The fictional cosmology of J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium combines aspects of Christian theology and metaphysics with pre-modern cosmological concepts in the flat Earth paradigm, along with the modern
Sketch of one of Tolkien's conceptions of Arda within the Void, Kúma, showing the Encircling Ocean, Ekkaia around the Flat Earth, Ambar, the Air, Vista, and the Starry Heaven, Ilmen, before the creation of Sun and Moon.