1.
Cornell University
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Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornells motto, the university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the one in New York. Of its seven colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including its agricultural. Of Cornells graduate schools, only the college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension program in every county of New York. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens are considered. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race, the student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 7,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and more than 120 countries. Cornell University was founded on April 27,1865, the New York State Senate authorized the university as the land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site, fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the first two buildings and traveled to attract students and faculty, the university was inaugurated on October 7,1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day. Cornell developed as an innovative institution, applying its research to its own campus as well as to outreach efforts. For example, in 1883 it was one of the first university campuses to use electricity from a dynamo to light the grounds. Cornell has had active alumni since its earliest classes and it was one of the first universities to include alumni-elected representatives on its Board of Trustees. Today the university has more than 4,000 courses, since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and it has partnerships with institutions in India, Singapore, and the Peoples Republic of China. Former president Jeffrey S. Lehman described the university, with its international profile. On March 9,2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for a new Bridging the Rift Center to be built, Cornells main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
2.
United Methodist Church
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The United Methodist Church is a mainline Protestant denomination, and a major part of Methodism. In the 19th century, its main predecessor—the Methodist Church—was a leader in Evangelicalism and it was founded in 1968 in Dallas, Texas, United States, by union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. The UMC traces its roots back to the movement of John. As such, the theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements and it has a connectional polity, a typical feature of a number of Methodist denominations. The United Methodist Church, with at least 12 million members as of 2014, is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement of approximately 80 million people across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. In 2014, its membership was distributed as follows,7.2 million in the United States. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, the movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield and they focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the Holy Club, eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a more religious life. In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America, hoping to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia, instead, John became vicar of the church in Savannah. His preaching was very legalistic and full of rules. After two years in America, he returned to England dejected and confused, Peter believed a person is saved solely through the grace of God and not by works, and John had many conversations with Peter about this topic. On May 25,1738, after listening to a reading of Martin Luthers preface to Romans, John finally understood that his works could not save him. For the first time in his life, he felt complete peace, in less than two years, the Holy Club disbanded. John Wesley met with a group of clergy, the ministers retained their membership in the Church of England. Though not always emphasized or appreciated in the Anglican churches of their day, their teaching emphasized salvation by Gods grace, three teachings they saw as the foundation of Christian faith were, People are all by nature dead in sin and consequently, children of wrath
3.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
4.
Mount Vernon, Iowa
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Mount Vernon is a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States, adjacent to the city of Lisbon. A special census taken by the city in 2004 counted 4,171 residents, the population was 4,506 at the 2010 census. Mount Vernon is part of the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area, Mount Vernon was laid out in 1847. It was named after Mount Vernon, the estate of George Washington, a post office has been in operation in Mount Vernon since 1849. Mount Vernon is located at 41°55′27″N 91°25′11″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.50 square miles, of which,3.49 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water. The central geographic feature of Mount Vernon is the mountain on which it sits and this mountain is actually a paha, a ridge formed of sand and loess along the line of the prevailing wind during the ice ages. The Mount Vernon paha is roughly one mile long and 1/4 mile wide, aligned along a roughly northwest to southeast axis, Uptown Mount Vernon is aligned with the southeast end of the ridge crest, while the campus of Cornell College crowns the northwest end of the ridge. The town is located on significant transportation corridors, both current and historical, the main line of the Union Pacific Railroad passes through the city, and the town is located on the historic Lincoln Highway. U. S. Route 30 and Iowa Highway 1 intersect in the part of town. Passenger train service was provided by the Chicago and North Western Railway from a station in the north of town. The CRANDIC interurban electric railway ran from Cedar Rapids, through downtown Mount Vernon, the interurban ran from 1914 to 1928 and took 45 minutes to travel to the western terminus of Cedar Rapids. Nearby stops included Bertram, the Palisades and Cornell College, as of the census of 2010, there were 4,506 people,1,353 households, and 894 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,291.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 1,397 housing units at an average density of 400.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 0% White,0. 9% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 7% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 9% of the population. 26. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age in the city was 24.4 years. 22. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,27. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 7% were from 25 to 44,20. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 5% male and 51. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,390 people,1,129 households, and 795 families residing in the city
5.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Rural area
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In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Whatever is not urban is considered rural, typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas are rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes, in Canada, the census division has been used to represent regions and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent communities. Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Ehrensaft, as well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Statistics Canada defines rural for their population counts and this definition has changed over time. Typically, it has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or less inhabitants, the current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre. 84% of the United States inhabitants live in suburban and urban areas, Rural areas occupy the remaining 90 percent. The U. S. Census Bureau, the USDAs Economic Research Service, an urbanized area consists of a central surrounding areas whose population is greater than 50,000. USDA The USDAs Office of Rural Development may define rural by various population thresholds, for example, a metropolitan county is one that contains an urbanized area, or one that has a twenty-five percent commuter rate to an urbanized area regardless of population. In 2014, the USDA updated their rural / non-rural area definitions based on the 2010 Census counts, Rural health definitions can be different for establishing under-served areas or health care accessibility in rural areas of the United States. This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural, health care delivery in rural areas of the United States can be challenging. From 2005-2011, the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations for acute conditions was highest in rural areas, in Brazil, theres different notions of rural area and countryside. Rural areas are any place outside an urban development and its carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside are officially defined as all municipalities outside the capitals metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul doesnt have any metropolitan region, thus all of the state, Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and its de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio
8.
Liberal arts colleges in the United States
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Liberal arts colleges in the United States are certain undergraduate institutions of higher education in the United States. These schools are American institutions of education which have traditionally emphasized interactive instruction at the undergraduate level. These colleges also encourage a high level of interaction at the center of which are classes taught by full-time faculty rather than graduate student TAs. In addition, some colleges offer experimental curricula, Liberal arts colleges are also often associated with larger bodies or consortia. The largest association of liberal arts colleges in the United States is the Council of Independent Colleges, with more than 630 small. The Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges is a consortium of liberal arts colleges. Many liberal arts colleges belong to the Annapolis Group, Oberlin Group, Womens College Coalition, a number of liberal arts colleges are involved in Project Pericles or the Eco League. Other well-known consortia in the Eastern United States include the Little Three, Colby-Bates Bowdoin Consortium, the Seven Sisters Colleges, similar consortia include the Claremont College Consortium in Southern California and the Associated Colleges of the Midwest in the Midwestern United States. Additional midwestern groups include the Five Colleges of Ohio, Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities, the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, groups in the Southern United States include the Associated Colleges of the South, and the Seven Sisters of the South. There are no passive ears, students and faculty work so closely together, teaching is an act of love. There is not only a relationship in class but professors become hiking companions, intramural teammates, dinner companions. Learning is collaborative rather than competitive, values are central, there is a sense of community. They are places of great synergy, where the whole becomes greater than the sum of the parts, aspirations are raised, young people are empowered. College and university rankings guides offer annual issues that rank liberal arts colleges separately from research universities, the Washington Monthly and U. S. News & World Report provide rankings specifically of liberal arts colleges. As a result, a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the said that they did not intend to participate in the U. S. News reputational rankings in the future. Plus, the reputation of a school can help get that all-important first job, the peer survey is by nature subjective, but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice. The results from the survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges. S. News has been supplying this exact college information for years already
9.
Ezra Cornell
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Ezra Cornell was an American businessman, politician, philanthropist and educational administrator. He was the founder of Western Union and a co-founder of Cornell University and he also served as President of the New York Agriculture Society and as a New York state Senator. He was born in Westchester Landing, in what would become the Bronx, New York, the son of Eunice, and a potter, Elijah Cornell and he was a cousin of Paul Cornell, the founder of Chicagos Hyde Park neighborhood. Cornell was also a distant relative of William Cornell, who was a settler of Scarborough, Ontario whose name was used for the planned community of Cornell. Having traveled extensively as a carpenter in New York State, Ezra, upon first setting eyes on Cayuga Lake and Ithaca, ezekiel Cornell, a Revolutionary War general, represented Rhode Island in the U. S. Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782, upon arriving in Ithaca, NY in the spring of 1828, Cornell first found work as a carpenter before being hired as a mechanic by Otis Eddy to work at his cotton mill on Cascadilla Creek. On Eddy’s recommendation, Jeremiah S. Beebe then hired Cornell to repair and overhaul his plaster and flour mills on Fall Creek. During Cornell’s long association with Beebe, he designed and built a tunnel for a new race on Fall Creek, a stone dam on Fall Creek, which formed Beebe Lake. By 1832, he was in charge of all Beebe’s concerns at Fall Creek, Ezra Cornell was a birthright Quaker, but was later disowned by the Society of Friends for marrying outside of the faith to a worlds woman, a Methodist by the name of Mary Ann Wood. Ezra and Mary Ann were married March 19,1831, in Dryden, so, having purchased rights in a patent for a new type of plow, Ezra began what would be decades of traveling away from Ithaca. His territories for sales of the plow were the states of Maine and his plan was to sell in Maine in the summer and the milder Georgia in the winter. With limited means, what transported Ezra between the two states were his own two feet, happening into the offices of the Maine Farmer in 1842, Cornell saw an acquaintance of his, one F. O. J. Smith, bent over some plans for a scraper as Smith called it, for services rendered, Smith had been granted a one-quarter share of the telegraph patent held by Samuel F. B. Morse, and was attempting to devise a way of burying the telegraph lines in the ground in lead pipe. Ezras knowledge of plows was put to the test and Ezra devised a special kind of plow that would dig a 2½ foot ditch, lay the pipe and telegraph wire in the ditch and cover it back up as it went. Later it was found that condensation in the pipes and poor insulation of the wires impeded the electrical current on the wires and so hanging the wire from telegraph poles became the accepted method. To address the problem of telegraph lines shorting out to the ground, Cornell, Speed and Smith also built the New York and Erie line competing with and paralleling to the south the New York, Albany and Buffalo line in which Morse had a major share. The line was completed in 1849 and Cornell was made president of the company, Cornells sister Phoebe married Martin B. Wood and moved to Albion, Michigan, in 1848
10.
Ithaca, New York
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Ithaca /ˈɪθəkə/ is a city in the Southern Tier-Finger Lakes region of New York. It is the seat of Tompkins County, as well as the largest community in the Ithaca-Tompkins County metropolitan area and this area contains the municipalities of the Town of Ithaca, the village of Cayuga Heights, and other towns and villages in Tompkins County. The city of Ithaca is located on the shore of Cayuga Lake. It is named for the Greek island of Ithaca, Ithaca is home to Cornell University, an Ivy League school of over 20,000 students, most of whom study at its local campus. Ithaca College is located just south of the city in the Town of Ithaca, nearby is Tompkins Cortland Community College. These three colleges bring tens of thousands of students who increase Ithacas seasonal population during the school year, some students settle in the area after graduation. The citys voters are more liberal than those in the remainder of Tompkins County or in upstate New York. In 2010, the population was 30,014. Namgyal Monastery in Ithaca is the North American seat of Tenzin Gyatso, indigenous people occupied this area for thousands of years. At the time of European contact, this area was controlled by the Cayuga Indians, jesuit missionaries from New France are said to have had a mission to the Cayuga as early as 1657. Saponi and Tutelo Indians, Algonquian-speaking tribes, later occupied lands at the end of Cayuga Lake. Remnants of these tribes had been forced from North Carolina by tribal conflicts, during the Revolutionary War, four of the then six Iroquois nations were allied with the British, although bands made decisions on fighting in a highly decentralized way. Conflict with the colonists was fierce throughout the Mohawk Valley. In retaliation for conflicts to the east, the 1779 Sullivan Expedition was conducted against the Iroquois peoples in the west of the state, destroying more than 40 villages and stored winter crops. It destroyed the Tutelo village of Coregonal, located near what is now the junction of state routes 13, most Iroquois were forced from the state after the Revolutionary War, but some remnants remained. The state sold off the former Iroquois lands to development and settlement by European Americans. Within the current boundaries of the City of Ithaca, Native Americans maintained only a temporary hunting camp at the base of Cascadilla Gorge, in 1788 eleven men from Kingston, New York came to the area with two Delaware people guides, to explore what they considered wilderness. The following year Jacob Yaple, Isaac Dumond, and Peter Hinepaw returned with their families and that same year Abraham Bloodgood of Albany obtained a patent from the state for 1400 acres, which included all of the present downtown west of Tioga Street
11.
Colorado College
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The Colorado College is a private liberal arts college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, near the foot of the Rocky Mountains. It was founded in 1874 by Thomas Nelson Haskell, the college enrolls approximately 2,000 undergraduates at its 90-acre campus,70 miles south of Denver. The college offers 42 majors and 33 minors, and has a student-faculty ratio of 10,1, famous alumni include Ken Salazar, Lynne Cheney, James Heckman, and Marc Webb. Colorado College is affiliated with the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, Most sports teams are in the NCAA Division III, with the exception of Division I teams in mens hockey and womens soccer. Colorado College was founded in 1874 on land designated by U. S. Civil War veteran General William Jackson Palmer, founder Thomas Nelson Haskell, described it as a coeducational liberal arts college in the tradition of Oberlin College. Like many U. S. colleges and universities that have endured from the 19th century, it now is secular in outlook, Cutler Hall, the colleges first building, was completed in 1880 and the first degrees were conferred in 1882. The Beta-Omega Chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity was chartered in 1904, William F. Slocum, president from 1888 to 1917, oversaw the initial building of the campus, expanded the library and recruited top scholars in a number of fields. In 1930 Shove Chapel was erected by Mr. John Gray, katharine Lee Bates wrote America the Beautiful during her summer teaching position at Colorado College in 1893. The tune has become somewhat of a school anthem for Colorado College and is commonly sung at commencement. In addition to its programs, the college offers a Master of Arts in Teaching degree. Tutt Library has approximately half a million bound volumes, in 2012, Colorado College yielded a student-to-faculty ratio of 10,1. Blocks are only three weeks long during the session, during which there are also graduate blocks of differing lengths. In parallel with the students, professors teach only one block at a time, classes are generally capped at 25 students to encourage a more personalized academic experience. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranks Colorado College as tied for 24th-best liberal arts college in the nation and No.2 among the most innovative national liberal arts colleges. The most innovative schools are making the most innovative improvements in terms of curriculum, faculty, students, campus life. Kiplingers Personal Finance places Colorado College 22nd in its 2016 ranking of best value liberal arts colleges in the United States, in 2016, Forbes rated it 57th overall in Americas Top Colleges, which ranked 660 national universities and liberal arts colleges. CC is considered a Hidden Ivy, CC was also ranked 19th on Newsweeks Most Desirable Urban Schools list in the same year. In 2012, Colorado College placed 12th in Niches Colleges with the Happiest Students, Colorado College is considered a most selective school by U. S. News & World Report
12.
Colorado Springs, Colorado
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Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Colorado Springs is located in the east central portion of the state and it is situated on Fountain Creek and is located 60 miles south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. At 6,035 feet the city stands over 1 mile above sea level, Colorado Springs is situated near the base of one of the most famous American mountains, Pikes Peak, rising above 14,000 feet on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The city is home to 24 national governing bodies of sport, the United States Olympic Committee and the United States Olympic Training Center. The city had an population of 456,568 in 2015, ranking as the second most populous city in the state of Colorado, behind Denver. The Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an population of 712,327 in 2016. The city covers 194.9 square miles, making it the most extensive municipality in Colorado, Colorado Springs was ranked number five by U. S. News & World Report on the list of 2016 Best Places to Live in the USA. The Ute, Arapaho and Cheyenne peoples were the first to inhabit the area which would become Colorado Springs, part of the territory included in the United States 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the current city area was designated part of the 1854 Kansas Territory. In 1859, after the first local settlement was established, it part of the Jefferson Territory on October 24. Colorado City at the Front Range confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was formally organized on August 13,1859 during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. It served as the capital of the Colorado Territory from November 5,1861, until August 14,1862, in 1871 the Colorado Springs Company laid out the towns of La Font and Fountain Colony, upstream and downstream respectively, of Colorado City. Within a year, Fountain Colony would be renamed Colorado Springs, the El Paso County seat shifted from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs. On December 1,1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward with two annexations, the second period of annexations was during 1889–90, and included Seaveys Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and another North End addition. In 1891 the Broadmoor Land Company built the Broadmoor suburb, which included the Broadmoor Casino, and by December 12,1895, by 1898, the city was designated into quadrants by the north-south Cascade Avenue and the east-west Washington/Pikes Peak avenues. From 1899 to 1901 Tesla Experimental Station operated on Knob Hill, alexander Airport north of the city opened in 1925, and in 1927 the original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport land was purchased east of the city. In World War II the United States Army Air Forces leased land adjacent to the municipal airfield and this was only one of several military presences in and around Colorado Springs during the war. In November 1950, Ent Air Force Base was selected as the Cold War headquarters for Air Defense Command. The former WWII Army Air Base, Peterson Field, which had been inactivated at the end of the war, was re-opened in 1951 as a U. S. Air Force base
13.
Maharishi University of Management
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Maharishi University of Management, formerly Maharishi International University, is an American non-profit university located in Fairfield, Iowa. It was founded in 1973 by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and features an education system that includes the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. The original campus was located in Goleta, California, and in 1974 moved to the current 370-acre campus in Fairfield, during the 1990s many older buildings were demolished and replaced using green technology and the principles of ancient Vedic architecture. The university features a block system and a diverse, multinational student body. The concept for a university out of a series of international symposia on Science of Creative Intelligence attended by notable academics. It was established in 1971 by Nat Goldhaber and it was created with the belief that a school that incorporated the philosophy and techniques of Transcendental Meditation would create an unusual contribution to higher education. It was inaugurated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and Robert Keith Wallace assumed his position as the first university president in 1973 and its first location was an apartment complex in Goleta, California. The university enrolled 700 students during its first year of operation, in August 1974, the university purchased the campus of the bankrupt Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa, for $2.5 million and relocated there. In 1975, the freshman and sophomore years consisted of interdisciplinary studies, nobel Prize winner Melvin Calvin said that, even though he participated in a symposium on SCI, the use of his name in the MIU catalogue was perilously close to false advertising. John Lewis, a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology who created video-taped lectures for MIU, was supportive, during this period, an open admissions policy was instituted, and transfer students were welcomed regardless of their academic history. In 1975 the university held its first commencement exercise awarding 13 Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies degrees and 38 Masters degrees, on campus, drugs and alcohol were shunned and a strong sense of community was said to pervade the institution. Bevan Morris was appointed president and chairman of Maharishi International Universitys board of trustees in 1979, the following year, the university received accreditation through the doctoral level by the Higher Learning Commission, and became a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. 1981 saw the completion of two 20,000 square foot meditation buildings called Golden Domes, that were built on campus for daily practice of the Transcendental Meditation. By this time the Henn Mansion, Trustee Gymnasium and Ballard Hall buildings, built in the early 1900s, showed rapid deterioration. These buildings were scheduled to be demolished but the university spent $500,000 to restore Henn Mansion, starting 1984, and nominated six other buildings for the National Historic Register. As a result, many students who were distributing Carlsens literature on campus were asked to leave the campus, in December 1983, the university hosted a three-week Taste of Utopia conference with more than 7,000 participants and practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program from around the world. MIU president Morris later reported that data indicated the conference had reduced violence in war-torn areas. By 1992, the university had 800 students from more than 70 countries, paying approximately $10,000 a year for their tuition and board
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Fairfield, Iowa
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Fairfield is a city in, and the county seat of, Jefferson County, Iowa, United States. It has a population totaling 9,464 people according to the 2010 census and it is a Midwestern city surrounded by rolling farmlands filled with corn, soybean, cattle, and hogs with a median family income of $46,138. The city became the county seat in 1839 with 110 residents and its library was established in 1853, and it held its first fair in 1854. Early architecture includes work by George Franklin Barber and Barry Byrne, the city has an “abundance of start-up companies” and has been called one of the states economic superstars. It has received The Grassroots Rural Entrepreneurship Award, been nicknamed “silicorn valley, ” and was featured in a 2012 episode of the TV show, Oprahs Next Chapter. It has been the home of Maharishi University of Management since 1974 and has referred to as the worlds largest training center for practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation technique. The city includes the $6 million Fairfield Arts & Convention Center, in 2010, it was named one of six Iowa Great Places. It was named by Smithsonian magazine as one of The 20 Best Small Towns to Visit in 2013, the city has 12 public parks and recreation areas consisting of more than 1,300 acres and is governed by a seven-member city council. The Fairfield Community School District is home to nearly 2,500 students, teachers, administrators, the city has two private schools, Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment and Cornerstone Primary School. Fairfield has its own airport, several radio stations, a local public-access television station. The area now known as Jefferson County was first settled in 1836, the name was suggested by Nancy Bonnifield, one of the settlers, because it aptly described the fair fields of the area. But also author Susan Welty suggests it was a play of words on her own name, by 1840, Fairfield had a population of 110 and grew to 650 in 1847. The city was the site of the first and second Iowa State Fairs, Fairfields library was established in 1853, and was the first library in the state of Iowa. It was first housed in a room off the city square. Fairfields library became the first Carnegie Library outside of Pennsylvania or Scotland funded by Andrew Carnegie, the Carnegie building on the corner of Washington and Court streets became the librarys home on November 28,1893. Then in May 1996, the moved to its present location on West Adams Street. The library has over 220,000 items and received accreditation from the State Library of Iowa in 2009, the first fair was held October 25–27,1854 on 6 acres of land surrounded by a 10-foot-high fence. The total cost to hold the fair was around $320, and it is estimated that between 7,000 and 10,000 fair goers attended this historical event
15.
Quest University
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Quest University Canada is a private secular non-profit liberal arts and sciences university in Squamish, British Columbia, Canada. The university opened in September 2007 with an enrollment of 74 students, its current enrollment is 700, Quest is located on a 60-acre hill-top campus on the edge of Garibaldi Provincial Park. It is approximately 73 km from Vancouver and 57 km from Whistler, Quest University Canada is approved by the Degree Quality Assessment Board under the British Columbia Ministry of Advanced Education. Quest University Canada is registered as a British Columbia Education Quality Assurance approved post-secondary institution, Quest University Canada is a private, secular, non-profit liberal arts and sciences university in Squamish, British Columbia, Canada. The acts aim was to create a university that would offer a rigorous and well-rounded university education in the arts, over the next year, the university underwent a number of administrative changes. Less than a later, Wood was replaced by an interim president. Duperrons appointment was the result of an alliance with CIBT Education Group, but, within a month. The board then invited Professor David Helfand, chair of the department at Columbia University in New York. Helfand had been asked in 2005 to consult with the founders of the new university, Helfand has overseen the expansion of Quest University Canada, which has grown to 700 students as it begins its tenth academic year. There are now 40 full-time faculty, the faculty come from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Switzerland. In addition, there are three additional academic staff working directly with students and a support staff of 45. On April 30,2011, Quest University Canada graduated its first class, bestowing the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences on 49 students (including Rory Savjord, on May 19,2015, the universitys fourth president and vice-chancellor was announced. As of August 1,2015, Peter Englert succeeded David Helfand who stepped down from his position after seven years, Englert received his academic degrees from the University of Cologne and was a research fellow at the University of California, San Diego. He participated in NASA’s Mars Observer and Mars Odyssey Missions, and was a board member of the International Association of Universities. Englerts selection followed a process conducted by a search committee with the assistance of search firm Isaacson Miller. Quests approach to academics is rooted in the liberal arts tradition, Quest offers one degree, a Bachelor of Arts and Sciences. Courses at Quest are limited to a maximum of 20 students, toward the end of their Foundation Program, Quest students take a course called Question. While working with an instructor and a faculty mentor of their choosing they develop a statement of their Question
16.
Tusculum College
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It is Tennessees oldest college and the 23rd-oldest operating college in the United States. In addition to its campus, the institution maintains a regional center for Graduate and Professional Studies in Knoxville. Before Tennessee became a state in 1796, the east Tennessee area was the frontier of the United States. Presbyterian ministers Hezekiah Balch and Samuel Doak, both educated at the College of New Jersey, were there, ministering to early Scots-Irish settlers, striving to meet the settlers educational needs, Doak founded St. Martins Academy in 1783 and it expanded to become Washington College in 1795. Washington College was later renamed Tusculum College, Balch helped found Greenville College in 1795. Doak and Balch sought the same goals through their separate colleges and they wanted to educate settlers of the American frontier so that they would become better Presbyterians, and therefore, in their thinking, better citizens. To better accomplish their goals, Greeneville College and Tusculum College merged in 1868 to become Greeneville & Tusculum College. Doak rechristened Washington College Tusculum after the homestead of Princeton University’s then-president Dr. John Witherspoon, the original Tusculum was a city near Rome, Italy and home to Roman scholar and philosopher Cicero. 1784 Samuel Doak establishes St. Martins Academy,1794 Greeneville College is chartered by the General Assembly of the Territory South of the River Ohio and established by Hezekiah Balch. 1808 Hugh Brown receives first academic degree from Tusculums predecessor, Greeneville College,1816 Samuel Witherspoon Doak founds Tusculum Academy, which operates in a log cabin adjacent to the present site of Tusculum College. 1844 Tusculum Academy renamed Tusculum College, Andrew Johnson, who later becomes the 17th President of the United States, is one of its trustees. Johnson often walked the five miles to and from Greeneville to participate in the activities at Tusculum. 1860s During the Civil War, college buildings serve as barracks for soldiers,1868 Greeneville College and Tusculum College merge to become Greeneville & Tusculum College. 1878 First female students admitted to Greeneville & Tusculum College, by the turn of the 20th century, more than half of its students are women. Haynes publishes first student newspaper, The Record, which later becomes The Pioneer,1908 Merger of Washington College Academy and Tusculum College. 1912 Washington College Academy breaks away from the current Tusculum College,1913 McCormick Day established, a day of service on campus and the local community. Through the philanthropy of Nettie Fowler McCormick — widow of Cyrus Hall McCormick,1917 First yearbook published, known as both Tusculana and Opus. 1927 Southern Association of Colleges and Schools formally accredits Tusculum for the first time, 1950s Lantern festival begins, honoring graduating seniors and soon-to-be seniors
17.
Tusculum, Tennessee
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Tusculum is a city in Greene County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 2,663 at the 2010 census and it is the home of Tusculum College, the oldest university in Tennessee and the 28th oldest in the United States. Tusculum is a suburb of nearby Greeneville, the population of both Greeneville and Tusculum combined is approximately 17,725 at the 2010 census. Greene Valley Development Center is located in Tusculum, Tusculum is located at 36°10′33″N 82°45′3″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.8 square miles. Afton Tusculum Place Twin Oaks As of the census of 2000, there were 2,004 people,590 households, the population density was 445.4 people per square mile. There were 620 housing units at a density of 137.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 41% White,3. 64% African American,0. 05% Native American,0. 50% Asian,0. 05% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 30% of the population. 23. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.66. In the city, the population was out with 12. 7% under the age of 18,18. 3% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,28. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $37,460, and the median income for a family was $50,074. Males had an income of $31,607 versus $23,594 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,834, about 5. 8% of families and 6. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 4% of those under age 18 and 9. 0% of those age 65 or over. Tusculum is home to the campus of Tusculum College. Greene County Public Schools operates one school in Tusculum, Doak Elementary School. Chuckey-Doak Middle School and Chuckey-Doak High School are located nearby in Afton also operated by Greene County Public Schools. Tusculum has a branch post office located on the college campus, Tusculum shares the zip code 37745 along with Baileyton and Greeneville
18.
University of Montana Western
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The University of Montana Western is a public university located in Dillon, Montana, United States. It is affiliated with The University of Montana and is part of the Montana University System, the school was founded in 1893 as Montana State Normal School. The college was founded as a center for training teachers and it was formerly known as Western Montana College before becoming part of the Montana University System in 2000. Enrollment as of Fall 2016 was 1,501 students, the University of Montana Western is the only public college in the U. S. to offer Experience One, an innovative program in which students take one class at a time for about 18 days. This type of scheduling, called block scheduling, creates a unique learning experience that allows for students to learn one subject at a time. The block also gives flexibility for students to learn outside of the setting on one day or multiple week trips. UMW’s Environmental Sciences department offers courses that take overnight trips throughout Montana, to Utah. Multiple courses have been offered through the university’s Honor’s Program where students get to study abroad for up to 3 weeks. S and it was founded as the Montana State Normal School in 1893, to train teachers according to a model used by other states. Education was considered important for the state. It was expanded with increased programs and had a four-year curriculum and it became part of the Montana University System in 2000, and is titled University of Montana Western. The first course catalogue had this statement along with an explanation of the necessity of teachers, a well-equipped building has been provided, a faculty of thoroughly qualified teachers has been employed and courses of study adapted to the needs of those preparing to teach have been arranged. The citizens of Dillon have made every effort to secure good accommodations for the students, the State Normal will open under the most favorable conditions for a high grade of work. The most satisfactory results may be promised all who enter any of its courses of study. Mens Sports Basketball Football Cross country Womens Sports Basketball Volleyball Cheerleading Cross country Robert C. Thomas – Professor of Geology, Professor of the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education. Delena Norris-Tull – Professor of Education, Carnegie Foundations 2010 Montana Professor of the Year. Julie Bullard – Professor of Early Childhood Education, Carnegie Foundations 2011 Montana Professor of the Year. Michael Morrow – Professor of Biology, Carnegie Foundations 2012 Montana Professor of the Year. Sarah Glasgow – Professor of Political Science, Carnegie Foundations 2013 Montana Professor of the Year
19.
NCAA Division III
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Sports Division III is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the United States. The division consists of colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletically related financial aid to their student-athletes, as explained in more detail in the article about NCAA Division II, the NCAAs first split was into two divisions. The former College Division formed because many NCAA member schools wanted an alternative to the nature of what is now Division I. Division III formed in 1973, in a split of the College Division, the former College Division members that chose to offer athletic scholarships or to remain in a division with those who did became Division II, while members that did not became Division III. Division III is the NCAA’s largest division with 438 active member institutions, of the member institutions, 81% are private, while only 19% are public. Division III schools range in size from an undergraduate enrollment of 348 to a maximum of 21,247. Division III institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, there are minimum contest and participant minimums for each sport. Division III athletic programs are non-revenue-generating, extracurricular programs that are staffed and funded like any other university department, hence, they feature student-athletes who receive no financial aid related to their athletic ability. Student athletes also cannot redshirt as freshmen, and schools may not use endowments or funds whose primary purpose is to benefit athletic programs, Division III schools shall not award financial aid to any student on the basis of athletics leadership, ability, participation or performance. The ban on scholarships is strictly enforced. S, an all-sports conference is defined here as one that sponsors both mens and womens basketball. A conference name followed by * denotes a conference also sponsors football. Six of them are grandfathered schools that have competed at the highest level of a particular mens sport prior to the institution of the Division classifications in 1971. Presumably due to Title IX considerations, grandfathered schools are allowed to field one womens sport in Division I. These schools are allowed to offer scholarships in their Division I mens and womens sports to remain competitive with their opponents. The State University of New York at Oneonta, which had been grandfathered in mens soccer, rutgers University–Newark, which had been grandfathered in mens volleyball, did the same in 2014. Academic-based and need-based financial aid is available, as is the case for Division III. Franklin and Marshall College Hobart College Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT also fields mens rowing, lawrence continues to field a fencing team, but that team is now considered Division III. Football and basketball may not be grandfathered Division I programs because their potential would give them an unfair advantage over other Division III schools
20.
Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
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The Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference is an NCAA Division III athletic conference. As the name implies, most member teams are located in the state of Iowa. The Iowa Conference dates back to December 8,1922, when representatives from 12 colleges got together, the first Conference constitution was published in January 1923. Also that year, Judge Hubert Utterback of Des Moines, Iowa was named the first conference commissioner, columbia College was admitted in 1926. Ellsworth left the Conference in 1927 and that spring the Conference’s name was changed to the “Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. ”After a three-year ban, athletics were reinstated at the University of Dubuque in 1928-29, and it joined the conference in 1929. Wartburg College was admitted to the conference in 1936, beginning competition the following year, morningside College dropped out in 1936 because of inactivity. William Penn was suspended from the Conference in 1949 for using ineligible players, the school was back in the Conference in 1951, though it did not compete in football until later. In 1951, St. Ambrose and Loras dropped from football competition, the Iowa Conference reorganized in 1953, effective with the 1954-55 school year. Nine schools remained in the Conference, Buena Vista, Central, Dubuque, Iowa Wesleyan, Luther, Parsons, Simpson, Upper Iowa, William Penn was readmitted to the Conference in 1960, effective in the spring of 1962. Parsons left the Conference around 1963, while Iowa Wesleyan left effective June 1,1965, Loras rejoined the Conference in 1986, increasing the Conference membership to nine schools, which continued until 1997 when Coe and Cornell left the Midwest Conference to join the IIAC. The Conference was at 11 schools until its 80th Anniversary year when William Penn decided to leave, the conference expanded beyond the borders of Iowa in 2016 with the addition of Nebraska Wesleyan University. Note * - Loras was dropped from the conference in 1954 because it was determined they were too strong for the members to play against. Loras rejoined the conference in 1986, note * - William Penn was suspended from the conference from 1949 to 1951 and then removed from the conference for being too weak in 1953, they rejoined in 1960. Member teams field mens and womens teams in country, basketball, track and field, swimming and diving, golf, soccer. Mens teams are field for baseball, football and wrestling, womens teams are field for softball and volleyball. Dubuque also sponsors a lacrosse team. Loras also sponsors a mens team in the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League. Dubuque, Loras, and Wartburg also sponsor a womens lacrosse team
21.
Midwest Conference
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The Midwest Conference is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NCAAs Division III. Member institutions are located in the Midwestern United States in the states of Illinois, Iowa, the organization of the Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference was conceived at a meeting at Coe College on May 12,1921. Charter members were Beloit College, Carleton College, Coe College, Cornell College, Knox College, ripon College joined the conference in 1923, followed by Monmouth College in 1924, Grinnell College in 1940 and Lake Forest College in 1974. Illinois College and St. Norbert College joined in 1982 and Carroll University followed in 1992, Carleton withdrew following the 1982–83 academic year. St. Olaf College also competed in the conference from 1952 to 74, Coe and Cornell withdrew following the 1996–97 academic year with Cornell rejoining the league starting in the 2012–13 year. Macalester College joined as a member starting in 2014. The University of Chicago will rejoin as a member in 2017. Notes The MWC split into North and South divisions for football, mens and womens tennis, baseball, divisional play ended with the departure of Carroll after the 2015–16 school year. Chicago had been a conference member from 1976–1987
22.
Collegiate wrestling
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Collegiate wrestling, sometimes known in the United States as folkstyle wrestling, is a style of amateur wrestling practiced at the college and university level in the United States. Collegiate wrestling emerged from the wrestling styles practiced in the early history of the United States. This style, with slight modifications, is also practiced at the high school and middle school levels, and also among younger participants. These names help distinguish collegiate wrestling from other styles of wrestling that are practiced around the world such as those in the Olympic Games, freestyle wrestling, Collegiate wrestling, like its international counterpart, freestyle wrestling, has its main origins in catch-as-catch-can wrestling. In both styles, the goal is to pin the opponent to the mat, which results in an immediate win. Collegiate and freestyle wrestling, unlike Greco-Roman, also allow the use of the wrestlers or his opponents legs in offense and defense. However, collegiate wrestling has had so many influences from the variety of folk wrestling styles brought into the country that it has become distinctly American. Collegiate wrestling differs in a number of ways from freestyle and Greco-Roman, some of the differences are listed below. For example, in wrestling, exposure points are not given to a wrestler for simply forcing the opponents shoulders to quickly rotate. The points generated in this situation are called near fall points and this shows a difference in focus, while the international styles encourage explosive action and risk, collegiate wrestling encourages and rewards control over the opponent. This emphasis on control was present in wrestling from its earliest days. Since 1915, collegiate wrestling officials have recorded the time that each participant had in controlling his opponent on the mat, early on, this was the major way to determine the winner in the absence of a fall. Over time, the significance of such timekeeping has declined, as in both of the international styles, a wrestler can win the match by pinning both of his opponents shoulders or both of his opponents scapulae to the mat. In collegiate wrestling, there is a position to commence wrestling after the first period. All three styles begin a match with both facing each other on their feet with the opportunity given to both to score a takedown and thus gain control over the opponent. The inferior position is similar to a choice for a position in the second and third periods. The referees position is analogous to the par terre starting position in the international wrestling styles. In the international styles, the par terre starting position is not utilized as often as the position is in collegiate wrestling
23.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
24.
National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum and hall of fame for amateur wrestling, headquartered in Stillwater, Oklahoma. In 2010, it operating the Dan Gable Museum in Waterloo. The museum was awarded to Stillwater in 1972 by a decision of the United States Wrestling Federation, the museum opened on September 11,1976. In 2010, the National Wrestling Hall of Fame absorbed the Dan Gable Museum in Waterloo, previously operated by the Dan Gable International Wrestling Institute and that museum had opened in 1998 in Newton, Iowa, and moved to Waterloo in 2006. The museum operates by private donations and state funding, six people from Oklahoma formed the Hall of Fame corporation, Myron Roderick, Dr. Melvin D. Jones, Ralph Ball, Robert L. McCormick, Bill Aufleger, and Veldo Brewer. Oklahoma State University, through its then-president, Dr. Robert B, kamm, provided land – at no cost – with a 99-year renewable lease. In May 2016, the NWHOF voted to revoke all honors given to Dennis Hastert after his conviction, the first time the Hall of Fame has ever punished a now-former inductee. The Stillwater museum contains the John Vaughan Hall of Honors, the Paul K. Scott Museum of Wrestling History, the Cliff Keen Theater, the Hein Library, and a variety of educational outreach exhibits. The Waterloo museum includes the Glen Brand Wrestling Hall of Fame of Iowa, the George Tragos & Lou Thesz Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame, the Board of Governors of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum established the State Chapter program in 1993. The Hall of Fame and Museum currently has chapters in 36 states. The museum also contains the FILA International Wrestling Hall of Fame, collegiate wrestling Scholastic wrestling National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum official website Virtual tour webpage. NWHoF&M website National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum information on TravelOK. com – official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma
25.
Volleyball
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Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to points by grounding a ball on the other teams court under organized rules. It has been a part of the program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court, the team may touch the ball up to 3 times but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point, the ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push the ball with any part of the body. A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including spiking and blocking as well as passing, setting, the game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be a sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA. The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in high, a 25 ft ×50 ft court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents court. In case of an error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul —except in the case of the first-try serve, Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCAs. The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed, some say that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896. In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points, in 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries. The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900, an international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball, was founded in 1947, and the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women. The sport is now popular in Brazil, in Europe, in Russia, and in countries including China. Beach volleyball, a variation of the played on sand. Volleyball is also a sport at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled, nudists were early adopters of the game with regular organized play in clubs as early as the late 1920s
26.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
27.
Coe College
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Coe College is a private, four-year, liberal arts college in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Founded in 1851, the institution is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. Its current president is David McInally and it is one of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest. Coe offers more than 40 majors and provides the option for students to create their own major under the guidance of faculty members, the Kohawks are a member of the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Their athletic team name is the Kohawks, a stylized bird, Stewart Memorial Library houses more than 202,000 books and other materials. The library contains gallery spaces featuring collections from Iowa artists Marvin Cone, Conger Metcalf, Stewart Memorial Library was renovated and expanded in 1989 through a grant from the Hall Foundation. The original building was a gift from Robert W. Stewart, chairman of the board of Standard Oil company, Coe is recognized by a variety of college ranking publications. U. S. News & World Report regularly includes Coe in its Americas Best Colleges publication, Coe is also included in the latest editions of The Princeton Review 361 Best Colleges and Petersons Guide to Selective Colleges. Barrons 300 Best Buys in College Education ranks Coe as Very Competitive, Coe has an active Greek social community, five fraternities and four sororities. The campus is home to a chapter of Mu Phi Epsilon. At one time, Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity and Kappa Delta and Chi Omega sororities had chapters on campus, Coe has implemented a Greek Task Force focusing on revising the current Greek system. The Greek Task Force is composed of Greek students, Greek alumni, Coe faculty and administrators, coes Writing Center is one of the largest undergraduate writing center in the nation with over 80 undergraduates on staff. The Coe Writing Center opened in September 1986 with a staff of seven writing consultants directed by Robert L. Marrs, since that first year, the CWC has grown in size and influence on campus, currently conducting over 2,000 student conferences per year. Staff members have published dozens of articles and essays in journals and have given over 80 presentations at state, regional. Most recent conferences have included the Midwest Writing Center Association conference in Rapid City, the CWC also produces and distributes several campus publications, including The Pearl, Colere, Coetry, and the Coe Quarto. Curt Menefee – sportscaster, host of Fox NFL Sunday Edward A
28.
Mascot
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Mascots are also used as fictional, representative spokespeople for consumer products, such as the rabbit used in advertising and marketing for the General Mills brand of breakfast cereal, Trix. In the world of sports, mascots are used for merchandising. Team mascots are often confused with team nicknames, while the two can be interchangeable, they are not always the same. For example, the teams of the Auburn University are nicknamed the Auburn Tigers. Costumed mascots are commonplace, and are used as goodwill ambassadors in the community for their team, company. It was originally sporting organisations that first thought of using animals as a form of mascot to bring entertainment and excitement for their spectators, before mascots were fictional icons or people in suits. Animals were mostly used in order to bring a different feel to the game. The event that prompted these changes was the invention of the Muppets in the late 1960s, the puppets offered something different to what everyone was used too. It allowed to people to not only have visual enjoyment but also allowed them to interact physically with the mascots, marketers quickly realized the great potential in three-dimensional mascot and took on board the Muppet-like idea. This change encouraged other companies to start creating their own mascots, resulting in mascots being a necessity amongst not only the sporting industry, the word mascot originates from the French term mascotte which means lucky charm. This was used to describe anything that brought luck to a household, the word was first recorded in 1867 and popularised by a French composer Edmond Audran who wrote the opera La Mascotte, performed in December 1880. But didnt enter into the English language until the year after in 1881, however, before this, the terms were familiar to the people of France as a slang word used by gamblers. The term is a derivative of the word masco meaning sorceress or witch, before the 19th century, the word mascot was associated with inanimate objects that would be commonly seen such as a lock of hair or a figurehead on a sailing ship. But from then on until the present day, the term was seen to be associated with good luck animals. Often the choice of mascot reflects a desired quality, an example of this is the fighting spirit. In the United States, controversy surrounds some mascot choices, especially those using human likenesses, Mascots based on Native American tribes are particularly contentious, as many argue that they constitute offensive exploitations of an oppressed culture. However several Indian tribes have come out in support of keeping the names. For example, the Utah Utes and the Central Michigan Chippewas are sanctioned by local tribes, similarly, the Florida State Seminoles are supported by the Seminole Tribe of Florida in their use of Osceola and Renegade as symbols
29.
Sheep
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The sheep is a quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock. Like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, although the name sheep applies to many species in the genus Ovis, in everyday usage it almost always refers to Ovis aries. Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. An adult female sheep is referred to as a ewe, a male as a ram or occasionally a tup, a castrated male as a wether. Sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe, one of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep are raised for fleece, meat and milk. A sheeps wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is harvested by shearing. Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones, Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms for science. Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world, in the modern era, Australia, New Zealand, the southern and central South American nations, and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production. Sheepraising has a lexicon of unique terms which vary considerably by region. Use of the sheep began in Middle English as a derivation of the Old English word scēap. A group of sheep is called a flock, herd or mob, many other specific terms for the various life stages of sheep exist, generally related to lambing, shearing, and age. Being a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, as livestock, sheep are most often associated with pastoral, Arcadian imagery. Sheep figure in many mythologies—such as the Golden Fleece—and major religions, in both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as sacrificial animals. Domestic sheep are relatively small ruminants, usually with a crimped hair called wool, domestic sheep differ from their wild relatives and ancestors in several respects, having become uniquely neotenic as a result of selective breeding by humans. A few primitive breeds of sheep retain some of the characteristics of their wild cousins, depending on breed, domestic sheep may have no horns at all, or horns in both sexes, or in males only. Most horned breeds have a pair, but a few breeds may have several. Another trait unique to domestic sheep as compared to wild ovines is their variation in color. Wild sheep are largely variations of brown hues, and variation within species is extremely limited, colors of domestic sheep range from pure white to dark chocolate brown, and even spotted or piebald
30.
Mock trial
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A mock trial is an act or imitation trial. It is similar to a court, but mock trials simulate lower-court trials. Attorneys preparing for a real trial might use a mock trial consisting of volunteers as role players to test theories or experiment with each other. Mock trial is also the name of a program in which students participate in rehearsed trials to learn about the legal system in a competitive manner. Interscholastic mock trials take place on all levels including primary school, middle school, high school, college, Mock trial is often taught in conjunction with a course in Trial Advocacy or takes place as an after school enrichment activity. Litigators may use mock trials to assist with trial preparation and settlement negotiations of actual cases, unlike school-related mock trials, these mock trials can take numerous forms depending on the information sought. For example, when faced with complex issues in a particular case, attorneys might convene a mini mock trial to try different methods of presenting their evidence. Guam has been hosting the Asia-Pacific Invitational Mock Trial Competition annually, in 2011 and 2012, there were 14 teams from Guam, South Korea, and Saipan in its 4th annual competition. The competition was held at the Superior Court of Guam, the teams made up of mostly junior and senior students from high schools. The Champion for 4th Annual Asia-Pacific Invitational Mock Trial Competition was Marianas Baptist Academy of Saipan, established in 2005, the Surana & Surana National Trial Advocacy Moot was conceived as one of its kind with the aim of promoting skills of trial advocacy. In its 10th successful year, this national moot is one of the most appreciated for its innovation. The structure is such that maximum law students from the host institution) participate by enacting the role of witnesses for the oral rounds, the students and faculty welcome this, as it provides a unique opportunity to learn practical aspects of a trial, first hand. Mock trial competitions in Australia are held regionally and these include, The Law Society of South Australia Mock Trial Competition comprises a series of simulated court cases by students years 10,11 and 12 from 32 schools in South Australia. The Law Society of Western Australia Interschool Mock Trial Competition is held each year for students enrolled in years 10,11 and 12 in Western Australia, there were 773 students representing 68 teams from 38 schools participated in 2011. The Capital Region Mock Trial Competition is organized by University of Canberra, there were teams of schools in Australian Capital Territory region with year 10,11 and 12 students. The New South Wales Mock Trial Competition has been running since 1981 for students years 10 and 11 in New South Wales initially with 28 schools, there have also been international events with mock trial competitions between Australia and the United Kingdom. In 2008, schools from this region also traveled to New York City to compete in the Empire Mock Trial Competition, the first Asia-Australia mock trial competition via video conference between Australian teams and a Korean team was held in 2009. The Bar National Mock Trial Competition involves students to take on the roles of barristers and witnesses and it has been running annually since 1991 with regional tournaments and the national final
31.
Economics
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Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work, consistent with this focus, textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources, inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment. At the turn of the 21st century, the domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the conditions of people in their everyday life. There are a variety of definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services. Say, distinguishing the subject from its uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle coined the dismal science as an epithet for classical economics, in this context and it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth, how wealth is created, distributed, and consumed, but he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it, generates both cost and benefits, and, resources are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the costs outweigh the benefits. Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets, there are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. The same source reviews a range of included in principles of economics textbooks. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system
32.
History
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History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory and it is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians and their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In Asia, a chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd-century BC texts survived. Ancient influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries, the modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, the word history comes ultimately from Ancient Greek ἱστορία, meaning inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge. It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι, the ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions. History was borrowed from Latin into Old English as stær, and it was from Anglo-Norman that history was borrowed into Middle English, and this time the loan stuck. In Middle English, the meaning of history was story in general, the restriction to the meaning the branch of knowledge that deals with past events, the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs arose in the mid-fifteenth century. With the Renaissance, older senses of the word were revived, and it was in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the sixteenth century. For him, historia was the knowledge of objects determined by space and time, in an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designates separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are synthetic and highly inflected. The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669, Historian in the sense of a researcher of history is attested from 1531. Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, in the words of Benedetto Croce, All history is contemporary history. History is facilitated by the formation of a discourse of past through the production of narrative. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record, the task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents
33.
Psychology
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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is a discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind, Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. Psychology has been described as a hub science, with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society, the majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, the Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th century. In 1890, William James defined psychology as the science of mental life and this definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. Also since James defined it, the more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. Folk psychology refers to the understanding of people, as contrasted with that of psychology professionals. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle, addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes, in China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of Buddhism. This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation and it frames the universe as a division of, and interaction between, physical reality and mental reality, with an emphasis on purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. Chinese scholarship focused on the advanced in the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi, Liu Zhi. Distinctions in types of awareness appear in the ancient thought of India, a central idea of the Upanishads is the distinction between a persons transient mundane self and their eternal unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines, and Buddhism, have challenged this hierarchy of selves, yoga is a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal
34.
ACT (test)
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The ACT college readiness assessment is a standardized test for high school achievement and college admissions in the United States produced by ACT, a nonprofit of the same name. It was first administered in November 1959 by Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the College Boards Scholastic Aptitude Test, the ACT originally consisted of four tests, English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Natural Sciences. In 1989, the Social Studies test was changed into a Reading section, in February 2005, an optional Writing test was added to the ACT, mirroring changes to the SAT that took place later in March of the same year. The ACT is now offered as a computer-based test, the test will continue to be offered in the paper format for schools that are not ready to transition to computer testing. All four-year colleges and universities in the U. S, the main four tests are scored individually on a scale of 1–36, and a Composite score is provided which is the whole number average of the four scores. The optional Writing Test measures skill in planning and writing a short essay, according to a research study conducted by ACT, Inc. in 2003, a relationship was found between a students ACT composite score and the possibility of him or her earning a college degree. ACT publishes a manual that summarizes studies conducted of its validity in predicting freshman GPA, equating different high school GPAs. The majority of colleges do not indicate a preference for the SAT or ACT exams, most colleges use ACT scores as only one factor in their admission process. A sampling of ACT admissions scores shows that the 75th percentile composite score was 24.1 at public institutions and 25.3 at private four-year institutions. It is recommended that students check with their prospective institutions directly to understand ACT admissions requirements, in addition, some states have used the ACT to assess the performance of schools, and require all high school students to take the ACT, regardless of whether they are college bound. Colorado and Illinois have incorporated the ACT as part of their mandatory testing program since 2001, the ACT is more widely used in the Midwestern, Rocky Mountain, and Southern United States, whereas the SAT is more popular on the East and West coasts. Recently, however, the ACT is being used more on the East Coast, Use of the ACT by colleges has risen as a result of various criticisms of the effectiveness and fairness of the SAT. The required portion of the ACT is divided into four multiple choice tests, English, mathematics, reading. Subject test scores range from 1 to 36, all scores are integers, the English, mathematics, and reading tests also have subscores ranging from 1 to 18. The composite score is the average of all four tests, in addition, students taking the optional writing test receive a writing score ranging from 1 to 36. The writing score does not affect the composite score, the ACT has eliminated the combined English/writing score, and has added two new combined scores, The ELA will be an average of the English, Reading and Writing scores. The STEM will be an average of the Math and Science scores, all of the changes that have been listed for the writing score and the new ELA and STEM scores were effective starting on the September 2015 test. On the ACT, each question correctly answered is worth one raw point, there is no penalty for marking incorrect answers on the multiple-choice part of the test
35.
John Q. Tufts
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John Quincy Adams Tufts was an American Republican politician from Iowa and California. He was founder of a sporting goods company in Los Angeles, California. The son of Servetus or Servitus Tufts and Emily, John Q. was born in Aurora, Indiana, on July 12, 1840) and he attended common schools as a child and then Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa. He married Susan Shaw Cook on October 10,1861, Tufts moved to Los Angeles in 1887. He was a member of the Masons and of the Creel Club On September 4,1902, he died in his home,3303 South Grand Avenue and he was survived by his wife and ten children, Mrs. F. M. Lyon, Mrs. A. B. Cass, Mrs. Will Muir, Edward B. Will A. Tufts, Carl R. Tufts and Roy N. Tufts, all of Los Angeles, Mrs. Robert Frick of San Francisco and he was interred in Angelus Cemetery in Central Los Angeles. In 1858, Tufts moved to Cedar County, Iowa, and was a farmer near Wilton in that county, Tufts was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives in 1870,1872 and 1874. In his final term he was the chairman of the Railroad Committee of the Iowa House and was considered an advocate for railroad regulation. In 1874 he was elected as a Republican to represent Iowas 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives and he did not run for re-election in 1876. He served in Congress from March 4,1875 to March 3,1877 and he was also a United States Indian Agent in the Union Agency at Muskogee in the Indian Territory, from 1879 to 1887. During his tenure as Indian Commissioner, he organized the first unit of the United States Indian Police in February 1880, in his annual report to the Secretary of the Interior, John Q. Tufts consistently asked to have the number and pay increased for the United States Indian Police and he urged the government to resolve the question of citizenship in the Indian Nation and he supported the freedmans claims to citizenship in the Cherokee Nation. Tufts also asked that laws be passed to provide imprisonment of intruders who return after being removed for the theft of coal, the intruders were often whites who stole with impunity from Indian lands. In Los Angeles, he engaged in the estate business and also founded the Tufts-Lyons Arms Company. In 1890 he was elected to the City Council from the 5th Ward and he served one term, then ran for mayor on the Republican ticket, losing to Thomas E. Rowan in 1892. The Times, however, endorsed him because of his standing in the business community. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
36.
L. M. Shaw
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Leslie Mortier Shaw, known as L. M. Shaw, was an American businessman, lawyer, and politician. He served as the 17th Governor of Iowa and was a Republican candidate in the 1908 presidential election, Shaw was born in Morristown, Vermont, the son of Boardman O. Shaw and Louise Spaulding Lovisa Shaw. He attended Cornell College in 1874, Shaw married the former Alice Crenshaw on December 6,1877, with whom he had three children. He became a lawyer and banker, and in 1898 became the 17th Governor of Iowa and he then became the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1902 to 1907. Like his predecessor Secretary Lyman Gage, Shaw firmly believed that the Treasury should serve the market in times of difficulty through the introduction of Treasury funds. The intended effect of actions was to provide a more elastic currency which would then respond to the needs of the market. The government intervention in the market reached its height with Shaw. He resigned on March 3,1907, to become as the banker in New York City and he was a candidate for the Republican Party nomination during the U. S. presidential election in 1908. After leaving the Presidential Cabinet and his life, he returned to banking, working in New York City. Shaw died in Washington, D. C. and was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Denison, Secretary Shaw and Precedents as to Treasury Control over the Money Market. U. S. Department of the Treasury biography Men of Mark in America L. M. Shaw at Find a Grave
37.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
38.
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
39.
Robert G. Cousins
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Robert Gordon Cousins was an eight-term Republican U. S. Representative from Iowas 5th congressional district and he represented the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, area for the last eight years of the 19th century and the first eight years of the 20th century. Born on a farm, Indian Lodge, near Tipton, Iowa, in Cedar County, Iowa, Cousins attended the common schools, after studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1882, and engaged in practice in Tipton. In 1886, Cousins was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives and he was chosen by the House as one of the managers to conduct the impeachment proceedings of John L. Brown before the Iowa Senate in 1886. He served as prosecuting attorney for Cedar County from 1888 to 1890, in 1892, Cousins ran as a Republican against Democratic Congressman John Taylor Hamilton, who had won election to the U. S. House seat for Iowas 5th congressional district two years earlier. Cousins defeated Hamilton in the election and thereby became a member of the Fifty-third Congress. He was then re-elected to the seven succeeding Congresses, in 1908, Cousins declined to be a candidate for renomination. In all, he served in Congress from March 4,1893 to March 3,1909, after leaving Congress, Cousins resumed the practice of law in Tipton, and also engaged as a writer and as a Chautauqua lecturer. He died on June 20,1933, in Iowa City and he was interred in Red Oak Cemetery, five miles northwest of Tipton. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
40.
William Wallace McCredie
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William Wallace W. W. McCredie was a U. S. Born in Montrose, Pennsylvania, McCredie moved to Iowa with his parents and he attended the common schools, going on to graduate from Cornell College in 1885. He taught school at Parkersburg, Iowa from 1885 to 1889 and he attended the law school of the University of Iowa in 1889 and 1890, then moved to Portland, Oregon in 1890 and completed the study of law. He was admitted to the bar the year and commenced practice in Vancouver. During his early career, he served as prosecuting attorney of Clarke County, Washington from 1894 to 1896 and served as judge of the superior court at Vancouver. In 1904, McCredie became part owner of the minor league Portland Beavers baseball club, at the time, the Portland club was part of the Pacific Coast League which was considered a high level minor league that frequently sent players to major league teams. McCredie was an owner who helped with the organization and administration of the league in its early years. After the 1906 earthquake that devastated much of the league, McCredie used his own resources to maintain the operation of other clubs, McCredie also invested heavily in his own team and was the first owner to build grandstand seating for the teams fans. McCredie was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-first Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Francis W. Cushman and served from November 2,1909 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1910 to the Sixty-second Congress. He resumed his interest in the Portland club of the Pacific Coast League, serving as president until 1921 and he continued the practice of law in Portland until his death in that city on May 10,1935. He was interred in Lincoln Memorial Cemetery, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
41.
Burton E. Sweet
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Burton Erwin Sweet was a four-term Republican U. S. Representative from Iowas 3rd congressional district, then a wide but short chain of counties in north-central and northeastern Iowa, born on a farm near Waverly, Iowa, Sweet attended the common schools and the Iowa State Normal School at Cedar Falls. He graduated from Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa in 1893 and he was admitted to the bar in 1895 and commenced practice in Waverly. He was Waverlys city solicitor from 1896 to 1899, in 1900 he was elected to the first of two two-year terms in the Iowa House of Representatives. In 1904, when Sweets final term in the legislature ended and he was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee from 1902 to 1906. Although he was a lawyer, he owned two sections of farmland. In 1908, Sweet was a candidate for the Republican nomination for the seat vacated by Congressman Birdsall. He was defeated by Charles E. Pickett, who won the election and was re-elected to a second term in 1910. In 1914, Sweet was elected as a Republican to represent Iowas 3rd congressional district in the Sixty-fourth Congress and he was re-elected three consecutive times. Instead of running for a term in the House, Sweet ran for Kenyons former seat. In a six-way Republican primary, Sweet lost to insurgent Smith W. Brookhart, in all, Sweet served in the House from March 4,1915 to March 3,1923. Sweet resumed the practice of law, however, Brookhart won the Primary again, defeating Sweet again, this time by over 30,000 votes. Sweet died in Waverly, Iowa, on January 3,1957 and he was interred in Harlington Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
