1.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Providence County, Rhode Island
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Providence County is a county located in the U. S. state of Rhode Island. As of the 2010 census, the population was 626,667 and it is home to the state capital of Providence. Providence County is included in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area, in 2010, the center of population of Rhode Island was located in Providence County, in the city of Cranston. Providence County was constituted on June 22,1703, as the County of Providence Plantations and it consisted of five towns, namely Providence, Warwick, Westerly, Kingstown, and Greenwich and encompassed territory in present-day Kent and Washington counties. Washington County was split off as Kings County in 1729, while Kent County was split off in 1750, County government in Rhode Island was abolished in 1842. Providence County, like other counties in Rhode Island, has no governmental functions, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 436 square miles, of which 410 square miles is land and 26 square miles is water. It is the largest of Rhode Islands five counties by land area, the Pawtuxet is dammed in the western part of the county to form the Scituate Reservoir, which supplies drinking water for Providence and surrounding communities. The highest natural point in the county and the state of Rhode Island is Jerimoth Hill at 812 feet, sea level is the lowest point. The population density was 1,504 people per square mile, there were 253,214 housing units at an average density of 613 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 78. 38% White,6. 55% Black or African American,0. 51% Native American,2. 90% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,8. 02% from other races, and 3. 58% from two or more races. 13. 39% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 0% were of Italian,10. 9% Irish,8. 1% French,7. 7% Portuguese,7. 2% French Canadian and 5. 8% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 72. 7% spoke English,13. 4% Spanish,4. 9% Portuguese,2. 5% French and 1. 6% Italian as their first language. 29. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.11. In the county, the population was out with 24. 00% under the age of 18,11. 10% from 18 to 24,29. 80% from 25 to 44,20. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 91.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $36,950, and the median income for a family was $46,694. Males had an income of $35,336 versus $26,322 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,255, about 11. 90% of families and 15. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 30% of those under age 18 and 12. 70% of those age 65 or over
3.
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
7.
Allan Fung
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Elected mayor in 2008, Fung became the first mayor of Chinese ancestry in Rhode Island. Fung previously served as a prosecutor and attorney on legislative. He lost the race in Rhode Island during 2014 to Gina Raimondo. Allan W. Fung, born on February 25,1970 at Providence Lying-In Hospital, Fung is the eldest of Kwong Wen and he earned a B. A. from Rhode Island College in 1992. He received a Juris Doctor law degree from Suffolk University Law School in 1995 and he received the Classical High School Distinguished Alumni Award in 2009. Prior to his municipal leadership career, from 1999 to 2001, Fung served as a prosecutor, acting as Special Assistant, Fung served from 2001 to 2009 as the government relations counsel for Metropolitan Life Insurance Company MetLife. In 2003, he was elected to the Cranston, RI City Council, in 2004, Fung was honored as a Rhode Island Bar Foundation Fellow. He is also a Providence Business News 40 Under Forty honoree, Fung was chairman of the Rhode Island Governor’s Insurance Council from 2005 to 2008. A Republican, he was elected Mayor in November 2008, beating Democrat Cynthia M. Fogarty by 63% to 37% and he is the first Chinese American elected as mayor in the state. He succeeded Michael Napolitano, who defeated him for the position in the 2006 election by 79 votes, Fung was re-elected in 2010 against Richard R. Tomlins by 76% to 24% and in 2012 against only write-in opponents by 97% to 3%. Fung is a member for the Republican National Committees Asian Pacific American Advisory Council. In November 2013, Fung announced his candidacy for Governor of Rhode Island in the 2014 election, on September 9,2014, Fung defeated Ken Block in the Republican primary, with a 55% majority. Soon thereafter, the Republican Governors Association President also endorsed him, Democrat Gina Raimondo would go on to win the election in a three-way split of votes. Fung won re-election to a term as Cranston mayor in November 2016. City of Cranstons website Allan Fung Mayoral campaign website Allan Fung gubernatorial campaign website
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
12.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
13.
Center of population
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In demographics, the center of population of a region is a geographical point that describes a centerpoint of the regions population. There are several different ways of defining such a point, leading to different geographical locations. A further complication is caused by the shape of the Earth. Different center points are obtained depending on whether the center is computed in three-dimensional space, or restricted to the curved surface, or computed using a flat map projection. The mean center, or centroid, is the point on which a rigid, weightless map would balance perfectly, mathematically, the centroid is the point to which the population has the smallest possible sum of squared distances. It is easily found by taking the mean of each coordinate. If defined in the space, the centroid of points on the Earths surface is actually inside the Earth. This point could then be projected back to the surface, alternatively, one could define the centroid directly on a flat map projection, this is, for example, the definition that the US Census Bureau uses. Contrary to a misconception, the centroid does not minimize the average distance to the population. That property belongs to the geometric median, the median center is the intersection of two perpendicular lines, each of which divides the population into two equal halves. Typically these two lines are chosen to be a parallel and a meridian, in that case, this center is easily found by taking separately the medians of the populations latitude and longitude coordinates. Tukey called this the cross median, the geometric median is the point to which the population has the smallest possible sum of distances. Because of this property, it is known as the point of minimum aggregate travel. Unfortunately, there is no direct closed-form expression for the geometric median, in practical computation, decisions are also made on the granularity of the population data, depending on population density patterns or other factors. For instance, the center of population of all the cities in a country may be different from the center of population of all the states in the same country, different methods may yield different results. Practical uses for finding the center of population include locating possible sites for forward capitals, such as Brasília, practical selection of a new site for a capital is a complex problem that depends also on population density patterns and transportation networks. It is important to use a method that does not depend on a projection when dealing with the entire world. As described in INED, the solution methodology deals only with the globe, as a result, the answer is independent of which map projection is used or where it is centered
14.
Providence metropolitan area
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The Providence metropolitan area is a region extending into eight counties in two states, and is the 39th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Anchored by the city of Providence, Rhode Island, it has an population of 1,622,520. The area covers almost all of Rhode Island,38 of the 39 municipalities in the state are included. The Providence Metropolitan Statistical Area also extends into southern Massachusetts with a population density of 2300 per mi². Its Gross Metropolitan Product is the countrys 42nd largest at $64.7 billion, in 2006, this area was officially added to the Boston Combined Statistical Area, the fifth-largest CSA in the country. 4% of transportation uses mass transit. There are commuter rail stations in Providence, South Attleboro, an extension of the commuter rail to T. F. Green airport in Warwick and Wickford Junction in North Kingstown, Rhode Island was completed in 2012, extensions to Fall River and New Bedford have also been planned. Amtrak provides regional service to the Providence and Kingston train stations as well. Rhode Island Public Transit Authority, which has its hub in downtown Providence manages local bus transit for the state, RIPTA operates 55 bus lines as well as Flex service and paratransit service. Ferry services link Block Island, Prudence Island, and Hog Island to the Rhode Island mainland, southeastern Regional Transit Authority provides local bus service in the Massachusetts locales of Fall River and New Bedford. Greater Attleboro Transit Authority serves the Attleboros and surrounding towns and it also provides connections to RIPTA in Pawtucket, R. I. The major airport is T. F. Green Airport in Warwick, the MBTA Providence/Stoughton Line passes through T. F. Green and connects the airport to Providence and Boston, offering additional airport flexibility in the Greater Boston Area, two interstates connect major population centers in the region,95, which runs diagonally across Rhode Island, and 195, which runs east from Providence into Massachusetts. The auxiliary interstate 295 provides a bypass around Providence, the Metro Area is marked by large populations of Irish-American, Italian-American, and French Canadians French-American throughout the region. The Irish form the largest group in Newport, and Washington Counties, the Italians in Kent, and southern Providence County. The French in northern and western Providence county, all groups however can be found throughout the region in large numbers. Also included are large concentrations of Lusophone populations across the region with the largest density being from East Providence to New Bedford. The two Bristol counties are the two counties in America where Portuguese-Americans form a plurality of the Population
15.
CQ Press
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Nelson Poynter, former journalist and owner of the St. Petersburg Times, and his wife Henrietta, founded Congressional Quarterly in 1945. Poynter’s vision for Congressional Quarterly was to make transparent the happenings within the government and Washington, Poynter established the Modern Media Institute, now known as the Poynter Institute, with the mission of promoting democracy through education to journalists and other media leaders. After Poynter’s death in 1978, the Institute received controlling stock of the St. Petersburg Times, in May 2008, CQ Press was purchased from Congressional Quarterly by SAGE Publications in its entirety. SAGE is a publisher of journals, books, and electronic media for academic, educational. A privately owned corporation, SAGE has offices in Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, CQ Press consistently ranks among the top commercial publishers in terms of quality, as evidenced by the numerous awards its products have won over the years. CQ Researcher, a print and online periodical covering todays most debated social and political issues, won the ABA Silver Gavel Award in 2002 for its series on liberty and justice. The Society of Professional Journalists honored the publication with a Sigma Delta Chi Award of Excellence in 2000 for a series on health care, the group has recently expanded its offerings to include works on public administration, international studies, journalism and mass communication. The CQ Press Reference Information Group publishes authoritative content designed for the library market and these publications provide great information focusing on U. S. government, world affairs, communication, political science, and business, with a growing focus on digital content. Included among the directories published is the CQ Press Staff Directories series, consisting of the Congressional Staff Directory, the Federal Staff Directory, and these publications contain authoritative and comprehensive contact information on the federal government. The Congressional Staff Directory has been published continuously since 1959, the Federal Staff Directory since 1982, each directory in the series features multiple print editions throughout the year and is complemented with Web-based daily updates. In 2011, the division introduced its latest product, First Street, First Street was built on the data that fuels the directories and takes it to the next level by showing relationships among policymakers in one easy-to-find place. CQ Press offers a breadth of online and print government directories and these publications have provided users authoritative and comprehensive contact information for the federal government for over fifty years. The directories are known around the Nation’s capital as “Red Books”. Congressional Staff Directory, With over 16,000 records, Congressional Staff Directory contains detailed entries for all U. S, senators and Representatives with expanded biographies, photographs, leadership positions, staff members, and full contact information. Judicial Staff Directory, This essential directory is the guide to move than 28,000 individuals in National Courts, the Federal Court, Bankruptcy Courts. Federal Collection, CQ Press’s Federal Collection gives access to Washington’s most trusted Directories, the collection includes Congressional, Federal, Judicial, and Homeland Security Staff Directories online. Worldwide Government Directory, The most up to date and comprehensive contact information for top government leaders across the globe, the directory contains information for countries’ defense ministries, key intergovernmental organizations, U. S. CQ Press is a trademark of Congressional Quarterly Inc
16.
Pawtuxet River
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The Pawtuxet River is a river in the U. S. state of Rhode Island. It flows 12.3 miles and drains a watershed of 231.6 square miles, there are four dams along the rivers length. The area around the river was occupied by members of the Patuxet tribe, in the native language, the word pawtuxet means little falls. In 1638, Roger Williams purchased the north of the Pawtuxet. In 1642, Samuel Gorton purchased the south of the river. The Pawtuxet River Valley played an important role in the development of the textile industry in New England during the 19th century. The river is formed by the confluence of North and South branches of the river at River Point village in West Warwick, from there the river continues roughly east, through West Warwick, Warwick and Cranston, emptying into the Providence River at Pawtuxet Village. The last three miles of the form the boundary between Cranston and Warwick. Below is a list of all crossings over the Pawtuxet River, the list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream, Three Ponds Brook and the Pocasset River are the Pawtuxet Rivers only named tributaries, though it has many unnamed streams that also feed it. The Pawtuxet River is impacted by cadmium, mercury, pathogens, low dissolved oxygen, the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management has issued new discharge permits to the three major municipal wastewater treatment plants that discharge to the River. However, the Pawtuxet River Authority and Watershed Council is working with state and federal partners to evaluate fish passage alternatives for the first dam on the Pawtuxet, the Pawtuxet Falls Dam. Fish passage at this dam will open up 7.5 miles of spawning habitat above the dam on the stem of the river. The Scituate Reservoir on the North Branch of the Pawtuxet River provides over 60% of the supply to the State of Rhode Island. This water is supplied to almost all the other basins in Rhode Island including the Blackstone River, Ten Mile River, Moshassuck River, Woonasquatucket River, Narragansett Bay and the Westport River. About 22% of the public supply withdrawn from the Pawtuxet basin is returned to the basin. Some of the water exported out of the basin for drinking water returns to the Pawtuxet River as wastewater, in October 2005 remnants of Tropical Storm Tammy produced torrential rains over New England.68 feet. On March 15 and March 16,2010, the Pawtuxet River reached a new record flood level after receiving over three inches of rain on the 13th and 14th. The river crested at 15.2 feet in the evening of March 15, the river crested at 20.8 feet in the morning of March 31
17.
Roger Williams
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Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence. He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and his father James Williams was a merchant tailor in Smithfield, his mother was Alice Pemberton. At an early age, Williams had a conversion of which his father disapproved. As a teen, Williams was apprenticed under Sir Edward Coke, under Cokes patronage, Williams was educated at Charterhouse and also at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He seemed to have a gift for languages and early acquired familiarity with Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Dutch, years later, Williams tutored John Milton in Dutch in exchange for refresher lessons in Hebrew. Williams took holy orders in the Church of England in connection with his studies, after graduating from Cambridge, Williams became the chaplain to Puritan gentleman Sir William Masham. Williams married Mary Barnard on December 15,1629 at the Church of High Laver, Essex and they ultimately had six children, all born in America, Mary, Freeborn, Providence, Mercy, Daniel, and Joseph. Williams knew that Puritan leaders planned to migrate to the New World and he did not join the first wave, but he decided before the year ended that he could not remain in England under Archbishop William Lauds rigorous administration. Williams regarded the Church of England as corrupt and false, by the time that he and his wife boarded the Lyon in early December, however, Williams declined the position on grounds that it was an unseparated church. In addition, Williams asserted that civil magistrates must not punish any sort of breach of the first table, and these three principles became central to Williams subsequent career, separatism, freedom of religion, and separation of state and church. As a separatist, Williams considered the Church of England irredeemably corrupt and his search for the true church eventually carried him out of Congregationalism, the Baptists, and any visible church. From 1639 forward, Williams waited for Christ to send a new apostle to reestablish the church, years later in 1802, Thomas Jefferson used the wall of separation phrase in a letter to the Danbury Baptist Association, echoing Roger Williams. Meanwhile, the Salem church was more inclined to Separatism. When the leaders in Boston learned of this, they vigorously protested, as the summer of 1631 ended, Williams moved to Plymouth colony where he was welcomed, and informally assisted the minister there. He regularly preached and, according to Governor Bradford, his teachings were well approved, after a time, Williams decided that the Plymouth church was not sufficiently separated from the Church of England. Furthermore, his contact with Native Americans had caused him to doubt the validity of the colonial charters, Governor Bradford later wrote that Williams fell into some strange opinions which caused some controversy between the church and him. In December 1632, Williams wrote a tract that openly condemned the Kings charters. He even charged that King James had uttered a lie in claiming that he was the first Christian monarch to have discovered the land
18.
Narragansett people
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The Narragansett tribe are an Algonquian Native American tribe from Rhode Island. For a long time, the tribe was nearly landless, but it worked to regain federal recognition and it is officially the Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island and re-established sovereignty. It is made up of descendants of members who were identified in an 1880 treaty with the state. In 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled against the Narragansett request that the Department of the Interior take land into trust which they had acquired in 1991. The Narragansett tribe was recognized by the government in 1983 and controls the Narragansett Indian Reservation,1,800 acres of trust lands in Charlestown. A small portion of the tribe resides on or near the reservation, additionally, they own several hundred acres in Westerly. In 1991, the Narragansetts purchased 31 acres in Charlestown for development of elderly housing, in 1998, they requested that the Department of the Interior take the property into trust on behalf of the tribe, to remove it from state and local control. The case went to the United States Supreme Court, as the state challenged the removal of new lands from state oversight by a recognized by the US after the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. Rhode Island was joined in its appeal by 21 other states and their determination was based on four words in the act, referring to its definition of Indian as all persons of Indian descent who are members of any recognized tribe now under federal jurisdiction. The tribe is led by a tribal council, a chief sachem, a medicine man. The entire tribal population must approve major decisions, the current administration is as follows, Chief Sachem, Matthew Thomas Medicine Man, John Brown First Councilman, Cassius Spears, Jr. Traditionally, the tribe spoke the Narragansett language, a member of the Algonquian languages family, the point referred to may be on the Salt Pond in Washington County, identified as RI Site 110. The language became almost entirely extinct during the Narragansetts centuries of living within the larger English-majority society, the tribe has begun language revival efforts, based on early 20th century books and manuscripts, and new teaching programs. The Narragansetts spoke a Y-dialect, similar enough to the N-dialects of the Massachusett, other Y-dialects include the Shinnecock and Pequot languages spoken historically by tribes on Long Island and in Connecticut, respectively. In the 17th century, Providence founder Roger Williams learned the tribes language and he documented it in his 1643 work A Key Into the Language of America. Williams gave the name as Nanhigganeuck. American English has absorbed a number of words from Narragansett and other closely related languages, such as Wampanoag. Such words include quahog, moose, papoose, powwow, squash, the Narragansett culture has existed in the region for centuries
19.
William Arnold (settler)
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William Arnold was one of the founding settlers of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and he and his sons were among the wealthiest people in the colony. He was raised and educated in England where he was the warden of St. Marys and he emigrated to New England with family and associates in 1635. He initially settled in Hingham in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and this separation from Providence lasted for 16 years, and Arnold was appointed to keep the peace as the head of the settlement. He died sometime during the turmoil of King Philips War in 1675 or 1676. William Arnold was born in Ilchester, Somerset, England on 24 June 1587 to Nicholas Arnold by his first wife Alice Gully. In about 1610, he married Christian Peak who was baptized 15 February 1584, the daughter of Thomas Peak of Muchelney, Somerset, Arnolds parents lived in the small village of Northover, located across the River Yeo from the town of Ilchester. His father was a tailor, and he evidently was prominent in his work and likely a member of the Tailors Guild, Arnolds mother Alice was the daughter of John Gully and his wife Alice of Northover. She died in 1596 shortly after childbirth when Arnold was eight years old, Joanne eventually married William Hopkins of Yeovilton and died at an early age in England. Her children Frances Man and Thomas Hopkins emigrated to New England with Arnold, Arnold and his siblings were likely educated at the Free Grammar School associated with the parish church in Limington, slightly more than a mile to the east of Ilchester. This ancient school is where Thomas Wolsey was the curate and schoolmaster from 1500 to 1509, Wolsey later became the Lord Cardinal and Primate of England. Only two records for Arnold are known to exist while he lived in England. The first of these was a transcript of baptisms, marriages, and burials that he signed in 1622 as the warden of St. Marys, the other record mentioning his name was the will of his father Nicholas Arnold, dated 18 January 1623. There is no record of Arnold between 1623 and his sailing to New England in 1635. Arnold was a man, he had to be able to read and write as the warden of his parish church. Unknown are his motives for emigrating from England or when he began planning to do so, the exact route of the travelers was not recorded, but a probable path was through Yeovil, Crewkerne, and Axminster to Exeter. From there, the party turned south along the Devonshire coast, traveling through Teignmouth. Fred Arnold provided a perspective of the group in 1921, as prepared to load their ship destined for the New World, While their eyes rested upon these last scenes in the home land. Were perhaps thinking more of the greens of Ilchester and Yeovil
20.
Gristmill
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A gristmill grinds grain into flour. The term can refer to both the mechanism and the building that holds it. The Greek geographer Strabo reports in his Geography a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king Mithradates VI Eupator at Cabira, Asia Minor, before 71 BC. The early mills had horizontal paddle wheels, an arrangement which became known as the Norse wheel. The paddle wheel was attached to a shaft which was, in turn, the turning force produced by the water on the paddles was transferred directly to the runner stone, causing it to grind against a stationary bed, a stone of a similar size and shape. This dependence on the volume and speed of flow of the water meant that the speed of rotation of the stone was highly variable. Vertical wheels were in use in the Roman Empire by the end of the first century BC, and these were described by Vitruvius. The peak of Roman technology is probably the Barbegal aqueduct and mill where water with a 19-metre fall drove sixteen water wheels, giving a grinding capacity estimated at 2.4 to 3.2 tonnes per hour. Water mills seem to have remained in use during the post-Roman period, from this time onward, water wheels began to be used for purposes other than grist milling. In England, the number of mills in operation followed population growth, limited extant examples of gristmills can be found in Europe from the High Middle Ages. An extant well-preserved waterwheel and gristmill on the Ebro River in Spain is associated with the Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, the Cistercians were known for their use of this technology in Western Europe in the period 1100 to 1350. Geared gristmills were built in the medieval Near East and North Africa. Gristmills in the Islamic world were powered by water and wind. The first wind-powered gristmills were built in the 9th and 10th centuries in what are now Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran, early mills were almost always built and supported by farming communities and the miller received the millers toll in lieu of wages. Most towns and villages had their own mill so that farmers could easily transport their grain there to be milled. These communities were dependent on their local mill as bread was a part of the diet. Classical mill designs are usually water powered, though some are powered by the wind or by livestock, in a watermill a sluice gate is opened to allow water to flow onto, or under, a water wheel to make it turn. In most watermills the water wheel was mounted vertically, i. e. edge-on, in the water, later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron turbines and these were sometimes refitted into the old wheel mills
21.
Benedict Arnold (governor)
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Benedict Arnold was president and then governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, serving for a total of 11 years in these roles. He was born and raised in the town of Ilchester, Somerset, England, likely attending school in Limington nearby. In 1635 at the age of 19, he accompanied his parents, siblings, and other members on a voyage from England to New England. In less than a year, they moved to Providence Plantation at the head of the Narragansett Bay at the request of Roger Williams. In about 1638, they moved again, about five miles south to the Pawtuxet River. Arnold learned the Indian languages at an age, and became one of the two leading interpreters in the Rhode Island colony, Roger Williams being the other. He was frequently called upon to interpret during negotiations with the Indians, in 1651, Arnold left Providence and Pawtuxet with his family, settling in Newport where he began his public service, which lasted continuously until his death. He quickly became a freeman, Commissioner, and Assistant, and in 1657 succeeded Roger Williams as president of the colony, Arnold was a bold and decisive leader. He was elected for two terms as governor, the last time following the devastation of King Philips War. He died on 19 June 1678 while still in office, and was buried in the Arnold Burying Ground, in his will, he left to his wife his stone built wind mill, which still stands as an important Newport landmark. Benedict Arnold was born 21 December 1615 in Ilchester, Somerset, England, all four of these localities lie within two miles of each other. Arnold was likely educated at the Free Grammar School associated with the church in Limington. This ancient school is where Thomas Wolsey was the curate and schoolmaster from 1500 to 1509, Wolsey later became the Lord Cardinal and Primate of England. At the age of 19, Arnold accompanied his parents and siblings aboard a ship destined for New England, the Arnolds gathered their baggage and supplies in the spring of 1635 and made the trip from Ilchester to Dartmouth on the coast of Devon. He wrote in a family record begun by his father, Memorandom my father and his family Sett Sayle from Dartmouth in Old England, arrived in New England June 24o Ano 1635. The name of the ship on which he sailed was not recorded and it is possible that Stukeley Westcott of Yeovil was also on the same ship with his family, including his daughter Damaris, aged 15, the future wife of Arnold. Upon their arrival in New England, the Arnolds joined a group of settlers from Hingham, Norfolk, England, the younger Arnold wrote in the family record, Memm. We came to Providence to Dwell the 20th of April,1636, Arnold received a house lot on what is now North Main Street in Providence, and his father was granted the second lot south of his
22.
Samuel Cranston
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Samuel Cranston was a governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations during the first quarter of the 18th century. He held office from 1698 to 1727, being elected to office 30 times, the son of former Rhode Island Governor John Cranston, he was born in Newport and lived there his entire life. Going to sea as a man, he was captured by pirates. Cranston had very little political experience when he was first elected as governor of the colony upon the resignation of Walter Clarke in March 1698. The issues that he dealt with during his first three years in office were so critical, that the existence of the Rhode Island colony was at stake. One of the issues of his early tenure was that of piracy. The crown wanted piracy stopped, while colonists were sympathetic to the pirates. Another ongoing issue was the boundary between the Rhode Island and Connecticut colonies. The Narragansett country was given to both colonies by their respective charters, creating many decades of friction, during Cranstons tenure as governor, the dispute was finally ended, entirely in Rhode Islands favor. The most formidable issue facing the colony began in 1698 with the arrvial of Lord Bellomont as Governor of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Bellomont took a dislike to the governance of Rhode Island, documenting numerous irregularities in the way it operated. Bellomont wanted the Rhode Island colony to be removed from its charter and he would likely have been successful in his quest, had he not died in 1701. His first wife was Mary Hart, a granddaughter of Roger Williams, Cranston is buried in the Common Burying Ground in Newport, and shares a large marker with his father. The son of former Rhode Island Governor John Cranston, Cranston was born in Newport in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and lived there his entire life. His mother was Mary Clarke, the daughter of an early colonial President, Jeremiah Clarke, the oldest of ten children, he was educated as a youth, and became a merchant as a young adult, with his trade being that of a goldsmith. In 1684, at the age of 24, Cranston became a freeman from Newport, bicknell relates an interesting personal experience Cranston had as a young man. After he was married, he went to sea and was captured by pirates, thinking he was dead, his wife arranged to marry a Mr. Russell of Boston. Cranston managed to gain his freedom and made his way back to Newport and he found his wife before the marriage ceremony, and the event was turned into a celebration for his return, with the groom-to-be surrendering his expected bride with good grace
23.
Rhode Island House of Representatives
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The Rhode Island House of Representatives is the lower house of the Rhode Island General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Rhode Island. It is composed of 75 members, elected to two terms from 75 districts of equal population. The Rhode Island General Assembly does not have term limits, the House meets at the Rhode Island State Capitol in Providence. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the leadership position. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses relative to their partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat is Nicholas A. Mattiello and he was elected as Speaker of the House by his House colleagues on March 25,2014. First elected in November 2006 to Represent District 15 in Cranston & he served as the House Majority Leader from February 2010 until becoming Speaker and he replaced former Speaker Gordon D. Fox of District 4, who was found to have stolen $108,000 in campaign contributions, the Speaker pro Tempore is Rep. Brian Patrick Kennedy. K. Joseph Shekarchi was elected by his fellow Democrats as the House Majority Leader on November 10,2016 and it is the second ranking position in the House Leadership after the Speaker. He has served the residents of District 23 in Warwick since being elected in November 2012, the Republican Minority Leader is Patricia Morgan of District 26. She was elected House Minority Leader, the highest ranking Republican in the House and this list is of members elected in November 2016, to serve in the 2017–18 biennium
24.
Intolerable Acts
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The Intolerable Acts were the American Patriots term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor in reaction to being taxed by the British, in Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts. The acts took away Massachusetts self-government and historic rights, triggering outrage and they were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775. The Patriots viewed the acts as a violation of the rights of Massachusetts. As tensions escalated, the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and the British Parliament slowly but steadily worsened after the end of the Seven Years War in 1763. The war had plunged the British government deep into debt, many colonists, however, had developed a different conception of the British Empire. Under the British Constitution, they argued, a British subjects property could not be taken from him without his consent. After the Townshend Acts, some colonial essayists took this line of thinking even further and this question of the extent of Parliaments sovereignty in the colonies was the issue underlying what became the American Revolution. On December 16,1773, a group of Patriot colonists associated with the Sons of Liberty destroyed several tons of tea in Boston, Massachusetts and this made British tea less expensive, which Parliament thought would be a welcome change in the colonies. In addition, there was added a small tax on which the colonists were not allowed to give their consent, again, Parliament taxed the colonists without their representation. News of the Boston Tea Party reached England in January 1774, Parliament responded by passing four laws. Three of the laws were intended to directly punish Massachusetts and this was for destruction of private property, to restore British authority in Massachusetts, and to otherwise reform colonial government in America. Whatever may be the consequences, we must risk something, if we do not, the Massachusetts Government Act provoked even more outrage than the Port Act because it unilaterally took away Massachusetts charter and brought it under control of the British government. Under the terms of the Government Act, almost all positions in the government were to be appointed by the governor, Parliament. The act also limited the activities of town meetings in Massachusetts to one meeting a year. Colonists outside Massachusetts feared that their governments could now also be changed by the legislative fiat of Parliament, george Washington called this the Murder Act because he believed that it allowed British officials to harass Americans and then escape justice. Many colonists believed the act was unnecessary because British soldiers had given a fair trial following the Boston Massacre in 1770. The Quartering Act applied to all of the colonies, and sought to create an effective method of housing British troops in America
25.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
26.
Edgewood (Cranston)
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Edgewood is located in eastern Cranston, Rhode Island. It borders Warwick to the southwest, Providence to the north, to the south it borders Pawtuxet Village. Edgewood is a neighborhood bordering Providences Washington Park. The area of Edgewood has several National Historic districts, one of the grandest is the Norwood Avenue Historic District. The neighborhood features broad, tree-lined streets, some of these trees were donated by philanthropist Alan Shawn Feinstein. The area is known for its large and beautiful Victorian homes. Edgewood is also home to Nationally recognized inns, Edgewood Manor Inn, Edgewood Yacht Club, Rhode Island Yacht Club, Port Edgewood, and the Pawtuxet Cove Marinas are all within the borders of Edgewood, Rhode Island
27.
Scituate, Rhode Island
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Scituate is a town in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 10,329 at the 2010 census, Scituate was first settled in 1710 by emigrants from Scituate, Massachusetts. The original spelling of the name was Satuit, a native Indian word meaning cold brook or cold river. The town was a part of Providence until 1731, scituates first town meeting was held at the Angell Tavern in South Scituate, with Stephen Hopkins elected as the first moderator and Joseph Brown as clerk. Stephen Hopkins later became a governor of Rhode Island and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and his brother, Esek Hopkins, was Commander in Chief of the Continental Navy beginning in 1776. In 1788 Scituate representative, militia general and Supreme Court Justice William West led an armed anti-federalist mob of farmers into Providence to protest the U. S. Constitution. In 1791 the U. S. Supreme Court decided its first case, West v. Barnes, foster was incorporated as a separate town in 1781, taking the western half of Scituate. In 1915, the Rhode Island General Assembly voted to take 14,800 acres of land in Scituate to create a reservoir to supply water to greater Providence. The hamlets of Kent, Richmond, Rockland, South Scituate, Ashland, Saundersville, Ponaganset and parts of North Scituate, Scituate has played an important role in many of the United States wars. During the Revolutionary War,76 cannons were forged at the Hope Furnace in the village of Hope in southern Scituate, during World War II, a Federal Communications Commission Radio Intelligence Division monitoring facility on Darby Road near Chopmist Hill intercepted German HF communications. Because of this, in 1946, the Chopmist Hill area was considered as a candidate for the location of the headquarters of the United Nations. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 54.8 square miles. One of the most prominent features of the town is the Scituate Reservoir, the large reservoir spans a large portion of Scituate and has forever changed the face of the town. During construction of the reservoir, numerous villages were flooded along the banks of the Pawtuxet River. Some foundations of the old structures are visible today during times of drought. The reservoir, and a portion of land surrounding it is owned and maintained by the Providence Water Supply Board. The main Scituate reservoir was formed by the construction of a dam across the Pawtuxet River at the village of Kent. The dam, principally of earth, is about 3,200 feet long and 100 feet high, Water storage in the reservoir began on November 10,1925
28.
Howard, Rhode Island
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Howard was originally a farming hamlet in the southern part of Cranston, Rhode Island. In the mid-19th century, most of the land was acquired by the State of Rhode Island to construct a state prison, a poor house, the Rhode Island State Prison, first built here in 1878, is a stark and imposing gothic structure built of granite block. Over the last several decades, numerous other buildings for incarcerated criminals. Today, Howard encompasses an area of almost one square mile and its numerous prison buildings house over 2,000 male and female prisoners as well as several hundred mental health patients. List of prisons in Rhode Island RI Historical Society Howard Prison records Rhode Island Department of Corrections
29.
Knightsville, Rhode Island
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Knightsville is an urban neighborhood in the city of Cranston, Rhode Island. Knightsville is named after local inn keeper and U. S, the Knights were descendants of early English emigrants who were some of the earliest settlers in the area. According to at least one source, Knightsville is known to residents as Monkeytown. This was a term used to describe the Irish population who lived in the area in the 19th century. Early town meetings in the 18th century were held in Caleb Arnolds tavern, Nehemiah Knights tavern, in 1843 Amasa Sprague, a textile entrepreneur, was beaten to death near what is now St. Ann Cemetery. His alleged murderer, John Gordon, was the last person executed in Rhode Island, by the turn of the 20th century, the city was home to various thriving businesses and industries, attracting large numbers of European immigrants. Many residents are now Italian-American, with many able to trace their lineage to Itri, the historic Knightsville Meetinghouse, built in 1807, was located within the village but demolished in December of 2015. It is held every July and attracts thousands of visitors, the actual feast day is July 21, and is celebrated the closest weekend to that date. Knightsville is home to churches, including St. Marys, St. Anns. The neighborhood also has a library, The Knightsville Branch. Knightsville is also the home of PFC Anthony J. Sivo, Anthony J. Sivo Park was built in his honor on November 11,1991. Cranston, Rhode Island Nehemiah Knight Knightsville Meeting House
30.
Oaklawn, Rhode Island
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Oak Lawn or Oaklawn is a historical village in southwest Cranston, Rhode Island. Prior to being named Oak Lawn in 1872 the area was known as Searles Corner, the Edward Searle House, built in 1677, and one of the oldest standing structures in Rhode Island, is located in Oak Lawn. The 1855 Herman Melville novel Israel Potter is based on the life, in the pre-colonial era the area was populated with bands of the Narragansett Indians known as the Meshanticut and Natick Indians. National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island Oaklawn history from City of Cranston website
31.
Pontiac, Rhode Island
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Pontiac is a historic village in Warwick, Rhode Island and Cranston, Rhode Island. Native Americans referred to the area as Papepieset or Toskiounke, after arriving in 1642, the early English settlers called the area Great Weir because fishing weirs were used to catch fish near the falls. After a bridge was constructed in the locality, the became known as the great bridge near the weir. After Senator John Hopkins Clarke purchased the rights, the region assumed the name of Clarksville. After purchasing the area, the Pontiac Manufacturing Company named the area Pontiac after Chief Pontiac a Northwestern Indian chief. Allegedly, Mr. Clark, while out in Michigan, saw the picture of the old chief, Pontiac, the name gradually became attached to the village after he left, though many continued to call it Arnolds Bridge. In 1863 Benjamin Knight and Robert Knight, two brothers, built the Pontiac Mills in the village, &c by Oliver Payson Fuller pg.259
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Johnston, Rhode Island
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Johnston is a town in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 28,769 at the 2010 census, Johnston is the site of the Clemence Irons House a stone-ender museum and the only landfill in Rhode Island. Incorporated on March 6,1759, Johnston was named for the attorney general. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 24.4 square miles. 23.7 square miles of it is land and 0.7 square miles is water, neighborhoods in Johnston, Thornton, Graniteville, Hughesdale, Morgan Mills, Manton, Simmonsville, Pocasset, West End, Belknap, and Frog City. The area was first settled by English settlers in the century as a farming community. In 1759 the town separated from Providence and was incorporated on March 6,1759. The first house of worship in Johnston opened when the Baptist Meeting House in Belknap was constructed in 1771, in 1790 the Belknap School, the first public school in the town, was founded. In 1791 the Providence and Norwich Turnpike was chartered, at the 2000 census, there were 28,195 people,11,197 households and 7,725 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,191.4 per square mile, there were 11,574 housing units at an average density of 489.1 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 89% of the population,26. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.02. Age distribution was 20. 9% under the age of 18,6. 3% from 18 to 24,30. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 9% from 45 to 64, the median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 88.2 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males. The median household income was $43,514, and the family income was $54,837. Males had an income of $40,210 versus $29,314 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,440, about 6. 8% of families and 8. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 0% of those under age 18 and 13. 6% of those age 65 or over. In 2000,46. 7% of Johnston residents identified themselves as being of Italian heritage and this was the highest percentage of Italian Americans of any municipality in the country
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Pawtuxet Village
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Pawtuxet Village is a section of the New England cities of Warwick and Cranston, Rhode Island. It is located at the point where the Pawtuxet River flows into the Providence River, in 1638, Rhode Island founder Roger Williams purchased the property extending south from Providence to the Pawtuxet River. Shortly thereafter his followers, William Arnold, William Harris, William Carpenter, meanwhile, Samuel Gorton, the founder of Warwick, purchased the land south of the Pawtuxet River. The Pawtuxet Village Historic District boasts dozens of preserved Colonial structures among its scenic blend of homes and it was here in 1772 where Rhode Island patriots took the first organized military action towards independence by attacking and burning the hated British revenue schooner, HMS Gaspée. The cities of Cranston and Warwick celebrate this historic role of Pawtuxet Village by playing host to the annual Gaspee Days Parade each June. During the early 19th century Christopher and William Rhodes formed the textile manufacturing firm which controlled the prosperity and it changed from a shipping port to a mill village with textile mills at either end of the Pawtuxet Falls. Pawtuxet shops and businesses of the 19th century may be seen on old advertising maps from about 1862-1870, in the late 19th century, the Rhodes family developed one of Rhode Islands top attractions, the famous Rhodes-on-the-Pawtuxet casino, dance hall, and canoe center. Trolley lines from Providence carried vast numbers to the Pawtuxet area for a day of family fun, area merchants prospered, and to this day, Pawtuxet Village remains a central focal point in the lives of the surrounding population. Elisha Hunt Rhodes, soldier of the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers and diarist of the Civil War The Experiment, a horse powered boat first tested here
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Cranston, Rhode Island
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Cranston, once known as Pawtuxet, is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. With a population of 80,529 at the 2010 census, the center of population of Rhode Island is located in Cranston. Cranston is a part of the Providence metropolitan area, Cranston was named one of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States by Money magazine in 2006. It is among the top 25 safest cities in the country, after losing much of its territory to neighboring towns and the city of Providence, Cranston itself became a city on 10 March 1910. Stephen Arnold, a brother-in-law of Rhodes and William Arnold, built a gristmill on the Pawtuxet falls, arnolds son, Benedict Arnold, became the first Governor of Rhode Island under the charter of 1663. After losing much of its territory to neighboring towns and the city of Providence over the nineteenth century, Cranston is located at 41°46′N 71°27′W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 29.9 square miles. It is roughly three percent of Rhode Islands total land mass, bain Middle School Park View Middle School The population was 80,529 at the 2010 census. As of the census of 2000, there were 79,269 people,30,954 households, the population density was 2,774.6 persons per square mile. There were 32,068 housing units at a density of 1,122.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 19% White,3. 69% African American,0. 30% Native American,3. 28% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 93% from other races, and 1. 57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 56% of the population,29. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the family size was 3.01. In the city the population was out with 21. 6% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,31. 5% from 25 to 44,22. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females of age 18 or over, there were 92.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $44,108, and the median income for a family was $55,241. Males had an income of $40,031 versus $28,279 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,978
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1790 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1790 was the first census of the whole United States. It recorded the population of the United States as of Census Day, August 2,1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws. In the first census, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within, there to remain for the inspection of all concerned. And that the amount of each description of persons for every district be transmitted to the president. Although the Census was proved statistically factual, based on data collected, almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since their original documentation. Under the direction of the current Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, marshals collected data from all thirteen states, the census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that states admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington expressed skepticism over the results, if there was indeed an undercount, possible explanations for it include dispersed population, poor transportation links, limitations of contemporary technology, and individual refusal to participate. Historic US Census data 1790 Census of Population and Housing official reports Population of 24 Urban Places,1790
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Itri, Italy
Cranston travel guide from Wikivoyage
