1.
Harvard Graduate School of Design
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The Harvard Graduate School of Design is a professional graduate school at Harvard University, located at Gund Hall, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The GSD offers masters and doctoral programs in architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, real estate, design engineering, the GSD has over 13,000 alumni and has graduated many famous architects, urban planners, and landscape architects. The school is considered an academic leader in the design fields. The GSD has the worlds oldest landscape architecture program, and North Americas oldest urban planning program, Architecture courses were first taught at Harvard University in 1874. The Graduate School of Design was officially established in 1936, combining the three fields of architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture under one graduate school, the market value of the schools endowment for the fiscal year 2013 was approximately $396 million. Charles Eliot Norton brought the first architecture classes to Harvard University in 1874, in 1900, the first urban planning courses were taught at Harvard University, and by 1909, urban planning was added into Harvards design curriculum. In 1923, North Americas first urban planning degree was established at Harvard, in 1980, the program was temporarily moved to the Harvard Kennedy School of Government until it returned to the GSD in 1984. In 1893, the nations first professional course in architecture was offered at Harvard University. In 1900, the worlds first landscape architecture program was established by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. the School of Landscape Architecture was established in 1913. The three major design professions were officially united in 1936 to form the Harvard Graduate School of Design, in 1937, Walter Gropius joined the GSD faculty as chair of the Department of Architecture and brought modern designers, including Marcel Breuer to help revamp the curriculum. In 1960, Josep Lluís Sert established the nations first Urban Design program, george Gund Hall, which is the present iconic home GSD, opened in 1972 and was designed by Australian architect and GSD graduate John Andrews. More recent research include the Design Robotics Group, a unit that investigates new material systems and fabrication technologies in the context of architectural design. Executive Education operates within GSD providing continuing education classes, they are located at 7 Sumner Rd, advanced Management Development Program in Real Estate is a six-week executive development course. The program is open to established professionals with 15+ years of experience in real estate, upon graduating from AMDP, participants are full-fledged Harvard University Alumni. As of 2013, AMDP is in its 13th year, the other large program organized by Executive Education is summer Open Enrollment. In 2013, Executive Education held 18 classes throughout the month of July, Open Enrollment classes are open to everyone, though basic knowledge of the subject is recommended. As of 2012-2013, there were 878 students enrolled, approximately, 65% of students were Americans. The average student is 27 years old, in addition to its degree programs, the GSD administers the Loeb Fellowship, and numerous research initiatives such as the Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure
2.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
3.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
4.
Sardinia
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Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and an autonomous region of Italy. It is located in the Western Mediterranean, just south of the French island of Corsica, the regions official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna / Regione Autònoma de Sardigna, and its capital and largest city is Cagliari. It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city and its indigenous language and the other minority languages spoken by the Sardinians enjoy equal dignity with Italian under regional law. The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *srd-, later romanised as sardus and it makes its first appearance on the Nora Stone, where the word Šrdn testifies to the names existence when the Phoenician merchants first arrived. According to Timaeus, one of Platos dialogues, Sardinia and its people as well might have named after Sardò. There has also been speculation that identifies the ancient Nuragic Sards with the Sherden, in Classical antiquity, Sardinia was called Ichnusa, Σανδάλιον Sandal, Sardinia and Sardó. Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 24,100 square kilometres and it is situated between 38°51 and 41°18 latitude north and 8°8 and 9°50 east longitude. To the west of Sardinia is the Sea of Sardinia, a unit of the Mediterranean Sea, to Sardinias east is the Tyrrhenian Sea, the nearest land masses are the island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia, the Balearic Islands, and Provence. The Tyrrhenian Sea portion of the Mediterranean Sea is directly to the east of Sardinia between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian mainland peninsula, the Strait of Bonifacio is directly north of Sardinia and separates Sardinia from the French island of Corsica. The island has an ancient geoformation and, unlike Sicily and mainland Italy, is not earthquake-prone and its rocks date in fact from the Palaeozoic Era. Due to long erosion processes, the highlands, formed of granite, schist, trachyte, basalt, sandstone and dolomite limestone. The highest peak is Punta La Marmora, part of the Gennargentu Ranges in the centre of the island. The islands ranges and plateaux are separated by wide valleys and flatlands. Sardinia has few rivers, the largest being the Tirso,151 km long, which flows into the Sea of Sardinia, the Coghinas. There are 54 artificial lakes and dams that supply water and electricity, the main ones are Lake Omodeo and Lake Coghinas. The only natural lake is Lago di Baratz. A number of large, shallow, salt-water lagoons and pools are located along the 1,850 km of the coastline, the climate of the island is variable from area to area, due to several factors including the extension in latitude and the elevation. During the year there is a concentration of rainfall in the winter and autumn, some heavy showers in the spring
5.
Stonemasonry
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The craft of stonemasonry has existed since humanity could use and make tools - creating buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone from the earth. These materials have been used to construct many of the long-lasting, ancient monuments, artifacts, cathedrals, quarrymen split veins, or sheets of rock, and extract the resulting blocks of stone from the ground. Sawyers cut these rough blocks into cuboids, to required size with diamond-tipped saws, the resulting block if ordered for a specific component is known as sawn six sides. Banker masons are workshop-based, and specialize in working the stones into the shapes required by a design, this set out on templets. They can produce anything from stones with simple chamfers to tracery windows, detailed mouldings and the more classical architectural building masonry. When working a stone from a block, the mason ensures that the stone is bedded in the right way. Occasionally though some stones need to be orientated correctly for the application, the basic tools, methods and skills of the banker mason have existed as a trade for thousands of years. Carvers cross the line from craft to art, and use their ability to carve stone into foliage, figures. Fixer masons specialize in the fixing of stones onto buildings, using lifting tackle, sometimes modern cements, mastics and epoxy resins are used, usually on specialist applications such as stone cladding. Metal fixings, from simple dowels and cramps to specialised single application fixings, are also used, the precise tolerances necessary make this a highly skilled job. Memorial masons or monumental masons carve gravestones and inscriptions, the modern stonemason undergoes comprehensive training, both in the classroom and in the working environment. Hands-on skill is complemented by intimate knowledge of each type, its application and best uses. The mason may be skilled and competent to carry out one or all of the branches of stonemasonry. In some areas the trend is towards specialization, in other areas towards adaptability, stonemasons use all types of natural stone, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary, while some also use artificial stone as well. Igneous stones, Granite is one of the hardest stones, with great persistence, simple mouldings can and have been carved into granite, for example in many Cornish churches and the city of Aberdeen. Generally, however, it is used for purposes that require its strength and durability, such as kerbstones, countertops, flooring, igneous stone ranges from very soft rocks such as pumice and scoria to somewhat harder rocks such as tuff and hard rocks such as granite and basalt. Metamorphic, Marble is a fine stone easily workable, that comes in various colours and it has traditionally been used for carving statues, and for facing many Byzantine and Renaissance Italian buildings. Their work was preceded by older sculptors from Mesopotamia and Egypt, the famous Acropolis of Athens is said to be constructed using the Pentelicon marble
6.
Sassari
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Sassari is an Italian city and the second-largest of Sardinia in terms of population with 127,525 inhabitants, and a Functional Urban Area of about 222,000 inhabitants. One of the oldest cities on the island, it contains a collection of art. As Sardinias second most populated city, and the fifth largest municipality in Italy, it has an amount of cultural, touristic. The citys economy relies on tourism and services, however also partially on research, construction, pharmaceuticals. Sassari is located in north-western Sardinia, at 225 metres above sea level, the area rises up on a wide karstic plateau that slopes gently down towards the Gulf of Asinara and the Nurra plain. The abundance of water, with about 400 springs and artesian wells, has made for development of horticulture over the centuries. According to a survey by Weatherwise, Sassari is the city with the fourth best climate in the world. Although Sassari was founded in the early Middle Ages, the area has been inhabited since the Neolithic age, and throughout ancient history, by the Nuragics. In the locality of Fiume Santo is also found a site where an Oreopithecus bambolii. The origin of the city remains uncertain and it developed from the merger of a number of separate villages, such as San Pietro di Silki, San Giacomo di Taniga, and San Giovanni di Bosove. The oldest mention of the village is in an 1131 document in the archive of the Monastery of St. Peter in Silki where is cited a guy named Jordi de Sassaro, Sassari was sacked by the Genoese in 1166. Immigration continued until, in the early 13th century, it was the most populous city in the Giudicato of Torres, after the assassination of Michele Zanche, the latters last ruler in 1275, Sassari became subject to the Republic of Pisa with a semi-independent status. Its statutes of 1316 are remarkable for the leniency of the penalties imposed when compared with the laws of the Middle Ages. From 1323 the Republic of Sassari decided to side with the King of Aragon, in whose hands it remained for much of the following centuries, further attempts made by Genoa to conquer the city failed. In 1391 it was conquered by Brancaleone Doria and Marianus V of Arborea, of the independent Sardinian Giudicato of Arborea, of which it became the last capital. However, in 1420 the city was sold along with the territory for 100,000 florins to the Crown of Aragon, replaced by Spain after 1479 on the joining of the Aragonese. During the period of Aragonese and then Spanish domination the city was known as Sàsser in Catalan language, the Jesuits founded the first Sardinian university in Sassari in 1562. In the same year the first printing press was introduced and the ideals of Renaissance humanism became more widely known, several artists of the Mannerist and Flemish schools practiced their art in the city
7.
University of Sassari
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The University of Sassari is a university located in Sassari, Italy. It was founded in 1562 and is organized in 13 Departments, the University of Sassari earned first place in the rankings for the best “medium- sized” Italian university, in 2009-2010, by the Censis Research Institute. While in 2012 tumbled down to the 6th position among the best Italian universities, the University of Sassari was founded by Alessio Fontana, member of Imperial Chancellery of Emperor Charles V and a distinguished gentleman in the town of Sassari in 1558. The official opening dates back to the month of May 1562 and it was first run by the Jesuits. Today, the University, which is of size, with a total number of over 18.000 students and about 700 teachers, comprises eleven faculties and over 40 departments. There are several specialist schools, research institutions, schools for special research and postgraduate schools
8.
Monza
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Monza listen is a city and comune on the River Lambro, a tributary of the Po in the Lombardy region of Italy, about 15 kilometres north-northeast of Milan. It is the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza, Monza is best known for its Grand Prix motor racing circuit, the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, which hosts the Formula One Italian Grand Prix. On 11 June 2004 Monza was designated the capital of the new province of Monza and Brianza, the new administrative arrangement came fully into effect in summer 2009, previously, Monza was a comune within the province of Milan. Monza is the third-largest city of Lombardy and is the most important economic, industrial and administrative centre of the Brianza area, supporting a textile industry, Monza also hosts a Department of the University of Milan Bicocca, a Court of Justice and several offices of regional administration. Monza Park is one of the largest urban parks in Europe, Monza is located in the high plains of Lombardy, between Brianza and Milan, at an altitude of 162 metres above sea level. It is 15 kilometres from the centre of the capital, although when considering the cities borders. Monza is about 40 km from Lecco and Como, Monza shares its position with Milan in the same metro area, and is a big part of its new province. Monza is crossed north to south by the River Lambro. The river enters Monza from the north, between Via Aliprandi and Via Zanzi streets and this is an artificial fork of the river, created for defensive purposes in the early decades of the 14th century. The fork is known as Lambretto and it rejoins the main course of the Lambro as it exits to the south, another artificial stream is the Canale Villoresi, which was constructed in the late 19th century. Precipitation is abundant, with most occurring in the autumn and the least in winter and summer, despite this, during the Roman Empire, Monza was known as Modicia. During the 3rd century BCE, the Romans subdued the Insubres, a Gallo-Celtic tribe, perhaps the Insubres themselves, founded a village on the Lambro. The ruins of a Roman bridge named Ponte dArena can be seen near todays Ponte dei Leoni, Theodelinda, daughter of Garibald I of Bavaria and wife of the Lombard king Authari, chose Monza as her summer residence. Here in 595 she founded an oraculum dedicated to St. John the Baptist, according to this legend, the medieval name of Monza, Modoetia, is derived from these two words. She also had a palace built here, berengar I of Italy located his headquarters in Monza. A fortified castrum was constructed to resist the incursions of the Hungarians, under Berengars reign, Monza enjoyed a certain degree of independence, it had its own system of weights and measures, and could also seize property and mark the deeds with their signatures. Berengar was very evident by the donation of numerous works to the Monza Cathedral, including the famous cross. In 980 Monza hosted Emperor Otto II inside the walled city, the Glossary of Monza, one of the earliest examples of the evolution of Italian language, probably dates to the early 10th century
9.
Adriano Olivetti
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Adriano Olivetti was an Italian engineer, politician and industrialist whose entrepreneurial activity thrived on the idea that profit should be reinvested for the benefits of the whole society. He was son of the founder of Olivetti, Camillo Olivetti, and Luisa Revel, Adriano Olivetti was known worldwide during his lifetime as the Italian manufacturer of Olivetti typewriters, calculators, and computers. Olivetti was an entrepreneur and innovator who transformed shop-like operations into a modern factory, in and out of the factory, he both practiced and preached the utopian system of the community movement, but he was not an astute enough politician to have a mass following. The Olivetti empire had been begun by his father Camillo, initially, the factory concentrated on electric measurement devices. By 1908,25 years after Remington in the United States, Adrianos father Camillo, who was Jewish, believed that his children could get a better education at home. Adrianos formative years were spent under the tutelage of his mother, daughter of the local Waldensian pastor, also, as a socialist, Camillo emphasized the non-differentiation between manual and intellectual work. His children, during their time away from study, worked with, nevertheless, after graduation in chemical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Turin in 1924 he joined the company for a short while. When he became undesirable to Mussolinis Fascist regime, his father sent him to the United States to learn the roots of American industrial power, for the same reasons he later went to England. Upon his return he married Paola Levi, a daughter of Giuseppe Levi and a sister of his good friend Natalia Ginzburg and his visit to various plants in the United States, and especially Remington, convinced Adriano that productivity is a function of the organizational system. With the approval of father Camillo, he organized the system at Olivetti on a quasi-Taylorian model and transformed the shop into a factory with departments. Possibly as a result of reorganization, output per man-hour doubled within five years. Olivetti for the first time sold half of the used in Italy in 1933. Adriano Olivetti shared with his workers the productivity gains by increasing salaries, fringe benefits, in 1931 he visited the USSR and created an Advertising Department at Olivetti which worked with artists and designers. The creation of an Organization Office followed one year later, when he became manager. His success in business did not diminish his idealism, in the 1930s he developed an interest in architecture, as well as urban and community planning. He supervised a housing plan for the workers at Ivrea and a proposal for the adjacent Aosta Valley. Under Fascism, patronizing workers at work and at home was in line with the design of the regime. While Adriano showed distaste for the regime, he joined the Fascist Party, yet during World War II he participated in the underground antifascist movement, was jailed, and at the end sought refuge in Switzerland
10.
Olivetti
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Olivetti S. p. A. is an Italian manufacturer of typewriters, computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and fax machines. Headquartered in Ivrea, in the Metropolitan City of Turin, the company has been part of the Telecom Italia Group since 2003, the first commercial programmable desktop computer, the Programma 101, was produced by Olivetti in 1964 and was a commercial success. The company was founded as a manufacturer by Camillo Olivetti in 1908 in Ivrea. The firm was mainly developed by his son Adriano Olivetti, Olivetti opened its first overseas manufacturing plant in 1930, and its Divisumma electric calculator was launched in 1948. Olivetti produced Italys first electronic computer, the transistorised Elea 9003, in 1959, in 1964 the company sold its electronics division to the American company General Electric. It continued to develop new computing products on its own, one of these was Programma 101, in the 1970s and 1980s they were the biggest manufacturer for office machines in Europe and 2nd biggest PC vendor behind IBM in Europe. In 1980 Olivetti is distributed in Indonesia through Dragon Computer & Communication, in 1952, the Museum of Modern Art held an exhibit titled Olivetti, Design in Industry, today, many Olivetti products are still part of the museums permanent collection. Another major show, mounted by the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in 1969, from the 1940s to the 1960s, Olivetti industrial design was led by Marcello Nizzoli, responsible for the Lexicon 80 and the portable Lettera 22. Later, Mario Bellini and Ettore Sottsass directed design, Bellini designed the Programma 101, Divisumma 18 and Logos 68 calculators and the TCV-250 video display terminal, among others. Sottsass designed the Tekne 3 typewriter, Elea 9003 computer, the Praxis 48 typewriter, the Valentine portable typewriter, michele De Lucchi designed the Art Jet 10 inkjet printer and the Gioconda calculator. During the 1970s Olivetti manufactured and sold two ranges of minicomputers, the A series started with the typewriter-sized A4 through to the large A8, and the desk-sized DE500 and DE700 series. George Sowden worked for Olivetti from 1970 until 1990, and designed their first desktop computer, Olivetti L1, in 1991, Sowden won the prestigious ADI Compasso dOro Award for the design of the Olivetti fax OFX420. Olivetti paid attention to more than the importance of design, graphic. Giovanni Pintori was hired by Adriano Olivetti in 1936 to work in the publicity department, Pintori was the creator of the Olivetti logo and many promotional posters used to advertise the company and its products. Those designers also created the Olivetti Synthesis office furniture series which mainly were used to be installed in Olivettis own headquarters, worldwide branch offices, Olivetti also produced some industrial production machinery, including metal working machines of the Horizon series. Olivetti began with mechanical typewriters when the company was founded in 1909, until the mid 1960s they were fully mechanical, and models such as the portable Olivetti Valentine were designed by Ettore Sottsass. With the Tekne/Editor series and Praxis 48, some of the first electromechanical typewriters were introduced, the Editor series was used for speed typing championship competition. The Editor 5 from 1969 was the top model of series, with proportional spacing
11.
Waverly Place
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Waverly Place is a narrow street, in the Greenwich Village section of the New York City borough of Manhattan, that runs from Bank Street to Broadway. Waverly changes direction roughly at its midpoint at Christopher Street, turning about 120 degrees from a street to a northwest/southeast street. At Christopher Street, the direction changes as well, from southbound to westbound. At the intersection where this occurs, Waverly branches into a Y. The two blocks which form the border of Washington Square Park – from MacDougal Street to Fifth Avenue. In the block from FIfth to University, there is a line of Greek Revival townhouses, sometimes called the Row. Some of the buildings at the Fifth Avenue end have retained their exterior facades, the street was named after Sir Walter Scotts novel Waverley in 1833, prior to that it was called Art Street. In the 1840s, New York Citys elite established Washington Square, far from the commercial environment of Lower Manhattan. Anchored by the mansion of William C, rhinelander at the center of Washington Square North, the Row of Greek Revival town houses on either side of Fifth Avenue presented the unified and dignified appearance of privilege. When the center of New York City society moved north after the American Civil War, henry James, whose grandmother lived at 18 Washington Square North, depicted this nostalgic view in his 1880 tragicomedic novel, Washington Square. Today, the buildings all belong to New York University, the 1830s row house at 1–3 Washington Square North may be the most closely associated house in the city to a single artist. From 1913 until his death in May 1967, the artist Edward Hopper and his wife, Josephine, lived in a studio on the buildings top floor. Chosen for its low rent and the belief that his hero. They decorated their rooms simply, with pieces of early American furniture, don Drapers bachelor pad is located on Waverly Place on Mad Men. The television series Wizards of Waverly Place is set there, one of the townhouses serves as the protagonists residence in the 2007 film I am Legend. List of places named for George Washington List of streets in Manhattan Waverly Place, A New York Songline – virtual walking tour
12.
Le Corbusier
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Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930 and his career spanned five decades, he constructed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America. Le Corbusier prepared the plan for the city of Chandigarh in India. On July 17,2016, seventeen projects by Le Corbusier in seven countries were inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites as an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement and it was an industrial town, devoted to the manufacture of watches. His father was an artisan who enameled boxes and watches, while his mother gave piano lessons and his elder brother Albert was an amateur violinist. He attended a kindergarten that used Fröbelian methods, like his contemporaries Frank Lloyd Wright and Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier did not have formal academic training as an architect. He was attracted to the arts and at the age of fifteen he entered the municipal art school in La-Chaux-de-Fonds which taught the applied arts connected with watchmaking. Three years later he attended the course of decoration, founded by the painter Charles LEplattenier. Le Corbusier wrote later that LEplattenier had made him a man of the woods and his father took him frequently into the mountains around the town. He wrote later, we were constantly on mountaintops, we grew accustomed to a vast horizon and his architecture teacher in the Art School was the architect René Chapallaz, who had a large influence on Le Corbusiers earliest house designs. However, he reported later that it was the art teacher LEplattenier who made him choose architecture, I had a horror of architecture and architects, he wrote. I was sixteen, I accepted the verdict and I obeyed. Le Corbusier began teaching himself by going to the library to read about architecture and philosophy, by visiting museums, by sketching buildings, located on the forested hillside near Chaux-de-fonds. It was a chalet with a steep roof in the local alpine style. The success of this led to his construction of two similar houses, the Villas Jacquemet and Stotzer, in the same area. In Florence, he visited the Florence Charterhouse in Galluzzo, which made an impression on him. I would have liked to live in one of what they called their cells and it was the solution for a unique kind of workers housing, or rather for a terrestrial paradise. In 1911, he traveled again for five months, this time he journeyed to the Balkans and visited Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, as well as Pompeii and Rome. Filling nearly 80 sketchbooks with renderings of what he saw—including many sketches of the Parthenon and he spoke of what he saw during this trip in many of his books, and it was the subject of his last book, Le Voyage dOrient
13.
Bonwit Teller
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Bonwit Teller & Co. was a department store in New York City founded by Paul Bonwit in 1895 at Sixth Avenue and 18th Street. Teller was admitted to the partnership and the moved to 23rd Street. The partnership was incorporated in 1907 and the store made another move, throughout much of the twentieth century, Bonwit Teller was one of a group of upscale department stores on Fifth Avenue that catered to the carriage trade. Among its most notable peers were Peck & Peck, Saks Fifth Avenue and B. Altman, Bonwit changed ownership frequently, particularly after 1979. Bonwit Tellers parent company declared bankruptcy in 1989, resulting in the closure of the bulk of the companys stores, despite efforts over the years to restore it, the Bonwit Teller brand is now defunct. In the late 1880s, Paul Bonwit opened a millinery shop at Sixth Avenue. In 1895, which the often referred to as the year it was founded. When Bonwits original business failed, Bonwit bought out his partner, Teller in 1898 on 23d Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The firm was incorporated in 1907 as Bonwit Teller & Company and in 1911 relocated yet again, this time to the corner of Fifth Avenue and Thirty-eighth Street. They announced that new location would provide consumers with, In 1930, with the retail trade in New York City moving uptown, the store moved again. Bonwit took up residence in the former Stewart & Co. building at Fifty-sixth Street, the building had been designed by the architectural firm, Warren and Wetmore in 1929 and redesigned the next year by Ely Jacques Kahn for Bonwit. Two more floors were added to the building in 1938. The company, in need of capital, partnered with noted financier Floyd Odlum, Odlum, who had cashed in his stock holdings just prior to the stock market crash of 1929, was investing in firms in financial distress and in 1934 Odlums Atlas Corporation acquired Bonwit Teller. The Odlums also retained a connection to the founding family, naming Paul Bonwits son Walter Bonwit as vice president. For a brief time in 1939-1940, the store owned radio station WHAT in Philadelphia, Floyd and Hortense Odlum would sell their investment in Bonwit Teller to Walter Hovings Hoving Corporation. At the same time, Albert M. Greenfields Philadelphia-based investment company Bankers Securities Corporation acquired Bonwit Tellers Philadelphia stores, with Bonwit Teller, Hoving would establish a strong retail presence on Fifth Avenue that would also include Tiffany & Co. Although Hoving was responsible for the significant growth of Bonwit Teller, it was ultimately this over-expansion, along with constantly changing ownership, the company would undergo another ownership change just ten years later with the acquisition of Bonwit by Genesco in 1956. At the time, Genesco was a large conglomerate operating more than 64 apparel, while Genescos portfolio included other upscale brands, including Henri Bendel, the company was largely known as a shoe retailer
14.
Springs, New York
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Springs is a census-designated place roughly corresponding to the hamlet by the same name in the Town of East Hampton in Suffolk County, New York on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP population was 6,592, Springs, along with the rest of East Hampton, boasts some of the worlds most valuable residential real estate. According to the United States Census Bureau, the hamlet has an area of 9.2 square miles, of which 8.5 square miles is land and 0.8 square miles. Springs is known in art circles as the cradle of the abstract expressionist movement, artists such as Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and John Ferren worked there. Writers such as Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller, Philip Roth, Nora Ephron, traditionally, locals are referred to as Bonackers which comes from Accabonac Harbor in Springs. East Hampton High School has adopted the Bonacker name for its sports teams, the main roads connecting Springs to East Hampton are Springs-Fireplace Road and Three Mile Harbor Road. Jackson Pollock died in a car crash on Springs-Fireplace Road in 1956, Pollock and his wife Lee Krasner are buried in Green River Cemetery. Pollocks grave is marked by a glacial erratic stone on top of a hill. Since Pollocks burial numerous other writers and artists have been buried in the cemetery, the Pollock-Krasner House and Studio on Springs-Fireplace Road is owned by Stony Brook University and is open for tours by appointment. It includes an external studio shed where dried paint from Pollocks projects is splattered on the floor, the neighborhood around it is an East Hampton historic district. Fireplace Road gets its name from fireplaces at its terminus that were used to signal the residents of Gardiners Island that supplies were ready to be picked up, the population density was 775.5 per square mile. There were 4,340 housing units at a density of 510. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 83. 3% White,1. 7% African American,0. 7% Native American,1. 5% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,11. 3% some other race, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36. 6% of the population,25. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10. 6% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84, and the family size was 3.27. In the CDP, the population was out with 21. 8% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,29. 8% from 25 to 44,28. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.5 years, for every 100 females there were 108.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.7 males, for the period 2007-2011, the median annual income for a household in the CDP was $70,546, and the median income for a family was $85,582
15.
East Hampton (town), New York
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The Town of East Hampton is located in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, at the eastern end of the South Shore of Long Island. It is the easternmost town in the state of New York, at the time of the United States 2010 Census, it had a total population of 21,457. The town includes the village of East Hampton, as well as the hamlets of Montauk, Amagansett, Wainscott and it also includes part of the incorporated village of Sag Harbor. East Hampton is located on a peninsula, bordered on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by Block Island Sound and to the north by Gardiners Bay, Napeague Bay and Fort Pond Bay. To the west is western Long Island, reaching to the East River, the Town has eight state parks, most located at the waters edge. The town consists of 70 square miles and stretches nearly 25 miles and it is about six miles wide at its widest point and less than a mile at its narrowest point. The town has jurisdiction over Gardiners Island, which is one of the largest privately owned islands in the United States, the town has 70 miles of shoreline. East Hampton has a climate slightly above humid continental, since the January mean is slightly below the freezing mark. This area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples and they belong to the large Algonquian-speaking language family. Bands on Long Island were identified by their geographic locations, the historical people known to the colonists as the Montaukett controlled most of the territory at the east end of Long Island. Native Americans inhabiting the western part of Long Island were part of the Lenape nation and their territory extended to lower New York, western Connecticut and the mid-Atlantic coastal areas into New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Their bands were known by the names of their geographic locations. In the late-17th century Chief Wyandanch of the Montaukett negotiated with English colonists for the sale of land in the East Hampton area, the differing concepts held by the Montaukett and English about land and its use contributed to the Montaukett losing most of their lands over the ensuing centuries. Wyandanch sold an island to English colonist Lion Gardiner for a black dog, some powder and shot. The next trade involved the land extending from present-day Southampton to the foot of the bluffs, at what is now Hither Hills State Park, for 24 hatchets,24 coats,20 looking glasses and 100 muxes. The sales provided that the Montaukett were permitted to stay on the land, to hunt and fish at will, Town officials who bought the land filed for reimbursement from the colony for the rum with which they had plied the tribe during negotiations. Gradually, however, colonists pushed the Montaukett off the land and they formed the Brothertown Indians with other refugee Indian people from New England, and gave up some of their traditions. In 1831-1836, the Brothertown Indians migrated to Wisconsin, where they founded the settlement of Brothertown, some Montaukett continued to live on Long Island
16.
Bernard Rudofsky
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Bernard Rudofsky was a Moravian-born American writer, architect, collector, teacher, designer, and social historian. Rudofsky earned a doctorate in architecture in Austria before working in Germany, Italy, and he temporarily settled in Brazil in the 1930s and opened an architectural practice there, building several notable residences in São Paulo. An entry in a 1941 design competition brought an invitation from MOMA to tour the US, in the wake of Pearl Harbor, as an Austrian native and he remained based in New York City until his death, although he continued to travel. Rudofsky variously taught at Yale, MIT, Cooper-Hewitt, Waseda University in Tokyo, and he was a Ford, Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellow. Rudofsky was most influential for organizing a series of controversial MOMA exhibits in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s and he is best remembered today for a number of urbane books that still provide relevant design insight that is concealed in entertaining, subversive sarcasm. His interests ranged from vernacular architecture to Japanese toilets and sandal design, taken together, his written work constitutes a sustained argument for humane and sensible design. In Architecture without Architects Rudolfsky states that Architectural History, as written and he attempts to break down our limited idea of this field and briefly introduce the reader to the vast and wise world of nonpedigreed architecture. The lessons taught in this world are highly useful to mankind, rather, it demonstrates by means of random examples that life can be less dull than we make it. By contrasting current western design solutions with earlier practices, he makes our current solutions look open to improvement, if not outright ridiculous, in 1944 Rudofsky and his wife Berta were invited to Black Mountain College for two weeks. Bernard gave two lectures on the sad state of clothing design, calling contemporary dress anachronistic, irrational, impractical and harmful, one of his lectures was called How Can People Expect to Have Good Architecture When They Wear Such Clothes. Berta was convinced to organize a course on sandalmaking. Berta was invited back the year, and their successful venture Bernardo Sandals was organized in 1947. Are Clothes Modern. org Bernard Rudofsky papers, Getty Research Institute
17.
Leo Castelli
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Leo Castelli was an Italian-American art dealer. His gallery showcased contemporary art for five decades, Leo Castelli was born Leo Krausz, in Trieste, Austria-Hungary, the second of three children of Italian and Austro-Hungarian Jewish origin. After World War I, which the spent in Vienna. The family changed its name to “Krausz-Castelli” and then “Castelli” in the mid-1930s, after earning a law degree at the University of Milan in 1924, Castelli returned to Trieste, where his father managed to gain him a job with an insurance company. In 1932, he went to work for a company in Bucharest. After their marriage, the couple honeymooned in Vienna and bought their first artwork, Castellis father-in-law, Mihai Schapira, helped him to be transferred in 1935 to the Banca dItalia in Paris. Ileana’s connections enabled the couple to flee to America at the start of World War II, Castellis parents did not escape but died in Budapest, hounded by members of Hungary’s fascist Arrow Cross Party. The couple would remain married for more than 25 years, and were friends and partners even after their divorce, when Ileana married Michael Sonnabend, Castelli arrived in the United States in 1941, by way of Marrakesh, Tangier, Algeciras, Vigo and Havana. He took graduate courses in economic history at Columbia University until volunteering for the Army. After the liberation of France, he was sent to Bucharest as an interpreter for the Allied commission that controlled the city, as a result of Castellis military service, he was given American citizenship. Returning to New York, Castelli took a position with his father-in-law’s clothing factory. Castellis first exercise as a private dealer came through Drouin, in 1947, some hundred canvases by Kandinsky, consigned by his widow and his first American curatorial effort was the Ninth Street Show of 1951, a seminal event in the emergence of Abstract Expressionism. He soon attached himself to the pioneering gallerist Sidney Janis, one of the proponents of the school. In 1957, he opened the Leo Castelli Gallery in a townhouse at 4 E. 77th Street between Madison and Fifth Avenues in New York City, from the mid-1960s through the 1970s, the gallery was perhaps the most prominent commercial venue for art in the world. Initially the gallery showcased European Surrealism, Wassily Kandinsky, and other European artists, however the gallery also exhibited American Abstract Expressionism. Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Cy Twombly, Friedel Dzubas, in 1958, Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns joined the gallery, signaling a turning away from Abstract Expressionism, towards Pop Art, Minimalism and Conceptual Art. He gave Johns, Stella and Lichtenstein their first one-man shows, in the 1980s, Castelli opened a second larger downtown exhibition space at a 142 Greene Street also in SoHo. He later mounted joint shows with Mary Boone, of Julian Schnabel, in 1981, Castelli also pioneered a stipend system that was unknown in New York when he opened his gallery
18.
McCormick Place
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McCormick Place is the largest convention center in North America. It consists of four interconnected buildings sited on and near the shore of Lake Michigan, about 4 km south of downtown Chicago, Illinois, McCormick Place hosts numerous trade shows and meetings. The largest regular events are the Chicago Auto Show each February, the International Home and Housewares Show each March, in 1958, ground was broken for a $35 million facility that opened in November 1960, and was named after McCormick, who died in 1955. The lead architect was Alfred Shaw, one of the architects of the Merchandise Mart and this building included the Arie Crown Theater, designed by Edward Durrell Stone. It seated nearly 5,000 people and was the second largest theater in Chicago, the 1960 exposition hall was destroyed in a spectacular fire on January 26,1967, despite being thought fireproof by virtue of its steel and concrete construction. At the time of the fire, the building contained highly combustible exhibits, several hydrants were shut off, thus the fire spread quickly and destructively, taking the life of a security guard. The fire was investigated by a led by Rolf H. Jensen, Professor of Fire Protection Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Many lessons were learned and the building code was amended so a similar situation would not be repeated. Although many wanted to rebuild the hall on a different site, the new design of dark steel and glass, by Gene Summers of C. F. Murphy and Associates contrasted markedly with the white look of the structure that had burned down. On January 3,1971, the replacement building, later called the East Building and now called the Lakeside Center, the Arie Crown Theatre sustained only minor damage in the 1967 fire, and so was incorporated into the interior of the new building. The theater, with the largest seating capacity of any theater in Chicago. The North Building, located west of Lake Shore Drive and completed in 1986, is connected to the East Building by a pedestrian bridge. In contrast to the dark, flat profile of the East Building, the HVAC system for the building is incorporated into the pylons and give the building the appearance of a rigged sailing ship. The North Building has roughly 600,000 sq ft of exhibition space. The South Building, dedicated in 1997 and designed by tvsdesign and it more than doubled the space in the complex and made McCormick Place the largest convention center in the nation. The publicly financed West Building contains 470,000 square feet of exhibit space, archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The McCormick Place on the Lake 1971 Collection includes photographs, drawings, South of the center is McCormick Place Bird Sanctuary, created in 2003. The northern end includes a recreated prairie, covering the roof of the underground carpark
19.
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
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The Royal Academy of Art is an art academy in The Hague. Succeeding the Haagsche Teeken-Academie, the academy was founded on 29 September 1682 and it has been training ground for a number of significant artists of the Hague School. And it was part of the art movement of Dutch Impressionism and was also in the vicinity of the II. However, in the 19th century the training for a time was still strongly oriented towards the classic curriculum. At the end of the 19th century this academy had opened to Modernism, in the 18th century the Hague Academy was a thriving institution. The end of the 18th century were difficult due to the absence of any financial support. The low point was around 1800, when the academy was working less than ten students. Under William I of the Netherlands finally support returned and the old, in 1821 the drawing education was combined with the newly established School of Civil Engineering. After being housed in the Korenbeurs and Boterwaag in 1839, a new building was designed by city architect Zeger Reyers. In the 19th century the famous artists Johannes Bosboom, Isaac Israels, Willem Maris, Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, in 1937 on the site of the ancient temple completed a new academy building designed by J. H. Plantenga, J. W. E. In 1990 the Royal Academy merged with the Royal Conservatory of The Hague into the School of Visual Arts, Music, the academy every two years awards the Gerrit Noordzij Prize initial designs. After the year of 1821, she received more importance again, now she moved in the house of the Korenbeurs. This small building was important for the future of this school. Later they moved to the Boterwaag, there wasnt enough light for the painting classes. Finally in the year 1839 the Academy got their own house at the Prinsessegracht - it was built by Zeger Reyers in the style of the Neoclassicism. In the 20th-century the classes do grow and more place was needed, thus from 1934-1937 the academy got a new building at Prinsessegracht 4. The new building has been built in the style of the Bauhaus, at the end of the 19th century witnessed the Hague art scene flourished, which was also very well known abroad as Hague School. Many well-known artists like Breitner, the brothers Maris and Bosboom were trained in the academy, in the first half of the 20th century the academy has played a pioneering role in the Netherlands, too
20.
American Institute of Graphic Arts
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The American Institute of Graphic Arts is a professional organization for design. Its members practice all forms of design, including graphic design, typography, interaction design, branding. The organizations aim is to be the standard bearer for professional ethics, there are currently over 22,000 members and 71 chapters, and more than 200 student groups around the nationwide. In 1911, Fred Goudy, Alfred Stieglitz, and W. A. Dwiggins came together to discuss the creation of an organization that was committed to individuals passionate about communication design. In 1913, president of the National Arts Club, John G. Agar, the committee formed included Charles DeKay and William B. Howland and officially formed the American Institute of Graphic Arts in 1914, howland, publisher and editor of The Outlook, was elected president. The goal of the group was to promote excellence in the design profession through its network of local chapters throughout the country. In 1920, AIGA began awarding medals to individuals who have set standards of excellence over a lifetime of work or have made contributions to innovation within the practice of design. Winners have been recognized for design, teaching, writing or leadership of the profession, in 1982, the New York Chapter was formed and the organization began creating local chapters to decentralize leadership. Represented by Washington, D. C. arts advocate and attorney, James Lorin Silverberg, Chapter of AIGA, was organized as the American Institute of Graphic Arts, Incorporated, Washington, D. C. on September 6,1984. The AIGA, in collaboration with the US Department of Transportation, produced 50 standard symbols to be used on signs in airports and other transportation hubs, the first 34 symbols were published in 1974, receiving a Presidential Design Award. The remaining 16 designs were added in 1979, in 2012, AIGA replaced all its competitions with a single competition called Cased. The stated aim of the competition is to demonstrate the collective success, between 1941 and 2011 AIGA sponsored a juried contest for the 50 best designed books published in the previous year, entitled 50 Books/50 Covers. Jurors included booksellers, book publishers, and designers such as George Salter, on February 17,2012, AIGA announced that it would cease organizing the contest and that future contests would be organized by Design Observer. The 365 was a design competition for all graphic design other than book design. The last “365” competition was organized in 2011, after which it was replaced by the Cased competition, AIGA organized two conferences, the AIGA Design Conference and GAIN, AIGA Design and Business Conference. Both conferences were held biennially and the two were held in alternating years, beginning in 2016, the AIGA Design Conference will be held annually with the 2016 conference held in Las Vegas. The first AIGA Design Conference took place in Boston, Massachusetts in 1985, in 2010, it withdrew from the international organization, citing financial reasons
21.
American Academy of Arts and Letters
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The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member honor society, its goal is to foster, assist, and sustain excellence in American literature, music, and art. The Academys galleries are open to the public on a published schedule, opened in 2014, a permanent exhibit is the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives. The auditorium is sought out by musicians wishing to live because the acoustics are considered among the worlds finest. The Academy was created in 1904 by the membership of the National Institute of Arts, the first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the entire membership. In 1908 poet Julia Ward Howe was elected, and thus became the first female academician, in 1976 the two groups combined under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1992 members adopted the current organizational title, the oldest organization associated with the group was founded in 1865 at Boston. The American Social Science Association produced the National Institute of Arts, the qualification for membership in this body was to have made notable achievements in art, music, or literature. The membership was at first limited to 150, in 1904 the membership was increased by the Institutes introducing a two-tiered structure,50 elite members and 200 regular members. The people in the group were gradually elected over the next several years. The larger group was called the Institute, while the group was called the Academy. The strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years, in 1976 members created an organization called the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living United States citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists and it also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support the work of a young poet. The two-tiered system persisted until 1993, when it was completely abandoned, the Academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, which means that it is one of the comparatively rare Title 36 corporations in the United States. The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution amongst a number of other patriotic. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor, the special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the Academy, which remains free to function independently. Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the process which led to the creation of this federal charter was accompanied by controversy, and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed. Sen. Lodge re-introduced legislation which passed the Senate in 1913, the Academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914, which factors in decision-making which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916. The Academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist
22.
Alessandro Nivola
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Alessandro Antine Nivola is an American actor and producer, who has starred in feature films such as Face/Off, American Hustle, A Most Violent Year, and also a brief appearance in Selma. Nivola was born in Boston, Massachusetts and his mother, Virginia, is an artist, and his father, Pietro Salvatore Nivola, is a professor of political science. Nivolas paternal grandfather was the Sardinian sculptor Costantino Nivola, and his paternal grandmother, Nivola has described his mother as a WASP, from the South, and has stated that she is a relative of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. He has a brother, Adrian, and attended Phillips Exeter Academy, alessandros family also lived in Burlington, Vermont where he attended Mater Christi School, a ministry of the Sisters of Mercy. Nivola earned a Drama Desk Award nomination for his first performance on the New York stage in the 1995 Broadway production of A Month In The Country opposite Helen Mirren. Since then he has starred in films including David O. Russells American Hustle which earned him a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2009 he was given the Excellence in Acting Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival, in 2013, Nivola was among The New York Times critics’ pics for an Oscar nomination for his performance opposite Elle Fanning and Annette Bening in Sally Potter’s film Ginger & Rosa. In 2014, he appeared in the films The Devils Knot and he returned to the theater and starred in the 2010 Off-Broadway revival of Sam Shepards A Lie Of The Mind directed by Ethan Hawke. In 2013 he starred as Sir Robert Morton in the Broadway revival of Terrence Rattigan’s The Winslow Boy and he returned to Broadway in the fall of 2014 starring opposite Bradley Cooper in a revival of The Elephant Man. In 2012, Nivola established the film and television production company King Bee Productions with his wife and their first project was a six-part television series called Doll & Em which Nivola produced and Mortimer wrote and starred in. The program aired on Sky Living in the UK and on HBO in the United States in 2014, Nivola married British actress Emily Mortimer in Buckinghamshire in January 2003. The couple have two children and live in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, Alessandro Nivola at the Internet Movie Database Alessandro Nivola at the Internet Broadway Database Alessandro Nivola at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
23.
Peter Chermayeff
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Peter Chermayeff LLC is a Massachusetts-based architectural firm which specializes in aquarium architecture and exhibit design, from conceptual planning to the details of final realization. The two principals, Peter Chermayeff, FAIA, and Bobby C, Poole, AIA have collaborated on the design of public aquariums since 1975. The first project for the seven founding principals was the New England Aquarium and it opened in 1969. ”, a mixed media celebration and portrait of Boston for the US Bicentennial, the Osaka Aquarium, the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga, and the Aquarium of Genoa. These and other led to C7A receiving the Architecture Firm of the Year award in 1993 from the AIA. Bobby Poole joined C7A in 1976 to work with Peter Chermayeff on the National Aquarium in Baltimore, Poole became the Aquarium’s Project Architect. He led the preparation of design documents, the on-site overview of construction and installation. Recent completed projects have included the expansion of the National Aquarium in Baltimore, expansion of the Museo Nivola in Orani, Sardinia, a second component of a museum dedicated to the sculptor Costantino Nivola, was completed in 2005. The remodeling and expansion of the Virginia Aquarium at Virginia Beach, a current proposed Aquarium is the core attraction within the proposed Parco del Mare in Trieste, Italy. Levy, June 1,1998 re Oceanarium of Lisbon Harvard Magazine Ocean in 1
24.
Sgraffito
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The Italian past participle sgraffiato is also used, especially of pottery. Sgraffito and sgraffiti come from the Italian word graffiare, ultimately from the Greek γράφειν, related terms include graffito and graffiti. Sgraffito on walls has been used in Europe since classical times, it was popularized in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries, in combination with ornamental decoration these techniques formed an alternative to the prevailing painting of walls. Of late there has been a growing interest in this old technique. The technical procedure is simple, and the procedures are similar to the painting of frescoes. Most of their work has now weathered away, during the 16th century, the technique was brought to Germany by the master builders of the Renaissance and taken up with enthusiasm. As a simple art, old examples of sgraffito can be found in the wide surroundings of Wetterau. In Germany, the technique is most predominant in Bavaria, the use of sgraffito was common in the creation of housing façades for the purposes of advertising. The technique was used in Thuringia, the Engadin, Austria and Transylvania. In Catalonia, sgraffito was implemented in the early 20th century by the Noucentista neo-classical architects, another use of sgraffito is seen in its simplified painting technique. One coat of paint is left to dry on a canvas or sheet of paper, another coat of a different color is painted on top of the first layer. The artist then uses a knife or oil stick to scratch out a design. This can also be achieved by using oil pastels for the first layer, sometimes a first coat of paint is not needed, and the wet coat scraped back reveals the canvas. This cannot be achieved by using the oil pastel method and this technique is often used in art classes to teach the sgraffito technique to novice art students. The English artist Heywood Sumner has been identified as this eras pioneer of the technique, for example his work at the 1892 St Marys Church, Sunbury, Surrey. Sumners work is sgraffito per se, scratched plaster, but the term has come to encompass a variety of techniques for producing exterior graphic decoration, St. Benets Chaplaincy at Queen Mary, University of London
25.
Marcel Breuer
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Marcel Lajos Breuer, was a Hungarian-born modernist, architect and furniture designer. He was recognized by Gropius as a significant talent and was put at the head of the Carpentry Shop. When the chair was re-released in the 1960s, it was designated Wassily by its Italian manufacturer and it was Gropius who assigned Breuer interiors at the 1927 Weissenhofsiedlung and led him to his first house assignment for the Harnischmachers in Wiesbaden in 1932. Sigfried Giedion extended their furniture collaboration at the Wohnbedarf in Zurich to include a furniture showroom, in 1936, at Gropiuss suggestion, Breuer relocated to London. Breuers departure from then Nazi Germany has led scholars to lump him with the group of Jewish architects and artists who fled the country at that time. Breuer had declared himself as non-religious in order to marry his Bauhaus sweetheart, while in London, Breuer was employed by Jack Pritchard at the Isokon company, one of the earliest proponents of modern design in the United Kingdom. Breuer designed his Long Chair as well as experimenting with bent, between 1935 and 1937 he worked in practice with the English Modernist F. R. S. Yorke with whom he designed a number of houses. In 1937, Gropius accepted the appointment as chairman of Harvards Graduate School of Design and again Breuer followed his mentor to join the faculty in Cambridge, M. Pei, Ulrich Franzen, John Johansen, and Philip Johnson. One of the most intact examples of Breuers furniture and interior design work during this period is the Frank House in Pittsburgh, Breuer built two houses for himself in New Canaan, Connecticut, one from 1947 to 1948, and the other from 1951 to 1952. A demonstration house set up in the MoMA garden in 1949 caused a flurry of interest in the work. When the show was over, the House in the Garden was dismantled and barged up the Hudson River for reassembly on the Rockefeller property in Pocantico Hills near Sleepy Hollow. Breuer designed the Washington, D. C. headquarters building for the U. S. Department of Housing, while the building received some initial praise, in recent decades it has received widespread criticism. Former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack Kemp once described the building as 10 floors of basement, another former Secretary, Shaun Donovan, has noted that the building itself is among the most reviled in all of Washington—and with good reason. Many critics have argued that Breuers design is unoriginal, and essentially mimics the UNESCO Headquarters and their contribution to his life work has largely been credited properly, though the critics and public rightly recognized a Breuer Building when they saw one. The punctured wooden walls that characterized his famous 1948 House in the Garden for MoMA and this included the first of his houses in New Canaan, Connecticut, with its balcony hung off a cantilever. Some critics spoke of repetitiveness but Breuer quoted a professional friend, Breuer was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects at their 100th annual convention in 1968 at Portland, Oregon. In an ironic timing of events, it coincided with general criticism of one of Americas favorite architects for his willingness to design an office building on top of Grand Central Station. It cost him friends and supporters although its defeat by the US Supreme Court established the right of New York
26.
William E. Grady CTE High School
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William E. Grady Career and Technical Education High School is a public, Career and Technical Education high school located at 25 Brighton 4th Road, Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, New York, USA. It is a part of region 7 in the New York City Department of Education, Grady High School was established in 1941. The curriculum at Grady is arranged so all students may take their chosen CTE sequence. Each student is required to take the classes as the average high school student. The only language offered at Grady is Spanish, in the requirements for an Advanced Regents diploma, the foreign language proficiency regent is exempted due to the many hours of their CTE sequences, averaging two periods every day. The school operates College Now, a run by Kingsborough Community College. College Now courses offered include College Now English and sociology, in addition Grady has advanced placement courses which include English literature and composition and United States history. The shops are all pre-approved programs by the Department of Education, each program has its own certification to be obtained by taking a test in the senior year. All programs have internship opportunities and a certification test that must be taken, over the years, William E. Grady High School has gone through many changes and its CTE sequences are no exception. Several of these shop classes still have a place at Grady, the pre-engineering academy, CISCO networking academy and environmental engineering are some of these such programs. Rolando Blackman is a professional basketball player. He was a four-time All-Star who spent most of his career with the Dallas Mavericks, tony Lo Bianco is an American actor in films and television NYC Department of Education, William E. Grady Career and Technical Education High School InsideSchools. org
27.
New York City Housing Authority
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The New York City Housing Authority provides housing for low- and moderate-income residents throughout the five boroughs of New York City. NYCHA also administers a citywide Section 8 Leased Housing Program in rental apartments and these communities are often referred to in popular culture as projects, or developments. These facilities commonly have large income disparities with their respective surrounding neighborhood or community, more than 400,000 New Yorkers reside in NYCHAs 328 public housing developments across the City’s five boroughs. Another 235,000 receive subsidized rental assistance in private homes through the NYCHA-administered Section 8 Leased Housing Program, NYCHA is a New York state public-benefit corporation organized under the Public Housing Law. The NYCHA consists of seven members, of which the chairman is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the Mayor of New York City, the Authority is the largest public housing authority in North America. In spite of problems, it is still considered by experts to be the most successful big-city public housing authority in the country. Most of its housing is also in high-rise buildings. NYCHA also administers a citywide Section 8 Leased Housing Program in rental apartments, however, new applications for Section 8 have not been accepted since December 10,2009. New York also maintains a waiting list for its apartments. NYCHAs Conventional Public Housing Program has 181,581 apartments in 345 developments throughout the city, NYCHA has approximately 13,000 employees serving about 176,221 families and approximately 403,120 authorized residents. Based on the 2010 census, NYCHAs Public Housing represents 8. 2% of the rental apartments and is home to 4. 9% of the city’s population. NYCHA residents and Section 8 voucher holders combined occupy 12. 4% of the rental apartments. In mid-2007, NYCHA faced a $225 million budget shortfall, the Fund received its first donation of $100,000 from the Deutsche Bank in December 2015. East Harlem in Manhattan has the second highest concentration of housing in the nation. The Bronxs largest development is Edenwald Houses in Edenwald with 2,036 apartments, brooklyns largest development is Red Hook Houses in Red Hook with 2,878 apartments. Manhattans largest development is Baruch Houses on the Lower East Side with 2,391 apartments Staten Islands largest development is Stapleton Houses in Stapleton with 693 apartments. The combined demographics of all housing developments in New York City is about 46% Black, 44% Hispanic, 4% White, 5% Asian. NYCHA residents in Chelsea earn significantly less money than the average Chelsea resident and are almost half as likely to have a college degree, at the end of 1935, NYCHA dedicated its first development, called First Houses, located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan
28.
Connecticut Post
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The Connecticut Post is a daily newspaper located in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It serves Fairfield County and the Lower Naugatuck Valley, the newspaper is owned and operated by the Hearst Communications, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues. The Connecticut Post also gained revenue by offering classified advertising for job hunters with very minimal regulation and other separate listings for products, the paper competes directly with the Register in Stratford, Milford, and portions of the Lower Naugatuck Valley. The most recent editor, James H. Smith, departed abruptly on June 26,2008, no reason was given to staff, but Smith later attributed his departure to mutual agreement. Smith had attempted to take the newspaper in a different direction, stressing slice-of-life style features and enterprise, in recent years he has avoided layoffs despite economic pressures, opting instead to offer buyouts and drastically cut the freelance budget. Consequently, while the Post does provide solid coverage of Bridgeport, the newspaper was formerly the morning Bridgeport Telegram and evening Bridgeport Post before consolidating into a morning publication. The Bridgeport Telegram ran from at least 1908 to 1929 and again from 1938 to 1990, the Post was formerly owned by Thomson Corporation, a national newspaper chain. In 2000, Thomson agreed to sell the Post for $205 million to MediaNews Group, based in Denver, Colorado, on August 8,2008 the Hearst Corporation acquired the Connecticut Post and www. ConnPost. com, including seven non-daily newspapers, from MediaNews Group, Inc. In 2010, the Connecticut Post launched a complete re-design which included a new font, some significant stories the Post has broken include former Bridgeport Mayor Joseph Ganims bribery scandal and former Bridgeport Mayor John Fabrizis admission of using cocaine. In 2008, under Smiths leadership, the Connecticut Post received its first Newspaper of the Year Award from the New England Newspaper Association. Comedian and actor Richard Belzer, a Bridgeport native, was a paperboy and later a reporter for the Post. Connecticut Post Official mobile website Hearst Corporation History of the Connecticut Post
29.
Nuoro
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Nuoro is a city and comune in central-eastern Sardinia, Italy, situated on the slopes of the Monte Ortobene. It is the capital of the province of Nuoro, with a population of 36,347, it is the sixth-largest city in Sardinia. Birthplace of several renowned artists, including writers, poets, painters and it is considered an important cultural center of the region and it has been referred as the Atene sarda. Nuoro is the hometown of Grazia Deledda, the first and only Italian woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, the earliest traces of human settlement in the Nuoro area are the so-called Domus de janas, rock-cut tombs dated at the third millennium BC. However, fragments of ceramics of the Ozieri culture have also discovered and dated at c.3500 BC. The Nuorese was crossed by a Roman road which connected Karalis to Ulbia, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Sardinia was held first by the Vandals and then by the Byzantines. According to the letters of Pope Gregory I, a Romanized and Christianized culture co-existed with several Pagan cultures mainly located in the islands interior, as the Byzantine control waned, the Giudicati appeared. A small village known as Nugor appears on a map from 1147. In the two following centuries it grew to more than 1000 inhabitants, Nuoro remained a town of average importance under the Aragonese and Spanish domination of Sardinia, until famine and plague struck it in the late 17th century. After the annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the became the administrative center of the area. Nuraghe Ugolio Chiesa di San Carlo, church built in the XVII century containing a copy of Francesco Ciusas masterpiece La madre dellucciso, Nuoro is served by the SS131 DCN, the SS129, and the SS389. ARST, Azienda Regionale Sarda Trasporti provide regular connections to Cagliari, Sassari, Olbia, and to minor centres in the province. Other private operators connects Nuoro to various cities and airports in the island, Nuoro is connected by train to Macomer via Ferrovie della Sardegna. ATP Nuoros bus system provides service within the city
30.
Van Pelt Library
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The Charles Patterson Van Pelt Library is the primary library at the University of Pennsylvania. The building was designed by architects Harbeson, Hough, Livingston, & Larson and it has a gross area of 201,215 square feet. Van Pelt houses strong Area Studies collections in African, Japanese, Latin American, Chinese, Middle East, South Asia, the Henry Charles Lea Library is located on the 6th floor of Van Pelt Library. The library holds the Weigle Information Commons, located on the west side of the 1st floor, vaguely Grecian with a massive colonnade, but screened by brick panels with small windows that resemble an old French library, the Van Pelt Library is a major presence on the campus. A large modern art sculpture, called The Button, sits at its southern entrance, Van Pelt Library was constructed in 1962 after Penns library outgrew the Frank Furness Building. In 1966, the Dietrich wing was added to the building, the Lippincott Library for the Wharton School underwent a major renovation in 1967. In 2006, the Weigle Information Commons was constructed, the Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, a newly reconfigured 27,000 square-foot space opened in 2013. Van Pelt Library also houses all the specialized Area Studies within the system, namely East Asia, Middle East. The bibliographers for Africa, Latin America and Judaica are also based in the same building, the David B. Weigle Information Commons is a technology hub located in the library. WIC offers services such as video recording rooms, videoconferencing, data diner booths, group study rooms, and photo, video, WIC was built in April 2006 on the 1st floor of Van Pelt. Yarnall Library of Theology library. upenn. edu Van Pelt Library Facebook Page
31.
H2L2
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H2L2 is an architecture firm in Philadelphia founded in 1907 by Paul Philippe Cret as The Offices of Paul Philippe Cret. In 1923, John Harbeson became Crets partner, along with William J. H. Hough, in 1925 the firm was joined by Roy Larson. After Crets death in 1945, the younger partners followed Crets wishes and removed Crets name from their masthead, continuing as Harbeson, Hough, in 1976, the firm officially became H2L2 after years of using the name informally. In 2012, H2L2 and NELSON, which was founded in 1977 as a design firm. Much of the work is visible in Philadelphia and around the country. C. 1935 – Duke Ellington Bridge, Washington D. C.1937 – Eccles Building, Washington D. C
32.
Janesville, Wisconsin
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Janesville is a city in southern Wisconsin, United States. It is the county seat and largest city of Rock County, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 63,575. The Janesville area was home to many Native American tribes before the settlement of people from the East, American settlers John Inman, George Follmer, Joshua Holmes, and William Holmes, Jr. built a crude log cabin in the region in 1835. Later that year, one key settler named Henry Janes, a native of Virginia who was a self-proclaimed woodsman and early city planner arrived in what is now Rock County. Janes came to the area in the early 1830s and initially wanted to name the budding village “Blackhawk after the famous Sauk leader Chief Black Hawk, after some discussion it was settled that the town would be named after Janes himself and thus in 1835, Janesville was founded. Despite being named after a Virginian, Janesville was founded by immigrants from New England and these were old stock Yankee immigrants, who were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. The completion of the Erie Canal caused a surge in New England immigration to what was then the Northwest Territory, some of them were from upstate New York and had parents who had moved to that region from New England shortly after the Revolutionary War. New Englanders and New England transplants from upstate New York were the vast majority of Janesvilles inhabitants during the first several decades of its history, land surveys encouraged pioneers to settle in the area among the abundance of fertile farmland and woodlands. Many of these settlers established farms and began cultivating wheat. As the population grew in the Janesville area, several new industries began cropping up along the Rock River including flour, the first dam was built in 1844. These groups were active in abolitionist and women’s rights movements. Of these settlers was William Tallman who hailed from Rome, New York, Tallman came to the area in 1850 and bought up large tracts of land in hopes of inspiring his fellow New Yorkers to settle in the fertile Rock County. Tallman established himself as one of the most influential and affluent members of the budding Janesville populace and he was impassioned by the call for abolition and became a supporter of the Republican Party. One of the moments in Tallman’s life was when he convinced the up-and-coming Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln to speak in Janesville in 1859. The Tallman house is now a landmark and now best known as “The place where Abraham Lincoln slept”. Janesville was very active during the Civil War, local farms sold grains to the Union army, and Rock County was one of the counties in Wisconsin with the highest number of men enlisted. Thomas H. Ruger of Janesville served in the war, along with brothers Edward, William, Ruger later served as military governor of Georgia and commandant of West Point. He is memorialized at Fort Ruger in Diamond Head, Hawaii, among these were the Janesville Machine Company and the Rock River Iron Works
33.
Cagliari
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Cagliari is an Italian municipality and the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. Cagliaris Sardinian name Casteddu literally means castle and it has about 150,000 inhabitants, while its metropolitan city has more than 431,000 inhabitants. According to Eurostat, the population of the Functional urban area, Cagliari is the 26th largest city in Italy and the largest city on the island of Sardinia. An ancient city with a history, Cagliari has seen the rule of several civilisations. Under the buildings of the city there is a continuous stratification attesting to human settlement over the course of some five thousand years. Cagliari was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1324 to 1848, today the city is a regional cultural, educational, political and artistic centre, known for its diverse Art Nouveau architecture and several monuments. It is also the seat of the University of Cagliari, founded in 1607, the Cagliari area has been inhabited since the Neolithic. It occupies a position between the sea and a fertile plain and is surrounded by two swamps. There are high mountains nearby, to people could evacuate if the settlement had to be given up. Relics of prehistoric inhabitants were found in the hill of Monte Claro, krly was established around the 8th/7th century BC as one of a string of Phoenician colonies in Sardinia, including Tharros. Its founding is linked to its position along communication routes with Africa as well as to its excellent port, the Phoenician settlement was located in the Stagno di Santa Gilla, west of the present centre of Cagliari. This was also the site of the Roman Portus Scipio, other Phoenician settlements have been found at Cape SantElia. In the late 6th century BC Carthage took control of Sardinia, Cagliari was a fortified settlement in what is now the modern Marina quarter, with an annexed holy area in the modern Stampace. Sardinia and Cagliari came under Roman rule in 238 BC, shortly after the First Punic War, at other times it was also the Romans chief naval station on the island, and the residence of the praetor. The Romans built a new settlement east of the old Punic city, the two urban agglomerations merged gradually during the second century B. C. to this process is perhaps attributable the plural form Carales. A few years later, when Sardinia fell into the hands of Menas, the lieutenant of Sextus Pompeius, Caralis was the city which offered any resistance. Cagliari continued to be regarded as the capital of the island under the Roman Empire, remains of Roman public buildings were found to the west of Marina in Piazza del Carmine. There was an area of housing near the modern Via Roma
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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