1.
Country music
–
Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
2.
Hip hop music
–
It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
3.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
4.
Southern United States
–
The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
5.
West Coast of the United States
–
The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
6.
Southwestern United States
–
The population of the area is around 11 million people, with over half that in Arizona, the most populous cities are Phoenix, El Paso, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and Tucson. Most of the area was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Spanish Empire before becoming part of Mexico and it became part of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, the two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River, running in the northern and western areas, and the Rio Grande, running in the south. Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a dry desert. The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico. While it is the second largest desert in the United States, only a third of the desert is within the United States, El Paso is the major city in this desert, with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico. The Chihuahuan is a rain shadow desert, formed two mountain ranges which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area. The most prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca and creosote bushes, when people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind. Rainfall averages between 4–12 inches per year, and the deserts most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus and it is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert. The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders, Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona. The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert, bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, and the northwestern corner of Arizona. In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, the Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States. The Mojave gets less than six inches of rain annually, the most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree, which grow as tall as 40 feet, and are thought to live almost 1000 years. Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, the Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east. Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert, the Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons. The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon, but that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, painted deserts, sand dunes, and badlands. One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, the Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region
7.
Midwest
–
It was officially named the North Central region by the Census Bureau until 1984. Illinois is the most populous of the states and North Dakota the least, a 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions, the East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. Major rivers in the include, from east to west, the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River. Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country, other large Midwest cities include, Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro area, the term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, Middle West, has used since the 19th century. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen out of use, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, the Northwest Territory was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper-Mississippi. The upper-Mississippi watershed including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers was the setting for the earlier French settlements of the Illinois Country, economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture, with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks. Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections, after the sociological study Middletown, which was based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities as typical of the nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states, the states of the Old Northwest are also known as Great Lakes states and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the section while the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are known as Great Plains states. The Midwest lies north of the 36°30′ parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise established as the line between future slave and non-slave states
8.
Singing
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
9.
Guitar
–
The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
10.
Bass guitar
–
The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
11.
Drum kit
–
A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
12.
Drum machine
–
A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
13.
Fiddle
–
Fiddle is another name for the bowed string musical instrument more often called a violin. It is also a term for the instrument used by players in all genres. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, refers to various styles of music, Fiddle is also a common term among musicians who play folk music on the violin. The fiddle is part of traditional styles of music which are aural traditions. There are few distinctions between violins and fiddles, though more primitively constructed and smaller violins are more likely to be considered fiddles. In order to produce a tone, compared to the deeper tones of gut or synthetic core strings. Among musical styles, fiddling tends to produce rhythms focused on dancing, with associated quick note changes, whereas classical music tends to contain more vibrato and it is less common for a classically trained violinist to play folk music, but today, many fiddlers have classical training. The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira, lira spread widely westward to Europe, in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms fiddle and lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments. During the Renaissance the gambas were important and elegant instruments, they eventually lost ground to the viola da braccio family. The etymology of fiddle is uncertain, the Germanic fiddle may derive from the same early Romance word as does violin, the name seems however to be related to Icelandic Fiðla and also Old English fiðele. A native Germanic ancestor of fiddle may even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of violin, historically, fiddle also referred to a predecessor of todays violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, another family of instruments that contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the viols, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards. Violins, on the hand, are commonly grouped in sections. The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music, historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness that fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, in situations that required greater volume, a fiddler could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. In the very late 20th century, a few artists have attempted a reconstruction of the Scottish tradition of violin and big fiddle. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hansons Bonnie Lasses and Alasdair Fraser and Natalie Haas Fire and Grace. In Hungary, a three stringed viola variant with a bridge, called the kontra or háromhúros brácsa makes up part of a traditional rhythm section in Hungarian folk music
14.
Steel guitar
–
Steel guitar is a type of guitar or the method of playing the instrument. The term steel guitar is often used to describe any metal body resophonic guitar. Steel guitar can describe, The slide technique of playing guitar is generally by using a steel bar. Dobro is also a name of one of the leading manufacturers of resonator guitars. A specialized instrument built for playing in steel guitar fashion and these are of several types, Lap steel guitar, which may be, Lap slide guitar, with a conventional wooden guitar box. The square-necked variety of resonator guitar, the technique was invented and popularized in Hawaii. Thus, the lap steel guitar is known as the Hawaiian guitar, particularly in documents from the early 20th century. Steel guitar tunings tend to feature close intervals whereas slack key tunings more often contain 4ths and 5ths, dobro is a brand of resonator guitars, but the word is most often used to describe bluegrass instruments of several different brands. Bottleneck guitar may have developed from Steel guitar technique. The slide is almost never slanted, common bottleneck tunings are open D and E chords. A steel guitar is one designed to be played in steel-guitar fashion, historically, these have been of many types, but two dominate, Resonator guitars, particularly the square-necked variety which can be played only in steel guitar fashion. Electric instruments, starting with electric lap steel guitars and developing through the steel guitar to the pedal steel guitar. The lap steel guitar typically has 6 strings and may have various tunings, originally the standard EBGDAE tuning was changed to allow open i. e. major chord tunings to accommodate using the straight steel bar and not require changing string gauges. Hawaiian tunings evolved from A Major and E Major to E7, C sharp Minor, C sharp Minor 9th, F sharp Minor 9th, B11th and the popular E 13th. Jerry Byrd is credibly the originator of the C6+A7 tuning ECAGEC sharp which allows a wider ranging of chording for Hawaiian and it differs from a conventional or Spanish guitar in having a higher action and often a neck that is square in cross section. The frets, unused in steel style playing, may be replaced by markers, there are three main types, Lap slide guitars, which are acoustic instruments but may have electric pickups for amplification in addition. Resonator guitars, which are acoustic instruments but may have pickups for amplification in addition. Electric lap steel guitars, which are solid body
15.
Bro-country
–
Bro-country is a subgenre of mainstream country music originating in the second decade of the 21st century. It is a term for styles of country music taking influence from 21st-century hip hop, hard rock. Many bro-country songs are about attractive young women, the consumption of alcohol, partying, the first use of the term was by Jody Rosen of New York magazine in an article published on August 11,2013. He used the term to describe songs by Florida Georgia Line and he also named Luke Bryan, Jason Aldean, and Jake Owen to be notable singers of the genre. Entertainment Weekly also cited Boys Round Here by Blake Shelton, Ready Set Roll by Chase Rice, and Redneck Crazy by Tyler Farr as other examples of bro-country. The popularity of the genre opened up a divide between the generation of country singers and the bro country singers which was described as civil war by musicians, critics. In the early 2010s, the genre began to gather steam, in 2014, Cruise became the best-selling digital country song of all time, with over 7 million copies sold in the US while also holding a record 24 weeks as the No.1 Hot Country Song. According to Jody Rosen, We may look back on Cruise as a turning point, a number of highly popular albums and songs by singers such as Jason Aldean, Luke Bryan and Blake Shelton considered to be bro-country appeared in the first half of the 2010s. In 2013, Luke Bryans Crash My Party was the third best-selling of all albums in the US, with Florida Georgia Lines Heres to the Good Times at sixth, and Blake Sheltons Based on a True Story at ninth. While bro country was popular with music fans, programmers. Curtis, The real fatigue on it has been with programmers and the people who have to listen to it a lot and evaluate it — the air personalities, the people who arent really sick of it are the listeners. Some thought the genre had waned by 2015, others felt that the genre is here to stay. Traditional country fans and artists have expressed the sentiment that bro-country music is a representation of country music. For a young man. And it’s not just young men, I know I’ve got a 25-year-old bottled up inside my decidedly not young self who still longs for the fantasy. The genre was also criticized for being formulaic, a video by Greg Todd, an aspiring songwriter, which highlighted the similarities between bro-country songs went viral after being featured by Time in January 2015. In addition, some criticized the musics portrayal of women. They objectify the hell out of them, – and specifically, yes, guys, cause there are no girls. There are phrases that are totally cliché that we as songwriters owe it to ourselves to not use again
16.
Rap rock
–
Rap rock is a music genre that fuses vocal and instrumental elements of hip hop with various forms of rock. Rap rocks most popular subgenres include rap metal and rapcore, which include heavy metal and hardcore punk-oriented influences, one of the earliest examples would be The Magnificent Seven by The Clash, which fused new wave, hip hop, and funk. AllMusic describes rap metal as having big, lurching beats and heavy, heavy riffs that occasionally, Allmusic also states that the rhythms of rap rock are rooted in that of hip hop, with more funk influences than normal hard rock. Hed PE, which punk rock with hip hop, sometimes incorporates reggae. According to Rolling Stone writer Rob Kemp, Incubus 1997 album S. C. I. E. N. C. E, links funk metal to the rap metal. Kottonmouth Kings perform a style which they refer to as psychedelic hip-hop punk rock. Kid Rock incorporates country and Southern rock influences, and is backed by a 10 piece band, while Everlast fuses blues and rock with hip hop, performing with a live band that includes a DJ. An example of rap rock is the album Collision Course, its a collaboration between the rapper Jay Z and the band Linkin Park, the lyrical themes of rap rock vary. Although many nu metal bands incorporate hip hop beats, rap rock bands are always fronted by rappers, Rock bands generally not associated with rap rock have experimented with hip hop influences, including rapping. Such bands have included Blondie, Rush, Beck and Cake, many rappers have been noted for a prominent use of samples derived from rock songs, including Eminem, Ice-T, The Fat Boys, LL Cool J, Public Enemy, Whodini, Vanilla Ice, and Esham. In 1983, KISS released the song All Hells Breakin Loose on the album Lick It Up with singer Paul Stanley rapping the verses, collaborated with Aerosmith on a remake of the latters earlier song, Walk This Way, first released in 1975. Red Hot Chili Peppers vocalist Anthony Kiedis employed rapping on the bands 1984 self-titled debut album as well as subsequent releases, in a 2002 interview with Penthouse, Kiedis stated We were early in creating the combination of hardcore funk with hip-hop-style vocals. We became, maybe, an inspiration to Limp Bizkit, Kid Rock, beastie Boys, formerly a hardcore punk group, began working in the hip hop genre, their 1986 debut album, Licensed to Ill, largely featured a rock-based sound. The three aforementioned artists all collaborated with producer Rick Rubin, who is credited with creating the rap rock genre. In 1989, Tone-Lōcs Wild Thing off of his debut album, Public Enemys track, She Watch Channel Zero. Features Chuck D rapping over a riff from the Slayer song Angel of Death, rap rock began to enter the mainstream arena in the 1990s. American rock bands such as 311, 24-7 Spyz, Faith No More and Rage Against the Machine fused rock, simultaneously, British bands like Pop Will Eat Itself and Senser were similarly shaping the genre across Europe. The soundtrack for the 1993 film Judgment Night featured 11 collaborations between hip hop and rock musicians, urban Dance Squad mixed funk, heavy metal, hip hop and punk
17.
Rapping
–
The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
18.
Kid Rock
–
Robert James Ritchie, known professionally as Kid Rock, is an American singer, rapper, songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor. His 1998 album Devil Without a Cause sold 14 million copies worldwide and he is a five-time Grammy Award nominee and has sold 25 million albums in the U. S. according to Nielsen SoundScan. The RIAA certified him selling 23.5 million albums and he has sold over 35 million records worldwide and he was Soundscans number-one selling male solo musician of the 2000s, selling 17.6 million albums, he was 17th overall for the decade. Rock performed rap and hip hop with five releases between 1990 and 1997, including a reissue and an EP. After signing a contract with Atlantic Records in 1998, he gained commercial success in the rap rock genre behind the singles Bawitdaba, Cowboy. Rocks follow-up records became more rock-, country-, and blues-oriented and his collaboration with Sheryl Crow on the song Picture was his first country hit and biggest pop hit in the US to date charting at No.4 on the Hot 100. After 2003s Kid Rock and 2006s Live Trucker sales declined from the previous releases, the album featured the song All Summer Long, which charted at No.1 in eight countries across Europe and Australia. Rock released Rebel Soul on November 19,2012 behind the rock hit Lets Ride, the album was certified gold in April 2013. Kid Rock released First Kiss on February 24,2015 behind the hit title track, Ritchie was born on January 17,1971 in Romeo, Michigan to William Bill Ritchie, a car dealer who owned several local dealerships, and Susan Ritchie. His family also owned an orchard and Robert regularly helped pick apples. He has three siblings, the two elder are brother William Billy Ritchie and sister Carol Ritchie, his sister, Jill Ritchie, is an actress. Ritchie found small-town life dull and became interested in rap music, learning how to breakdance, at age eleven, he joined a breakdance crew called the Furious Funkers and taught himself to work a cheap belt-driven turntable. In high school, Ritchie deejayed at parties for beer and he eventually joined Bo Wisdom of Groove Time Productions in Mt. Clemens, Michigan to perform basement parties for $30 a night. He chose his name while performing at these venues, club goers dubbed him Kid Rock after they had enjoyed watching that white kid rock. Ritchie eventually ran away to Mt. Clemens at 15 and stayed with his friend Chris Pouncy and he was forced by a local drug gang known as the Best Friends to sell drugs out of a car wash at which he worked. In an attempt to keep the kids out of trouble, a man in the organized a rap group, composed of its founder The Blackman, Champtown, KDC, Chris Doc Roun-Cee Pouncy. They were known as The Beast Crew, while performing, Rock befriended producer D-Nice of the legendary hip-hop group Boogie Down Productions. When Rock opened for BDP one night, D-Nice invited an A&R representative from Jive Records to see him perform and this meeting led to a demo deal that developed into a full record contract
19.
Cowboy (Kid Rock song)
–
Cowboy is a single by Kid Rock from his album Devil Without a Cause. The songs rapping style has been adapted by country artists like Toby Keith, Trace Adkins, musicians inspired by this song include Jason Aldean, Big & Rich, Eric Church, Colt Ford, Florida Georgia Line, Brantley Gilbert and Luke Bryan. Originally referred to as Hick Hop it has gone on to be labeled as Bro Country and his 2008 single All Summer Long helped push along bro country more so then Cowboy. Both with themes of partying, drinking, boats, cars, the song also helped influence a more prominent hip hop from the south, drawling on country music in Bubba Sparks, Rehab, The Lacs and Moonshine Bandits. Kid Rock actually did this first on the song Desperate-Rado on his independent release The Polyfuze Method, in 1993, Kid Rock describes the song as Lynyrd Skynyrd meets Run-D. M. C. The song uses dobro, slide, banjo and a ragtime piano, the song was originally rejected by Atlantic Records, after Kid Rock told them it was the best song he had written to that point. The song is about how Kid Rock had foreseen his move to Hollywood to become a star, Cowboy peaked at 82 on the Billboard Hot 100,34 on The Top 40,5 on Mainstream Rock Chart, and 10 on the Modern Rock charts. The song is used as the music for UFC fighter Donald Cerrone. This song was used for the first promotional commercial for WrestleMania XXV, an instrumental remake of this song was used by Jeff Jarrett in WCW. Cowboy appeared in the movies Shanghai Noon, Ready To Rumble, Serving Sara, Matchstick Men, in 2000, Kid Rock and The Neptunes made a rap single version of the song. There was also a version released on the American Bad Ass single in 2000. The song was performed during the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show in 2004, a live version was released on 2006s Live Trucker with a bluesy into given to it. Porn star Ron Jeremy and actor Gary Coleman made cameos in the video, which was a spoof on Smokey. Joe C and Gary Coleman dueled while Ron Jeremy pretended to do the piano solo, cledus T. Judd parodied the song as Plowboy on his album Just Another Day in Parodies. Christian parody band ApologetiX recorded a parody called Choirboy on their album Spoofernatural, Country singers David Allan Coe, Kenny Chesney and Jason Aldean as well as former Kid Rock DJ Uncle Kracker have performed the song in concert
20.
Devil Without a Cause
–
Devil Without a Cause is the fourth studio album by Kid Rock, released on August 18,1998. The album was produced by Kid Rock with John Travis and it is Kid Rocks last album to be categorized as hip hop before crossing over to more traditional rock music. AllMusic labeled the album as a rap-rock masterpiece, the album was certified 11× Platinum by the RIAA by April 2003. It is Kid Rocks best-selling album, and as of 2015 it has sold 9,500,000 plus copies in the United States, initially, Atlantic Records was not sold on the idea of signing Kid Rock based on the strength of his material. Kid Rock then entered the studio and cut a demo tape featuring Somebodys Gotta Feel This. Jason Flom immediately signed him and the band for $100,000 after hearing the tracks, the song Bawitdaba which blended hard rock and hip hop helped increase the popularity of nu/rap metal along with the bands Limp Bizkit and Korn. This led to the success of new groups like Linkin Park, Cowboy also aided in ushering in the then-new genre country rap or hick hop. Originally Cowboy, Devil Without a Cause and Only God Knows Why were rejected by Atlantic Records. The label did not understand a rap song about a cowboy and wanted him to take the Im going platinum line out of the track, because at that point. Only God Knows Why was too country, they wanted a rock album. Rock wrote the first four lines of the song in jail after being arrested for a bar fight he got into while celebrating being signed to Atlantic, the song Wasting Time documented his frustrations with the label after he developed writers block. The album got its first exposure on the video game Road Rash 3D, Atlantic Records would get Kid Rock a slot on the 1998 Vans Warped Tour, then released the lead single Welcome 2 the Party, which failed to find success. The album did not garner any attention until I Am the Bullgod was released, Kid Rock would go on to open for Monster Magnet on the White Trash On Dope Tour in late 1998. Kid Rock would then get his big break performing on MTVs Fashionably Loud, MTV took Kid Rock under their wing and he was featured during their spring break special Say What Karaoke and MTV Beach Brawl. This led to rotation of his next single and his first headline tour called Destroy Your Liver. The HBO special Reverb aired his hometown performance on March 21,1999, the song was used in the trailer for the 2000 movie, The Gladiator and his performance at Woodstock 99 made him a household name. He then went on a European tour and performed at the Rock AM and IM Festivals. Cowboy, the single, charted at number 82 on the Hot 100 and number 34 on the Mainstream Top 40, as well as number 5 on the Modern Rock Tracks
21.
Dark Days, Bright Nights
–
Dark Days, Bright Nights is the debut album from American rapper Bubba Sparxxx, released on October 9,2001 on Interscope Records. It includes the singles Ugly and Lovely, Ugly was written by Sparxxx and Timbaland this song was released in 2002. The record has attained gold status making it the most successful of his three albums to date. The song Regardless was not a single but did receive some radio airplay. The album also debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 with 132,000 copies sold in the first week released, a couple months later the album was certified gold by the RIAA with an excess of 500,000 copies sold. Dark Days, Bright Nights received generally positive reviews music critics who praised both Timbaland and Organized Noizes sharp production and Bubbas loose delivery of Southern-fried tales. For now, Sparxxx sits alone atop a rap throne representing a kind of po white rap even Marshall Mathers only WISHES he knew about, but its crucial to stay the course. Because Bubba talk really is the latest word in hip-hop, unfortunately, neither Sparxxx nor his collaborators deliver fully on the promise. Bubba Talk Les Yeux Noirs by Coco Briaval Pena by Šaban Bajramović Lovely Theme From Shaft by Isaac Hayes Ugly Get Ur Freak On by Missy Elliott
22.
Interscope Records
–
Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
23.
Big & Rich
–
Big & Rich are an American country music duo composed of Big Kenny and John Rich, both of whom are songwriters, vocalists, and guitarists. Big Kenny was formerly a solo artist on Hollywood Records while Rich was a member of the country music band Lonestar. Their first studio album, Horse of a Different Color, was released in 2004 and this album produced four straight Top 40 country hits, including the number 11 Save a Horse, plus collaborations with Cowboy Troy, Gretchen Wilson, and Martina McBride. Comin to Your City was released in November 2005 followed by another Top 20 single the Vietnam War-inspired 8th of November, joining the duo on this album were Cowboy Troy, Wilson, and Kris Kristofferson. Between Raising Hell and Amazing Grace, released in 2007, produced their first number-one single, both before and during the duos hiatus, Rich has worked as a producer and songwriter for several other artists. After this album, both went on hiatus and released solo albums in 2009 — Big Kennys The Quiet Times of a Rock and Roll Farm Boy. These also produced the duos first Top 40 solo entries — Big Kenny with Long After Im Gone, Big & Rich reunited in May 2011 to release Fake ID, a cut from the soundtrack to the 2011 film Footloose. A year later, the duo released their album, Hillbilly Jedi. In July 2013, Rich announced that the duo had begun work on their studio album. In January 2014, the lead off single to the album, a new album has been announced for release in 2017. Prior to Big & Richs foundation, John Rich was a member of the band Texassee. Rich played bass guitar in the band and alternated with Richie McDonald on lead vocals, he also co-wrote their singles Come Cryin to Me, after Lonestar released its second album, Rich departed from the band in 1998. Kenny Alphin was signed to Hollywood Records in 1998, where he recorded an album called Live a Little a year later. Although one of its songs was featured in the soundtrack to the film Gun Shy, Live a Little was not released, and Hollywood Records held the rights to the songs for five years. In the meantime, The Mavericks recorded one of Alphins songs on their 1998 album Trampoline, Big Kenny then befriended John Rich after meeting him at a club, and the two began writing songs together. Their first songwriting collaboration was I Pray for You, which wrote in October 1998. In 2000, Rich began recording as a solo artist as well and he charted two singles of his own — I Pray for You and Forever Loving You, which respectively reached numbers 53 and number 46 on the U. S. Hot Country Songs charts — but his album, Underneath the Same Moon, was not released
24.
Cowboy Troy
–
Troy Lee Coleman III, better known by his stage name Cowboy Troy, is an American country rapper and songwriter. He is a member of the MuzikMafia, an aggregation of country music singer-songwriters whose membership also includes Big & Rich, Gretchen Wilson and he has released four studio albums and one EP, including two releases on Warner Bros. Records, and has charted twice on the Billboard country singles charts, Troy graduated from Skyline High School in the Dallas Independent School District. He then attended the University of Texas at Austin where he earned a bachelors degree, prior to beginning his career as a singer, he worked as the assistant manager of a Dallas area Foot Locker. He got the name Cowboy Troy in college, after a friend used the name to distinguish the cowboy-hat-wearing Coleman from his friends named Troy. On May 17,2005, Troy released his first major-label solo album, Loco Motive, through the RAYBAW records production label, the album debuted at No.2 on Billboards Top Country Albums chart. The first single, I Play Chicken with the Train, peaked at No.48 on Billboards Hot Country Songs chart on April 9,2005 and was the No.1 country download at the iTunes Music Store on April 15,2005. As a Chevrolet promotion, Troy, Wilson, and Big & Rich released Our America as a free and they also performed the song live at the Boston Pops concert on July 4,2005. Our America combines The Star-Spangled Banner with spoken word of parts of the U. S. Constitution, Declaration of independence, Pledge of Allegiance and Martin Luther King, Jr. s I Have a Dream speech. The song peaked at No.44 on Billboards Hot Country Songs chart, Cowboy Troy released the single If You Dont Wanna Love Me, a duet with Sarah Buxton. The single failed to chart, as did the follow-up, My Last Yee Haw, a promotional single, titled Hook Em Horns, was released on February 14,2006 after his alma mater won the national championship in football. Cowboy Troy co-hosted, with Jewel, the season of Nashville Star on the USA Network. Troy made an appearance at the March 13,2006 episode of WWEs RAW in Beaumont. He came to the table and helped announce for the match between superstars Edge and Goldust. His entrance music was My Last Yee Haw, the April 30 episode of WWEs Raw, broadcast from Nashville, showed Troy in the crowd. The announcers mentioned him, and his duties hosting Nashville Star, in 2007, he released Black in the Saddle. Troy parted ways with Warner Bros and he released Demolition Mission, Studio Blue Sessions in 2009. Troy returned to Warner Music Nashville to release King of Clubs in March 2014, Cowboy Troy was cited as a featured guest artist on two tracks from the 2011 Vanilla Ice release titled WTF, which is available on iTunes
25.
Colt Ford
–
Jason Farris Brown known professionally as Colt Ford, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He has released four albums via Average Joes Entertainment, which he co-founded, Brown was born and raised in Athens, Georgia. He was a golfer, playing on the Nationwide Tour. Later, he turned his interests to music, taking influence from country music, assuming the stage name Colt Ford, he released his debut album, Ride Through the Country, on December 2,2008, through Average Joes Entertainment, which he cofounded. He also appeared on a rap remix of Montgomery Gentrys late-2008 Number One single Roll with Me, Fords debut album also has guest appearances from country singer Jamey Johnson, as well as Bone Crusher and Jermaine Dupri, Adrian Young of No Doubt, and Jeremy Popoff of Lit. The album did not enter the Billboard albums charts until 2009, Ford wrote the theme song Buck em for the Professional Bull Riders association. He also appears as a guest vocalist on the track Tailgatin on Cledus T. Judds 2009 album Polyrically Uncorrect, Fords second studio album, Chicken & Biscuits, was released in April 2010, following the release of its title track. Ford released a studio album on May 3,2011. The albums lead-off single, Country Thang, debuted at number 55 for the chart week ending February 19,2011. She Likes to Ride in Trucks, featuring Craig Morgan, served as the second single. Fords fourth album, Declaration of Independence, became his first number 1 album on Top Country Albums and its first charted single is Back, a duet with Jake Owen. Back is Fords highest charting single to date, making Top 40 on Hot Country Songs, in 2012, Colt Ford headlined the Declaration Of Independence Tour with supporting acts The Lacs, Lenny Cooper, and JB and the Moonshine Band. In the fall of 2012 Ford announced he would be touring with JJ Lawhorn on the Answer To No One Tour, Colt Fords fifth studio album, Thanks for Listening, was released on July 1,2014. 4 Lane Gone is the first single from his sixth studio album. Ford released a video for the single on September 11,2016 Ride Through the Country Chicken & Biscuits Every Chance I Get Declaration of Independence Thanks for Listening
26.
Yelawolf
–
Michael Wayne Atha, better known as Yelawolf, is an American hip hop recording artist from Gadsden, Alabama. In his early years, Yelawolf released his first independent album Creek Water, during 2005 to 2010, hes been putting the releases of one extended play and four mixtapes. In January 2011, Yelawolf signed a contract to Eminems record label, Shady Records. The album debuted at number 27 on the Billboard 200, Yelawolf released a sequel to his breakthrough mixtape Trunk Muzik, titled Trunk Muzik Returns on March 14,2013. His second album, Love Story, was released on April 21,2015, michael Wayne Atha was born on December 30,1979, in Gadsden, Alabama, and is of Cherokee and White American descent. His mother Sheila, whom he claims was a rockstar, gave birth to him at 15, throughout his childhood, Atha moved often. Thats where hip hop made sense culturally, regarding his stage name, Yelawolf has said, Yelawolf is Native American. My father is Cherokee and I’m from Cherokee county – Gadsden, yela represents light, the sun, power, fire, hunger and Wolf represents my ability to survive… my fierceness. In 2005, Yelawolf appeared on UPN Network reality series The Road to Stardom with Missy Elliott, after his elimination from the show, he released his independent debut album Creek Water in 2005, later the same year he released his debut mixtape Pissn in a Barrel of Beez. Two years later, Yelawolf signed to Columbia Records and released the single Kickin from his unreleased first studio album, Fearin and Loathin in Smalltown, the album was never released, after Yelawolf was dropped from the label later that year. Yelawolf released two following his release from Columbia, titled Ball of Flames, The Ballad of Slick Rick E. Bobby and Stereo, A Hip Hop Tribute to Classic Rock, in 2009, he signed with Ghet-O-Vision Entertainment and released his debut extended play Arena Rap. In 2009, he began to work with Ghet-O-Vision producer, WLPWR, released in January 2010, the mixtape created an enormous online following for Yelawolf. Later that year, Yelawolf signed a record deal with Interscope Records. It was released on November 22,2010, under Ghet-O-Vision Entertainment and Interscope Records, for the rest of 2010, he made guest appearance on Bizarres Friday Night at St. Andrews, as well appeared on albums by rappers Big Boi and Paul Wall. Yelawolf was also featured among the XXLs Top 11 Freshmen of 2011, releasing songs on the magazines yearly Freshman mixtape, along with Kendrick Lamar, Cyhi Da Prynce. On April 14,2011, Yelawolf announced the title of his debut Shady release Radioactive with a date that aimed for September. On May 18, Yelawolf announced his albums first single, titled Gangsta of Love, produced by Jim Jonsin, the song was leaked in early July, although it only featured unfinished vocals by Cyhi da Prynce at the end of the song
27.
Blake Shelton
–
Blake Tollison Shelton is an American singer, songwriter, and television personality. In 2001, he made his debut with the single Austin, the lead-off single from his self-titled debut album, Austin spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. The now Platinum-certified debut album produced two more top 20 entries. Although the album was released on Giant Records Nashville, he was transferred to Warner Bros. Records Nashville after Giant closed in late 2001 and his second and third albums, 2003s The Dreamer and 2004s Blake Sheltons Barn & Grill, are gold and platinum, respectively. His fourth album, Pure BS, was re-issued in 2008 with a cover of Michael Bublés pop hit Home as one of the bonus tracks and his fifth album, Startin Fires was released in November 2008. Overall, Blake Shelton has charted 32 country singles, including 23 number ones,17 of which were consecutive, the 11th No.1 broke the record for the most consecutive No.1 singles in the Country Airplay charts 24-year history. He is a seven-time Grammy Award nominee, Shelton is also known for his role as a judge on the televised singing competitions Nashville Star, Clash of the Choirs, and The Voice. He has been on The Voice since its inception, and in five of eleven seasons, from 2011 to 2015, Shelton was married to fellow country singer Miranda Lambert. Shelton was born in Ada, Oklahoma, to Dorothy, a beauty salon owner, and Richard Shelton, Shelton began singing at an early age and by age 12, he was taught how to play the guitar by his uncle. By age 15, he had written his first song, by age 16, he had received a Denbo Diamond Award in his home state. On November 13,1990, his older brother Richie Shelton was killed in an automobile accident, after graduating from high school at seventeen, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue a singing career. There he got a job at a publishing company and, in 1997. Some years later in Nashville, he signed to Giant Records in 2001, in 2001, he was slated to release a song entitled I Wanna Talk About Me as a single. Staff at the label considered the song unsuitable for a single, however. Instead, Giant released Austin as Sheltons debut single, shortly after its release, Giant Records was closed, and Shelton was transferred to parent company Warner Bros. Austin spent five weeks at No.1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, Warner released his self-titled debut album, which was produced by songwriter Bobby Braddock. It also produced the top 20 hits All Over Me, which Shelton co-wrote with Earl Thomas Conley and Mike Pyle, although Sheltons rendition of Ol Red was not a major radio hit, he considers it his signature song, and it has become popular in concert. Blake Shelton received a certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 1,000,000 copies
28.
Chuck Eddy
–
Chuck Eddy is an American music journalist. Chuck Eddy was born in Detroit, Michigan and he also authored two books, Stairway to Hell, The 500 Best Heavy Metal Albums in the Universe, and The Accidental Evolution of Rock and Roll. In 1999 he was hired as the editor at The Village Voice. From 2006 to 2007, he worked as an editor for Billboard magazine. Eddy currently freelances from Austin, Texas and he has also programmed several artist-specific web radio stations for Clear Channel. So Addictive, By Steven Ward A review of the Violator, allegedly not listened to by Chuck
29.
Woody Guthrie
–
He frequently performed with the slogan This machine kills fascists displayed on his guitar. His best-known song is This Land Is Your Land, many of his recorded songs are archived in the Library of Congress. Throughout his life Guthrie was associated with United States Communist groups, Guthrie was married three times and fathered eight children, including American folk musician Arlo Guthrie. Guthrie died from complications of Huntingtons disease, a genetic neurological disorder. Guthrie was born in Okemah, a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma. His parents named him after Woodrow Wilson, then Governor of New Jersey, Charles Guthrie was an industrious businessman, owning at one time up to 30 plots of land in Okfuskee County. He was actively involved in Oklahoma politics and was a conservative Democratic candidate for office in the county, when Charles was making stump speeches, he would often be accompanied by his son. Charles Guthrie was involved in the 1911 lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, Woody Guthrie wrote three songs about the event and said that his father, Charles, was later a member of the revived Ku Klux Klan. Guthries early family life was affected by fires, including one that caused the loss of his familys home in Okemah. His sister Clara later died in a fire when Guthrie was seven. Guthries mother, Nora, was afflicted with Huntingtons disease, although the family did not know this at the time and it leads to dementia as well as muscular degeneration. She was eventually committed to the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane, judging from the circumstances of her fathers death by drowning, researchers suspect that George Sherman suffered from the same hereditary disease. When Nora Guthrie was institutionalized, Woody Guthrie was 14 and his father Charley was living and working in Pampa, Texas, to repay his debts from unsuccessful real estate deals. Woody and his siblings were on their own in Oklahoma, they relied on their eldest brother Roy for support, the 14-year-old Woody Guthrie worked odd jobs around Okemah, begging meals and sometimes sleeping at the homes of family friends. According to one story, Guthrie befriended an African-American blues harmonica player named George, before long, Guthrie bought his own harmonica and began playing along with him. In another interview 14 years later, Guthrie claimed he learned how to play harmonica from a friend, John Woods. He seemed to have an affinity for music and easily learned to play by ear. He began to use his musical skills around town, playing a song for a sandwich or coins, Guthrie easily learned old ballads and traditional English & Scots songs from the parents of friends
30.
Murs (rapper)
–
Nick Carter, better known by his stage name Murs, is an American rapper. His name is an acronym that he himself has created multiple meanings for such as Making the Universe Recognize and he is also a lead vocalist of The Invincibles along with Whole Wheat Bread. He also set a Guinness World Record for rapping for 24 hours non-stop during a live stream on Twitch. tv, on June 11,2013, Murs released an album as lead vocalist of a band called The White Mandingos. The album is titled The Ghetto is Tryna Kill Me, on December 14,2016, Murs and label Strange Music announced upcoming album Captain California set for release in early 2017. Murs formed 3 Melancholy Gypsys with fellow Alexander Hamilton High School classmates Scarub, the group became friends with Mystik Journeymen, and joined them in the Living Legends collective in 1996. His solo debut album, FReal, was released on Veritech in 1997, alongside Slug, Murs has been part of the group Felt since 2002. The End of the Beginning, his album on Definitive Jux, was released in 2003. Murs released Murs 3,16, The 9th Edition, an album produced by 9th Wonder. After another collaborative album with 9th Wonder, Murrays Revenge, in 2006 and it was preceded by Sweet Lord which was given away free to fans. Murs released Varsity Blues 2, a follow-up to his Varsity Blues EP, with production handled by Aesop Rock, Terrace Martin. He released This Generation, an album with Fashawn, in 2012. Murs was invited by Sacha Jenkins, a hip hop journalist, to join the group The White Mandingos and they released their first album, The Ghetto is Tryna Kill Me, on June 11,2013 under the Fat Beats record label. Murs has stated that the recording is a concept album about a man from the hood who struggles to maintain his identity while recording as a rock artist. The band members have acknowledged that the album is based on their own experiences. On February 7,2014, it was announced via Tech N9nes Facebook page that Murs was signed to his record label Strange Music, Murs and his wife Kate have two adopted children. He is an advocate for gay rights, the video for his song Animal Style features his character kissing another man, transitions of a Rydah is featured in Tony Hawks Underground. Dreadlocks is featured in the EA Sports NFL Football game Madden NFL08, lookin Fly and Busy Ps To Protect and Entertain are featured in Midnight Club LA. SWC is featured in WWE SmackDown vs, DJ Hero, also featured with 2009 DJ of the Year DJ Z-Trip, is featured in DJ Hero, mixed with Foreigners Jukebox Hero The Problem Is. is featured in Fight Night Champion
31.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
32.
Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
33.
Flags of the Confederate States of America
–
Three successive designs served as the official national flag of the Confederate States of America during its existence from 1861 to 1865. These include flags displayed in states, cities, towns and counties, schools, colleges and universities, private organizations and associations, and by individuals. The state flag of Mississippi features the Confederate armys battle flag in the canton, or upper left corner, the only current U. S. state flag to do so. The state flag of Georgia is very similar to the first national flag of the Confederacy, the Stars and Bars, the first official national flag of the Confederacy, often called the Stars and Bars, was flown from March 4,1861, to May 1,1863. It was designed by German/Prussian artist Nicola Marschall in Marion, Alabama, the Stars and Bars flag was adopted March 4,1861, in the first temporary national capital of Montgomery, Alabama, and raised over the dome of that first Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the Confederate army uniform, one of the first acts of the Provisional Confederate Congress was to create the Committee on the Flag and Seal, chaired by William Porcher Miles, a congressman and Fire-Eater from South Carolina. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the old flag of the United States. Miles had already designed a flag that became known as the Confederate Battle Flag. But given the support for a flag similar to the U. S. flag. The Stars and Bars was also criticized on grounds for its resemblance to the U. S. flag. Many Confederates disliked the Stars and Bars, seeing it as symbolic of a federal power the Confederate states were seceding from in order to preserve the institution of slavery. As early as April 1861, a month after the adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a servile imitation. In January 1862, George William Bagby, writing for the Southern Literary Messenger, every body wants a new Confederate flag, Bagby wrote, also stating that The present one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankee flag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable, the editor of the Charleston Mercury expressed a similar view, stating that It seems to be generally agreed that the Stars and Bars will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag of Yankee Doodle … we imagine that the Battle Flag will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim. Thompson stated in April 1863 that he disliked the flag on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting. Over the course of the use by the Confederacy, additional stars were added to the flags canton. This reflected the Confederacys claims of having admitted Kentucky and Missouri into the Confederacy, the first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the Ben Johnson House in Bardstown, Kentucky, the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navys battle ensign
34.
Industrial Revolution
–
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and most of the important technological innovations were British, aided by these legal and cultural foundations, an entrepreneurial spirit and consumer revolution drove industrialisation in Britain, which would be emulated in countries around the world. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made able to accumulate more human capital during their youth. The Industrial Revolution marks a turning point in history, almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, mechanised textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium, and later in France. Since then industrialisation has spread throughout much of the world, the precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants. The term Industrial Revolution applied to change was becoming more common by the late 1830s. Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of an industrial revolution, however, although Engels wrote in the 1840s, his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians, the commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies, Textiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water greatly increased the output of a worker, the power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40. The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50, large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but they were not as great as in cotton. Steam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel, the adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses. The high pressure engine had a power to weight ratio. Steam power underwent an expansion after 1800. Iron making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron, using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces, resulting in economies of scale. The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 and it was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher furnace temperatures
35.
Right-wing politics
–
Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies. The term right-wing can generally refer to the conservative or reactionary section of a party or system. The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left, and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition, the use of the expression la droite became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists. The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right, from the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism. This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party, in the United States, the Right includes both economic and social conservatives. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right, in the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Ancien Régime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for a form of conservatism. Throughout the 19th century, the line dividing Left and Right in France was between supporters of the republic and supporters of the monarchy. In British politics, the right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War. The meaning of right-wing varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems, according to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political Right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, nationalists and, on the far Right, Roger Eatwell and Neal OSullivan divide the Right into five types, reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new. Chip Berlet argues that each of these styles of thought are responses to the left, including liberalism and socialism, the reactionary right looks toward the past and is aristocratic, religious and authoritarian. Often the moderate right promotes nationalism and social welfare policies, radical right is a term developed after World War II to describe groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that use has major typological problems and that the term has also been applied to clearly democratic developments. The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes, Eatwell argues that the extreme right has four traits, 1) anti-democracy, 2) nationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state. The New Right consists of the conservatives, who stress small government, free markets. Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far right, parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy, private property rights, and a limited welfare state. They support conservatism and economic liberalism, and oppose socialism and communism, typical examples of leaders to whom the far right label is often applied are Francisco Franco in Spain and Augusto Pinochet in Chile
36.
Conservatism
–
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
