The crank machine was a penal labour device used in England in the 19th century. It consisted of a hand-turned crank which forced four large cups or ladles through sand inside a drum, doing nothing us
Cell, with Prisoner at Crank-Labour, In the Surrey House of Correction, 1851, illustration from London Labour and the London Poor by Henry Mayhew
Crank machine model, from the Oxford Prison & Castle museum.
A crank is an arm attached at a right angle to a rotating shaft by which circular motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. When combined with a connecting rod, it can be used to convert circu
Crank machine
…The crank machine was a penal labour device used in England in the 19th century. It consisted of a hand-turned crank which forced four large cups or ladles through sand inside a drum, doing nothing useful. The prisoner would typically be forced to do 6,000–14,400…
Hand crank on a pencil sharpener
Tibetan operating a quern (1938). The upright handle of such rotary handmills, set at a distance from the centre of rotation, works as a crank.
Roman crank handle from Augusta Raurica, dated to the 2nd century AD