1.
Cottingley, Bradford
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Cottingley is a suburban village within the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, situated between Shipley and Bingley. It is perhaps best known for the Cottingley Fairies, which appeared in a series of photographs taken there during the early 20th century. Cottingley is part of Bingley Rural ward on Bradford City Council, the village lies in the Aire Valley between Shipley and Bingley approximately 100 metres above sea level. To the north is the A650, Cottingley was formerly on the road before the highway was built from the Bridge to Bingley in 1825. The land to the east of the B6269 is mainly flat, Cottingley beck cuts a deep, narrow, rocky channel flowing north to the River Aire. The area lies on Millstone Grit, the slopes are covered with boulder clay and some alluvial deposits. Crow Coal mixed with Galliard of approximately 75 ft in thickness was found in the area, to the south it again had coal measures. Old mine shafts litter the fields side of Cottingley Cliffe Road. These are shown as either Old Coal Pits or Coal pits on the 1852 map of the area, stock House was the home of Mr. Thomas Baines, manufacturer. Cottingley Hall is shown on the 1908 map as situated near the site of the present Cottingley Manor Park, on the 1852 map it is referred to as Cottingley House. Cottingley also had its own reservoir managed by Cottingley Water Works Co and this is shown above Manor Farm on the local map of 1908. Cottingley. Net - The Cottingley Network Cottingley Connect - non commercial site charting Cottingley village from domesday to present day including the Cottingley fairy story Cottingley at DMOZ
2.
Bradford
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Bradford /ˈbrædfərd/ is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, in the foothills of the Pennines 8.6 miles west of Leeds, and 16 miles northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the metropolitan borough. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Bradford rose to prominence during the 19th century as a centre of textile manufacture. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, the textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century. However, Bradford has faced challenges to the rest of the post-industrial area of Northern England, including deindustrialisation, social unrest. It was recorded as Bradeford in 1086, after an uprising in 1070, during William the Conquerors Harrying of the North, the manor of Bradford was laid waste and is described as such in the Domesday Book of 1086. It then became part of the Honour of Pontefract given to Ilbert de Lacy for service to the Conqueror, there is evidence of a castle in the time of the Lacys. The manor then passed to the Earl of Lincoln, John of Gaunt, The Crown and, ultimately, by the middle ages Bradford, had become a small town centred on Kirkgate, Westgate and Ivegate. In 1316 there is mention of a mill, a soke mill where all the manor corn was milled. During the Wars of the Roses the inhabitants sided with House of Lancaster, Edward IV granted the right to hold two annual fairs and from this time the town began to prosper. In the reign of Henry VIII Bradford exceeded Leeds as a manufacturing centre, Bradford grew slowly over the next two-hundred years as the woollen trade gained in prominence. During the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Parliamentarians, Sir Thomas Fairfax took the command of the garrison and marched to meet the Duke of Newcastle but was defeated. The Parliamentarians retreated to Bradford and the Royalists set up headquarters at Bolling Hall from where the town was besieged leading to its surrender, the Civil War caused a decline in industry but after the accession of William and Mary in 1689 prosperity began to return. The launch of manufacturing in the early 18th century marked the start of the development while new canal. In 1801, Bradford was a market town of 6,393 people. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley and was smaller than Halifax. This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside
3.
Arthur Conan Doyle
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He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of Professor Challenger, a second character he invented, and for propagating the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He was a writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction. Doyle is often referred to as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle or simply Conan Doyle and his baptism entry in the register of St Marys Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives Arthur Ignatius Conan as his given names and Doyle as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather, the cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat Doyle alone as his surname. Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply Doyle, when knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle. Nevertheless, the use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyles second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle. Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh and his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary, was Irish Catholic. In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charless growing alcoholism, in 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place. Doyles father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine. He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875, from 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic and he also later became a spiritualist mystic. From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including working in Aston, Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns. During that time, he studied botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. While studying, Doyle began writing short stories and his earliest extant fiction, The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe, was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwoods Magazine. His first published piece, The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, a set in South Africa, was printed in Chamberss Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880 and, C. M. as a ships surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his M. D. degree on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885, arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea
4.
Fairy
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A fairy is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural. According to Thomas Keightley, the word derives from the Latin fata. Other forms are the Italian fata, and the Provençal fada, in old French romance, fee was a woman skilled in magic, and who knew the power and virtue of words, of stones, and of herbs. Faierie became fairy, but with that now almost exclusively referring to one of the legendary people. The word fairy was used to represent an illusion, or enchantment, to the word faie was added the suffix -erie, used to express either a place where something is found or a trade or typical activity engaged in. In later usage it applied to any kind of quality or activity associated with a particular type of person. In the sense land where fairies dwell, the distinctive and archaic spellings Faery, the latinate fay is not to be confused with the unrelated fey, meaning fated to die. Various folkloristic traditions refer to them euphemistically, by such as wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair folk. Sometimes the term fairy is used to any magical creature, including goblins or gnomes, at other times. Fairies have their origin in the conflation of Celtic traditions in the Middle French medieval romances. Fairie was in origin used adjectivally, meaning enchanted, but was used as a name for enchanted creatures from as early as the Late Middle English period. In English literature of the Elizabethan era, elves became conflated with the fairies of Romance culture, the Victorian and Edwardian eras saw an increase in interest in fairies. The Celtic Revival viewed them as part of Irelands cultural heritage, carole Silvers and others suggest that the fascination of English antiquarians arose from a reaction to greater industrialization, and loss of folkways. Fairies are generally described as human in appearance and having magical powers, even with these small fairies, however, their small size may be magically assumed rather than constant. Some fairies though normally quite small were able to dilate their figures to imitate humans, on Orkney they were described as short in stature, dressed in dark grey, and sometimes seen in armour. Wings, while common in Victorian and later artwork of fairies, are rare in the folklore, even very small fairies flew with magic. Nowadays, fairies are depicted with ordinary insect wings or butterfly wings. In some folklore, fairies have green eyes, some depictions of fairies either have them wearing some sort of footwear and other depictions of fairies are always barefoot
5.
The Strand Magazine
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The Strand Magazine was a monthly magazine founded by George Newnes, composed of short fiction and general interest articles. It was published in the United Kingdom from January 1891 to March 1950, running to 711 issues and its immediate popularity is evidenced by an initial sale of nearly 300,000. Sales increased in the months, before settling down to a circulation of almost 500,000 copies a month which lasted well into the 1930s. It was edited by Herbert Greenhough Smith from 1891 to 1930, the magazines original offices were in Burleigh Street off The Strand, London. It was revived in 1998 as a quarterly magazine, the Sherlock Holmes short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle were first published in The Strand with illustrations by Sidney Paget. With the serialisation of Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles, sales reached their peak, readers lined up outside the magazines offices, waiting to get the next instalment. E. W. Hornungs stories about A. J. Raffles, other contributors included Grant Allen, Margery Allingham, J. E. Preston Muddock, H. G. Wells, E. C. Bentley, Agatha Christie, Mary Angela Dickens, C. B. Fry, Walter Goodman, E. Nesbit, W. W. Jacobs, Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Morrison, Dorothy L. Sayers, Georges Simenon, Edgar Wallace, Max Beerbohm, P. G. Wodehouse, Dornford Yates and Winston Churchill. Once a sketch drawn by Queen Victoria of one of her children appeared with her permission, Dudeney introduced many new concepts to the puzzle world, including the first known crossnumber puzzle, in 1926. In that same year, Dudeney produced an article, The Psychology of Puzzle Crazes and he edited Perplexities from 1910 until he died in 1930. Savage became the editor, soon to be joined by William Thomas Williams. The puzzle goes by names, the original being The Little Pigley Farm. It has also known as Dogs Mead, Little Pigley, Little Piggly Farm, Little Pigsby, Pilgrims’ Plot. The initial cover featured a corner showing the name of Burleigh Street. The lettering on the plaque in Haités design was changed when Newnes moved to the adjacent address of Southampton Street. A variation of the design was featured on the cover of a sister title. The magazine format changed to the smaller digest size in October 1941, the Strand Magazine ceased publication in March 1950, forced out of the market by declining circulation and rising costs
6.
Spiritualism
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Spiritualism is the belief that the spirits of the dead have both the ability and the inclination to communicate with the living. The afterlife, or the world, is seen by spiritualists, not as a static place. Some spiritualists will speak of a concept which they refer to as spirit guides—specific spirits, often contacted, Spiritism, a branch of spiritualism developed by Allan Kardec and today practiced mostly in Continental Europe and Latin America, especially in Brazil, emphasizes reincarnation. Spiritualism developed and reached its peak growth in membership from the 1840s to the 1920s, by 1897, spiritualism was said to have more than eight million followers in the United States and Europe, mostly drawn from the middle and upper classes. Many prominent spiritualists were women, and like most spiritualists, supported such as the abolition of slavery. By the late 1880s the credibility of the movement had weakened due to accusations of fraud perpetrated by mediums. Spiritualism is currently practiced primarily through various denominational spiritualist churches in the United States, Canada and they believe that spirit mediums are gifted to carry on such communication, but that anyone may become a medium through study and practice. They believe that spirits are capable of growth and perfection, progressing through higher spheres or planes, and that the afterlife is not a static state, many believers therefore speak of spirit guides—specific spirits, often contacted, and relied upon for worldly and spiritual guidance. According to spiritualists, anyone may receive messages, but formal communication sessions are held by mediums. Nevertheless, on significant points Christian Protestantism and spiritualism are different and this view is self-evidently incompatible with spiritualism, where the merely spiritual existence is superior to the embodied one. There are quite a number of spiritualist churches which are explicitly Christian in theology, forms of worship and praise, judaism It is held by some adherents of the Jewish religion that spiritualism is strictly forbidden by the Bible. Islam Within Islam, only rarely do some traditions - notably Sufism, despite this, the majority of the followers of Islam believe in the existence of spirits as a fundamental aspect of their religion. However, these spirits are not those of humans but of a third sapient creation said to be made by God called the jinn. Jinn are spirits made from fire, in a realm not visible to the eyes of people. A famous jinn in the Muslim tradition is Satan, as opposed to the Christian belief that he is a fallen angel, communication with these spirits, whether the spirit is good or evil in nature, is generally not encouraged in Islam. Additionally, the concept of Tawassul recognises the existence of spirits on a higher plane of existence closer to God. Spiritism Spiritism, the branch of spiritualism developed by Allan Kardec, Occultism Spiritualism also differs from occult movements, such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn or the contemporary wiccan covens, in that spirits are not contacted to obtain magical powers. Eliphas Lévi, who is regarded as the founder of occultism, strongly rejected Spiritism, later on, Madame Blavatsky, the founder of the Theosophical Society, only practiced mediumship to contact powerful spirits capable of conferring esoteric knowledge
7.
Psychic
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A psychic is a person who claims to use extrasensory perception to identify information hidden from the normal senses. The word psychic is used as an adjective to describe such abilities. Psychics may be theatrical performers, such as magicians, who use techniques such as prestidigitation, cold reading. Psychics appear regularly in fantasy fiction, such as in the novel The Dead Zone by Stephen King, a large industry and network exists whereby psychics provide advice and counsel to clients. Some famous psychics include Edgar Cayce, Ingo Swann, Peter Hurkos, Jose Ortiz El Samaritano, Miss Cleo, John Edward, psychic powers are asserted by psychic detectives and in practices such as psychic archaeology and even psychic surgery. Critics attribute psychic powers to intentional trickery or to self-delusion, a study attempted to repeat recently reported parapsychological experiments that appeared to support the existence of precognition. It is also used in science-fiction. The word psychic is derived from the Greek word psychikos, the Greek word also means soul. In Greek mythology, the maiden Psyche was the deification of the human soul, the word derivation of the Latin psȳchē is from the Greek psȳchḗ, literally breath, derivative of psȳ́chein, to breathe or to blow. French astronomer and spiritualist Camille Flammarion is credited as having first used the word psychic, elaborate systems of divination and fortune-telling date back to ancient times. Some fortune-tellers were said to be able to make predictions without the use of these elaborate systems and these people were known as seers or prophets, and in later times as clairvoyants and psychics. Seers formed a functionary role in civilization, often serving as advisors, priests. A number of examples are included in biblical accounts, the book of 1 Samuel illustrates one such functionary task when Samuel is asked to find the donkeys of the future king Saul. The role of prophet appeared perennially in ancient cultures, in Egypt, the priests of the sun deity Ra at Memphis acted as seers. In ancient Assyria seers were referred to as nabu, meaning to call or announce, the Delphic Oracle is one of the earliest stories in classical antiquity of prophetic abilities. The Pythia, the priestess presiding over the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, was believed to be able to deliver prophecies inspired by Apollo during rituals beginning in the 8th century BC. Other scholars believe records from the time indicate that the Pythia spoke intelligibly, the Pythia was a position served by a succession of women probably selected from amongst a guild of priestesses of the temple. The last recorded response was given in 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I ordered pagan temples to cease operation, recent geological investigations raise the possibility that ethylene gas caused the Pythias state of inspiration
8.
Daily Express
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The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street
9.
National Science and Media Museum
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The National Science and Media Museum, located in Bradford, West Yorkshire, is part of the national Science Museum Group. The museum has seven floors of galleries with permanent exhibitions focusing on photography, television, animation, videogaming, the Internet and it also hosts temporary exhibitions and maintains a collection of 3.5 million pieces in its research facility. In September 2011 the museum was voted the best indoor attraction in Yorkshire by the public, in March 2016 a 7.5 million pound five year investment plan in the museum was revealed by the Science Museum Group. In March 2017 its name was changed from National Media Museum to National Science, entrance is free with the exception of cinema screens. The museum is open 10 am until 6 pm everyday and this new development created a new glass-fronted atrium, which houses a new cafe and shop. Most of the items on display in the gallery are taken from the collection of 35,000 objects. Life Online – Life Online is the worlds first gallery dedicated to exploring the social, technological and cultural impact of the Internet, trace the history of the Internet, uncover how it has changed peoples lives and track the latest trends. BFI Mediatheque – This allows people to access the British Film Institute collection of film and it replaced TV Heaven, a unique viewing facility where visitors could access an archive of more than 1000 programmes covering sixty years of British television history. TV Heaven closed in 2013 after 20 years, but 50 titles are still available, Animation – The Animation Gallery explores the history of animation and animated images, with an emphasis on animation produced in Britain. Includes how animators bring drawings and objects to life, games Lounge – Playable classic games in their original arcade or console formats, the history of video gaming, the story behind this global phenomenon. The museum incorporates the first permanent UK installation of an IMAX cinema, in 1999, IMAX upgraded the system and began releasing IMAX 3D presentations. This cinema is one of three public cinemas in the world permanently equipped to display original 3-strip 35 mm Cinerama prints. In 2008, the presented the only true recorded public screening of Danny Boyles 2002 film Alien Love Triangle. The Cubby Broccoli Cinema, contains 106 seats and is used for a variety of film shows, Insight is a facility where members of the public can view parts of the collections which are not on general display. Subjects include broadcast television using the TV studio on its top floor, the EIMC degree show is held in the Pictureville Cinema. It also contains original toys from the BBC series Playschool – the first programme on BBC2, the collections are accessible to the public through its Insight study centre. The collection of the Royal Photographic Society was transferred to the Museum on behalf of the nation in 2003. In June 2010 it was announced that the Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation had agreed to deposit the animators complete collection of some 20,000 pieces with the National Media Museum
10.
Photographic plate
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Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a capture medium in photography. The light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was coated on a plate, typically thinner than common window glass. Glass plates were far superior to film for research-quality imaging because they were stable and less likely to bend or distort. Early plates used the wet collodion process, the wet plate process was replaced late in the 19th century by gelatin dry plates. Glass plate photographic material largely faded from the market in the early years of the 20th century, as more convenient. Workshops on the use of glass plate photography as a medium or for artistic use are still being conducted. A number of observatories, including Harvard College and Sonneberg, maintain large archives of photographic plates, many solar system objects were discovered by using photographic plates, superseding earlier visual methods. Discovery of minor planets using photographic plates was pioneered by Max Wolf beginning with his discovery of 323 Brucia in 1891, the first natural satellite discovered using photographic plates was Phoebe in 1898. Glass-backed plates, rather than film, were used in astronomy because they do not shrink or deform noticeably in the development process or under environmental changes. Photographic plates were also an important tool in early high-energy physics, Photographic emulsions were originally coated on thin glass plates for imaging with electron microscopes, which provided a more rigid, stable and flatter plane compared to plastic films. Beginning in the 1970s, high-contrast, fine grain emulsions coated on thicker plastic films manufactured by Kodak, Ilford and these films have largely been replaced by digitally imaging technologies. The earliest flexible films of the late 1880s were sold for use in medium-format cameras. The plastic was not of high optical quality and tended to curl. Initially, a transparent plastic base was more expensive to produce than glass, quality was eventually improved, manufacturing costs came down, and most amateurs gladly abandoned plates for films. After large-format high quality cut films for professional photographers were introduced in the late 1910s, CCD cameras have several advantages over glass plates, including high efficiency, linear light response, and simplified image acquisition and processing. The manufacture of plates has been discontinued by Kodak, Agfa. In the realm of traditional photography, a number of historical process enthusiasts make their own wet or dry plates from raw materials. Several institutions have established archives to preserve photographic plates and prevent their valuable historical information from being lost, the emulsion on the plate can deteriorate
11.
Cape Town
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Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, the city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, in 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph. Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India. Jan van Riebeecks arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa, Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa, the earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as Cape of Good Hope because of the optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, in the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat, the settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia, many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important, the Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary Frances vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803, British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain and it became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament. Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise, the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa
12.
Theosophical Society
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The Theosophical Society was an organization formed in 1875 to advance Theosophy. The original organization, after splits and realignments, currently has several successors, the Theosophical Society was officially formed in New York City, United States, on 17 November 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge, and others. An unsecterian body of seekers after Truth, who endeavour to promote Brotherhood, Olcott was its first president, and remained president until his demise in 1907. In the early months of 1875, Olcott and Judge had come to realize that, if Blavatsky was a spiritualist, the societys initial objective was the study and elucidation of Occultism, the Cabala etc. After a few years Olcott and Blavatsky moved to India and established the International Headquarters at Adyar and they were also interested in studying Eastern religions, and these were included in the Societys agenda. After several iterations the Societys objectives evolved to be,1, to form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or colour. To encourage the study of religion, philosophy, and science. To investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man, sympathy with the above objects was the sole condition of admission to the society. The Society was organized as a non-sectarian entity, the following was stated in the Constitution and Rules of the Theosophical Society ARTICLE I, Constitution 4. Any Fellow who shall in any way attempt to involve the Society in political disputes shall be immediately expelled. No Fellow, Officer, or Council of the Theosophical Society, or of any Section or Branch thereof, shall promulgate or maintain any doctrinas being that advanced, or advocated by the Society. The Society reformulated this view in a resolution passed by the General Council of the Theosophical Society on December 23,1924, the theory was originally promulgated in the Secret Doctrine, the 1888 magnum opus of Helena Blavatsky. According to this view, Humanitys evolution on Earth is part of the overall Cosmic evolution and it is overseen by a hidden Spiritual Hierarchy, the so-called Masters of the Ancient Wisdom, whose upper echelons consist of advanced spiritual beings. These attempts require an earthly infrastructure which she held was ultimately under the inspiration of a number of Mahatmas, after Helena Blavatskys death in 1891, the Societys leaders seemed at first to work together peacefully. The original organisation led by Olcott and Besant remains today based in India and is known as the Theosophical Society - Adyar, the group led by Judge further splintered into a faction led by Katherine Tingley, and another associated with Judges secretary Ernest Temple Hargrove. While Hargroves faction no longer survives, the led by Tingley is today known as the Theosophical Society with the clarifying statement, International Headquarters, Pasadena. A third organization, the United Lodge of Theosophists or ULT, in 1902, Rudolf Steiner became General Secretary of the German/Austrian division of the Theosophical Society. He maintained a Western-oriented course, relatively independent from the Adyar headquarters, the latter remains active today and has branches in several countries, including the US and Canada
13.
Harrogate
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Harrogate is a spa town in North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the town is a tourist destination and its attractions include its spa waters. Nearby is the Yorkshire Dales national park and the Nidderdale AONB, Harrogate grew out of two smaller settlements, High Harrogate and Low Harrogate, in the 17th century. Since 2013, polls have consistently voted the town as the happiest place to live in Britain, Harrogate spa water contains iron, sulphur and common salt. The town became known as The English Spa in the Georgian era, in the 17th and 18th centuries its chalybeate waters were a popular health treatment, and the influx of wealthy but sickly visitors contributed significantly to the wealth of the town. Harrogate railway station and Harrogate bus station in the town centre provide transport connections, Leeds Bradford International Airport is 10 miles south-west of Harrogate. The main roads through the town are the A61, connecting Harrogate to Leeds and Ripon, Harrogate is also connected to Wetherby and the A1, by the A661. The town motto is Arx celebris fontibus, which means a citadel famous for its springs, the name Harrogate is first attested in the 1330s as Harwegate, Harougat and Harrowgate. The origin of the name is uncertain and it may derive from Old Norse hǫrgr a heap of stones, cairn + gata street, in which case the name presumably meant road to the cairn. Another possibility is that the means the way to Harlow. The form Harlowgate is known from 1518, and apparently in the rolls of Edward II. In medieval times Harrogate was a place on the borders of the township of Bilton with Harrogate in the ancient Parish of Knaresborough, and the parish of Pannal, also known as Beckwith with Rossett. The part within the township of Bilton developed into the community of High Harrogate, both communities were within the Royal Forest of Knaresborough. In 1372 King Edward III granted the Royal Forest to his son John, Duke of Lancaster, Harrogates development is owed to the discovery of its chalybeate and sulphur rich spring water from the 16th century. The medicinal properties of the waters were publicised by Edmund Deane and his book, Spadacrene Anglica, or the English Spa Fountain was published in 1626. In the 17th and 18th centuries further chalybeate springs were discovered in High Harrogate, the two communities attracted many visitors. A number of inns were opened for visitors in High Harrogate in the 17th century In Low Harrogate the Crown was open by the mid 18th century, in accordance with an Enclosure Act of 1770, promoted by the Duchy of Lancaster, the Royal Forest of Knaresborough was enclosed. The Enclosure Award of 1778 clarified ownership of land in the Harrogate area, under the Award 200 acres of land, which included the springs known at that time, were reserved as a public common, the Stray, which has remained public open space
14.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
15.
Ilford Photo
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Ilfochrome was formerly called Cibachrome, developed in partnership with the Swiss company CIBA-Geigy. The company was founded in 1879 by Alfred Hugh Harman as the Britannia Works Company, initially making photographic plates, it grew to occupy a large site in the centre of Ilford. In 1902, it took the name of the town to become Ilford Limited, in 1983, their UK headquarters was moved to Mobberley, Cheshire. In 1989, Ilford was acquired by the USA-based International Paper company, the two companies were merged in 1990 to become Ilford Anitec. In 1996, the sales and administration offices were moved from London to Mobberley. In 2004, the company went into receivership, the UK site was subject to a management buyout, which resulted in the formation of Harman technology Ltd in February 2005. The company, now traded as Ilford Photo, produces high quality monochrome photographic products, the Swiss part of the company was bought by the Oji Paper Company of Japan in July 2005 and by Paradigm Global Partners LLP in May 2010. It produced inkjet products and high quality colour photographic products under the name Ilford Imaging Switzerland GmbH before being declared bankrupt on 9 December 2013, on 14 September 2015, Ilford Photo announced that Harman Technology was acquired by Pemberstone Ventures Limited for an undisclosed amount. Ilford sold a number of cameras under its own name but made for it by other manufacturers, starting with a box camera in 1902, the Ilford Witness was a rangefinder with interchangeable lenses announced in 1947, but not released until 1953 because of manufacturing difficulties. In the meantime, the simpler Advocate series 1 was released in 1949, a pre-release Advocate series 1 camera was given to Princess Elizabeth in 1948. It was stolen, but later recovered when it was sent to be repaired, also released in 1949 was the Craftsman, a twin-lens reflex which took 120 or 620 film. Then 1951 saw the Prentice folding camera which also took 120 film, in 1957, Ilford released the Sportsman, a relabelled West German Dacora Dignette, as a lightly built and cheap 35 mm camera to compete with the better made and more expensive Kodak Retinette. In Germany, a comparative Dignette was about half the price of a Retinette, the Sportsman became a series of camera models produced over the following 10 years. Finally, in 1958, Ilford released the Monobar, a camera manufactured by Kennedy Instruments with a 35 mm back that resembled the earlier Advocate camera. The Monobar allowed the front and rear of the camera to be moved and rotated, unlike most other black and white films, XP2 Super can be processed in the same chemicals as colour print film. It produces a negative, despite the development process. The mail order service offers black-and-white film processing and silver gelatin printing from film or from digital files, the launch saw the introduction of a dedicated website www. ilfordlab. com. The service has continued to expand offering Medium and Large format processing and Digital Black, in 2009, Ilford Lab Direct was awarded a Gold Award by Digital Photo magazine Best online Black and White Printer
16.
Physicist
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A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, the exploration of the interactions of matter and energy across the physical universe. A physicist is a scientist who specializes or works in the field of physics, physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists can also apply their knowledge towards solving real-world problems or developing new technologies, some physicists specialize in sectors outside the science of physics itself, such as engineering. The study and practice of physics is based on a ladder of discoveries. Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in ancient Greek culture and Asian culture, the bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the scientific revolution in Europe, starting with the work of Galileo and Kepler in the early 1600s. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes an increase in understanding physical cosmology. The term physicist was coined by William Whewell in his 1840 book The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, many physicist positions require an undergraduate degree in applied physics or a related science or a Masters degree like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci. In a research oriented level, students tend to specialize in a particular field, Physics students also need training in mathematics, and also in computer science and programming. For being employed as a physicist a doctoral background may be required for certain positions, undergraduate students like BSc Mechanical Engineering, BSc Electrical and Computer Engineering, BSc Applied Physics. etc. With physics orientation are chosen as research assistants with faculty members, the highest honor awarded to physicists is the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last, physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, Professors, Sr. /Jr. As per the American Institute for Physics, some 20% of new physics Ph. D. s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software, a majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors. For industry or self-employment. and also in science and programming. Hence a majority of Physics bachelors degree holders are employed in the private sector, other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching
17.
Parapsychology
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It is identified as pseudoscience by the overwhelming majority of mainstream scientists. Parapsychology research is conducted by private institutions in several countries and funded through private donations. Most papers about parapsychology are published in a number of niche journals. Parapsychology has been criticised for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research and it has been noted that most academics do not take the claims of parapsychology seriously. Para is from Greek, and means beside, closely related to, the term parapsychology was coined in or around 1889 by philosopher Max Dessoir. Rhine in the 1930s as a replacement for the psychical research in order to indicate a significant shift toward experimental methodology. The term originates from the Greek, παρά para meaning alongside, in parapsychology, psi is the unknown factor in extrasensory perception and psychokinesis experiences that is not explained by known physical or biological mechanisms. The term is derived from the Greek ψ psi, 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet, the term was coined by biologist Berthold P. Wiesner, and first used by psychologist Robert Thouless in a 1942 article published in the British Journal of Psychology. The Parapsychological Association divides psi into two categories, psi-gamma for extrasensory perception and psi-kappa for psychokinesis. In popular culture, psi has become more and more synonymous with special psychic, mental, in 1853, the chemist Robert Hare conducted experiments with mediums and reported positive results. Other researchers such as Frank Podmore highlighted flaws in his experiments, agenor de Gasparin conducted early experiments into table-tipping. Over a period of five months in 1853 he declared the experiments a success being the result of an ectenic force, critics noted that the conditions were insufficient to prevent trickery. For example the knees of the sitters may have been employed to move the table and no experimenter was watching above, the German astrophysicist Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner tested the medium Henry Slade in 1877. According to Zöllner some of the experiments were a success, however, flaws in the experiments were discovered and critics have suggested that Slade was a fraud who performed trickery in the experiments. The Society for Psychical Research was founded in London in 1882 and its formation was the first systematic effort to organize scientists and scholars to investigate paranormal phenomena. Early membership included philosophers, scholars, scientists, educators and politicians, such as Henry Sidgwick, Arthur Balfour, William Crookes, Rufus Osgood Mason and Nobel Laureate Charles Richet. Presidents of the Society included, in addition to Richet, Eleanor Sidgwick and William James, and subsequently Nobel Laureates Henri Bergson and Lord Rayleigh, and philosopher C. D. Broad. Areas of study included telepathy, hypnotism, Reichenbachs phenomena, apparitions, hauntings, in the 1880s the Society investigated apparitional experiences and hallucinations in the sane
18.
Oliver Lodge
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For the British poet and author, see Oliver W. F. Lodge Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, FRS was a British physicist and writer involved in the development of, and holder of key patents for, radio. He identified electromagnetic radiation independent of Hertz proof and at his 1894 Royal Institution lectures, in 1898 he was awarded the syntonic patent by the United States Patent Office. Lodge was Principal of the University of Birmingham from 1900 to 1920, Oliver Lodge was born in 1851 at The Views Penkhull in what is now Stoke-on-Trent, and educated at Adams Grammar School, Newport, Shropshire. He was the eldest of eight sons and a daughter of Oliver Lodge – later a ball clay merchant at Wolstanton, Staffordshire – and his wife, Grace, née Heath. Lodges siblings included Sir Richard Lodge, historian, Eleanor Constance Lodge, historian and principal of Westfield College, London, in 1865, Lodge, at the age of 14, entered his fathers business as an agent for B. Fayle & Co selling Purbeck blue clay to the potteries, travelling as far as Scotland and he continued to assist his father until he reached the age of 22. His fathers wealth obtained from selling Purbeck ball clay enabled Lodge to attend lectures in London. Lodge obtained a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of London in 1875 and he was appointed professor of physics and mathematics at University College, Liverpool in 1881. In 1900 Lodge moved from Liverpool back to the Midlands and became the first principal of the new Birmingham University and he oversaw the start of the move of the university from Edmund Street in the city centre to its present Edgbaston campus. Lodge was awarded the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society in 1898 and was knighted by King Edward VII in 1902, in 1928 he was made Freeman of his native city, Stoke-on-Trent. Lodge married Mary Fanny Alexander Marshall at St Georges Church, Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1877. They had twelve children, six boys and six girls, Oliver William Foster, Francis Brodie, Alec, Lionel, Noel, Violet, Raymond, Honor, Lorna, Norah, Barbara, four of his sons went into business using Lodges inventions. Brodie and Alec created the Lodge Plug Company, which manufactured sparking plugs for cars, Lionel and Noel founded a company that produced an electrostatic device for cleaning factory and smelter smoke in 1913, called the Lodge Fume Deposit Company Limited. Oliver, the eldest son, became a poet and author, after his retirement in 1920, Lodge and his wife settled in Normanton House, near Lake in Wiltshire, just a few miles from Stonehenge. Lodge and his wife are buried at the parish church, St. Michaels. Their eldest son Oliver and eldest daughter Violet are buried at the same church, in 1873 J. C. Maxwell published A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism and by 1876 Lodge was studying it intently. Indeed, Lodge is probably best known for his advocacy and elaboration of Maxwells aether theory – a later deprecated model postulating a wave-bearing medium filling all space. He explained his views on the aether in Modern Views of Electricity, as early as 1879 Lodge became interested in generating electromagnetic waves, something Maxwell had never considered
19.
Scarborough, North Yorkshire
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Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, the town lies between 10–230 feet above sea level, rising steeply northward and westward from the harbour onto limestone cliffs, the older part of the town lies around the harbour and is protected by a rocky headland. With a population of just over 61,000, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast, the town has fishing and service industries, including a growing digital and creative economy, as well as being a tourist destination. Inhabitants of the town are known as Scarborians, the most striking feature of the towns geography is a high rocky promontory pointing eastward into the North Sea. The promontory supports the 11th century ruins of Scarborough Castle and separates the seafront into two bays, to the north and south, the South Bay was the site of the original early-medieval settlement and harbour, which form the old town. This remains the main tourist area, with a beach, cafés, amusements, arcades, theatres. The modern commercial centre has migrated 440 yards north-west of the harbour area and 100 feet above it and contains the transport hubs, main services, shopping. The harbour has undergone major regeneration including the new Albert Strange Pontoons, for many years a mock maritime battle has been regularly re-enacted on the boating lake with large model boats and fireworks throughout the summer holiday season. The North Bay Railway is a railway running from the park through Northstead Manor Gardens to the Sea Life Centre at Scalby Mills. The North Bay Railway has what is believed to be the oldest operational locomotive in the world. Neptune was built in 1931 by Hudswell Clarke of Leeds and is conveniently numbered 1931, Northstead Manor Gardens include the North Bay Railway and three other attractions, a water chute, a boating lake with boats for hire during the summer season and an open-air theatre. The Lord Mayor of London opened the theatre in 1932 and audiences flocked to see Merrie England, productions were put on during the summer seasons until musicals ceased in 1968 after West Side Story apart from a YMCA production in 1982. In 1997 the dressing rooms and stage set building on the island were demolished, the last concert to be held at the open-air theatre before it closed in 1986 was James Last and his orchestra. North Bay and South Bay are linked by Marine Drive, an extensive Victorian promenade, overlooking both bays is Scarborough Castle, which was bombarded by the German warships SMS Derfflinger and SMS Von der Tann in the First World War. Both bays have popular beaches and numerous rock-pools at low tide. The South Cliff Promenade above the Spa and South Cliff Gardens has excellent views of the South Bay and its splendid Regency and Victorian terraces are still intact, with a mix of quality hotels and flats. The ITV television drama The Royal and its recent spin-off series, the South Bay has the largest illuminated star disk anywhere in the UK. It is 85 feet across and fitted with subterranean lights representing the 42 brightest stars, to the south-west of the town, beside the York to Scarborough railway line, is an ornamental lake known as Scarborough Mere
20.
Campanula rotundifolia
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Campanula rotundifolia is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae. It has a distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, from about latitude 40° N to about 70° N. In Scotland, it is known as the bluebell. Elsewhere in Britain, bluebell refers to Hyacinthoides non-scripta, and in North America, campanula rotundifolia was historically also known by several other names including blawort, hair-bell, ladys thimble, witchs bells, and witchs thimbles. Campanula rotundifolia is a species of flowering plant, a slender, prostrate to erect herb, spreading by seed. The basal leaves are long-stalked, rounded to heart-shaped, usually toothed, with prominent hydathodes. Leaves on the stems are long and narrow and the upper ones are unstemmed. The inflorescence is a panicle or raceme, with 1 – many flowers borne on slender pedicels. The flowers usually have five pale to mid violet-blue petals fused together into a shape, about 12–30 mm long and five long. Plants with pale pink or white flowers may also occur, the petal lobes are triangular and curve outwards. The seeds are produced in a capsule about 3–4 mm diameter and are released by pores at the base of the capsule, seedlings are minute, but established plants can compete with tall grass. As with many other Campanulas, all parts of the plant exude white latex when injured or broken, the flowering period is long, and varies by location. In the British Isles, harebell flowers from July to November, in Missouri, it flowers from May to August, in Minnesota, from June to October. The flowers are pollinated by bees, but can self-pollinate and it occurs on the southern coasts of Greenland, on Iceland and Svalbard and on southern Novaya Zemlya. It occurs as tetraploid or hexaploid populations in Britain and Ireland, in Britain, the tetraploid population has an easterly distribution and the hexaploid population a westerly distribution, and very little mixing occurs at the range boundaries. Harebells are native to dry, nutrient-poor grassland and heaths in Britain, northern Europe, the plant often successfully colonises cracks in walls or cliff faces and dunes. If exposed to moist cool conditions during the summer no pause in vegetative growth is exhibited, C. rotundifolia is more inclined to occupy climates that have an average temperature below 0 °C in the cold months and above 10 °C in the summer. The harebell is dedicated to Saint Dominic, in 2002 Plantlife named it the county flower of Yorkshire in the United Kingdom
21.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
22.
Maurice Hewlett
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Maurice Henry Hewlett, was an English historical novelist, poet and essayist. He was born at Weybridge, the eldest son of Henry Gay Hewlett, of Shaw Hall, Addington and he was educated at the London International College, Spring Grove, Isleworth, and was called to the bar in 1891. He gave up the law after the success of Forest Lovers, from 1896 to 1901 he was Keeper of Lands, Revenues, Records and Enrolments, a government post as adviser on matters of medieval law. Hewlett married Hilda Beatrice Herbert on 3 January 1888 in St Peters Church, Vauxhall, the couple had two children, a daughter, Pia, and a son, Francis, but separated in 1914, partly due to Hildas increasing interest in aviation. In 1911, Hilda had become the first woman in the UK to gain a pilots licence and he settled at Broad Chalke, Wiltshire. His friends included Evelyn Underhill, and Ezra Pound, whom he met at the Poets Club in London and he was also a friend of J. M. Barrie, who named one of the pirates in Peter Pan Cecco after Hewletts son. Hewlett was parodied by Max Beerbohm in A Christmas Garland in the part titled Fond Hearts Askew and this list omits some significant works. He wrote six novels based on the Icelandic Family sagas, of which only The Light Heart, there is also The Outlaw, A Lovers Tale, Frey and His Wife, and Gudred the Fair
23.
John Hall-Edwards
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John Francis Hall-Edwards FRSE was a British physician and pioneer in the medical use of X-rays in the United Kingdom. He was the son of Dr John Edwards, and was born on Moseley Road and he attended King Edward Vi Grammar School in Birmingham then studied Medicine. He was apprenticed under Prof Richard Hill Norris at the Queens College Medical School, Norris was both a surgeon and keen amateur photographer, being an early user of the dry-plate process, and he familiarised Hall-Edwards with photographic techniques. Hall-Edwards was licensed to practice medicine by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, from around 1885 he shows a strong interest in photography and was President of the Midland Photographic Club 1891-93. In 1895 he was made an Honorary Member of the Royal Photographic Society following a lecture to the London Camera Club, initially his work focussed on photography through microscopes. On 11 January 1896 he made the first use of X-rays under clinical conditions when he radiographed the hand of an associate, a month later on 14 February he took the first radiograph to direct a surgical operation. He also took the first X-ray of the human spine, in 1899 he was made the first Surgeon Radiographer - at the General Hospital in Birmingham. In February 1900 he joined the Warwickshire Regiment to act as the first military radiographer, joining them in the Boer War in South Africa and he remained in this role for fourteen months. In 1906 he was elected first President of the British Electric-Therapeutic Society, Hall-Edwards interest in X-rays cost him his left arm. A cancer was advanced by 1904 to cause him to write papers and give public addresses on the dangers of X-rays. He lost his battle, and his left arm had to be amputated at the elbow in 1908. His left hand is held by the Birmingham University Museum as a specimen to demonstrate the effects of radiation and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1911. His proposers were Edmond Carlier, Richard Hill Norris, Dawson Turner and he served as a City Councillor in Birmingham from 1920 to 1925. He sat on the Public Health Committee and did much to promote knowledge and he died of cancer at his home,112 Gough Road in Edgbaston, on 15 August 1926. He was cremated at Perry Barr Crematorium and his name was one of 169 included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected in Hamburg, Germany in 1936. Cancer, Its Control and Prevention On Valentines Day 1893 he married Constance Marie di Pazzi Clutton Blair Salt, daughter of the art dealer and they had one adopted daughter, Violet Primrose Bell
24.
X-ray
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X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz, X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. Spelling of X-ray in the English language includes the variants x-ray, xray, X-rays with high photon energies are called hard X-rays, while those with lower energy are called soft X-rays. Due to their ability, hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects, e. g. in medical radiography. The term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to an image produced using this method. Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms they are useful for determining crystal structures by X-ray crystallography. By contrast, soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air, the length of 600 eV X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer. There is no consensus for a definition distinguishing between X-rays and gamma rays, one common practice is to distinguish between the two types of radiation based on their source, X-rays are emitted by electrons, while gamma rays are emitted by the atomic nucleus. This definition has problems, other processes also can generate these high-energy photons. One common alternative is to distinguish X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10−11 m and this criterion assigns a photon to an unambiguous category, but is only possible if wavelength is known. Occasionally, one term or the other is used in specific contexts due to precedent, based on measurement technique. Thus, gamma-rays generated for medical and industrial uses, for radiotherapy, in the ranges of 6–20 MeV. X-ray photons carry enough energy to ionize atoms and disrupt molecular bonds and this makes it a type of ionizing radiation, and therefore harmful to living tissue. A very high radiation dose over a period of time causes radiation sickness. In medical imaging this increased risk is generally greatly outweighed by the benefits of the examination. The ionizing capability of X-rays can be utilized in treatment to kill malignant cells using radiation therapy. It is also used for material characterization using X-ray spectroscopy, hard X-rays can traverse relatively thick objects without being much absorbed or scattered. For this reason, X-rays are widely used to image the inside of visually opaque objects, the most often seen applications are in medical radiography and airport security scanners, but similar techniques are also important in industry and research
25.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
26.
Nationwide (TV programme)
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Nationwide is a former BBC News and current affairs television programme which ran from 9 September 1969 until 5 August 1983. It was broadcast on BBC1 each weekday following the early evening news and it followed a magazine format, combining political analysis and discussion with consumer affairs, light entertainment and sports reporting. It began on 9 September 1969, running between Tuesdays and Thursdays at 6,00 pm, before being extended to five days a week in 1972, from 1976 until 1981 the start time was 5,55 pm. The final edition was broadcast on 5 August 1983, and the following October it was replaced by Sixty Minutes, the long-running Watchdog programme began as a Nationwide feature. The light entertainment was similar in tone to Thats Life. Eccentric stories featured skateboarding ducks and men who claimed that they could walk on egg shells, after the introduction and round-up, the BBC regions opted out for a twenty-minute section of local news round-ups. Once they had handed back to Lime Grove Studios in London, for all of its run, Nationwide provided the regional news for the BBC London/South East region, as this region was the only BBC region not to have its own dedicated regional news team. When other regions had their news programme, the Nationwide presenters provided the latest news and weather for the London. The programmes brass and strings theme music, The Good Word, was composed by Johnny Scott, the show was used in an influential cultural/media studies project at the University of Birmingham, known as The Nationwide Project. In May 1983, during an election special of its On the Spot feature. Diana Gould, a teacher from Cirencester, persistently challenged Margaret Thatcher about her ordering of the sinking of the General Belgrano when it was sailing away from the Falklands. When Thatcher asked her whether she accepted that the Belgrano had been a danger to British shipping when it was sunk, Thatcher was extremely angry about the BBC for allowing the question. Thatchers husband Denis lashed out at Roger Bolton, the editor of the programme, in the entertainment suite, saying that his wife had been stitched up by bloody BBC poofs, consequently, only a few complete editions exist in their original form. He wrote, Already virtually doomed is material held on early domestic tape formats manufactured by Sony, Shibaden, the pictures from these tapes are very poor - indeed, the Sony and Shibaden reel-to-reel tapes are monochrome only - but some unique collections exist on these formats. Most significant is a complete collection of the BBC magazine programme Nationwide from 1971 to 1980, mostly on Sony and Shibaden. This collection is held by the NFA and represents the only copies of the programmes in existence. The BBC has all the reports and a small selection of pre-recorded video inserts. The British Film Institute website stated in 2003 so far we have successfully dubbed 500 N-1500 as part of an HLF-Funded Nationwide preservation project. 5m of National Lottery funding
27.
Austin Mitchell
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Austin Vernon Mitchell is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby from a 1977 by-election to 2015. He is the Chair of the Labour Euro-Safeguards Campaign, from 1959–63, he lectured in history at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. While lecturing in sociology, from 1963–67, at the University of Canterbury, Mitchell wrote a book about New Zealand. The book title became a phrase in the New Zealand English lexicon, in the 1960s and 70s, New Zealand remained a milder version of the socialist laboratory it had been since 1935. In the 80s and 90s, the same socialist Labour partys government transformed it into a market economy. From 1967–69, Mitchell was an Official Fellow at Nuffield College, Mitchell was a founding member of the University of Canterbury Political Science Department in 1963, supporting it breaking away from former conjoint with the History. In 2015, he returned to the University of Canterbury as a Canterbury Visiting Fellow, the Canterbury Visiting Fellowship is generously paid for by the University of Canterbury and administered by the Erskine Programme. He was a journalist at ITV company Yorkshire Television from 1969 to 1977, presenting their regional news programme Calendar, during his period at Yorkshire, Mitchell chaired a tense live studio discussion involving Brian Clough and Don Revie, immediately following Cloughs sacking by Leeds United in 1974. He was elected to Parliament at a by-election in 1977, following the death of the previous MP, at the time Mitchell identified himself as a Gaitskellite. Mitchell supported the introduction of cameras to the House of Commons. The move opened the proceedings of the House to the wider public, in October 2002, he temporarily changed his name to Austin Haddock as haddock is a staple catch for his constituents that was suffering a decline and it was his wish to promote it. In 2007, Mitchell wrote an article for The Independent newspaper in which he criticised the treatment of a family of asylum-seekers in his constituency. This article quoted him as saying that certain correspondents on the subject to the website of the local newspaper, the Grimsby Telegraph covered the response in which it stood by the MP but also reported that a number of readers had called for his resignation. He is a member of the Socialist Campaign Group – although this affiliation did not prevent him from nominating Gordon Brown for the 2007 Labour Party leadership election, as a supporter of the Better Off Out campaign, Mitchell is a Eurosceptic and he opposes the Common Fisheries Policy. Mitchell is also a supporter of the Additional Member System. During 2010, Mitchell participated in Tower Block of Commons, a Channel 4 documentary where MPs live in tower blocks and he claimed the production company misled him. Mitchell is the President of the Debating Group, in April 2014, Mitchell announced that he would not be standing in the next general election. He explained that this was as a result of an oversight in 2006, in January 2010, he issued an apology and he also referred to Mensch as Menschkin
28.
ITV Yorkshire
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ITV Yorkshire is the British television service provided by ITV Broadcasting Limited for the Yorkshire franchise area on the ITV network. Until 1974, this was primarily the historic county of Yorkshire and parts of neighbouring counties served by the Emley Moor, on 1 January 2007, the company transferred its programme production business to ITV Studios Limited. As a consequence, Yorkshire Television Limited ceased to trade on 1 January 2007, Yorkshire Television Ltd still legally exists, but its licence is now owned and operated by ITV plc under the licence name of ITV Broadcasting Limited. Yorkshire Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. ITV Yorkshire, previously known as Yorkshire Television, and sometimes abbreviated to YTV or Yorkshire, has its origins in the 1967 franchise round. That round stipulated that the influential pan-North region, the licence which was owned by Granada Television and ABC, consequently, it was decided that Granada would keep the North West franchise and a new franchise created for Yorkshire. Ten formal bids were received by the date, another less-serious bid, Diddy TV. Telefusion Yorkshire Limited, created by the Blackpool-based TV rental chain Telefusion and it was chosen on the condition that it merged with another applicant Yorkshire Independent Television. The new venture initially chose the name Yorkshire Television Network but decided to drop the word Network before going on air, the station began broadcasting on 29 July 1968 from new studios at Kirkstall Road in Leeds. After an opening ceremony led by The Duchess of Kent, the stations first programme was live coverage of a Test cricket match between England and Australia at Headingley. The station was hit hard financially when the transmitter mast at Emley Moor collapsed in March 1969 under a heavy build-up of ice and this left the major part of the region uncovered by Yorkshire Television plus BBC2 who broadcast from the same mast. A temporary mast was erected and television to the West Riding of Yorkshire resumed. From this, the company grew and by May 1970 the company was making profits of over £689,000, in June 1969, talks began between Yorkshire and Anglia about achieving a cost cutting exercise by sharing equipment and facilities. Neither company planned joint productions or a merger, the decision to form an association was purely down to the costs of the increase levy on the companies advertising revenue by the government, and the cost of colour TV. ITA stated there was no reason why the companies should not have talks about sensible economies that could be made and this seriously reduced YTVs monopoly commercial broadcast area. Partially to address this issue, in 1974 the Independent Broadcasting Authority reallocated the Belmont Transmitter, then served by Anglia Television, to YTV. It is often contended that the point of the trident was intended to be Anglia Television. However, it appears that the point was to be Tridents non-television interests
29.
Skeptical movement
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The skeptical movement is a modern social movement promoting the idea of scientific skepticism. The process followed is referred to as skeptical inquiry. Medical quackery was also targeted by such as the Dutch Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij. The Belgian Comité Para has been deemed the oldest broad mandate skeptical organization, using that organization as a template, in 1976, Paul Kurtz and Marcello Truzzi founded the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry in Amherst, New York. The North American skeptical organization, which provides journals and publications, Scientific skepticism is different from philosophical skepticism, which questions our ability to claim any knowledge about the nature of the world and how we perceive it. Methodological skepticism, a process of being skeptical about the truth of ones beliefs, is similar. The New Skepticism described by Paul Kurtz is scientific skepticism, for example, Robert K. Merton asserts that all ideas must be tested and are subject to rigorous, structured community scrutiny. According to Hammer, the forebears of the modern skeptical movement are rather to be found among the many writers throughout history who have argued against beliefs they did not share. Skepticism values method over any particular conclusion, Skepticism is a provisional approach to claims. It is the application of reason to any and all ideas—no sacred cows allowed, in other words, skepticism is a method, not a position. With regard to the social movement, Loxton refers to other movements already promoting humanism, atheism, rationalism, science education. He saw the demand for the new movement of people called skeptics — being based on a lack of interest by the scientific community to address paranormal. In line with Kendrick Frazier, he describes the movement as a surrogate in that area for institutional science, the movement in so far set up a distinct field of study and provided an organizational structure, while long-standing genre of individual skeptical activities lacked such a community and background. However, skeptical organizations do typically tend to have education and promotion among their goals. Scientific skeptics maintain that empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, Scientific skeptics attempt to evaluate claims based on verifiability and falsifiability and discourage accepting claims on faith or anecdotal evidence. Skeptics often focus their criticism on claims they consider to be implausible, Skepticism in general may be deemed part of the scientific method, for instance an experimental result is not regarded as established until it can be shown to be repeatable independently. Some leaders of the movement, including Harris, Hitchens, Dawkins, the movement has had issues with sexism. It was raised in a 1985 skeptic newsletter by Mary Coulman and this became known as Elevatorgate, based on Watsons discussion about being propositioned in a hotel elevator in the early morning after a skeptic event
30.
James Randi
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James Randi is a Canadian-American retired stage magician and a scientific skeptic who has extensively challenged paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. Randi is the co-founder of Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation, Randi retired from practicing magic aged 60, and from the JREF aged 87. Although often referred to as a debunker, Randi has said he dislikes the terms connotations and he has written about paranormal phenomena, skepticism, and the history of magic. He was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and was featured on the television program Penn & Teller. The paranormal challenge was terminated by the JREF in 2015. The foundation continues to make grants to groups that encourage critical thinking. Randi was born on August 7,1928 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and he has a younger brother and sister. He took up magic after seeing Harry Blackstone Sr. and reading conjuring books while spending 13 months in a body cast following a bicycle accident and he confounded doctors who expected he would never walk again. Randi often skipped classes and, at 17, dropped out of school to perform as a conjurer in a carnival roadshow. He practised as a mentalist in local nightclubs and at Torontos Canadian National Exhibition, in his thirties, Randi worked in the UK, Europe, and Philippine nightclubs and all across Japan. He witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural, One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using a version of the one-ahead technique to convince churchgoers of his divine powers. Though defining himself as a conjuror, Randi began a career as a stage magician. Initially, he presented himself under his name, Randall Zwinge. Early in his career, he performed numerous acts from jail cells. In 1967–68, Randi hosted The Amazing Randi Show on New York radio station WOR, Randi, in turn, spoke at Moseleys 1967 Fourth Congress of Scientific Ufologists in New York City, stating, Lets not fool ourselves. There are some garden variety liars involved in all this, but in among all the trash and nonsense perpetrated in the name of Ufology, I think there is a small grain of truth. Randi also hosted television specials and went on several world tours. As The Amazing Randi he appeared regularly on the New York-based childrens television series Wonderama from 1959 to 1967 and he also auditioned for a revival of the 1950s childrens show The Magic Clown in 1970, which showed briefly in Detroit and in Kenya, but was never picked up
31.
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
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Its philosophical position is one of scientific skepticism. CSIs fellows have included notable scientists, Nobel laureates, philosophers, psychologists and it is headquartered in Amherst, New York. In the early 1970s, there was an upsurge of interest in the paranormal in the United States and this generated concern in some quarters, where it was seen as part of a growing tide of irrationalism. According to Kurtz, the statement was sent to every newspaper in the United States, Kurtz, Randi, Gardner and Hyman took seats on the executive board. CSICOP was officially launched at a specially convened conference of the AHA on April 30, CSICOP would be funded with donations and sales of their magazine, Skeptical Inquirer. The formal mission statement, approved in 2006 and still current, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry promotes science and scientific inquiry, critical thinking, science education, and the use of reason in examining important issues. A shorter version of the statement appears in every issue. Promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial, a history of the first two decades is available in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal published in 1998 by S. I. editor Kendrick Frazier. Paul Kurtz was inspired by the 1949 Belgian organization Comité Para, the initial acronym, CSICP was difficult to pronounce and so was changed to CSICOP. According to James Alcock, it was never intended to be Psi Cop, in November 2006, CSICOP further shortened its name to Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, pronounced C-S-I. An axiom often repeated among CSI members is the quote from Carl Sagan. Based on a quote by Marcello Truzzi An extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof. Cecil Adams of The Straight Dope calls Skeptical Inquirer one of the nations leading antifruitcake journals, in addition, it publishes Skeptical Briefs, a quarterly newsletter published for associate members. CSI conducts and publishes investigations into Bigfoot and UFO sightings, psychics, astrologers, alternative medicine, religious cults, CSICOP has held dozens of conferences between 1983 and 2005, two of them in Europe, and all six World Skeptics Congresses so far were sponsored by it. Since 2011, the conference is known as CSICon, two conventions have been held in conjunction with its sister and parent organizations, CSH and CFI, in 2013 and 2015. CSI has also supported local efforts, such as SkeptiCamp community-organized conferences. Many CSI activities are oriented towards the media, the strategy was twofold, First, to strengthen the hand of skeptics in the media by providing information that debunked paranormal wonders. Second, to serve as a group which would direct public
32.
Hatpin
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A hatpin is a decorative and functional pin for holding a hat to the head, usually by the hair. In Western culture, a hatpin is almost solely a female item and is worn in a pair. They are typically around 20 cm in length, with the pinhead being the most decorated part, the hatpin was invented to hold wimples and veils in place, and was handmade. In Britain, demand eventually outgrew the number that could be supplied by hand-making, in 1832 a machine was invented in America which could mass-produce the pins, and they became much more affordable. During the 1880s, bonnets gave way to hats, and the popularity of hatpins soared and they remained a standard womens accessory through the 1910s and were produced in a vast range of materials and types. Hatpin holder boxes were also produced, laws were passed in 1908 in America that limited the length of hatpins, as there was a concern they might be used by suffragettes as weapons. Also by the 1910s, ordinances were passed requiring hatpin tips to be covered so as not to injure people accidentally, various covers were made, but poorer women often had to make do with ersatz items like potato pieces and cork. Hatpins are also items, and there is an American Hatpin Society for collectors in the United States
33.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
34.
Sherlock Holmes
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Sherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian periods, though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the most well-known, with Guinness World Records listing him as the most portrayed movie character in history. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later, Conan Doyle once wrote, Each is a root from which a whole literature has developed. Where was the story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it. Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the figure of Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing conclusions from minute observations. However, he wrote to Doyle, You are yourself Sherlock Holmes. Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, is cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, One is thought to be Francis Tanky Smith, a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicesters first private detective. Another might be Maximilien Heller, by French author Henry Cauvain and it is not known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller, but in this 1871 novel, Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social, polymath, cat-loving, and opium-smoking Paris-based detective. Details about Sherlock Holmess life, except for the adventures in the books, are scarce in Conan Doyles original stories, nevertheless, mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective. An estimate of Holmess age in His Last Bow places his year of birth at 1854 and his parents are not mentioned in the stories, although Holmes mentions that his ancestors were country squires. In The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter, he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet, without clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph, Carle. Mycroft has a civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy. He lacks Sherlocks interest in investigation, however, preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club. Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate, his earliest cases, the two take lodgings at 221B Baker Street, London, an apartment at the upper end of the street, up seventeen steps. Holmes worked as a detective for twenty-three years, with physician John Watson assisting him for seventeen and they were roommates before Watsons 1887 marriage and again after his wifes death. Their residence is maintained by their landlady, Mrs. Hudson, most of the stories are frame narratives, written from Watsons point of view as summaries of the detectives most interesting cases
35.
Antiques Roadshow
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Antiques Roadshow is a British television show in which antiques appraisers travel to various regions of the United Kingdom to appraise antiques brought in by local people. It has been running since 1979, based on a 1977 documentary series, the series has spawned versions in other countries with the same TV format, including Canada and the United States. As of 2017 it is presented by Fiona Bruce and is in its 39th series, the series began as a 1977 BBC documentary about a London auction house doing a tour of the West Country in England. The pilot was so successful that it was transmitted and the format has remained almost unchanged ever since, negus appeared on Antiques Roadshow until 1983. In the original BBC series, various towns or famous places are advertised as venues. The original theme music was Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No 3, but was changed in the early 1990s to a piece, by Paul Reade and Tim Gibson. The show has visited a number of other countries and has been imitated by other TV production companies around the world. In the United Kingdom, annual childrens Christmas specials aired from 1991 until 2006 and these specials aired under the title Antiques Roadshow, The Next Generation and used a specially reworked version of the regular theme music. However, there was no childrens special in 2007, instead an edition was devoted to antiques of the future dating from the 1950s to the present day, a spin-off series, 20th Century Roadshow, focusing on modern collectibles, aired between April and June 2005. It was hosted by Alan Titchmarsh, in the 1980s a girl wrote in to Jimll Fix It to ask if Jimmy Savile would fix it for her to accidentally drop and smash a seemingly-valuable vase in an episode of the show. The most valuable item to appear on the show featured on 16 November 2008. This was an original 1990s maquette of the Angel of the North sculpture by Antony Gormley, owned by Gateshead Council, conversely, many items brought before the experts are worthless. However, these are shown in the broadcast episodes, to spare embarrassment for the individuals involved. All items are appraised, although most appraisals take place off-camera, with only the most promising items being filmed, the theme music for the show was written by Paul Reade and Tim Gibson and was published by Air Edel. Local people bring along their possessions to be evaluated for authenticity and interest, often, the professional evaluators give a rather in-depth historical, craft, or artistic context to the antique, adding a very strong cultural element to the show. This increases the appeal to people interested in the study of the past or some particular crafts, or certain arts. At the core though, the focus of the production is on the interplay between the owner and the evaluator, each episode is filmed at a different location, although some locations feature in two episodes. In 2005, part of the BBC team visited Australia and produced six episodes in conjunction with The LifeStyle Channel
36.
Belfast
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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, and was an industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. It has sustained a major aerospace and missiles industry since the mid 1930s, industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast Irelands biggest city at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education, business, and law, additionally, Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square. Belfast is served by two airports, George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles west of the city. Although the county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888, the site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giants Ring, a 5, 000-year-old henge, is located near the city, Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The ONeill clan had a presence in the area, in the 14th century, Cloinne Aodha Buidhe, descendants of Aodh Buidhe ONeill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. Conn ONeill of the Clannaboy ONeills owned vast lands in the area and was the last inhabitant of Grey Castle, evidence of this period of Belfasts growth can still be seen in the oldest areas of the city, known as the Entries. Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries, industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the 19th century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest city in Ireland. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, in 1886 the city suffered intense riots over the issue of home rule, which had divided the city. In 1920–22, Belfast became the capital of the new entity of Northern Ireland as the island of Ireland was partitioned, the accompanying conflict cost up to 500 lives in Belfast, the bloodiest sectarian strife in the city until the Troubles of the late 1960s onwards. Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II, in one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a raid during the Blitz. Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its establishment in 1921 following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and it had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. These opposing groups in conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively. The most recent example of conflict was known as the Troubles – a civil conflict that raged from around 1969 to 1998
37.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
38.
Paul Atterbury
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Paul Rowley Atterbury, FRSA is a British antiques expert, probably best known for his many appearances since 1979 on the BBC TV programme Antiques Roadshow. He specialises in the art, architecture, design and decorative arts of the 19th and 20th centuries and he was educated at Westminster School and the University of East Anglia. Originally training as a designer he later went on to work for Sotheby Publications. He became an advisor for Royal Doulton and was the editor of Connoisseur magazine from 1980 to 1981. Since 1981 Atterbury has been a writer, lecturer, broadcaster. He most frequently curates for the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, his exhibitions there including Pugin, a Gothic Passion and Inventing New Britain, Atterbury has written or edited over thirty books, mostly on ceramics. He is also known for his writing, and has also written books on railways. He has published books of old postcards showing Eype and West Bay, until 2003, Atterbury was also chairman of the Little Angel Theatre puppet theatre in Islington, north London. He also tours the country with his stage show Have You Had it Long Madam. with fellow Antiques Roadshow expert Hilary Kay and he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Atterbury is the owner of the only remaining Teddy puppet from the television series Andy Pandy, that is not kept as part of a museum collection, Atterbury lives in Weymouth in Dorset with his second wife, Chrissie, who he married in 2002. New Haven, Yale University Press 2001, Victorians at Home, ISBN18517732902002, Poole Pottery, Carter and Co. and Their Successors 1873–2002. Richard Dennis ISBN 0-903685-86-82006, Branch Line Britain, A Nostalgic Journey Celebrating a Golden Age, newton Abbot, David & Charles ISBN 0-7153-2416-02007, Along Lost Lines. Newton Abbot, David & Charles ISBN 0-7153-2568-X2007, Victorian House Style Handbook, newton Abbot, David & Charles ISBN 0-7153-2705-42008, Tickets Please, A Nostalgic Journey Through Railway Station Life. Newton Abbot, David & Charles ISBN 0-7153-2876-X2008, Moorcroft, richard Dennis ISBN 0-9553741-0-32009, All Change. Automobile Association ISBN 0-7495-5785-0 Paul Atterbury at the Internet Movie Database Atterbury on Easy Speak Atterbury on Chateaucoye. com Atterbury on PBS. org
39.
FairyTale: A True Story
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FairyTale, A True Story is a 1997 French-American fantasy drama film directed by Charles Sturridge and produced by Bruce Davey and Wendy Finerman. It is loosely based on the story of the Cottingley Fairies and its plot takes place in the year 1917 in England, and follows two children who take a photograph soon believed to be the first scientific evidence of the existence of fairies. The film was produced by Icon Productions and was distributed by Paramount Pictures in the United States and by Warner Bros. internationally, it was released in the United States on October 24,1997. Early 20th-century Europe was a time and a place rife with conflicting forces, J. M. Barries Peter Pan charmed theatergoers of all ages. Young Frances Griffiths, whose father is missing in action, arrives by train to stay with her cousin Elsie Wright in rural Yorkshire. Polly Wright, Elsies mother, is deep in mourning for her son Joseph, a gifted artist who died at the age of ten, and she keeps Josephs room and art works intact. He is a bit of a wunderkind, responsible for the electrification of the local mill. He is also a photographer and chess player. When Frances arrives she and Elsie discover a shared fascination with fairies, whom they encounter down at the beck and they abscond with Arthurs camera one afternoon to take pictures of the fairies, hoping to give Polly something to believe in. She takes them to Theosophist lecturer E. L, Gardner, who has them analysed by a professional and then brings them to the attention of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The photos are pronounced genuine, or at least devoid of trickery, no one except Houdini believes that young children could be capable of photographic fraud, and Conan Doyle himself arrives at the girls home with Houdini, Gardner and two new cameras. Arthur catches Houdini poking around and tells him point-blank that he doesnt believe that the fairies are real, but that no trickery took place in his darkroom either. Abetted by the buffoonish Gardner, Elsie and Frances soon come up with two more photos and Conan Doyle has the story published in The Strand Magazine, promising everyones names will be changed. But a newsman soon identifies the beck near Cottingley, tracing the girls through the local school, hundreds of people invade the village in automobiles and on foot, and the fairies flee the obstreperous mobs. By way of apology to the fairies, the girls finish Josephs fairy-house, the girls are invited to London by Conan Doyle, where they embrace their celebrity and see Houdini perform. In a quiet moment backstage Houdini asks Elsie if she wants to know how he does his tricks, and when a reporter asks, he declaims, Masters of illusion never reveal their secrets. Back in Yorkshire, while the girls and Polly are away, Arthur has a match with a local champion reputed to be mute. He discovers a cache of paper dolls in the form of fairies in a portfolio in Josephs room, Arthur wins his match, wringing a shout from his opponent, and another myth is debunked
40.
Photographing Fairies
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Photographing Fairies is a 1997 British fantasy film based on Steve Szilagyis 1992 novel of the same name. The film explores some of the themes of folklore, such as possession, paganism, animism, hallucinogens, parapsychology and it was inspired by the Cottingley Fairies hoax, and was released in the United Kingdom on September 19,1997. In Switzerland in 1912, photographer Charles Castle and Anna-Marie, his fiancèe, are married in an Alpine church, the following day, they are walking in the mountains when a snowstorm closes in. They are returning to the village when a crevasse opens and Anna-Marie falls into it, Charles tries to pull her out but he loses his grip and she dies. During the Great War, Castle serves as a photographer in the trenches of France. He is photographing corpses with his assistant Roy when a mortar lands close by, Roy returns to the trenches but Castle seems unconcerned and continues photographing. He returns to the trenches just before the mortar explodes, after the war, Castle and Roy run a photographic studio in London. Castle specialises in photographic trick work, including photomontage and he attends a lecture at the Theosophical Society, where Arthur Conan Doyle is examining a projected image of the Cottingley Fairies. Conan Doyle seems convinced they are genuine, but Castle stands, publicly debunks the image, at his studio, Castle is visited by Beatrice Templeton, who shows him a photograph of her daughter. She is convinced that a shape is a fairy. However, he investigates the photograph, sees the shape laterally reflected in the girls eye, Beatrice tells Castle that the photograph no longer matters – she has seen the fairies. She asks him to meet her at the tree in Birkenwell Woods the following day. At the appointed time, Castle walks to the great tree, before he arrives, she removes her hat and shoes then climbs the tree. When he arrives, Castle discovers Beatrices removed clothing, then finds her lifeless body on the ground, after making a statement at the local police station, Castle encounters the Templeton girls, who are greeted by their father Nicholas, a Christian minister. Nicholas reluctantly allows Castle to remain since the girls seem to like him, Castle discovers that Beatrice had been documenting her daughters odd behavior, and in her notes finds that she had been experimenting with a distinctive rare flower. Having already noticed Ana and Clara consuming the flower themselves, Castle takes some himself and discovered that it him to see the fairies that Beatrice. Castle calls in his business partner and assistant to set up a photo using his most advanced equipment. Castle assaults and kills Nicholas and is subsequently arrested, refusing to defend himself, Castle is found guilty and sentenced to hang, while Ana and Clara are put into foster care, though they seem to care little about the situation
The Coming of the Fairies public domain audiobook at LibriVox
