Caroline of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken was Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt by marriage to Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. She was famed as one of the most learned women of her time and known as
Portrait by Antoine Pesne, 1755
Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse
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Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse was Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and later the first Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
Kronenthaler of Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, 1825.
![The Ludwigsmonument [de] in Darmstadt](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ludwigsmonument-3.jpg/500px-Ludwigsmonument-3.jpg)
The Ludwigsmonument [de] in Darmstadt