1.
Daily newspaper
–
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
Daily newspaper
–
Front page of
The New York Times on
Armistice Day, 11 November 1918.
Daily newspaper
–
Journalism
Daily newspaper
–
Title page of Carolus'
Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper
Daily newspaper
–
Diario de Pernambuco, founded in November 1825 is the second oldest circulating newspaper in South America, after
El Peruano, founded in October of that same year.
2.
Berliner (format)
–
Berliner, or midi, is a newspaper format with pages normally measuring about 315 by 470 millimetres. The Berliner format is slightly taller and marginally wider than the tabloid/compact format, the Berliner format is an innovation in press and an alternative to the broadsheet format. The name refers to the city of Berlin, and was contrasted with North German. The French business newspaper Les Échos changed to this format in September 2003, a recent European newspaper to join this trend is Het Financieele Dagblad, the daily Dutch newspaper that is focused on business and financial matters on 26 March 2013. Student publication The University Observer became Irelands first Berliner-sized paper in September 2009, the Independent in London considered adopting this format, but could not afford to buy new presses, it ultimately became a tabloid size. The most recent European newspaper using the format is the UKs post-referendum pop-up The New European, although the daily Berliner Zeitung is occasionally called simply Berliner, it is not printed in Berliner format. The majority of the national quality dailies use the larger broadsheet format known as nordisch, the daily Journal and Courier in Lafayette, Indiana, began using Berliner format for its daily edition on 31 July 2006. It was the first newspaper in North America to be produced in this format, the Chronicle in Laurel, Mississippi, which began publication in April 2012 uses the Berliner layout. The Bucks County Herald in Lahaska, Pennsylvania, began using Berliner format in 2009, major papers such as the Chicago Tribune and The Cincinnati Enquirer have tested the format. Since then, numerous newspapers throughout the United States and Canada have adopted a page format similar to Berliner. In some instances, only the width has changed from the broadsheet page. For example, the New York Times used a 22-inch tall by 13. 5-inch wide page and it still refers to itself as a broadsheet, even though its size is closer to Berliner. In Nepal, the Nepali Times became the first and the newspaper using this format. In Pakistan, the English daily Pakistan Today is published in the Berliner format, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz has been published in this format since 18 February 2007. Though very rarely used in Metropolitan Manila, the Berliner is the most popular format in the Philippines, in the Ilocandia, some of the well-known names are the Zigzag Weekly, the Northern Dispatch—commonly called as Nordis—and the Northern Philippine Times. In the Visayas, the Panay News also uses this format, though not published for commercial purposes, the official publication of the Caritas Manila uses a slightly narrower Berliner format. In March 2009, South Koreas JoongAng Ilbo adopted the Berliner format, also in the same month, Turkeys Gazete Habertürk and Zaman adopted a variation of this format as 350 by 500 mm and become two of the first Turkish newspaper to do so. The format is called Ciner format in Turkey because it is unique, on 1 June 2012, the UAEs leading English language newspaper, Gulf News, adopted the Berliner format, the first ever in the Middle East
Berliner (format)
–
Comparison of some newspaper sizes with metric paper sizes. Approximate nominal dimensions are in millimetres.
3.
Liberalism
–
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a philosophical tradition. Locke argued that man has a natural right to life, liberty and property. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy, prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution, the 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state, today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world. Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means free. One of the first recorded instances of the word occurs in 1375. The words early connection with the education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someones generosity or indiscretion, in Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of a liberal villaine who hath. confest his vile encounters. With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as free from narrow prejudice in 1781, in 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English. In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the label in a political context. From 1820 to 1823, during the Trienio Liberal, King Ferdinand VII was compelled by the liberales to swear to uphold the Constitution, by the middle of the 19th century, liberal was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide. Over time, the meaning of the word began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, In the United States, liberalism is associated with the policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres
Liberalism
–
The
Agreement of the People (1647) was a manifesto for political change, proposed by the
Levellers during the
English Civil War. It called for
freedom of religion, frequent convening of
Parliament and equality under the law.
Liberalism
–
John Locke was the first to develop a liberal philosophy, including the right to
private property and the
consent of the governed.
Liberalism
–
The
Bill of Rights was a landmark piece of liberal legislation.
Liberalism
–
The
Philadelphia Convention in 1787 adopted the
United States Constitution, which is still in effect.
4.
Centrism
–
Centre-left and centre-right politics both involve a general association with centrism combined with leaning somewhat to their respective sides of the spectrum. It has been suggested that individuals vote for centrist parties for purely statistical reasons, Centrists usually support a degree of equal opportunity and economic freedom. They can generally lean conservative on issues and lean liberal on social issues. However, centrism itself is location-dependent and exact policies can vary depending on geographical, Indian National Congress was centrist in its ideology. It is one of the oldest parties in the world, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. Its support is has different ups and downs from the late 1990s, people change their support base to other political parties but choose it again after period of 5 years. It acts as a party, presently, in Indian Parliament. There have been centrists in both sides of politics, who alongside the various factions within the Liberal and Labor parties. In addition, there are a number of groups that have formed in response to the bipartisan system who uphold centrist ideals. South Australian Senator Nick Xenophon had launched his own centrist political party called the Nick Xenophon Team in 2014, the Palmer United Party has been suggested as being a centrist party as well, however, the party itself does not make such formal claims of being politically centrist. The Australian Sex Party is also a centrist political party and they have just one seat and control the balance of power, with a huge political responsibility within the Victorian Legislative Council since 2014. The New Flemish Alliance is the largest, and since 2009, among French speaking Belgians the Humanist Democratic Centre is a centre-right or centre party as it is considerably less conservative than its Flemish counterpart, Christian Democratic & Flemish. Another party in the centre of the spectrum is the liberal Reformist Movement. The Liberals are currently the largest party in Canadas House of Commons, although, some may argue that the Liberal Party is more of a Centre-Left then a Centrist party. Czech Republic has two main centrist political parties which are currently in the government, liberal ANO and Christian democratic Christian, france has a tradition of parties that call themselves centriste. The most notable centrist party, often also called liberal, was the Union for French Democracy, among its successors belongs the small Centrist Alliance, the most successful of them is the Democratic Movement of François Bayrou, founded in 2007. However, the centrist parties often oppose to the parties such as Socialists. It often support the centre-right Gaullist parties and join several coalitions governed by Jacques Chirac, zentrismus is a term only known to experts, as it is easily confused with Zentralismus, so the usual term in German for the political centre/centrism is politische Mitte
Centrism
–
Joachim Gauck, the current German president who is a centrist politician and activist without party affiliation. In 1990 he took part in the
Alliance 90, having become an independent after its merger with The Greens.
Centrism
–
Campaign for the Norwegian
Centre Party at
Nærbø. Like its
Finnish and
Swedish counterparts, the party has a strong focus on decentralisation, rural and agrarian issues.
Centrism
–
Ross Perot, former United States Presidential candidate in the 1992 and 1996 elections.
5.
Italian language
–
By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
Italian language
–
Dante Alighieri (above) and
Petrarch (below) were influential in establishing their
Tuscan dialect as the most prominent literary language in all of
Italy in the
Late Middle Ages
Italian language
–
The geographic distribution of the Italian language in the world: large Italian-speaking communities are shown in green; light blue indicates areas where the Italian language was used officially during the Italian colonial period.
Italian language
Italian language
–
Pietro Bembo was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language from the Tuscan dialect, as a literary medium, codifying the language for standard modern usage
6.
Milan
–
Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
Milan
–
Milan Cathedral,
La Scala opera house and
Porta Nuova business district
Milan
Milan
Milan
7.
La Gazzetta dello Sport
–
La Gazzetta dello Sport is an Italian newspaper dedicated to coverage of various sports. It is the most widely read newspaper in Italy as of 2016. La Gazzetta dello Sport was founded by Alberto Bonacossa, the first issue was published on 3 April 1896, on time to cover the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens. The paper is based in Milan and its role extends beyond news reporting and features, to direct involvement in major events, including the organization of the Giro dItalia cycling stage race. La Gazzetta dello Sport is part of the RCS media group, the paper was published in broadsheet format until 2008 when its format was switched to tabloid. The newspaper, published on paper, sells over 400,000 copies daily. Although a wide range of sports are covered in the newspaper, with some 24-28 pages out of 40 devoted to the sport on a daily basis, much of the journalism is speculative and sensationalist rather than the pure reporting of matches. On 3 April 2016, it celebrated its 120th anniversary by printing the newspaper in green, in 1990 the circulation of La Gazzetta dello Sport was 809,000 copies. It was the third best-selling Italian newspaper with a circulation of 401,000 copies in 1997, the paper had a circulation of 445,000 copies in 2001, making it the twentieth best-selling European newspaper. In 2008 the paper had a circulation of 368,848 copies, the online version of the paper was the eighteenth most visited website in the country in 2011. Candido Cannavò, editor from 1983 to 2002 List of non-English newspapers with English language subsections Gazzetta TV www. gazzetta. it english. gazzetta. it
La Gazzetta dello Sport
–
Front page, 15 July 2009
La Gazzetta dello Sport
–
A coffee and a Gazzetta newspaper, a common sight in an Italian bar
8.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
–
ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
9.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
–
The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
–
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
–
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
10.
Newspaper
–
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
Newspaper
–
Front page of
The New York Times on
Armistice Day, 11 November 1918.
Newspaper
–
Journalism
Newspaper
–
Title page of Carolus'
Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper
Newspaper
–
Diario de Pernambuco, founded in November 1825 is the second oldest circulating newspaper in South America, after
El Peruano, founded in October of that same year.
11.
Luigi Albertini
–
Luigi Albertini was an influential Italian newspaper editor, Member of Parliament, and historian of the First World War. As editor of one of Italys best-known newspapers, Corriere della Sera of Milan and he was a vigorous opponent of socialism and clericalism, and of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti who was willing to compromise with those forces. Albertinis opposition to the Fascist regime forced the owners to fire him in 1925, Albertini was an outspoken antifascist, even though at one time he did support the National Fascist Party in their opposition to the Left. From 1914 until Benito Mussolinis March on Rome in 1922, he was a member of parliament in the Italian Senate, Albertini was born in Ancona, Italy. After reading law at the University of Turin, in 1894 he moved to London, while in London he investigated labour conditions and studied the organization of The Times newspaper. In 1898 he joined the Milan newspaper, Corriere della Sera as an assistant, working under Eugenio Torelli Viollier. In the spring of 1900, Viollier died and Albertini took his position as managing editor, and he also invested in the paper. He installed modern equipment and updated the technical services. Under Albertinis direction, Corriere della Sera became the most widely read, but, in November 1925 the papers owners, the Crespi family, sacked him because of his public stance against the Fascist government. His last editorial was included in the 29 November 1925 edition, after that, Albertini withdrew from public life and retired to his model estate at Torrimpietra near Rome. There, he dedicated his time to managing the estate and reclaiming land on it and he also extensively researched Italys role in the First and Second World Wars. He wrote his memoirs and had just completed his seminal work on the origins of the First World War when he died on 29 December 1941 in Rome. Albertinis three-volume The Origins of the War of 1914 was his highest achievement and he researched and wrote it with the assistance of Luciano Magrini, a former Corriere della Sera foreign correspondent who was skilled in German. From 1928 to 1940, Magrini interviewed many of the protagonists of the First World War and he obtained numerous documents that are reproduced in the work, which was published in Italian in 1942 and 1943. It was translated into English by Isabella Massey and published by Oxford University Press in 1953, the bedrock of all discussion remains L. Albertini’s The Origins of the War of 1914… which provides a detailed chronology of the crisis and excerpts from the most important documents. Alberto Albertini wrote the first biography of his brother, which was published in Italian in 1945, since 1965 Ottavio Brié, formerly of the political science facility at the University of Rome, has had access to Luigi Albertinis huge correspondence, which he has edited and published. He also researched and wrote a biography, Luigi Albertini. Luigi Albertini, Conservative Liberalism in Thought and Practice, review Article from European History Quarterly Vol.6 #1 pp. 139–146 Sage Journals On Line, preview of page 1 Herberiches, Celesta
Luigi Albertini
–
Luigi Albertini.
12.
Giovanni Giolitti
–
Giovanni Giolitti was an Italian statesman. He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921 and he is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history, after Benito Mussolini. He was a prominent leader of the Historical Left and the Liberal Union, under his influence, the Italian Liberals did not develop as a structured party, they were, instead, a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. Besides putting in place several tariffs, subsidies and government projects, Giolitti also nationalized the private telephone, Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the Giolittian System, although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth. However his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate debate amongst writers. His father Giovenale Giolitti had been working in the avvocatura dei poveri and he died in 1843, a year after Giovanni was born. The family moved in the home of his mother Enrichetta Plochiù in Turin and his mother taught him to read and write, his education in the gymnasium San Francesco da Paola of Turin was marked by poor discipline and little commitment to study. He did not like mathematics and the study of Latin and Greek grammar, preferring the history and reading the novels of Walter Scott, at sixteen he entered the University of Turin and, after three years, he earned a law degree in 1860. His uncle was a member of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia and a friend of Michelangelo Castelli. However Giolitti did not appear interested in the Risorgimento and differently to many of his fellow students. Subsequently, he pursued a career in administration in the Ministry of Grace and Justice. In 1869 he moved to the Ministry of Finance, becoming an official and working along with important members of the ruling Right, like Quintino Sella. In the same year he married Rosa Sobrero, the granddaughter of Ascanio Sobrero, a famous chemist, who discovered nitroglycerine. In 1877 Giolitti was appointed to the Court of Audit and in 1882 to the Council of State At the 1882 Italian general election he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Historical Left. This election was a victory for the ruling Left of Agostino Depretis. As deputy he chiefly acquired prominence by attacks on Agostino Magliani, following Depretis’s death on 29 July 1887 Francesco Crispi, a notable politician and patriot, became the leader of the Left group and was also appointed Prime Minister by King Umberto I. On 9 March 1889 Giolitti was selected by Crispi as new Minister of Treasury, but in October 1890, Giolitti resigned from his office due to contrasts with Crispis colonial policy. Menelik informed the press and the scandal erupted
Giovanni Giolitti
–
Giovanni Giolitti
Giovanni Giolitti
–
Giolitti during the first years of his political career.
Giovanni Giolitti
–
This cartoon in the satirical magazine
L'Asino (The Donkey) in May 1911, described the policy of Giolitti: on the one hand, dressed in elegant suit, he reassures conservatives; on the other, with clothes less elegant, he is addressing the workers. (L'Asino, May 14, 1911)
Giovanni Giolitti
–
Italian artillery battery during the
Italo-Turkish War.
13.
La Repubblica
–
La Repubblica is an Italian daily general-interest newspaper. It was founded in 1976 in Rome by Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso led by Eugenio Scalfari and Carlo Caracciolo, born as a radical leftist newspaper, it has since moderated to a milder centre-left political stance. It lately assumed a position and a generally supporting view of Democrat Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. La Repubblica was founded by Eugenio Scalfari, also director of the weekly magazine LEspresso, the publisher Carlo Caracciolo and Mondadori had invested 2.3 billion lire and a break-even point was calculated at 150,000 copies. Scalfari invited a few trusted colleagues, Gianni Rocca, then Giorgio Bocca, Sandro Viola, Mario Pirani, Miriam Mafai, Barbara Spinelli, Natalia Aspesi, the cartoons were the prerogative of Giorgio Forattini until 1999. The newspaper first went on sale on 14 January 1976 and it was presented as the first Italian tabloid with some sections such as sports and business intentionally left out. When it was founded, it was intended to be a newspaper, with only major news at the national level. It was composed of 20 pages and was published from Tuesday to Sunday, the paper defined itself as a “giornale-partito” in its initial stage. During the first two years, it built up a core-audience identified as members of the centre-left and the Italian Communist Party, in 1977, Scalfari decided to cater to the university student movement, so la Repubblica began its expansion. The strength of the newspaper lay particularly in the comments section. In the meantime, Giampaolo Pansa from Corriere della Sera became Deputy Director, alongside Rocca, in early 1978, average sales amounted to 114,000 copies. The papers stance proved popular and, by the end of the year, in 1979, with an average print run of 180,000 copies, it achieved a break-even point. The size of the newspaper increased with page count growing from 20 to 24, the newspaper decided to cover sports for the first time and veteran reporter Gianni Brera was added. In 1981, the Corriere della Sera was hit by a scandal when chief editor Franco Di Bella was outed as a member of the masonic lodge Propaganda Due. This allowed La Repubblica to win extra readers and recruit a number of commentators such as Enzo Biagi. Aiming to gain top circulation in Italy, chief editor Scalfari launched new reader-friendly initiatives, there were now 40 pages, including news sections, entertainment and sport. The newspaper was pitched as an omnibus newspaper and this seemed to pay off as in 1985 la Repubblica sold an average of 372,940 copies, about 150,000 more than in 1981. 1986 marked the tenth birthday
La Repubblica
–
Front page, 7 November 2007
La Repubblica
–
Il Venerdì.
14.
Turin
–
Turin is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region and was the first capital city of Italy. The city is located mainly on the bank of the Po River, in front of Susa Valley and surrounded by the western Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 892,649 while the population of the area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million, in 1997 a part of the historical center of Torino was inscribed in the World Heritage List under the name Residences of the Royal House of Savoy. Turin is well known for its Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neo-classical, many of Turins public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. This was after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy was moved to Turin from Chambery as part of the urban expansion, the city used to be a major European political center. Turin was Italys first capital city in 1861 and home to the House of Savoy, from 1563, it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal House of Savoy and finally the first capital of the unified Italy. Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who contributed to the Risorgimento, such as Cavour. The city currently hosts some of Italys best universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the University of Turin, founded in the 15th century, in addition, the city is home to museums such as the Museo Egizio and the Mole Antonelliana. Turins attractions make it one of the worlds top 250 tourist destinations, Turin is ranked third in Italy, after Milan and Rome, for economic strength. With a GDP of $58 billion, Turin is the worlds 78th richest city by purchasing power, as of 2010, the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city. Turin is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry, the Taurini were an ancient Celto-Ligurian Alpine people, who occupied the upper valley of the Po River, in the center of modern Piedmont. In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal as he was allied with their long-standing enemies, the Taurini chief town was captured by Hannibals forces after a three-day siege. As a people they are mentioned in history. It is believed that a Roman colony was established in 27 BC under the name of Castra Taurinorum, both Livy and Strabo mention the Taurinis country as including one of the passes of the Alps, which points to a wider use of the name in earlier times. In the 1st century BC, the Romans created a military camp, the typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city, especially in the neighborhood known as the Quadrilatero Romano. Via Garibaldi traces the path of the Roman citys decumanus which began at the Porta Decumani. The Porta Palatina, on the side of the current city centre, is still preserved in a park near the Cathedral
Turin
–
From top to bottom, left to right: panorama of the
Mole Antonelliana,
Valentino Park with the medieval village, Piazza Castello with Palazzo Reale and Palazzo Madama, San Carlo Plaza with the Caval ëd Bronz, the Arco Olimpico and the Lingotto, the sarcophagus of Oki at the
Egyptian Museum, a view of the hills, the
Po, the Gran Madre, the Monte of Cappuccini and
Palatine Towers.
Turin
–
The Roman
Palatine Towers.
Turin
–
Siege of Turin
Turin
–
Turin in the 17th century.
15.
La Stampa
–
La Stampa is an Italian daily newspaper published in Turin, Italy. It is distributed in Italy and other European nations and it is one of the oldest newspapers in Italy. The paper was founded by Vittorio Bersezio, a journalist and novelist, in 1895, the newspaper was bought by Alfredo Frassati, who gave it its current name and a national perspective. For criticising the 1924 murder of the socialist Giacomo Matteotti, he was forced to resign, the financier Riccardo Gualino also took a share. The paper is now owned by Fiat S. p. A, the former contributors of La Stampa include Italian novelist Alberto Moravia. La Stampa, based in Turin, was published in broadsheet format until November 2006 when the paper began to be published in the berliner format and it launched a website in 1999. La Stampa also launched a project, called Vatican Insider, run by the newspaper and has among its staff several Vatican affairs analysts. Since 26 May 2006 it has published a magazine, Specchio+. From 26 January 1996 to 7 April 2006, it was called Specchio, which was published as a weekly supplement, in September 2012 La Stampa moved to its new headquarters in Turin, leaving its historical editorial building. Mario Calabresi is the editor-in-chief of the daily, on 9 April 2013 an explosive device was sent by an anarchist group, the Federazione Anarchica Informale/Fronte Rivoluzionario, to the offices of La Stampa. The 1988 circulation of La Stampa was 560,000 copies, in 1997 the paper had a circulation of 376,493 copies. Its circulation was 399,000 copies in 2000 and 409,000 copies in 2001, the circulation of the paper was 330,000 copies in 2003 and 345,060 copies in 2004. Its 2007 circulation was 314,000 copies and it was 256,203 copies in 2012. and Harold A. Fisher. The worlds great dailies, profiles of fifty newspapers pp 280-85 Official website Radio Nostalgia, the La Stampa-owned local radio station
La Stampa
–
Front page, 10 December 2006
16.
Comics
–
Comics is a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images, often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing, cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics, fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comic albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures, scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe, histories of Japanese comics and cartooning propose origins as early as the 12th century. Comics has had a reputation for much of its history. The English term comics is used as a noun when it refers to the medium. Though the term derives from the work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult, examples of early comics The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Japan had a prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825, the most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. American comics developed out of magazines as Puck, Judge. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcaults The Yellow Kid, early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fishers Mutt and Jeff. In Britain, the Amalgamated Press established a style of a sequence of images with text beneath them, including Illustrated Chips
Comics
–
Manga Hokusai, early 19th century
Comics
–
Comics
Comics
–
Ally Sloper in Some of the Mysteries of Loan and Discount
Charles Henry Ross, 1867
Comics
–
The Yellow Kid R. F. Outcault, 1898
17.
Corriere dei piccoli
–
The Corriere dei Piccoli, later renamed Corriere dei Ragazzi and nicknamed Corrierino, was a weekly magazine for children published in Italy from 1908 to 1995. It was the first Italian periodical to make a feature of publishing comic strips. Corriere dei Piccoli was established in 1908, the first issue was published on 27 December 1908, with Silvio Spaventa Filippi as editor-in-chief. It was founded by Luigi Albertini, the magazine was formally a supplement for children of Corriere della Sera, but it was also sold separately for 0.10 lira At its acme, the magazine sold 700,000 copies. By 1970 the magazine started having financial difficulties due to rising costs and competition by other magazines and comics books. Feeling that the quaint name was partly to blame, on 1 January 1972 the publisher renamed the bulk of the magazine Corriere dei Ragazzi, the name Corriere dei Piccoli survived as the title of a thin supplement of the publication, aimed at the younger readers. The last issue was dated 15 August 1995, a typically Italian comic strip format was introduced by the Corrierino from its first issue. The full page was divided into six panels, in three rows. Comics which appeared in the include, List of magazines published in Italy Spirou
Corriere dei piccoli
–
The cover of the 11 July 1911 edition carries a cartoon strip in the Italian style without speech bubbles.
18.
Evening paper
–
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
Evening paper
–
Front page of
The New York Times on
Armistice Day, 11 November 1918.
Evening paper
–
Journalism
Evening paper
–
Title page of Carolus'
Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper
Evening paper
–
Diario de Pernambuco, founded in November 1825 is the second oldest circulating newspaper in South America, after
El Peruano, founded in October of that same year.
19.
Fascism in Italy
–
Italian Fascism, also known simply as Fascism, is the original fascist ideology, as developed in Italy. According to Sternhell “most syndicalist leaders were among the founders of the Fascist movement, ” who, in years, gained key posts in Mussolini’s regime. ”Other historians argued that Fascism billed itself “not only as an alternative. This economic system intended to resolve conflict through collaboration between the classes. It was opposed to Marxist socialism because of its opposition to nationalism. It believed the success of Italian nationalism required respect for tradition, the National Fascist Party founded in 1921, declared that the party was to serve as a revolutionary militia placed at the service of the nation. It follows a policy based on three principles, order, discipline, hierarchy, Mussolini often referred to Fascist Italy during World War II as the proletarian nations that rise up against the plutocrats. It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire and Italy during the Renaissance, Italian Fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a Third Rome, identifying ancient Rome as the First Rome, and Renaissance-era Italy as the Second Rome. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the Doctrine of Fascism, ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini, The Fascist state is a will to power, the Roman tradition is here a powerful force. According to the Doctrine of Fascism, an empire is not only a territorial or military or mercantile concept, but a spiritual and moral one. One can think of an empire, that is, a nation, Fascism sought the incorporation of claimed unredeemed territories to Italy. Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Empire, the Fascist regime imposed mandatory Italianization upon the German and South Slav populations living within Italys borders. This resulted in significant violence against South Slavs deemed to be resisting Italianization, the Fascist regime endorsed Albanian irredentism, directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo and Epirus - particularly in Chameria inhabited by a substantial number of Albanians. The Fascist regime claimed the Ionian Islands as Italian territory, on the basis that the islands had belonged to the Venetian Republic from the mid-14th until the 18th century. To the west of Italy, the Fascists claimed that the territories of Corsica, Nice, as a result, Piedmont-Sardinia was pressured to concede Nice and Savoy to France in exchange for France accepting the unification of Italy. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the Italianità of the island, the Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds. The Fascists quoted Medieval Italian scholar Petrarch who said The border of Italy is the Var, to the north of Italy, the Fascist regime in the 1930s had designs on the largely Italian-populated region of Ticino and the Romansch-populated region of Graubünden in Switzerland. In November 1938, Mussolini declared to the Grand Fascist Council, the Fascist regime accused the Swiss government of oppressing the Romansch people in Graubünden. Mussolini argued that Romansch was an Italian dialect and thus Graubünden should be incorporated into Italy, Ticino was also claimed because the region had belonged to the Duchy of Milan from the mid-fourteenth century until 1515
Fascism in Italy
–
The session of the
Grand Council of 9 May 1936, where the Empire was proclaimed.
Fascism in Italy
–
Italia Irredenta: Italian ethnic regions claimed by the Fascists in the 1930s: green: Nice, Ticino, and Dalmatia; red: Malta; violet: Corsica; Savoy and Corfu were later claimed.
Fascism in Italy
–
Il Duce: Prime Minister Benito Mussolini.
20.
Militant anti-fascist
–
Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. The anti-fascist movement began in a few European countries in the 1920s, with the development and spread of Italian Fascism, i. e. original fascism, the National Fascist Partys ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as the Arditi del Popolo and the Italian Anarchist Union were born in the period 1919–1921 to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period, thus as soon as Fascism coalesced into a coherent ideology, a militant leftist opposition sprouted in response. Furthermore, in the words of historian Eric Hobsbawm, as Fascism developed and spread, after the outbreak of World War II, the Albanian, Serbian, and Polish resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and leftist partisans constitute the earliest roots of European antifascism, the historian Norman Davies argues in his book Europe at War 1939–1945, No Simple Victory that anti-fascism does not offer a coherent political ideology, but rather that it is an empty vessel. The motive would be to lend legitimacy to the dictatorship of the proletariat and was done at the time the USSR was pursuing a policy of collective security, in Italy, Benito Mussolinis Fascist regime used the term anti-fascist to describe its opponents. Mussolinis secret police was officially known as Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dellAntifascismo, Italian for Organization for Vigilance, in Italy in the 1920s, anti-fascists—many from the labour movement—fought against the violent Blackshirts and against the rise of fascist leader Benito Mussolini. The General Confederation of Labour and the PSI refused to recognize the anti-fascist militia. The PCI organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor, the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 March on Rome, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community. Italian liberal anti-fascist Benedetto Croce wrote Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals, another notable Italian liberal anti-fascist around that time was Piero Gobetti. Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the Slovenes and Croats in the annexed to Italy after World War I. The most influential was the militant insurgent organization TIGR, which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military. During World War II, many members of the Italian resistance left their houses and went to live in the mountainside, fighting against Italian fascists, many cities in Italy, including Turin, Naples and Milan, were freed by anti-fascist uprisings. In Italy, the first anti-fascist resistance emerged within the Slovene minority in Italy, not only in multi-ethnic areas, but also in the areas where the population was exclusively Slovene, the use of Slovene language in public places, including churches, was forbidden. Children, if they spoke Slovene, were punished by Italian teachers who were brought by the Fascist State from Southern Italy, the Slovene teachers, writers, and clergy were sent to the other side of Italy. The first anti-fascist organization, called TIGR, was formed in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence and its guerrilla fight continued into the late 1920s and 1930s when by the mid-1930s, already 70.000 Slovenes fled Italy mostly to Slovenia and South America. The Slovene anti-fascist resistance in Yugoslavia during World War II was led by Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, soviet revolutionary Leon Trotsky wrote, ighting squads must be created. Nothing increases the insolence of the fascists so much as flabby pacifism on the part of the workers organisations, political cowardice without organised combat detachments, the most heroic masses will be smashed bit by bit by fascist gangs
Militant anti-fascist
–
Dutch resistance members with US
101st Airborne troops in
Eindhoven, September 1944
Militant anti-fascist
–
Maquis members in 1944
Militant anti-fascist
–
American songwriter and anti-fascist
Woody Guthrie and his guitar labelled "
This machine kills fascists "
21.
Right-wing politics
–
Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies. The term right-wing can generally refer to the conservative or reactionary section of a party or system. The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left, and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition, the use of the expression la droite became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists. The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right, from the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism. This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party, in the United States, the Right includes both economic and social conservatives. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right, in the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Ancien Régime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for a form of conservatism. Throughout the 19th century, the line dividing Left and Right in France was between supporters of the republic and supporters of the monarchy. In British politics, the right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War. The meaning of right-wing varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems, according to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political Right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, nationalists and, on the far Right, Roger Eatwell and Neal OSullivan divide the Right into five types, reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new. Chip Berlet argues that each of these styles of thought are responses to the left, including liberalism and socialism, the reactionary right looks toward the past and is aristocratic, religious and authoritarian. Often the moderate right promotes nationalism and social welfare policies, radical right is a term developed after World War II to describe groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that use has major typological problems and that the term has also been applied to clearly democratic developments. The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes, Eatwell argues that the extreme right has four traits, 1) anti-democracy, 2) nationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state. The New Right consists of the conservatives, who stress small government, free markets. Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far right, parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy, private property rights, and a limited welfare state. They support conservatism and economic liberalism, and oppose socialism and communism, typical examples of leaders to whom the far right label is often applied are Francisco Franco in Spain and Augusto Pinochet in Chile
Right-wing politics
–
5 May 1789: Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles in 1789; the conservatives sat on the right
22.
Conservativism
–
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
Conservativism
–
Edmund Burke (1729–1797)
Conservativism
–
Robert Peel (1788–1850)
Conservativism
–
Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821)
23.
Anti-communist
–
Organized anti-communism developed in reaction to the rise of communism, especially after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia. It reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when the United States, anti-communism has been an element of movements of many different positions, including capitalist, liberal, socialist, anarchist, and fascist viewpoints. They accuse communists of causing several famines, such as the Russian Famine of 1921, some anti-communists see both communism and fascism as totalitarianism, seeing similarity between the actions of communist and fascist governments. Opponents argue that communist parties that have come to power have tended to be intolerant of political opposition. Communist states have also accused of creating a new ruling class, with powers. Examples of left-wing critics of Communist states and parties are Boris Souveraine, Bayard Rustin, Irving Howe, the American Federation of Labor has always been strongly anti-Communist. The more leftist CIO purged its Communists in 1947 and has been staunchly anti-Communist ever since, in Britain, the Labour Party strenuously resisted Communist efforts to infiltrate its ranks and take control of locals in the 1930s. Although some anarchists describe themselves as communists, all anarchists criticize authoritarian Communist parties and states and they argue that Marxist concepts such as dictatorship of the proletariat and state ownership of the means of production are anathema to anarchism. Some anarchists criticize communism from an individualist point of view, the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin debated with Karl Marx in the First International, arguing that the Marxist state is another form of oppression. He loathed the idea of a vanguard party ruling the masses from above, anarchists initially participated in, and rejoiced over, the 1917 revolution as an example of workers taking power for themselves. However, after the October revolution, it became evident that the Bolsheviks, what is needed is local construction by local forces … Russia has already become a Soviet Republic only in name. Many anarchists fought against Russian, Spanish and Greek Communists, many were killed by them, such as Lev Chernyi, Camillo Berneri, neither Marxs 10-point plan nor the rest of the manifesto say anything about who has the right to carry out the plan. Milton Friedman argued that the absence of economic activity makes it too easy for repressive political leaders to grant themselves coercive powers. Friedmans view was shared by Friedrich Hayek and John Maynard Keynes. Objectivists who follow Ayn Rand are strongly anti-Communist and this is demonstrated, they believe, by the comparative prosperity of free market and socialist economies. Objectivist Ayn Rand writes that communist leaders typically claim to work for the common good, many ex-communists have turned into anti-communists. Mikhail Gorbachev turned from a Communist into a social democrat, milovan Đilas, was a former Yugoslav Communist official, who became a prominent dissident and critic of Communism. Leszek Kołakowski was a Polish Communist who became a famous anti-communist, the God That Failed is a 1949 book which collects together six essays with the testimonies of a number of famous ex-Communists, who were writers and journalists
Anti-communist
–
A Falun Gong protest in New York City against the
Communist Party of China 's
persecution of Falun Gong.
Anti-communist
–
Gao Rongrong, a
Falun Gong practitioner from China, was reported
tortured to death in custody in 2005.
Anti-communist
–
Anti-government
riots in Dushanbe,
Soviet Tajikistan, 1990
24.
NATO
–
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party, three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states. NATOs headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons. NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries across North America and Europe, an additional 22 countries participate in NATOs Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total, Members defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, politically, the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004. N. The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Unions Defence Organization in September 1948. However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism. He got a hearing, especially considering American anxiety over Italy. In 1948 European leaders met with U. S. defense, military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, marshalls orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty and it included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in. Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, the creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. The members agreed that an attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor, although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which states that the response will be military in nature. It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily, the treaty was later clarified to include both the members territory and their vessels, forces or aircraft above the Tropic of Cancer, including some Overseas departments of France. The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, the roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved
NATO
–
The
North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949 and was ratified by the United States that August.
NATO
–
Flag
NATO
–
The German Bundeswehr provided the largest element of the allied land forces guarding the frontier in Central Europe.
NATO
–
Reforms made under
Mikhail Gorbachev led to the end of the
Warsaw Pact.
25.
Upper class
–
The upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of the wealthiest members of society, who also wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the aristocracy was widely used. The term is used in conjunction with terms like upper-middle class, middle class. Upper-class status commonly derived from the position of ones family. Much of the population that composed the upper consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people. These people were born into their status and historically there was not much movement across class boundaries. This is to say that it was harder for an individual to move up in class simply because of the structure of society. The Transatlantic Slave Trade also helped create a class of white Europeans while maintaining a lower class of black Europeans, Americans and Africans. This fact is often edited out of academic research both in publications and online ones such as Wikipedia. In many countries, the upper class was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many pre-industrial societies despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper-class landowners in Europe were often members of the titled nobility, though not necessarily. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the Szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the upper class traditionally comprised the landed gentry and the aristocracy of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in the merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry. Since the Second World War, the term has come to encompass rich, members of the English gentry organized the colonization of Virginia and New England and ruled these colonies for generations forming the foundation of the American upper class or East Coast Elite. In this respect, the US differs little from such as the UK where membership of the upper class is also dependent on other factors. The American upper class is estimated to less than 1% of the population
Upper class
–
Ball in
colonial Chile by
Pedro Subercaseaux. In
Spain's American colonies, the upper classes were made up of Europeans and
American born Spaniards and were heavily influenced by European trends.
Upper class
–
Harrods in 1909
Upper class
–
First edition dust cover of
Edith Wharton 's 1920
Pulitzer Prize -winning novel
The Age of Innocence, a story set in upper-class
New York City in the 1870s
Upper class
–
A typical home in
Connecticut, one of the wealthiest states in the
U.S.
26.
Borsa Italiana
–
Borsa Italiana S. p. A. based in Milan, is Italys stock exchange. It manages and organises domestic market, regulating procedures for admission and listing of companies and intermediaries, following exchange privatisation in 1997, the Company was established and became effective since January 2,1998. It is now a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group plc since June 23,2007, in 2015, overall capitalisation for listed company on Borsa Italiana was worth €465Bln, representing % of Italian GDP. Borsa Italiana is also known as Piazza Affari, after the city square of Milan where its headquarters is located. Borsa Italiana is chaired by Andrea Sironi while Raffaele Jerusalmi serves as CEO, the two, moreover, are also both members of the Board of Directors of London Stock Exchange Group. The Borsa di commercio di Milano was established by Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, in March 2016, the London Stock Exchange Group announced it had agree to merge in an all-stock deal with Deutsche Borse. Borsa Italiana acts as a management firm operating with autonomy. It organises and manages the domestic market along with Italian. Among its leading tasks, Borsa Italiana supervises listed companies, defining rules for admission and listings, major trading markets for Borsa Italiana are, MTA, the leading equity market, which is devoted to mid and large-size companies
Borsa Italiana
–
Italian Stock Exchange Borsa Italiana
Borsa Italiana
27.
Mediobanca
–
Mediobanca is an Italian investment bank founded in 1946 at the initiative of Raffaele Mattioli and Enrico Cuccia to facilitate the post-World War II reconstruction of Italian industry. Cuccia led Mediobanca from 1946 to 1982, today, it is an international banking group with offices in Frankfurt, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York and Paris. Regarding its league table positions it is by far the most important investment bank in Italy, in addition to granting consolidated loans against certificates of deposit and savings books, Mediobanca developed its activity of placement of bonds and shares issued by Italian companies. In the mid-1950s, Mediobanca entered into agreements with important foreign partners that enabled the bank to play a role on the international market and obtained a Stock Exchange listing in 1956. Since its origins, Mediobanca has operated in areas to the credit market, such as trust management. The placement of securities of Italian companies on the domestic market and they became the bank’s main real investment for the protection of its equity. These packages favored the retention of major customers, the most important being Assicurazioni Generali, Montedison, SNIA Viscosa, Pirelli, there were numerous, equally important, operations with Montedison, Fiat, SNIA Viscosa and Italcementi. These and other firms operated with Mediobanca were commonly called the ‘Northern Galaxy’,1982 saw the beginning of a period of intense friction with IRI under the presidency of Romano Prodi, when the three banks were instructed to discontinue Mr. Cuccia’s mandate. After Antonio Maccanico, called to government posts, the presidency went to Francesco Cìngano and its final and perhaps greatest coup was its decisive role in the 1999 takeover of Telecom Italia by Olivetti. The deal was decided by the narrowest of margins with 51% of shareholders voting in favour of the deal, mediobanca’s core business is banking, which accounts for some 85% of the Group’s total income and 60% of its net profit. With the set up of CheBanca, there has been further diversification among banking activities themselves, between corporate and retail, the split is 50,35 for revenues and 65,35 for lending. The Bank’s funding sources are being expanded, and as at 21 September 2010 the retail segment accounted for 18% of the total funding. Alongside its banking activities Mediobanca also manages an equity investment portfolio, with stakes in leading Italian companies in the insurance, publishing, which provides consumer credit and personal loans directly, and which in 2008 strengthened its positioning with the acquisition and merger of Linea. Compass today has a customer base, with around 1.8 million customers. Through Compass’s 100%-owned subsidiaries, Mediobanca also provides loans to households, credit cycle management. Mediobanca also has operations in the segment through SelmaBipiemme Leasing S. p. A. Palladio Leasing S. p. A. and Teleleasing S. p. A. • in private banking, via Banca Esperia and Compagnie Monégasque de Banque. p. A. It also has investments in the Clessidra Capital Partners and Euroqube funds, • in alternative asset management, through the acquisition of Cairn Capital, in April 2003, Vincenzo Maranghi agreed to resign as long as the banks independence was preserved
Mediobanca
–
Mediobanca S.p.A.
28.
Fiat
–
Fiat Automobiles S. p. A. is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S. p. A. which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Fiat Automobiles S. p. A. was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, Fiats main market is Europe, mainly focused in Italy. Historically successful in citycars and supermini sector, currently Fiat has a range of models focused on two segments. Fiat does not currently offer any large family car, nor an executive car - these market segments have, to some extent been covered by the Lancia and Alfa Romeo brands, which Fiat also owns. Fiats share of the European market shrank from 9.4 per cent in 2000 to 5.8 per cent in the summer of 2004, at this point Sergio Marchionne was appointed as Fiats chief executive. By March 2009 their market share had expanded to 9.1 per cent, Fiats built their five-story Lingotto plant in 1915 through 1918, at the time it was Europes largest car manufacturing plant. Later the Mirafiori plant was built, also in Turin, to prepare for production of the all-new Fiat 128, Fiat opened their Rivalta plant in October 1968. Until the 128 entered production, the plant was used to build versions of the 850 and 124 as well as parts for the Fiat Dino. Fiats 2014 range of car engines comprised eleven units, eight petrols. The second generation Punto was a seller in the UK after its October 1999 launch. The original Fiat 500 had been one of the few competitors for the iconic Mini during its 1960s heyday. Fiat has invested for a time in South America, mainly in Brazil. They built their first Brazilian car plant in the Greater Belo Horizonte city of Betim in 1973, recently a brand new model developed in Brazil has been launched, the Fiat Uno. Other European models are imported to Brazil, Fiat 500. Some others are still in production, Punto, Idea, Bravo, Fiat has a long history in the United States. In 1908, the Fiat Automobile Co. was established in the country and a plant in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. began producing Fiats a year later, like the Fiat 60 HP and the Fiat 16-20 HP. These luxury cars were produced long before Chrysler Corp. was formed in 1925 from older manufacturers that were acquired by Walter P. Chrysler, the New Jersey factory was closed when the U. S. entered World War I in 1917. Fiat returned to North America in the 1950s, selling the original 500, Fiat 600 Multipla, Fiat 1100, Fiat 1200, for example the Fiat 124 Sport Spider and the Fiat X1/9
Fiat
–
Fiat Punto
Fiat
–
Fiat Automobiles S.p.A.
Fiat
–
Fiat Panda
Fiat
–
Fiat Uno, specifically developed for Brazilian market
29.
Freemasonry
–
The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow, and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft Freemasonry, members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, the basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the level by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry, each Grand Lodge is independent, modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Continental Freemasonry is now the term for the liberal jurisdictions who have removed some, or all. The Masonic Lodge is the organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the formal business of any small organisation. In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, at the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song. The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies, candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft. In all of ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs. Another ceremony is the installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, in other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge. Most Lodges have some sort of calendar, allowing Masons. Often coupled with events is the obligation placed on every Mason to contribute to charity. This occurs at both Lodge and Grand Lodge level, Masonic charities contribute to many fields from education to disaster relief. These private local Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, and a Freemason will necessarily have been initiated into one of these, there also exist specialist Lodges where Masons meet to celebrate anything from sport to Masonic research
Freemasonry
–
Lodge in Palazzo Roffia,
Florence set out for French (Moderns) ritual
Freemasonry
–
The Masonic
Square and Compasses. (Found with or without the letter
G)
Freemasonry
–
Freemasons Hall, London, home of the
United Grand Lodge of England
Freemasonry
–
Freemasons' Hall, London, c. 1809
30.
Silvio Berlusconi
–
Silvio Berlusconi is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments. Berlusconi is the controlling shareholder of Mediaset and has owned the Italian football club A. C. Milan since 1986 and he is nicknamed Il Cavaliere for his Order of Merit for Labour, although he voluntarily resigned from this order in March 2014. In 2016, Forbes magazine ranked him as the 188th richest man in the world with a net worth of US$7.1 billion, in 2009, Forbes ranked him 12th in the List of The Worlds Most Powerful People due to his domination in Italian politics. He was the leader of the centre-right party Forza Italia from 1994 to 2009, since November 2013, he has led a revived Forza Italia. Berlusconi was the senior G8 leader from 2009 until 2011 and he holds the record of G8 Summit hosting. After serving nearly 19 years as member of the Chamber of Deputies, Italys lower house, on 1 August 2013, he was convicted of tax-fraud by the final appeal instance, Court of Cassation along with a public office ban for two years. As his age exceeded 70 years, he was exempted from direct imprisonment, because of being sentenced to a gross imprisonment for more than two years, a new Italian anticorruption law made the Senate expel and bar him from serving any legislative office for six years. Berlusconi has pledged to stay leader of Forza Italia throughout the period where he serves his imprisonment sentence, Berlusconi is famous for his populist political style and brash, overbearing personality. Berlusconi was born in Milan in 1936, where he was raised in a middle-class family and his father, Luigi Berlusconi, was a bank employee, and his mother, Rosa Bossi, a housewife. Silvio was the first of three children, he had a sister, Maria Francesca Antonietta Berlusconi, and has a brother, Paolo Berlusconi. After completing his school education at a Salesian college, he studied law at the Università Statale in Milan, graduating in 1961. Berlusconi was not required to serve the standard one-year stint in the Italian army which was compulsory at the time, in later life, he wrote AC Milans anthem with the Italian music producer and pop singer Tony Renis and Forza Italias anthem with the opera director Renato Serio. With the Neapolitan singer Mariano Apicella, he wrote two Neapolitan song albums, Meglio na canzone in 2003 and Lultimo amore in 2006, in 1965, he married Carla Elvira DallOglio, and they had two children, Maria Elvira, better known as Marina, and Pier Silvio. By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario and he was divorced from DallOglio in 1985, and married Lario in 1990. By this time, Berlusconi was an entrepreneur, and his wedding was a notable social event. One of his best men was Bettino Craxi, a prime minister and leader of the Italian Socialist Party. In May 2009, Lario announced that she was to file for divorce, in addition to his five children, Berlusconi has ten grandchildren. Berlusconis business career began in construction, in the late 1960s, he built Milano Due,4,000 residential apartments east of Milan
Silvio Berlusconi
–
Silvio Berlusconi
Silvio Berlusconi
–
Berlusconi as a singer for
cruise ships in the 1950s.
Silvio Berlusconi
–
Berlusconi in his private
jet, in the 1980s
Silvio Berlusconi
–
Berlusconi with the
United States President Barack Obama in the
Oval Office
31.
Broadsheet (newspaper)
–
A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
Broadsheet (newspaper)
–
A broadsheet newspaper
32.
Berliner format
–
Berliner, or midi, is a newspaper format with pages normally measuring about 315 by 470 millimetres. The Berliner format is slightly taller and marginally wider than the tabloid/compact format, the Berliner format is an innovation in press and an alternative to the broadsheet format. The name refers to the city of Berlin, and was contrasted with North German. The French business newspaper Les Échos changed to this format in September 2003, a recent European newspaper to join this trend is Het Financieele Dagblad, the daily Dutch newspaper that is focused on business and financial matters on 26 March 2013. Student publication The University Observer became Irelands first Berliner-sized paper in September 2009, the Independent in London considered adopting this format, but could not afford to buy new presses, it ultimately became a tabloid size. The most recent European newspaper using the format is the UKs post-referendum pop-up The New European, although the daily Berliner Zeitung is occasionally called simply Berliner, it is not printed in Berliner format. The majority of the national quality dailies use the larger broadsheet format known as nordisch, the daily Journal and Courier in Lafayette, Indiana, began using Berliner format for its daily edition on 31 July 2006. It was the first newspaper in North America to be produced in this format, the Chronicle in Laurel, Mississippi, which began publication in April 2012 uses the Berliner layout. The Bucks County Herald in Lahaska, Pennsylvania, began using Berliner format in 2009, major papers such as the Chicago Tribune and The Cincinnati Enquirer have tested the format. Since then, numerous newspapers throughout the United States and Canada have adopted a page format similar to Berliner. In some instances, only the width has changed from the broadsheet page. For example, the New York Times used a 22-inch tall by 13. 5-inch wide page and it still refers to itself as a broadsheet, even though its size is closer to Berliner. In Nepal, the Nepali Times became the first and the newspaper using this format. In Pakistan, the English daily Pakistan Today is published in the Berliner format, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz has been published in this format since 18 February 2007. Though very rarely used in Metropolitan Manila, the Berliner is the most popular format in the Philippines, in the Ilocandia, some of the well-known names are the Zigzag Weekly, the Northern Dispatch—commonly called as Nordis—and the Northern Philippine Times. In the Visayas, the Panay News also uses this format, though not published for commercial purposes, the official publication of the Caritas Manila uses a slightly narrower Berliner format. In March 2009, South Koreas JoongAng Ilbo adopted the Berliner format, also in the same month, Turkeys Gazete Habertürk and Zaman adopted a variation of this format as 350 by 500 mm and become two of the first Turkish newspaper to do so. The format is called Ciner format in Turkey because it is unique, on 1 June 2012, the UAEs leading English language newspaper, Gulf News, adopted the Berliner format, the first ever in the Middle East
Berliner format
–
Comparison of some newspaper sizes with metric paper sizes. Approximate nominal dimensions are in millimetres.
33.
Culture
–
Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E. B, Tylor, it is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is the way of life, especially the customs and beliefs. As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a concept in anthropology. The word is used in a sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of culture that emerged in the 20th century. When used as a count noun, a culture is the set of customs, traditions, in this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes culture is used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a context, meaning something similar. His use, and that of many writers after him, refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human. To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensive to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, thus a contrast between culture and civilization is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. Cultural invention has come to any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior. Humanity is in a global accelerating culture change period, driven by the expansion of commerce, the mass media, and above all. Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change, Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change, for example, the U. S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors, Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices
Culture
–
Human
symbolic expression developed as prehistoric humans reached
behavioral modernity
Culture
–
Religion and expressive
art are important aspects of human culture.
Culture
–
Celebrations,
rituals, and patterns of consumption are important aspects of
folk culture.
Culture
–
Social and political organization varies between different cultures.
34.
House of Elzevir
–
Elzevir is the name of a celebrated family of Dutch booksellers, publishers, and printers of the 17th and early 18th centuries. The duodecimo series of Elzevirs became very famous and very desirable among bibliophiles, although it appears the family was involved with the book trade as early as the 16th century, it is only known for its work in some detail beginning with Lodewijk Elzevir. The family ceased printing in 1712, but a publisher, Elsevier. Although he worked in the trade throughout his life, Louis seems to have worked mostly as a bookbinder in his early decades. He relocated with his family several times, including a stint at Antwerp, in 1580, he made a final move to Leiden, where he seems to have worked first as a bookbinder, and later as a bookseller and publisher. In all Louis published about 150 works and he died on 4 February 1617. Of his seven sons, five, Matthieu/Matthijs, Louis, Gilles, Joost and Bonaventura, among them Bonaventura Elzevir is the most celebrated. He began business as a publisher in 1608, and in 1626 took into partnership Abraham Elzevir, Abraham died on 14 August 1652, and Bonaventura about a month afterwards. The fame of the Elzevir editions rests chiefly on the works issued by the firm of Bonaventure, also, they are noted for their publication in 1638 of Galileos last work, the Two New Sciences, at a time when the Inquisition forbade the latters writings. Jean, son of Abraham, born in 1622, had since 1647 been in partnership with his father and uncle at Leiden, and their partnership did not last more than two years, and after its dissolution Jean carried on the business alone until his death in 1661. In 1654 Daniel joined his cousin Louis, who was born in 1604, Louis died in 1670, and Daniel in 1680. Besides Bonaventure, another son of Matthieu, Isaac, born in 1593, established a press at Leiden, where he carried on business to 1625. Some of the Elzevir editions bear no other typographical mark than simply the words Apud Elzevirios, or Ex officina Elseviriana, but most bear one of their special devices, four of which are known to have been in common use. About 1620 the Leiden Elzevirs adopted a new device, known as le Solitaire, or the Hermit, and consisting of an elm tree, a fruitful vine and they also used another device, a palm tree with the motto, Assurgo pressa. The Elzevirs of Amsterdam used for their device a figure of Minerva with owl, shield and olive tree. The earliest productions of the Elzevir press are marked with an angel bearing a hook and a scythe, the total number of works of all kinds which came from the presses of the Elzevirs is given by Willems as 1608, there were also many forgeries. Hitherto unrecorded Elzevir imprints can still be discovered, pierre Marteau is a pseudonym invented by Jean Elzevir to avoid the censorship of the time. Pieters, Annales de limprimerie Elsvirienne Here at Google books and this is the standard 19th century reference
House of Elzevir
–
Book about
fencing published in
Leiden by Isack Elsevier in 1619
House of Elzevir
–
Elsevir printer mark depicted in the
Library of Congress
35.
Novelist
–
A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
Novelist
–
William Faulkner's
Underwood Universal Portable typewriter in his office at
Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the
University of Mississippi in
Oxford as a museum
Novelist
–
Novelist
James Patterson, one of the most monetarily successful contemporary novelists, who made $70 million in 2010
Novelist
–
The
Scott Monument on Edinburgh's
Princes Street.
36.
Dino Buzzati
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Dino Buzzati-Traverso was an Italian novelist, short story writer, painter and poet, as well as a journalist for Corriere della Sera. His worldwide fame is due to his novel The Tartar Steppe. Buzzati was born at San Pellegrino, Belluno, in his familys ancestral villa, Buzzatis mother, a veterinarian by profession, was Venetian and his father, a professor of international law, was from an old Bellunese family. Buzzati was the second of his parents four children, one of his brothers was the well-known Italian geneticist Adriano Buzzati-Traverso. In 1924, he enrolled in the law faculty of the University of Milan, as he was completing his studies in law, he was hired, at the age of 22, by the Milanese newspaper Corriere della Sera, where he would remain until his death. He began in the department, and later worked as a reporter, special correspondent, essayist, editor. It is often said that his journalistic background informs his writing, lending even the most fantastic tales an aura of realism, Buzzati himself comments on the connection, It seems to me, fantasy should be as close as possible to journalism. The right word is not banalizing, although in fact a little of this is involved, rather, I mean that the effectiveness of a fantastic story will depend on its being told in the most simple and practical terms. During World War II, Buzzati served in Africa, as a journalist attached to the Regia Marina, after the end of the war, Il deserto dei Tartari was published Italy-wide and quickly brought critical recognition and fame to the author. He married Almerina Antoniazzi in 1966, which also marked release of his last novel, in 1972, Buzzati died of cancer after a protracted illness. Buzzati began writing fiction in 1933 and his works of fiction include five novels, theatre and radio plays, librettos, numerous books of short stories and poetry. His librettos include four for operas by Luciano Chailly, as well as that of the opera La giacca dannata by Giulio Viozzi and he wrote a childrens book La famosa invasione degli orsi in Sicilia. Lemony Snicket wrote an introduction and readers companion to a 2005 English edition, also an acclaimed and exhibited artist, Buzzati also combined his artistic and writerly exploits into making a comic book based on the myth of Orpheus, Poem Strip. The Tartar Steppe, his most famous novel, tells the story of a military outpost that awaits a Tartar invasion, in its sentiment and its conclusions, it has been compared to existentialist works, notably Albert Camuss The Myth of Sisyphus. His writing is sometimes cited as magical realism, social alienation, and he has also written a variety of short stories featuring fantastic animals such as the bogeyman and, his own invention, the colomber. His best works are regarded in France but little known in English. Luis Montiel, “Una meditatio mortis contemporánea, La reflexión de Dino Buzzati sobre la caducidad de la vida humana”. Dino Buzzatis official website Biography on IMDb Biography at the Wayback Machine Il coraggio della bontà – Dino Buzzati e don Zeno Saltini, cronaca di unamicizia
Dino Buzzati
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Dino Buzzati
37.
Eugenio Montale
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Eugenio Montale was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is widely considered the greatest Italian lyric poet since Giacomo Leopardi, in 1973 he was awarded the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings in Struga, Macedonia. His family were chemical products traders, Montale was the youngest of six sons. He recalled, We were a large family and my brothers went to the scagno. My only sister had a university education, but I had no such opportunity, in many families the unspoken arrangement existed that the youngest was released from the task of keeping up the family name. In 1915 Montale worked as an accountant, but was free to follow his literary passion, frequenting the citys libraries. He also studied singing with the baritone Ernesto Sivori. During World War I, as a member of the Military Academy of Parma, after brief war experience as an infantry officer in Vallarsa and the Puster Valley, he returned home in 1920. Montale wrote more than ten anthologies of short lyrics, a journal of poetry translation, plus several books of prose translations, two books of literary criticism, and one of fantasy prose. Alongside his imaginative work he was a constant contributor to Italys most important newspaper, the Corriere della Sera, for which he wrote a number of articles on literature, music. He also wrote a foreword to Dantes The Divine Comedy, in which he mentions the credibility of Dante and these poems emphasise his personal solitude and empathy with little and insignificant things, or with the horizon, the sea. According to Montale, nature is rough, scanty, dazzling, in a world filled with defeat and despair, nature alone seemed to possess dignity - the same as the reader experiences in reading his poems. Montale moved to Florence in 1927 to work as editor for the publisher Bemporad, Florence was the cradle of Italian poetry of that age, with works like the Canti orfici by Dino Campana and the first lyrics by Ungaretti for the review Lacerba. Other poets like Umberto Saba and Vincenzo Cardarelli had been highly praised, in 1929 Montale was asked to be chairman of the Gabinetto Vieusseux Library, a post from which he was expelled in 1938 by the fascist government. In the meantime he collaborated with the magazine Solaria, and frequented the literary café Le Giubbe Rosse on the Piazza Vittoria. Visiting the café often several times a day, he became a figure among a group of writers there, including Carlo Emilio Gadda, Arturo Loria. He wrote for almost all the important literary magazines of the time, though hindered by financial problems and the literary and social conformism imposed by the authorities, in Florence Montale published his finest anthology, Le occasioni. From 1933 to 1938 he had a relationship with Irma Brandeis
Eugenio Montale
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The Honourable Eugenio Montale
38.
Enzo Bettiza
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Vincenzo Bettiza is a Dalmatian-born Italian novelist, journalist and politician. )Bettiza was born in Dalmatia, in a rich Italian-Croatian family. His mother stemmed from a family of the Croatian isle of Brač and his family owned the most important enterprise in Dalmatia, the Gilardi e Bettiza cement factory, in the city of Split. In 1941 Axis Powers Italy and Germany invaded Yugoslavia, during Italian occupation, Bettizas father helped many Croatian people during the war and took many of them out of Fascist prison. Enzos cousin Pietro threw a bomb on the Italian army band, since they played Fascist marches, while Enzo himnself boycotted Fascist gatherings, in 1944 the city was again rejoined to Croatia in new Yugoslavia. Many Italian families left already after the fall of Mussolini, since they realized that things are going bad, some Italian and mixed remained, part of them used the opportunity to opt for Italian citizenship. New authorities were interested in dealing with those who were colaborting with the occupator, Bettiza moved to Gorizia after the end of World War II and the re-annexation of his native land to Croatia, at the age of 18. Later he moved to Trieste, and then to Milan, here he always declared to be living as an exiled, Bettiza has been director of several Italian newspaper and author of numerous books. As a journalist he devoted his attention to Eastern European countries and nationalities, in the period 1957-1965 he was foreign corresponder for the newspaper La Stampa, first from Vienna and then from Moscow. Later he moved to Corriere della Sera, for which he worked for ten years, in 1974, together with Indro Montanelli, founded the Milanese newspaper il Giornale nuovo, for which he was co-director until 1983. Starting from 1976, he was member of the Italian Senate and he now lives in Rome with his family and has been married a few times. His current wife, Laura Laurenzi, is an Italian writer, Bettizas major novel, I fantasmi di Mosca is credited as the most extended published novel written in Italian language. Mito e realtà di Trieste Il mistero di Lenin Saggi, viaggi, personaggi Non una vita Leclisse del comunismo Quale PCI
Enzo Bettiza
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Enzo Bettiza
39.
Italo Calvino
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Italo Calvino was an Italian journalist and writer of short stories and novels. His best known include the Our Ancestors trilogy, the Cosmicomics collection of short stories. Admired in Britain, Australia and the United States, he was the most-translated contemporary Italian writer at the time of his death, Italo Calvino was born in Santiago de las Vegas, a suburb of Havana, Cuba, in 1923. His father, Mario, was a tropical agronomist and botanist who also taught agriculture and floriculture, born 47 years earlier in Sanremo, Italy, Mario Calvino had emigrated to Mexico in 1909 where he took up an important position with the Ministry of Agriculture. In an autobiographical essay, Italo Calvino explained that his father had been in his youth an anarchist, in 1917, Mario left for Cuba to conduct scientific experiments, after living through the Mexican Revolution. Calvinos mother, Eva Mameli, was a botanist and university professor, a native of Sassari in Sardinia and 11 years younger than her husband, she married while still a junior lecturer at Pavia University. Born into a family, Eva was a pacifist educated in the religion of civic duty. In 1925, less than two years after Calvinos birth, the returned to Italy and settled permanently in Sanremo on the Ligurian coast. Calvinos brother Floriano, who became a distinguished geologist, was born in 1927, the family divided their time between the Villa Meridiana, an experimental floriculture station which also served as their home, and Marios ancestral land at San Giovanni Battista. The vast forests and luxuriant fauna omnipresent in Calvinos early fiction such as The Baron in the Trees derives from this legacy, in an interview, Calvino stated that San Remo continues to pop out in my books, in the most diverse pieces of writing. He and Floriano would climb the tree-rich estate and perch for hours on the branches reading their favorite adventure stories. Both verbose by nature, possessed of an ocean of words, in each others presence we became mute, would walk in silence side by side along the road to San Giovanni. A fan of Rudyard Kiplings The Jungle Book as a child, fascinated by American movies and cartoons, he was equally attracted to drawing, poetry, and theatre. Other legacies include the beliefs in Freemasonry, Republicanism with elements of Anarchism and Marxism. Austere freethinkers with a hatred of the ruling National Fascist Party, Eva. Italo attended the English nursery school St Georges College, followed by a Protestant elementary private school run by Waldensians, the two teenagers formed a lasting friendship, Calvino attributing his political awakening to their university discussions. Seated together on a flat stone in the middle of a stream near our land, he. Eva managed to delay her sons enrolment in the Partys armed scouts, the Balilla Moschettieri, and then arranged that he be excused, as a non-Catholic, from performing devotional acts in Church
Italo Calvino
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Italo Calvino
40.
Alberto Moravia
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Alberto Moravia, born Alberto Pincherle, was an Italian novelist and journalist. His novels explored matters of sexuality, social alienation and existentialism. Moravia is best known for his debut novel Gli indifferenti and for the anti-fascist novel Il Conformista, Cedric Kahns LEnnui is another version of La Noia. It is what we are forced to do that forms our character and his writing was marked by its factual, cold, precise style, often depicting the malaise of the bourgeoisie. It was rooted in the tradition of narrative, underpinned by high social and cultural awareness. In his world, where inherited social, religious and moral beliefs were no longer acceptable, he considered sex and money the only criteria for judging social, between 1959 and 1962 Moravia was president of PEN International, the worldwide association of writers. Alberto Pincherle was born in Via Sgambati in Rome, Italy and his Jewish Venetian father, Carlo, was an architect and a painter. His Catholic Anconitan mother, Teresa Iginia de Marsanich, was of Dalmatian origin and his family had interesting twists and developed a complex cultural and political character. Moravia did not finish conventional schooling because, at the age of nine, he contracted tuberculosis of the bone and he spent three years at home and two in a sanatorium near Cortina dAmpezzo, in north-eastern Italy. He learned French and German and wrote poems in French and Italian, in 1925 at the age of 18, he left the sanatorium and moved to Bressanone. During the next three years, partly in Bressanone and partly in Rome, he began to write his first novel, Gli indifferenti, the novel is a realistic analysis of the moral decadence of a middle-class mother and two of her children. In 1927, Moravia met Corrado Alvaro and Massimo Bontempelli and started his career as a journalist with the magazine 900, the journal published his first short stories, including Cortigiana stanca, Delitto al circolo del tennis, Il ladro curioso and Apparizione. Gli indifferenti was published at his own expense, costing 5,000 Italian lira, literary critics described the novel as a noteworthy example of contemporary Italian narrative fiction. The next year, Moravia started collaborating with the newspaper La Stampa, in 1933, together with Mario Pannunzio, he founded the literary review magazines Caratteri and Oggi and started writing for the newspaper Gazzetta del Popolo. The years leading to World War II were difficult for Moravia as an author, in 1935 he traveled to the United States to give a lecture series on Italian literature. Limbroglio was published by Bompiani in 1937, to avoid Fascist censorship, Moravia wrote mainly in the surrealist and allegoric styles, among the works is Il sogno del pigro. The Fascist seizure of the edition of La mascherata in 1941. That same year, he married the novelist Elsa Morante, whom he had met in 1936 and they lived in Capri, where he wrote Agostino
Alberto Moravia
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Moravia in 1960
Alberto Moravia
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Moravia and Elsa Morante, Capri, 1940s
41.
Amos Oz
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Amos Oz is an Israeli writer, novelist, journalist and intellectual. He is also a professor of literature at Ben-Gurion University in Beersheba and he is regarded as Israels most famous living author. Ozs work has been published in 42 languages, including Arabic and he has received many honours and awards, among them the Legion of Honour of France, the Goethe Prize, the Prince of Asturias Award in Literature, the Heinrich Heine Prize and the Israel Prize. In 2007, a selection from the Chinese translation of A Tale of Love, since 1967, Oz has been a prominent advocate of a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Amos Klausner was born in 1939 in Jerusalem, where he grew up at No.18 Amos Street in the Kerem Avraham neighborhood and his parents, Fania and Yehuda Arieh Klausner, were immigrants to Mandatory Palestine, who met while studying at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. His fathers family was from Lithuania, where they had been farmers, raising cattle and his father studied history and literature in Vilnius, Lithuania and hoped to become a professor of comparative literature but never gained headway in the academic world. He worked most of his life as a librarian at the Jewish National and she was a highly sensitive and cultured daughter of a wealthy mill owner and attended Charles University in Prague where she studied history and philosophy. She had to abandon her studies when her fathers business collapsed in the Great Depression, Ozs parents were multilingual but neither was comfortable speaking in Hebrew. They spoke with other in Polish, but the only language they allowed Oz to learn was Hebrew. Many of Ozs family members were right-wing Revisionist Zionists and his great uncle Joseph Klausner was the Herut party candidate for the presidency against Chaim Weizmann and was chair of the Hebrew literature department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Oz and his family were not religious, considering it irrational, Oz, however, attended the community religious school Tachkemoni since the only alternative was a socialist school affiliated with the labour movement, to which his family was even more opposed. The noted poet Zelda was one of his teachers, after Tachkemoni he attended Gymnasia Rehavia. His mother, who suffered from depression, committed suicide when he was 12 and he would later explore the repercussions of this event in his memoir A Tale of Love and Darkness. Two years after the suicide of his mother, at the age of 14, he became a Labor Zionist, left home, there he was adopted by the Huldai family and changed his last name to Oz, Hebrew for courage. Asked why he did not leave Jerusalem for Tel Aviv, he later said, by his own account he was a disaster as a laborer. When Oz first began to write, the kibbutz allotted him one day per week for this work, when his book My Michael turned out to be a best-seller Oz quipped that he had become a branch of the economy and the kibbutz allotted him three days. By the 1980s he was four days for writing, two for teaching, while continuing to take his turn as a waiter in the kibbutz dining hall on Saturdays. ”Oz did his Israel Defense Forces service in the Nahal brigade. After concluding his service he was sent by his kibbutz to the Hebrew University in Jerusalem
Amos Oz
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Oz in 2005
Amos Oz
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Amoz Oz in 2005
Amos Oz
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Amos Oz, 2013
Amos Oz
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Amos Oz speaking at
Tel Aviv University, faculty of medicine in 2011
42.
Pier Paolo Pasolini
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Pier Paolo Pasolini was an Italian film director, poet, writer and intellectual. Pasolini also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, philosopher, novelist, playwright, painter and his murder prompted an outcry in some circles of Italy, with its circumstances continuing to be a matter of heated debate. Pasolini was born in Bologna, traditionally one of the most leftist politically of Italian cities and he was the son of Carlo Alberto Pasolini, a lieutenant of the Italian army, and Susanna Colussi, an elementary school teacher. His parents married in 1921, Pasolini was born in 1922 and his family moved to Conegliano in 1923 and, two years later, to Belluno, where another son, Guidalberto, was born. In 1926, Pasolinis father was arrested for gambling debts and his mother moved with the children to her familys house in Casarsa della Delizia, in the Friuli region. That same year, his father Carlo Alberto, first detained, at any rate, Carlo Alberto was persuaded of the virtues of fascism. Pasolini began writing poems at the age of seven, inspired by the beauty of Casarsa. One of his influences was the work of Arthur Rimbaud. In 1931, his father was transferred to Idria in the Julian March, in 1933 they moved again to Cremona in Lombardy, and later to Scandiano and Reggio Emilia. Pasolini found it difficult to adapt to all moves, though in the meantime he enlarged his poetry and literature readings. In the Reggio Emilia high school, he met his first true friend, the two met again in Bologna, where Pasolini spent seven years while completing high school, here he cultivated new passions, including football. With other friends, including Ermes Parini, Franco Farolfi, Elio Meli, in 1939 Pasolini graduated and entered the Literature College of the University of Bologna, discovering new themes such as philology and aesthetics of figurative arts. He also frequented the cinema club. Pasolini always showed his friends a virile and strong exterior, totally hiding his interior travail and he took part in the Fascist governments culture and sports competitions. In his poems of this period, Pasolini started to include fragments in Friulan, I learnt it as a sort of mystic act of love, a kind of félibrisme, like the Provençal poets. After the summer in Casarsa, in 1941 Pasolini published at his own expense a collection of poems in Friulan, the work was noted and appreciated by intellectuals and critics such as Gianfranco Contini, Alfonso Gatto and Antonio Russi. His pictures had also been well received, Pasolini was chief editor of the Il Setaccio magazine, but was fired after conflicts with the director, who was aligned with the Fascist regime. A trip to Germany helped him also to perceive the status of Italian culture in that era
Pier Paolo Pasolini
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Pier Paolo Pasolini
Pier Paolo Pasolini
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An undated photo of Pasolini
Pier Paolo Pasolini
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Piazza del Popolo in San Vito al Tagliamento
Pier Paolo Pasolini
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The Fountain of the Turtles, next to Pasolini's temporary dwelling (1950)
43.
Giovanni Spadolini
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Giovanni Spadolini was a Republican Italian politician, the 44th Prime Minister of Italy, newspaper editor, journalist and a historian. Spadolini was born in Florence in 1925, in 1944, during the Italian Civil War, he joined in to the Italian Social Republic. In the post-war time, Spadolini revised the majority of his old ideas and he also rejected his old anti-semitism for the Zionism. He studied law at the University of Florence and shortly after graduation, was appointed professor of history in the faculty of political science. In 1968, Spadolini moved to Milan where he took over the editorship of Italys largest newspaper, Corriere della Sera, in 1972, he was elected as a senator, going on to serve as minister of the environment and then minister of education. Then in 1979, he was appointed secretary of the small, as a journalist, he sometimes used the pseudonym Giovanni dalle Bande Nere. Before entering politics, he was editor of Il Corriere della Sera from 1968 to 1972, Giovanni Spadolini served as Ministro dei Beni e delle Attività culturali from 1974 to 1976. He was leader of the Italian Republican Party from 1979 to 1987 and he served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1981 to 1982, the first since 1945 not to be a member of the Christian Democracy. He pledged to fight corruption and mounting terrorist violence, in foreign policy, he was a non-interventionist but also moderately Americanist. However, under his rule, the PRI obtained 5% of all votes for the first time in the 1983 general election, from 1987 to April 1994, he was President of the Italian Senate. He became Acting President of Italy on 28 April 1992, upon the resignation of President Francesco Cossiga, following the electoral success of Silvio Berlusconis House of Freedoms, he lost the chairmanship of the Senate to Carlo Scognamiglio Pasini by a single vote. He died four months later in Rome, media related to Giovanni Spadolini at Wikimedia Commons
Giovanni Spadolini
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The Honourable Giovanni Spadolini
44.
Oriana Fallaci
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Oriana Fallaci was an Italian journalist, author, and political interviewer. A partisan during World War II, she had a long, Fallaci became famous worldwide for her coverage of war and revolution, and her interviews with many world leaders during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The interview with Kissinger was published in Playboy, with Kissinger describing himself as the cowboy who leads the train by riding ahead alone on his horse. Kissinger later wrote that it was the single most disastrous conversation I have ever had with any member of the press and she also interviewed Deng Xiaoping, Lech Wałęsa, Muammar Gaddafi, Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba, Mário Soares and many others. After retirement, she returned to the spotlight after writing a series of controversial articles, Fallaci was born in Florence, Italy, on 29 June 1929. Her father Edoardo Fallaci, a cabinet maker in Florence, was a political activist struggling to put an end to the dictatorship of Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini. Despite her youth, during World War II she joined the Italian anti-fascist resistance movement, Giustizia e Libertà and she later received a certificate for valour from the Italian army. I have always looked on disobedience toward the oppressive as the way to use the miracle of having been born. Fallaci began her career in journalism during her teens, becoming a correspondent for the Italian paper Il mattino dellItalia centrale in 1946. Beginning in 1967, she worked as a war correspondent covering Vietnam, the Indo-Pakistani War, the Middle East, for many years, Fallaci was a special correspondent for the political magazine LEuropeo and wrote for a number of leading newspapers and the magazine Epoca. In Mexico City, during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, Fallaci was shot three times by Mexican soldiers, dragged downstairs by her hair, and left for dead and her eyewitness account became important evidence disproving the Mexican governments denials that a massacre had taken place. Panagoulis died in 1976, under circumstances, in a road accident. Fallaci maintained that Panagoulis was assassinated by remnants of the Greek military junta, Kissinger later claimed that it was the single most disastrous conversation I have ever had with any member of the press. In 1973, she interviewed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and she later stated, He considers women simply as graceful ornaments, incapable of thinking like a man, and then strives to give them complete equality of rights and duties. During her 1979 interview with Ayatollah Khomeini, she addressed him as a tyrant and managed to unveil herself from the chador, OF, about the chador, for example, which I was obliged to wear to come and interview you, and which you impose on Iranian women. I am not only referring to the dress but to what it represents and they cannot study at the university with men, they cannot work with men, they cannot swim in the sea or in a swimming-pool with men. They have to do everything separately, wearing their chador, by the way, how can you swim wearing a chador. AK, None of this concerns you, our customs do not concern you, living in New York City and in a house she owned in Tuscany, Fallaci lectured at the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, and Columbia University
Oriana Fallaci
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Oriana Fallaci
Oriana Fallaci
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Fallaci in
Tehran (1979). To interview the Ayatollah
Khomeini she was forced to wear the chador. During the interview, she removed it criticizing the obligation of women to wear it.
45.
Enzo Biagi
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Enzo Biagi was an Italian journalist and writer. Biagi was born in Lizzano in Belvedere, and began his career as a journalist in Bologna, in 1952 he worked on the screenplay of the historical film Red Shirts. In 1953 he became the editor-in-chief of Epoca magazine, active in journalism for six decades and author of some eighty books, Biagi won numerous awards, among which were the 1979 Saint Vincent prize and the 1985 Ischia International Journalism Award. In 1987, he won the Premio Bancarella for his book Il boss è solo, interviewing former Sicilian Mafia boss Tommaso Buscetta and he worked on the Italian national TV channel Rai Uno until 2001. Biagis defenders argue that a public service should provide pluralism, on 22 April 2007, 86-year-old Enzo Biagi made his TV comeback on the RAI with RT - Rotocalco Televisivo, a current affairs show which is broadcast on Raitre. At the opening of the show, he declared, Good evening, sorry if I am a bit emotional, there has been a technical problem, and the break has lasted five years. Until shortly before his death he was also a columnist for the daily Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera, obituary in The Times,1 December 2007 RT - Rotocalco Televisivo website Enzo Biagi, a political affair Il fatto di Enzo Biagi Associated Press, Enzo Biagi obituary
Enzo Biagi
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Enzo Biagi in 2006
46.
Indro Montanelli
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Indro Alessandro Raffaello Schizogene Montanelli Knight Grand Cross OMRI was an Italian journalist and historian. He distinguished himself for his approach to writing history in books such as History of the Greeks. Indro Montanelli Bassi was born at Fucecchio, near Florence, throughout his career he retained an idiosyncratic and particularly undiplomatic style, even when this made him very unpopular among his peers and employers. It was during this experience, in 1977 that the Red Brigade terrorists shot him four times in the legs in the streets of Milan. Montanellis career began with a Law degree from the University of Florence in the early 1920s, where he wrote a thesis on the electoral reform of Benito Mussolinis fascism. Allegedly, in this thesis, he maintained that rather than a reform it amounted to the abolition of elections, which goes some way to illustrate the ambiguous nature of the Italian fascist censorship. According to him, it was an experience of the French cultural atmosphere in Grenoble, while he was taking language lessons. But it was in 1934, in Paris that Montanelli began to write for the pages of the daily newspaper Paris Soir, then as foreign correspondent in Norway. From there he began a collaboration with Webb Miller of the United Press in New York, while working for the United Press he learned to write for the lay public in an uncomplicated style that would distinguish him within the realm of Italian journalism. One lesson he took to heart from Miller was to write as if writing to a milkman from Ohio. This open and approachable style was something he never forgot and hed often recall that very quote during his long life, another indelible American moment occurred while teaching a course. Someone had asked him to explain the composition that Montanelli had just read, Montanelli told him hed repeat it since he clearly didnt understand. Hitting the table, the red-faced student cut him off and angrily told him, as a matter of fact and it was then that he realized that he, who had come from the authoritarian regime of fascist Italy, had just had a confrontation with democracy. During this time Montanelli conducted his first interview with a celebrity, during the interview, surrounded by American art depicting pastoral and frontier subjects, Ford began to reverentially talk about the Founding Fathers. Looking at the decor, Montanelli astutely asked him how he felt about having destroyed their world, puzzled, Ford asked what he meant. Undaunted, Montanelli pressed on that the automobile and Fords revolutionary assembly line system had transformed the country. Ford looked shocked, and Montanelli realized that, like all geniuses, in spite of these initial passions, it was this very experience that led to Montanellis biggest change of mind with regards to Italian fascism. With few exceptions, such as the defense of Gondar, the conquest had been uneven and uneventful
Indro Montanelli
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Indro Montanelli
47.
Giovanni Sartori
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Giovanni Sartori was an Italian political scientist specialized in the study of democracy and comparative politics. Born in Florence in 1924, Sartori began his career as a lecturer in the History of Modern Philosophy. He founded the first Political Science academic post in Italy, and was Dean of the newly formed University of Florences Department of Political Science, Sartori served as Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University from 1979 to 1994 and was later appointed Professor Emeritus. Sartori was also a contributor, as an op-ed writer. In 1971 he founded and edited the periodical Italian Political Science Review, Sartori died at the age of 92 in Florence from throat cancer on 4 April 2017. The American Political Science Review 64, 1033-1053, three books deal with the work of Sartori, Concepts and Method in Social Sciences. David Collier and John Gerring, editors, New York, Routledge,2009, la Scienza Politica di Giovanni Sartori. Gianfranco Pasquino, editor, Bologna, Il Mulino,2005, the chapters of this book are celebration notes by Italian scholars that have had some kind of collaboration with Sartori. José Ramón López Rubí Calderón, editor, Mexico,2009 and this book is in Spanish, featuring articles by Gianfranco Pasquino and Dieter Nohlen, and is wider in scope. Besides, it seems, is critical and more student-oriented. It covers the very Political Science part of Sartoris bulk of work, as well as the books that he has published dealing with themes as multiculturalism, videopolitics. Sartoris biography on ItaliaLibri Review of Pluralism, Multiculturalism and Foreigners, the Political Science of Giovanni Sartori
Giovanni Sartori
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Giovanni Sartori
48.
Francesco Alberoni
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Francesco Alberoni is an Italian journalist and a professor of sociology. He was a member and senior board member of RAI. Alberoni was among the few regular front page writers of Corriere della Sera, Italys most popular newspaper and he wrote a four-column editorial titled Public & Private for the Monday edition. Although Alberoni claims he was a student and real perfectionist at school. According to his autobiography he was a leader, who always invented games and adventures for the group of boys who usually gathered around him. Because there werent any books in his house, he discovered the pleasures of reading only after the end of Second World War in 1945, reading took most of his afternoons at the City Library, his favoured subjects being history and philosophy. Alberoni studied at the Liceo Scientifico, and then moved to Pavia to study medicine where he graduated, here he also met the friar Agostino Gemelli, who was intrigued by Alberonis thinking and bright intelligence, and pushed him to pursue studies in the field of social behavior. During his studies in Pavia met Vincenza Pugliese whom he married in 1958, from his marriage to Vincenza Pugliese he has three children, Margherita, Francesca and Paolo Giovanni Agostino named after friar Agostino Gemelli. Later he lived with Laura Bonin, from whom had a fourth son, in 1998 married Rosa Giannetta, the former mistress of the Italian architect Roberto Guiducci. Professor at the University of Lausanne, the University of Catania, the building block of Alberoni though is found in Movement and Institution, which is among the first books on the sociological analysis of movements, their start, development and end. This book has been considered a milestone in the analysis of social movements, the concept developed here is the so-called Statu Nascenti, the nascent state, the moment in which leadership, ideas, and communication, come together and fuel the birth of movements. This first work was followed by Consumption and Society, which contributed to fuel the growth of marketing schools in Italy, in 1979 Alberoni published his best-seller Falling in Love. This time, however, Alberoni explores the subject in greater detail and this book, which was rigorously scientific and at the same time innovative in its linguistic slant, turned into an international best-seller translated into twenty languages. After more than ten editions, it is still in print in Italy, Alberonis next works were Lamicizia of 1984, and Erotismo of 1986, in which he compares male and female eroticism. Then followed The Nuptial Flight, where he took a look at pre-adolescent and adolescent crushes on film stars. His essays from Corriere della Sera are usually in collected into book editions by Rizzoli and his books composed of newspaper articles have been pointed out by some critics as lacking scientific analysis, allegedly reducing to platitudinous advice about todays life and love matters. The most recent books are considered by critics innovative and notable both for originality of the content as well as writing style, sex and Love is the first systematic analysis in the field and is a break-through in its approach to the subject. it
Francesco Alberoni
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Francesco Alberoni in the 1980s.
Francesco Alberoni
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Francesco Alberoni reading his book at Teatro San Babila,
Milan, 2012
49.
Tracy Chevalier
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Tracy Chevalier FRSL is an American British historical novelist. She is best known for her novel, Girl with a Pearl Earring. Tracy Chevalier was born on October 19,1962, in Washington and she is the daughter of Douglas and Helen Chevalier. Her father was a photographer who worked with The Washington Post for more than 30 years and her mother died in 1970, when Chevalier was eight years old. Chevalier has a sister, Kim Chevalier, who resides in Soulan, France, and a brother, Michael Chevalier. As of 2013, Chevalier lives in London with her husband, Jonathan Drori and son and she graduated from Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1980. After receiving her Bachelors degree in English from Oberlin College in 1984, she moved to England, in 1993, she began studying Creative Writing, earning a masters degree from the University of East Anglia. Her tutors included novelists Malcolm Bradbury and Rose Tremain, while her students who went on to be published include Martyn Bedford. Her first novel, The Virgin Blue, was published in the UK in 1997 and was chosen by W H Smith for their showcase of new authors and her second novel, entitled Girl with a Pearl Earring, was published in 1999. The work, which was based on the painting by Vermeer, has been translated into 38 languages. As of 2014, it has sold five million copies worldwide. It won the Barnes and Noble Discover Award in 2000, in 2003, a film based on the novel was released, receiving three Academy Award nominations in 2004, along with ten BAFTAs and two Golden Globes. Her 2013 novel, The Last Runaway was honored with the Ohioana Book Award and was chosen for the Richard and Judy Book Club for autumn 2013. In 2011 she edited and contributed towards Why Willows Weep, a collection of stories by 19 authors, the sale of which raised money for the Woodland Trust. Chevalier has been involved in representing authors as a member of community organizations. In 2006, she began serving as the chairperson for the Management Committee for the UKs Society of Authors and she served on the Advisory Board of the UK’s Public Lending Right from 2008 until 2015, while as serving as Patron of World Book Night. Girl with a Pearl Earring was chosen as one of the books given away in both the US and UK for World Book Night 2013, in 2015 she became President of the Royal Literary Fund, and joined the British Library Board as a Trustee. She is also an Ambassador for the Woodland Trust, where her husband serves as a member of the board of directors
Tracy Chevalier
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Tracy Chevalier
50.
Sergio Romano (writer)
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Sergio Romano is an Italian writer, journalist, and historian. He is a columnist for the newspaper Corriere della Sera, Romano is also a former Italian ambassador to Moscow. Born in Vicenza, he grew up between Milano and Genova in a business family. From 1968 to 1977 he was in Paris and, after being manager of cultural relations and Ambassador to NATO, he concluded his diplomatic career in Moscow. He talks about this experience in the book Memoirs of a Conservative, concise portrait of the bureaucratic class and he became a commentator for a number of Italian newspapers and magazines, the editor of a historical series for the publisher Corbaccio. He has also taught at the University of California, Harvard, in 2010 he won the prize È giornalismo, confirming that he had been ambassador for years without having a bachelors degree in Political Science. In 2010, he spoke at the 2010 Ambrosetti Forum,1977 - Histoire de lItalie du Risorgimento à nos jours 1977 - La quarta sponda. La guerra di Libia, 1911/1912, Casa Editrice Bompiani,1977, Il complotto ebraico dalla Russia di Nicola II a oggi 1993 - LItalia scappata di mano 1993 - Viaggi intorno alla Russia 1994 - Tra due Repubbliche. Lanno di Berlusconi e le prospettive dellItalia 1994 - FINIS ITALIAE - Declino e morte dellideologia risorgimentale - Perché gli italiani si disprezzano -1995 - Lo scambio ineguale, italia e Stati Uniti da Wilson a Clinton 1995 - La storia sul comodino. Personaggi, viaggi, memorie 1995 - Storia dItalia dallUnità ai nostri giorni 1995 - Cinquantanni di storia mondiale, La pace e le guerre da Yalta ai giorni nostri 1995 - I falsi protocolli. Il complotto ebraico dalla Russia di Nicola II ai nostri giorni, Editrice TEA, Perché lItalia non riesce a diventare un paese moderno 1996 - Passando a Nord-Ovest, scritto con Aldo A. Mola 1997 - Lettera a un amico ebreo 1997 - Giuseppe Volpi. Dal piano Marshall alla caduta del Muro 2000 - Mussolini 2000 - I luoghi della Storia 2000 - Crispi 2001 - I volti della storia, I protagonisti e le questioni aperte del nostro passato 2001 - La pace perduta 1989-20012002 - Lettera a un amico ebreo. Edizione ampliata 2002 - Memorie di un conservatore 2002 - Guida alla politica estera italiana, da Badoglio a Berlusconi 2003 - I confini della storia 2003 - Il rischio americano 2004 - Giovanni Gentile. Un filosofo al potere negli anni del Regime 2004 - Anatomia del terrore, colloquio con Guido Olimpio 2004 - Europa, storia di unidea. Dallimpero allunione 2005 - La quarta sponda, La guerra di Libia 1911-19122005 - Libera Chiesa, diario di un anno 2007 - Con gli occhi dellIslam 2008 - I falsi protocolli 2009 - Indro Montanelli. Diari 1957-19782009 - Storia di Francia, dalla comune a Sarkozy
Sergio Romano (writer)
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Sergio Romano (2008)
51.
Corriere dei Piccoli
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The Corriere dei Piccoli, later renamed Corriere dei Ragazzi and nicknamed Corrierino, was a weekly magazine for children published in Italy from 1908 to 1995. It was the first Italian periodical to make a feature of publishing comic strips. Corriere dei Piccoli was established in 1908, the first issue was published on 27 December 1908, with Silvio Spaventa Filippi as editor-in-chief. It was founded by Luigi Albertini, the magazine was formally a supplement for children of Corriere della Sera, but it was also sold separately for 0.10 lira At its acme, the magazine sold 700,000 copies. By 1970 the magazine started having financial difficulties due to rising costs and competition by other magazines and comics books. Feeling that the quaint name was partly to blame, on 1 January 1972 the publisher renamed the bulk of the magazine Corriere dei Ragazzi, the name Corriere dei Piccoli survived as the title of a thin supplement of the publication, aimed at the younger readers. The last issue was dated 15 August 1995, a typically Italian comic strip format was introduced by the Corrierino from its first issue. The full page was divided into six panels, in three rows. Comics which appeared in the include, List of magazines published in Italy Spirou
Corriere dei Piccoli
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The cover of the 11 July 1911 edition carries a cartoon strip in the Italian style without speech bubbles.
