team was successful in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s under head coaches Lute Olson. Under Olson, the Hawkeyes won their last Big Ten regular season championship, prior to playing in Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which opened in 1983, the Hawkeyes played in the Iowa Fieldhouse, which is still used today by the schools gymnastics teams. In 2006, the Hawkeyes accumulated a school-record 21 consecutive wins at home before losing to in-state rival Northern Iowa, the roots of Iowa basketball lie in 1902, when Ed Rule coached the Hawkeyes to a 10–2 record in their very first season of basketball. Rule coached the Hawkeyes in four seasons from 1902–1908, leading Iowa to a 37–15 record under his watch. Even today, Rules winning percentage stands as the best among head coaches in Iowa basketball history, following Rules tenure, the Hawkeyes were coached by names such as John Griffith, Walter Stewart, Floyd Thomas, Maury Kent, Edwin Bannick, and James Ashmore. Yet in that stretch of time, the best Iowa had finished in the Big Ten was fifth on three separate occasions, but all that changed when Sam Barry was hired as the Iowas 10th head coach. In Barrys first season,1923, Iowa went 13–2 overall, the winning did not stop there, the Hawkeyes also tied for the Big Ten championship in 1926, along with Indiana, Michigan, and Purdue. Before Barry continued his Hall of Fame career at the USC in 1929, he authored a handbook on the sport, Basketball, Individual Play and Team Play, featuring Iowa players and facilities. Following Barry in the line of Hawkeye coaches was Rollie Williams, although Williams winning percentage stands at 51. 5%, his long tenure at Iowa allowed him to become the winningest coach in Iowa history until Lute Olson and Tom Davis both surpassed him. Perhaps the most interesting event during Williams tenure, however, occurred in 1929, fourteen players, including four on the basketball squad, were declared ineligible as a result of the Big Tens findings. Just as the country emerged from the depression, so did Iowas basketball fortunes, following a rocky 7–10 season in 1943, Pops Harrison led the Hawkeyes to their third overall Big Ten title in 1945. In the following decade, from 1946–1956, the Hawkeyes had but one non-winning season in 1949, Harrisons last full season as head coach. Following short tenures by both Frank Bucky OConnor in 1950 and Rollie Williams in 1951, OConnor once again became Iowas coach, under OConnor, Iowa would see unparalleled success in what some consider the most successful era in Iowa history. In 1953, Iowa finished second in the Big Ten behind the efforts of a starting lineup fully composed of sophomores, as juniors, the Fabulous Five won the Big Ten outright and eventually finished fourth in the nation
35.
Badminton
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Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with teams, the most common forms of the game are singles and doubles. Badminton is often played as an outdoor activity in a yard or on a beach. Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing half of the court. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net, play ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor or if a fault has been called by the umpire, service judge, or the opposing side. The shuttlecock is a feathered or plastic projectile which flies differently from the used in many other sports. In particular, the feathers create much higher drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly, shuttlecocks also have a high top speed compared to the balls in other racquet sports. The game developed in British India from the game of battledore. European play came to be dominated by Denmark but the game has very popular in Asia. Since 1992, badminton has been a Summer Olympic sport with five events, mens singles, womens singles, mens doubles, womens doubles, at high levels of play, the sport demands excellent fitness, players require aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed, and precision. It is also a sport, requiring good motor coordination. The name derives from the Duke of Beauforts Badminton House in Gloucestershire, as early as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet titled Badminton Battledore—A New Game but unfortunately no copy has survived. An 1863 article in The Cornhill Magazine describes badminton as battledore and shuttlecock played with sides, the game may have originally developed among expatriate officers in British India, where it was very popular by the 1870s. Early on, the game was known as Poona or Poonah after the garrison town of Pune, where it was particularly popular. By 1875, returning officers had started a club in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from 1–4 players, the shuttlecocks were coated with India rubber and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with lead. Although the depth of the net was of no consequence, it was preferred that it should reach the ground, the sport was played under the Pune rules until 1887, when the J. H. E. Hart of the Bath Badminton Club drew up revised regulations, in 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules
36.
Badminton World Federation
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The Badminton World Federation is the international governing body for the sport of badminton recognised by the International Olympic Committee IOC. Founded in 1934 as the International Badminton Federation with nine member nations, on 24 September 2006, at the Extraordinary General Meeting in Madrid, it was decided to adopt the new name Badminton World Federation. Its head office was located in Cheltenham, UK since its founding and its current president is Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen. BWF World Ranking is used for determining the qualification for entry, the points awarded is based on the final results of each tournament participated for the past 52 weeks. Junior Ranking consists of players under 19 years old, however, the BWF revived the event in 2005 but only as an invitational tournament. China swept gold in all 5 categories, World Grand Prix has been on hiatus since 2000. It was designed by Indonesian Aboeb Luthfy as part of the three months contest launched by the federation, BWF launched new logo during 2012 Thomas & Uber Cup. World Badminton The IBF Handbook World Badminton Federation Official website Official fans website Official corporate websitehjjjhuunijhp
37.
Netball Superleague
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The Vitality Netball Superleague is the elite netball competition in the United Kingdom. The league, which runs from February to June, features ten teams from across England, Wales and it is regularly shown on TV through the sports broadcaster Sky Sports, thanks to a major television deal signed in 2006. Vitality are the title sponsor of the competition. The league includes players from around the world including Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, England, Grenada, Uganda, South Africa, Wales, Jamaica, in 2016, it was announced that the Superleague was expanding from an 8-team competition to 10 teams. This change saw three new teams introduced to the league - Glasgow based Scottish Sirens, Coventry based Wasps, the change also saw the demise of Yorkshire Jets
38.
Surrey Storm
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The Surrey Storm are an English netball team based at the Surrey Sports Park in Guildford, Surrey that compete in the Netball Superleague. Surrey Storm are one of eight teams in the Netball Superleague, are the Netball Superleague franchise for London and the South East. Storms partners, Surrey Sports Park and the University of Surrey have invested heavily in to building a world class squad of athletes as well as developing a new netball brand and vision. Formed in 2009, following the disbandment of Brunel Hurricanes, Storm won their first regular season before missing out on a place in the Grand Final. The Storm progressed to the finals, but were defeated 57–46 by the Hertfordshire Mavericks and they were placed fourth when they competed in the World Premier Club Challenge December 2012, narrowly beating Northern Panthers from Northern Ireland and Glasgow Wildcats from Scotland. The 2011-12 season saw Storm reach their 2nd Superleague Grand Final in as many years after losing just one game throughout the regular season and finishing top of the table. In 2013-14 Storm went the entire Superleague season unbeaten winning 12 games, Storm broke the domestic netball attendance record in a nail-biting 52-50 victory over Mavericks in front of 3,151 fans at the Olympic Parks Copper Box Arena. After finishing top of the league in the season, Storm faced Mavericks again in a home semi-final. Storm then traveled to the Worcester Arena to face Manchester Thunder in the 2014 Superleague Grand Final, however Storm suffered last-second heartbreak going down 48-49 after conceding a last second goal and once again finished Superleague runners-up for a third time in four years. 2015 saw the return of England Captain Pamela Cookey who will add strength, Tamsin Greenway brought South African international Bongiwe Msomi ahead of their game with Manchester Thunder on the 12th March. Speaking to Sky Sports Tamsin said that she had been trying to bring her to the team since the Commonwealth Games, Storm secured their biggest win of the 14/15 season away against Team Northumbria. The game at Sport Central on 13 April finished 20 -86 and it was the most goals scored in a match, the fewest conceded and this set up a game against Hertfordshire Mavericks who beat Manchester Thunder in an upset in the later Semi Final. The Copper Box in the Olympic Park held the Super League Finals on Saturday 25 April, after 6 years and 4 finals Surrey Storm finally became Superleague Champions beating Mavericks 56-39. Pamela Cookey was awarded Player of the Match, Surrey Storm 56 -39 Hearfordshire Mavericks. 16th Dec 14 - Pamela Cookey admits shed like to be a world champion, 12th Dec 14 - Tamsin Greenway and Pamela Cookey Named in England Squad for Malawi Tests 27th Nov 14 -2015 Superleague Squad Announced
39.
Hertfordshire Mavericks
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The Hertfordshire Mavericks are part of the Netball Superleague, which consists of the top eight netball teams in Wales and England. Team colours are purple and black and they have won the Netball Superleague twice in its history, and were runners up 3 times. The Mavericks are sponsored by the University of Hertfordshire, the 2016 team as published on the official Hertfordshire Mavericks website. Layla Guscoth is the captain, while Lindsay Keable is the Vice Captain. The 2015 team as published on the official Hertfordshire Mavericks website, sasha Corbin is the team captain, while Camilla Buchanan is the Vice Captain. The table below shows the record of the Mavericks since the inaugural season back in 2006. Hertfordshire Mavericks Youth play in the National Performance League, the 2016 youth team is captained Bethany Dix, while Laura Morton and Tash Pavelin are Vice Captains
40.
Wheelchair rugby
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Wheelchair rugby is a team sport for athletes with a disability. It is practised in over twenty-five countries around the world and is a summer Paralympic sport, the US name is based on the requirement that all wheelchair rugby players need to have disabilities that include at least some loss of function in at least three limbs. Although most have spinal injuries, players may also qualify through multiple amputations. Players are assigned a level in points, and each team is limited to fielding a team with a total of eight points. Wheelchair rugby is played indoors on a court, and physical contact between wheelchairs is an integral part of the game. The rules include elements from wheelchair basketball, ice hockey, handball, the sport is governed by the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation which was established in 1993. At that time, wheelchair basketball was the most common team sport for wheelchair users and that sports physical requirement for players to dribble and shoot baskets relegated quadriplegic athletes, with functional impairments to both their upper and lower limbs, to supporting roles. Murderball was first introduced into Australia in 1981, the Australian team competing in the Stoke Mandeville games in England were invited by the Canadians to select a team to play them in a demonstration game. After receiving limited instructions on the rules and skills of the game the contest began, following a fast and very competitive exchange, Australia won. The game was born and brought back to Australia where it has flourished. Murderball was introduced to the United States in 1981 by Brad Mikkelsen, with the aid of the University of North Dakotas Disabled Student Services, he formed the first American team, the Wallbangers. The first North American competition was held in 1982, in the late 1980s, the name of the sport outside the United States was officially changed from Murderball to Wheelchair Rugby. In the United States, the name was changed to Quad Rugby. The first international tournament was held in 1989 in Toronto, Canada, with teams from Canada, in the same year, the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation was established as a sports section of ISMWSF to govern the sport. The first IWRF World Wheelchair Rugby Championships were held in Nottwil, Switzerland, in 1995, Wheelchair rugby is mostly played by two teams of up to twelve players. Only four players each team may be on the court at any time. It is a mixed sport, and both male and female athletes play on the same teams. Wheelchair rugby is played indoors on a court of the same measurements as a regulation basketball court —28 metres long by 15 metres wide
41.
Invictus Games
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Named after Invictus, Latin for unconquered or undefeated the event was inspired by the Warrior Games, a similar event held in the United States. The first Invictus Games took place in 2014 at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London, the 2014 opening ceremony was attended by Prince Harry, Prime Minister David Cameron, Prince Charles, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince William, and Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. The event also included a message from then–First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama. The second games opened on 8 May 2016 at the ESPN Wide World of Sports at Walt Disney World, near Orlando, Florida, the opening ceremony was attended by Prince Harry, then–First Lady Michelle Obama, former American President George W. Bush and many other dignitaries. The 2017 games will be held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, President Barack Obama and Queen Elizabeth II helped make a promotional video for the 2016 event. The Games were launched on 6 March 2014 by Prince Harry at Londons Copper Box arena, having seen a British team competing at the US Warrior Games held in Colorado in 2013, the prince wished to bring the concept of a similar international sporting event to the United Kingdom. With the backing of Mayor of London Boris Johnson, the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games and the Ministry of Defence, the Games were also sponsored by Jaguar Land Rover. Speaking at the launch, the said that the Games would demonstrate the power of sport to inspire recovery, support rehabilitation. He also said that their objective was to ensure injured troops are not forgotten as Britains involvement with the War in Afghanistan comes to an end. The Invictus Games Foundation was created as the legacy of the first-ever Invictus Games and it governs the process of the future Games. The bidding process for future games started in November 2014, hamilton visited Tedworth House, before the announcement 3 July 2015, Lewis invited some Invictus Games athletes to British Grand Prix. The first Invictus Games were held on 10–14 September 2014, around 300 competitors from 13 countries which have fought alongside the United Kingdom in recent military campaigns participated. These included the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Denmark, New Zealand, competitive events were held at many of the venues used during the 2012 Olympics, including the Copper Box and the Lee Valley Athletics Centre. The Games were broadcast by the BBC, no countries from Africa were invited. There were teams from all the countries, except Iraq. Athletics, Archery, Indoor rowing, Powerlifting, Road cycling, Sitting volleyball, Swimming, Wheelchair basketball, the presenting partner Jaguar Land Rover also organised a driving challenge
42.
Counter-Strike: Global Offensive
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Counter-Strike, Global Offensive is a multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed by Hidden Path Entertainment and Valve Corporation. It is the game in the main Counter-Strike franchise. Counter-Strike, Global Offensive was released for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Xbox 360 and it features classic content, such as revamped versions of classic maps, as well as brand new maps, characters and game modes. The gameplay in Global Offensive is similar to that of previous games in the Counter-Strike series in the sense that it is an objective-based multiplayer first-person shooter. At the start of every round players get the opportunity to purchase weapons, winning rounds results in more money than losing, and completing objectives such as killing enemy players results in more money. Negative actions, such as killing teammates, will result in a penalty, Matchmaking is supported for all online game modes through the Steam software, and because it is a Valve game, it runs Valve Anti-Cheat to prevent hackers. In the competitive modes, players are encouraged to act more strategically in CS, when playing competitively, each player has a rank based on their skill level and will be paired up with and against players of around the same skill level. Prime Matchmaking is available to players who have verified their account by inputting their phone number and these servers may be heavily modified and in turn, can be completely different from the base game. There have been many community made mods for CS, GO, there are six different game modes in CS, GO. These consist of Competitive, Casual, Arms Race, Demolition, Deathmatch, all of these options have both online or offline options except the Weapons Course, which is offline only. Competitive mode is the most serious, with players being put into a 5v5 match that takes around 45 minutes to complete, Arms Race mode is similar to the Gun Game mod for other games in the series. It consists of racing to upgrade their guns via killing enemies. Casual mode is a version of the Competitive mode as it has both team damage and collision disabled. In Deathmatch mode, there is no real objective except to kill the enemy players, players instaspawn after death, meaning the action is almost continuous. It is most popularly used to practice and learn how all of the guns function, the Weapons Course is an offline practice mode designed to help new players learn how to use the basic items, such as grenades and guns. CS, GO added new weapons and equipment not seen in previous installments and these temporarily cover a small area in fire, dealing damage to anyone passing through. The game also saw the introduction of the Zeus taser and a range of new guns, including shotguns, pistols, two new game modes, Arms Race and Demolition, were added, along with a total of eight new maps for said game modes. Both of these modes are variations of mods for the other games in the Counter-Strike series
43.
Super Smash Bros. Melee
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Melee is a crossover fighting game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the GameCube video game console. It is the game in the Super Smash Bros. series. It was released in Japan in November 2001, with other territories later, the game features characters from Nintendo video game franchises such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, Star Fox, and Pokémon. The stages and gameplay modes make references to, or take their designs from and it builds on the first game by adding new gameplay features and playable characters. Following the popularity of its gameplay, Melee has been featured in many competitive gaming tournaments. The game received praise, as well as awards and acknowledgements from gaming publications. It achieved strong sales upon release, and is the GameCubes best-selling game, like its predecessor, Super Smash Bros. Melee differs from traditional fighting games as the objective is to force their opponents beyond the boundaries of the stage, most attacks inflict damage and can, if enough damage is dealt, knock back the enemy. Each characters health is measured by a meter that represents the damage received as a percentage. The higher the value, the farther the player gets knocked back, and the easier they are to knock off the stage, which will result in the characters death. Unlike other games of the genre, in which moves are entered by button-input combinations. Melee can be accessed via one-button presses and a joystick direction, during battles, items related to Nintendo games or merchandise fall onto the game field. These items have purposes ranging from inflicting damage on the opponent to restoring health to the player, additionally, most stages have a theme relating to a Nintendo franchise or a specific Nintendo game and are interactive to the player. Although the stages are rendered in three dimensions, players can move on a two-dimensional plane. Not all stages are available immediately, some stages must be unlocked by achieving particular requirements, some stages feature moving elements and platforms and hazards that harm players, while others lack these elements. Single-player mode provides the player with a variety of side-scrolling fighting challenges and these areas may include references to that particular characters past and legacy. The Board the Platforms minigame from the prequel was not included in Melee, Melee introduced Adventure mode, which takes the player to several predefined universes of characters in the Nintendo franchise. All-Star mode is a feature of Melee, requiring the player to defeat every character in the game while having only three health supplements between battles
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DreamHack
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DreamHack is a Swedish digital festival, the largest in the world. Its a local area network gathering with live concerts and competitions in art and eSports that was first held in Malung. DreamHack consists of events held throughout Europe, in Stockholm and Jönköping, Sweden, Tours, France, Bucharest and Cluj, Romania, Valencia, Spain, London, England and Leipzig. In May 2016 DreamHack held its first event on the American continent in Austin, in August 2016, it held its first event in Montreal, Quebec. The Internet connection record was beaten in 2012 by the second largest computer festival in the world, in 2007, the founders of DreamHack received a diploma of honor from the municipality of Jönköping, Sweden for being important to business, education and society of the local community. DreamHack calls itself the worlds largest digital festival, the winter event consistently has approximately 10% more visitors than the summer event, but in other respects they are quite similar. Both events are 72 hours, and have scheduled activity around the clock, as of winter 2011, the event covers the entire Elmia Exhibition and Convention Centre as well as the neighbouring ice hockey arena and racket sports centre. The total number of participants were 27,000, of which ~800 were crew, attendees ages range from elementary school to senior citizens, though the average age is 16-17. People arrive from all over the world to participate, the latest DreamHack competition took place in Romania Bucharest between 24 and 27 April 2015. The event consists of five components, the festival, the gaming competitions, the digital arts competitions, the live concerts. DreamHack is arranged with the help of about 800 volunteers, set up in Crew Teams and they work in shifts to provide service for the visitors around the clock, like the support crew that have a helpdesk where the participants can address their technical problems. The organization also relies on local police and security officers who patrol the area, DreamHack began as a small gathering of schoolmates and friends in the basement of an elementary school in Malung in the early 90s. In 1994 it was moved to the cafeteria and became one of the larger regional demoparties at the time. The 1994 gathering was also the first one to go by the name DreamHack, in 1997 the event took place at Arena Kupolen in Borlänge and became the largest LAN party of Sweden and the third largest party in Scandinavia at the time. Furthermore, DreamHack 2001 and the events were held at the Elmia exhibition centre in Jönköping. This difference has since blurred and perhaps been completely erased, in 2011, DreamHack AB went through a corporate reform, renewing the company administration. DreamHack Winter 2011 was host to the League of Legends Season 1 World Championship, the next years League of Legends World Championship was held independently. This partnerships includes universal rankings, unified competition structures and more, in 2013, the now fully featured corporation DreamHack AB also began arranging a third event during the late summer, in Stockholm
45.
KSI (entertainer)
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Olajide William JJ Olatunji, better known as KSI, is an English YouTube personality, rapper, comedian, and actor. KSI released his debut EP Keep Up in 2016, reaching number one on the UK R&B Albums chart, the pseudonym KSIOlajideBT comes from a gaming community he was in, his given name Olajide, and BT British Telecom, according to his website. His videos mostly consist of FIFA gameplay/commentary, whilst playing other games on various platforms as well as occasional vlogs, KSI was voted Vlogger of the Year at the 2016 NME Awards. Before his successful channel, KSI had a YouTube channel called JideJunior, KSI opened his current YouTube account on 24 July 2009, with a video about the FIFA video game franchise. KSI was the centre of a controversy following his actions at a Eurogamer event in 2012, a message from KSIs manager states Sexism is not something he condones or wants to be associated with. He wishes to apologise for any offence the video of 15 months ago may have caused in the time it was on his YouTube channel, references to it since. Due to the severity of the controversy, it spilled over to involve VideoGamer. com, as a result, his name appeared in the Guinness World Records Gamers Edition. In October 2013, KSI signed with Maker Studios sub-network, Polaris, the group added a seventh member, Harry Lewis, in 2014. After defeating Virgin Gaming co-founder Zach Zeldin in a match of FIFA, KSI visited Las Vegas, in 2011, KSI branched out into music, mainly as a rapper. Starting out with fellow YouTuber Randolph, he released Heskey Time, the video features Heskey missing various chances on FIFA. Following the success of Heskey Time, he began doing a segment on his channel called Football Rap Battles, there, he and Randolph play the characters of famous figures from the world of football. KSI released his first single as a solo artist on 23 March 2015 titled Lamborghini, the song was released under Sways record label Dcypha Productions. On 29 October 2015, KSI announced his debut EP entitled Keep Up and it was released on 8 January 2016 by Island Records. The EP features guest appearances by Jme, Sway, Tiggs Da Author, the EPs title track, featuring Jme, was released on 13 November 2015 along with a music video released on 15 November 2015. On July 2016, KSI released Friends with Benefits featuring Dutch musical group MNDM, on 16 September 2016, KSI opened his new music Vevo channel. On 16 March 2015, KSI announced via his YouTube channel that he was releasing a book entitled KSI, the book is entitled KSI, I Am A Tool in the United States. It is described by its publishers as “an all-out assault on the online universe”, as the book includes his history, the book was released on 24 September 2015 in the United Kingdom and five days later in the United States. KSI did a tour supporting the book on 24 September 2015, in June 2015, it was announced that KSI, along with YouTube personality Caspar Lee, will star in a movie entitled Laid in America
46.
International Boxing Federation
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In 1983, at the WBAs annual convention, held in Puerto Rico that year, Bob Lee, president of the USBA, lost in his bid to become WBA president against Gilberto Mendoza. Lee and others withdrew from the convention after the election, at first, the new group was named the USBA-International. They decided to base the new organization in New Jersey, where its offices are still located. The IBFs first world champion was Marvin Camel, a former World Boxing Council world Cruiserweight champion who won the IBFs belt in the same division, during its first year of existence, however, the IBF remained largely obscure. But by 1984, the IBF decided to recognize Larry Holmes, Aaron Pryor, Marvin Hagler and Donald Curry, already established champions from other organizations, in Holmes case, he relinquished his WBC title to accept the IBFs recognition. It established the IBF as the sanctioning body, and a legitimate organization. Hiawatha Knight then became the first woman president of any of the governing boxing bodies. In 2001, Marian Muhammad followed her as president, the organization was under federal observation from Lees conviction through September 2004. After Marian Muhammad, the next IBF president was Daryl J. Peoples, List of boxing organisations List of IBF world champions Official website All-time IBF World champions - Reference book
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Stratford
