1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Gwen Stefani
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Gwen Renée Stefani is an American singer, songwriter, and fashion designer. During the bands hiatus, Stefani embarked on a pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was met both critical and commercial success. It spawned three successful singles, What You Waiting For. Rich Girl, and Hollaback Girl, the reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006 Stefani released her studio album The Sweet Escape. The album produced two singles, Wind It Up and the albums title track The Sweet Escape. Her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released in March 2016, Stefani has won three Grammy Awards. As a solo artist she has received accolades, including an American Music Award, Brit Award, World Music Award. In 2003, she debuted her clothing line L. A. M. B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, drawing inspiration from Japanese culture, Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls. She was married to British musician Gavin Rossdale from 2002 to 2015, Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000–09 decade. VH1 ranked her 13th on their 100 Greatest Women in Music list in 2012, including her work with No Doubt, Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Stefani was born on October 3,1969, in Fullerton, California and she was named after a stewardess in the 1968 novel Airport, and her middle name, Renée, comes from The Four Tops 1968 cover of The Left Bankes 1966 song Walk Away Renée. Her father, Dennis Stefani, is Italian American and worked as a Yamaha marketing executive and her mother, Patti, worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife. Gwens parents were fans of music and exposed her to music by artists like Bob Dylan. She has two siblings, Jill and Todd, and an older brother named Eric. Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons. Her brother Eric introduced Gwen to 2 Tone music by Madness and The Selecter and, in 1986, he invited her to provide vocals for No Doubt, finally, in 1991, the band was signed to Interscope Records
3.
Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
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Baby. is the debut solo studio album by American singer Gwen Stefani. It was released on November 12,2004, by Interscope Records, Stefani, who had previously released five albums as rock band No Doubts lead singer, began recording solo material in early 2003. Baby. as a project that would become a full album after No Doubt went on hiatus. Stefani co-wrote every song on the album, collaborating with songwriters and producers including André3000, Dallas Austin, Dr. Dre. Designed to sound like a 1980s record, Love, baby. was influenced by artists such as the Cure, Depeche Mode, Cyndi Lauper and Madonna. The album incorporates a range of genres, including electropop, dance-rock, new wave, R&B, hip hop, soul. Promotion of the album included the release of six commercially successful singles, while promoting, Stefani was often accompanied by back-up dancers called the Harajuku Girls. Baby. was met generally positive reviews from music critics. It debuted at five on the US Billboard 200, selling 309,000 copies in its first week. The album has received multi-platinum sales certifications in countries, and has sold over seven million copies worldwide. During her time with the band No Doubt, Stefani began making appearances on albums by artists, including Eve. In the production of its studio album, Rock Steady, No Doubt collaborated with Prince. While the band was on tour to promote the album, Stefani listened to Club Nouveaus 1987s single Why You Treat Me So Bad and considered recording material that modernized 1980s music. No Doubts bassist and her boyfriend, Tony Kanal, introduced her to music by Prince, Lisa and Cult Jam, and Debbie Deb. In 2003, Stefani began recording solo material and she stated she was considering recording singles to be used on soundtracks, continuing her collaborations or releasing an album under the pseudonym GS. Jimmy Iovine convinced Stefani to work on this album, on the second day of her sessions with Linda Perry, the two wrote a song about Stefanis writers block and fears about the solo album. This became the track What You Waiting For. which was released as the single for the album. When the two working on a song that Stefani stated was too personal, she left to visit Kanal
4.
Recording studio
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A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software
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Los Feliz, Los Angeles
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Los Feliz is a hillside neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California, abutting Hollywood and encompassing part of the Santa Monica Mountains. The neighborhood is named after its colonial Spanish-Mexican land grantee, José Vicente Feliz, according to the Mapping L. A. project of the Los Angeles Times, Los Feliz is part of Central Los Angeles. The 2000 U. S. census counted 35,238 residents in the 2. 61-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 13,512 people per square mile, in 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 36,933. The median age for residents was 36, older than in the city as a whole, the neighborhood was highly diverse ethnically. The breakdown was whites,57. 6%, Latinos,18. 7%, Asians,13. 5%, blacks,3. 7%, and others,6. 6%. Armenia and Mexico were the most common places of birth for the 44. 5% of the residents who were born abroad, a high ratio compared to the rest of Los Angeles. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $50,793, about the same as the rest of Los Angeles. The average household size of two people was low for the city of Los Angeles, renters occupied 75. 5% of the housing stock, and house or apartment owners the rest. The percentages of never-married men and never-married women were among the countys highest, the area north of Los Feliz Boulevard below Griffith Park is commonly referred to as the Los Feliz Hills. The Los Feliz Hills contain multimillion-dollar homes and have known for the large share of their inhabitants being involved in creative pursuits. With a mean income of $196,585, the hills are one of the wealthiest areas of Los Angeles. Long before the Spanish settlers arrived to settle near the banks of the Los Angeles River and it is estimated that the first Native Americans came to the area approximately 10,000 years ago. The Native Americans established villages, known as rancherias, throughout the countryside, one of these settlements was within the boundaries of what was to become Rancho Los Feliz. Archeological surveys have found evidence of a substantial rancheria that existed in the mouth of Fern Dell Canyon in Griffith Park, the traditional name of this village is not known, but the inhabitants were Gabrielinos. This name was given by the Spanish because of the Native Americans association with the San Gabriel Mission, when Gaspar de Portola traveled through the vicinity in 1769, his expedition encountered members of this village. The 6, 647-acre Rancho Los Feliz, one of the first land grants in California, was granted to Corporal José Vicente Feliz, an old adobe house built in the 1830s by his heirs still stands on Crystal Springs Drive in Griffith Park. Other sections of the rancho were developed and became the communities of Los Feliz, Rancho Los Feliz had a succession of owners after the Feliz family. One owner, Griffith J. Griffith, donated half of the ranch to the city of Los Angeles
6.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
7.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
8.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
9.
Tony Kanal
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Tony Ashwin Kanal is a British-American musician, record producer and songwriter. Kanal is the bassist for the American rock band No Doubt and his musical work outside of the band includes producing and songwriting with artists such as reggae singer Elan Atias and No Doubt bandmate Gwen Stefani, among others. Kanals father Gulab and his mother Lajwanti Lajju are from India and are Hindus and his parents emigrated from India to London, England, where Kanal was born. While most of his years were spent in London, Kanal and his family also spent brief periods living in Toronto, Canada. At age eleven, he was taken by his once again to the United States. There, his parents opened a store named Kanals Gifts and Fashion, Kanals father suggested that Kanal learn to play the saxophone since it was the formers favorite instrument, so he bought one for Kanal. Kanal later learned how to play the bass from his schoolmate Dave Carpenter, after seeing one of third wave ska band No Doubts early shows, he joined the band as its bassist. Kanal enrolled at California State University, Fullerton to major in psychology, in October 1991, No Doubt began recording with producer Dito Godwin. When Interscope Records began turning songs down, No Doubt did it on their own, over two years they recorded ten songs and released it independently. When No Doubt went on hiatus, Kanal began a career behind the mixing console, in 2004, Kanal produced three songs for the soundtrack to 50 First Dates. Also in 2004, Kanal produced and co-wrote three tracks on Gwen Stefanis first solo album Love, Kanal then produced Elan Atiass debut album, Together as One, which was released in June 2006. Kanal again worked with Gwen Stefani for her solo album The Sweet Escape. He has created several remixes, including ones of Stefanis Hollaback Girl, Kanal produced the song Rent for the ska punk band Peppers 2006 album No Shame. In 2008, he collaborated on two songs titled Sober and Funhouse with Pink for her album Funhouse and also sang back-up on Crystal Ball, in late 2009, Kanal co-wrote and played bass for a song of former Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatts debut solo album. Kanal also contributed on track seven of Weezers 2010 album Hurley and he received co-writing credit for the song Smart Girls. In 2010, Kanal co-wrote, produced, and performed bass on the track Kiss You Up, recorded by Barbadian artist Shontelle for her second album, No Gravity. With Stefani promoting her solo album, No Doubt began initial work on a new album without her. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum
10.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
11.
Luxurious
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Luxurious is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Written by Stefani and Tony Kanal, the contains a sample of The Isley Brothers 1983 song Between the Sheets. In addition to the Isley Brothers sample, the features use of keyboards, synthesizers. Luxurious is a contemporary R&B ballad whose lyrics describe the desire to be rich in love. The song also features Stefanis then-husband Gavin Rossdale who opens the song in French, the song was released as the albums fifth single in October 2005 along with a remix featuring rapper Slim Thug. A music video was released which featured Slim Thug, as well as the Harajuku Girls. The track received mixed reviews critics, who generally found it less impressive than the previous singles. It charted within the top 40 in several countries, but had mediocre success overall and was less popular than the singles from Love. Stefani had a breakdown from difficulties collaborating with many other artists and songwriters. Kanal had been working on a track, which later became Crash, however, the two were unable to write anything following that, because they had differing ideas of how the music should sound. Stefani commented that it was just frustrating and embarrassing to sit there, six months later, the two returned to work and came up with the beginnings of a song while working in Kanals bedroom. The two experimented with combining various melodies and including what Stefani referred to as this really kinda fast rappy part and this was the last song she and Kanal wrote together for the album. After Stefani and Kanal finished writing Luxurious, they visited record producer Nellee Hooper, who suggested a sample of The Isley Brothers 1983 song Between the Sheets. The song had previously been sampled in songs such as Da Brats Funkdafied, Jim Jones Summer wit Miami, The Notorious B. I. G. s Big Poppa. Stefani was reluctant to use the sample because it would mean losing some of the rights to the song. Nevertheless, she decided to use it because it sounded so amazing, Luxurious is an R&B ballad, whose instrumentation consists of keyboards and synthesizers. It is written in time in the key of A minor. The song uses a descending chord progression
12.
Wind It Up (Gwen Stefani song)
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Wind It Up is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. Originally written for inclusion on Stefanis Harajuku Lovers Tour, the song was recorded for her second solo studio album. The track contains an interpolation of The Sound of Music song The Lonely Goatherd, Wind It Up was negatively received by most music critics, who criticized the songs use of yodeling and found the track to be over the top. It was released as the lead single on October 31,2006. The accompanying music video, which became popular on stations such as Total Request Live, was directed by Sophie Muller, in July 2005, Stefani began writing and recording material with Pharrell Williams in Miami, Florida. During one of their sessions, they penned Wind It Up for a September 2005 fashion show revealing the 2006 collection of Stefanis fashion line L. A. M. B. Stefani asked DJ Jeremy Healy to create a mashup of the song and The Lonely Goatherd, Stefani considered The Sound of Music her favorite film, and she had wanted to incorporate a beat to one of its songs all her life. Stefani commented, I literally cried, and Im not exaggerating, Williams, however, did not like the addition of yodeling and The Sound of Music to the track. The lyrics are not narrative, and Stefani stated, A song like Wind It Up isnt about anything, in the song, Stefani discusses how boys watch girls dance. The song includes a reference to Stefanis fashion line, with Stefani going, Wind It Up received generally negative reviews by contemporary pop music critics. Entertainment Weeklys Michael Slezak found the bassline rubbery and criticized the song for lacking a melody as well as its reference to Stefanis own clothing line. Bill Lamb of About. com rated the song three and a half stars, giving it high marks for entertainment value, but commented that it sounded like a retread of Rich Girl from Stefanis debut album Love. Charles Merwin of Stylus Magazine was mixed on the track, writing that its preventing something far less interesting from getting played, john Murphy from musicOMH panned the track as just horrible, and possibly the worst start to an album this year. Spence D. from IGN characterized the song as a bugged out Sound Of Music bhangra blitz that sounds like part M. I. A. many criticized the inclusion of yodeling and The Lonely Goatherd sample. In a review for Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield called the track yodel-trocious, caroline Sullivan of The Guardian was pleased with the track, describing the yodeling as off-her-head, and referred to the track as a pinnacle of madness. IndieLondons Jack Foley noted Wind It Up as a highlight of The Sweet Escape and called it Stefanis gift that she can take something that, on paper, sounds cheesy and make it utterly, utterly cool. USA Todays Ken Barnes, however, found the track campy and an attempt at sexiness, adding that the combination of yodeling. In the face of criticism, Stefani has defended the track, I knew some people wouldnt get it, the people that did get it are Sound Of Music fans and really got a lot of pleasure from it
13.
No Doubt
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No Doubt is an American rock band from Anaheim, California, that formed in 1986. Since 1994, the group has consisted of vocalist Gwen Stefani, bassist and keyboardist Tony Kanal, guitarist and keyboardist Tom Dumont, since the mid-1990s in live performances and the studio, they have been supported by keyboardist and trombonist Gabrial McNair and keyboardist and trumpeter Stephen Bradley. The ska sound of their song Trapped in a Box that was featured on their first album No Doubt failed to make an impact. The Beacon Street Collection is a raw expression of their sound, inspired by ska punk, the album sold over 100,000 copies in 1995, over three times as many as their first album sold. Fifteen months later, the band reappeared with Rock Steady, which incorporated reggae, the album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer, Sly and Robbie, and Lady Saw. The album produced two Grammy-winning singles, Hey Baby and Underneath It All, as well as Hella Good, after a 2004 tour the band embarked on solo projects, with Stefani releasing two successful solo albums Love. Baby. and The Sweet Escape while Tom Dumont released his own music project. In 2008, the band resumed working slowly on their effort, titled Push and Shove. They have sold over 33 million records worldwide, Eric Stefani and John Spence met at a Dairy Queen and had talked about getting a group together to play music. Eric got a keyboard and gathered some players together to practice, the practice included Eric Stefani, Gwen Stefani, John Spence, Jerry McMahon, Chris Leal, Chris Webb, Gabriel Gonzalez & Alan Meade and Tony Meade. They practiced in Erics parents garage, Tony Kanal went to one of the bands early shows and soon joined the band as its bassist. After initially rejecting her advances, he began dating Gwen, but they kept their secret for a year. Paul Caseley also joined the band in 1987, Eric Carpenter joined the horn section soon after. In December 1987, Spence committed suicide days before the band was to play a gig at The Roxy Theatre for record industry employees. No Doubt disbanded but decided to regroup after several weeks with Alan Meade taking over vocals, when Meade left the band, Gwen replaced him as lead singer, and No Doubt continued to develop a live following in California. He joined No Doubt and replaced Jerry McMahon as the bands guitarist, Adrian Young replaced Chris Webb as the drummer the following year. Caseley left No Doubt in July 1989 for the US Navy Band, No Doubts self-titled debut album was finally released in 1992, but it featured no radio singles, although a video was made for Trapped in a Box. The albums distinctly upbeat pop/cartoon sound sharply contrasted with the then-dominant grunge movement, because the music worlds focus was redirected squarely at Seattle, No Doubts album was not supported by the record label and considered a commercial failure for selling only 30,000 copies
14.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
15.
Music journalism
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Music journalism is media criticism and reporting about popular music topics, including pop music, rock music, and related styles. Journalists began writing music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on what is now thought of as classical music. An influential English 19th-century music critic, for example, was James William Davison of The Times, the composer Hector Berlioz also wrote reviews and criticisms for the Paris press of the 1830s and 1840s. The 1840s could be considered a point, in that music critics after the 1840s generally were not also practicing musicians. However, counterexamples include Alfred Brendel, Charles Rosen, Paul Hindemith, in the early 1980s, a decline in the quantity of classical criticism began occurring when classical-music criticism visibly started to disappear from the media. Also of concern in classical music journalism was how American reviewers can write about ethnic and folk music from other than their own, such as Indian ragas. The performers be treated as human beings and their music be treated as human activity rather than a mystical or mysterious phenomenon, the review should show an understanding of the musics cultural backgrounds and intentions. A key finding in a 2005 study of journalism in America was that the profile of the average classical music critic is a white, 52-year old male. Demographics indicated that the group was 74% male, 92% white, davis, one of the most respected voices of the craft, said he had been forced out after 26 years. Music writers only started treating pop and rock music seriously in 1964 after the breakthrough of the Beatles, one of the early music magazines in Britain, Melody Maker, complained in 1967 about how newspapers and magazines are continually hammering pop music. Melody Maker magazine advocated the new forms of pop music of the late 1960s, by 1999, the quality press was regularly carrying reviews of popular music gigs and albums, which had a key role in keeping pop in the public eye. As more pop music critics began writing, this had the effect of legitimating pop as an art form, as a result, in the world of pop music criticism, there has tended to be a quick turnover. In the realm of music, as in that of classical music. Frank Zappa declared that, Most rock journalism is people who cant write, interviewing people who cant talk, in the 2000s, online music bloggers began to supplement, and to some degree displace, music journalists in print media. In 2006, Martin Edlund of the New York Sun criticized the trend, arguing that while the Internet has democratized music criticism, slate magazine writer Jody Rosen discussed the 2000s-era trends in pop music criticism in his article The Perils of Poptimism. Rosen noted that much of the debate is centered on a perception that rock critics regard rock as normative … the standard state of popular music … to which everything else is compared. At a 2006 pop critic conference, attendees discussed their guilty pop pleasures, reconsidering musicians and genres which rock critics have dismissed as lightweight. Rosen stated that this new paradigm is called popism — or, more evocatively
16.
Linda Perry
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Linda Perry is an American Grammy nominated rock singer-songwriter, and record producer. She first became known as the singer and primary songwriter of 4 Non Blondes and has since founded two record labels and composed and produced hit songs for several other artists. They include, Beautiful by Christina Aguilera, What You Waiting For. by Gwen Stefani, Perry has also contributed to albums by Adele, Alicia Keys, and Courtney Love, as well as signing and distributing James Blunt in the United States. Perry was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015, Perry was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. Growing up in an artistic and musical household, Perry displayed musical talent, despite struggling with kidney disease and then drug addiction, she still focused on music. Her mother is Brazilian and her father was Portuguese, in early 1986, at the age of 21, Perry moved to San Francisco. As a teenager in San Diego, she had pursued an interest in music, playing the guitar and her arrival in San Francisco would mark the beginning of a career in music, though not before waiting tables, working coat-check, and working at a pizzeria. In San Francisco, Perry lived in a small, windowless room, eventually, people began to recognize her as that chick with the big voice. After several years of playing locally and negotiating with various record companies, the album, featuring Perry as lead singer and dominated by her compositions, was an immediate success and spawned a hit single, the Perry-penned Whats Up. In February 1994, Perry had an appearance in Roger Daltreys production, album and video A Celebration, The Music of Pete Townshend. In 1994, a CD and a VHS video of the shows were issued with the songs Doctor Jimmy and Im Free, while in 1998 a DVD was released with the song Im Free only. In June 1994,4 Non Blondes guitarist Roger Rocha was replaced by Concrete Blonde member Jim Mankey, who had just played for Van Halens cover Im the One recorded as the theme from the movie Airheads. During sessions at Interscope studios in Los Angeles, the band struggled to come up with a followup to Bigger, the band recorded one last video, for a cover of Led Zeppelins Misty Mountain Hop with Dave Navarro on guitar. With the band in disarray and the recording contract unfulfilled, Interscope reluctantly allowed Perry to make a solo CD, dropping the rest of the band. Interscope insisted on choosing the albums producer, the team selected was Bill Bottrell and members of the Tuesday Night Music Club. Released in 1996, In Flight was moody, mellow and, at times, dark, the release received positive notices, but was a poor seller. Perry joined Red Fish, Blue Fish for her world tour, Perry also hosted the 1997 and 1998 Bammies. In 1997, Perry produced a film, Pink as the Day She Was Born, featuring cameos by Les Claypool of Primus and she also launched her own record label, Rockstar Records, for the primary purpose of releasing a CD of band Stone Fox
17.
What You Waiting For?
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What You Waiting For. is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Written by Stefani and Linda Perry, the song is the opening track and was released as Stefanis debut solo single. Details Stefanis lack of inspiration, fear of producing the album and it is primarily an electropop song and introduces Stefanis four back-up dancers, the Harajuku Girls, who had a major input into the albums production. What You Waiting For. was released as the lead single, according to Stefani. The song was received by critics, and was frequently cited as a highlight of the album. The single was successful, topping the chart in Australia. It was certified gold in the United States, and was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 47th Grammy Awards, the song has been remixed a number of times, and was covered by the indie rock band Franz Ferdinand and singer Marina and the Diamonds. During the night of the 2003 Grammy Awards, Perry forced Stefani into a chokehold, Stefani was exhausted by the recently completed tour, and shortly afterwards suffered an emotional breakdown, which she spent in bed crying. During their first day of work, the two wrote a song titled Fine by You, which Stefani later described as a love song. Perry remarked that the song wasnt right, and the track was excluded from the album, the session was unproductive, due in part to Stefanis self-consciousness and writers block, and she at one stage broke down in tears in the studio. Stefani has since admitted that writing songs without her band members felt humiliating and intimidating even if theyre sweet and excited and that night, Perry began work on another track, which she played for Stefani the next day to motivate her. Stefani was impressed with the track, and Perry asked her, according to Perry, Stefani took the question as a dare, replying, Youre totally challenging me, right. The two began writing lyrics for the new wave-styled song based on Stefanis writers block and fears about making a solo record, Stefani came up with the idea of the Harajuku Girls while writing the song. Stefani first saw the women of Harajuku, known for their unique style drawing from Gothic Lolita and cyberpunk fashion and she decided to mention them in the line You Harajuku Girls, damn you got some wicked style, and the concept grew into a running theme on Love. Which went as far as to one song named after. Combines the genres of electropop, new wave, dance-rock, and funk and it is written in verse-chorus form, and its instrumentation derives from the guitar and electronic keyboard. The song opens with a piano solo as a tribute to Stefanis time with No Doubt. The verse begins at only 60 beats per minute and gradually slows, a beat set at 138 BPM begins, and Stefani repeats the phrase tick-tock, commonly interpreted as a reference to her maternal clock and the pressures she felt about producing the album
18.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
19.
Salt-N-Pepa
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Salt-N-Pepa is an American hip hop trio from Queens, New York. The group, consisting of Cheryl James, Sandra Denton and originally Latoya Hanson and they won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. The group entered the industry at a time when hip hop music was believed to be a fad. Many early hip hop artists recorded for independent labels, originally calling themselves Super Nature, James and Denton debuted in 1985 with the single The Showstopper, an answer record to Doug E. Freshs hit single The Show. The Showstopper was produced by Hurby Azor, the song utilized a melody from the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds. The finished recording garnered some airplay on a New York City rap radio program, the independent Pop Art Records gave it an official release, and The Showstopper became a modest R&B hit. Salt-N-Pepa made their impact on hip-hop by being one of the first all-female rap groups, with lots of concerns about sexist lyrics and video clips that objectified womens bodies in hip hop music, many feminists disliked rap and hip-hop music because of its bad portrayal of women. However, Salt-N-Pepa changed the look of hip hop and they were scantily clad in sexy clothing and were not afraid to talk about sex and their thoughts about men. Their song Lets Talk About Sex was a huge hit, with the success of Showstopper, the groups name was changed to Salt-N-Pepa and they signed to the independent Next Plateau Records to record a full-length album. Roper then joined the group as the DJ, replacing DJ Latoya Hanson as Spinderella, the album was produced by Hurby Azor, Salts boyfriend at the time and also the groups manager. Years later, the women would have issues with Azor as they accused him of paying unfair royalties. Hot, Cool & Vicious provided some moderate R&B hits with the singles My Mic Sound Nice, Tramp, but when San Francisco DJ and producer Cameron Paul created a remix to Push It, the B-side of the Tramp single, it gave the group their first major hit. Push It became a single in the United States, and a hit in several other countries. The album ultimately sold 1.4 million copies worldwide, Salt-N-Pepas next album release, 1988s A Salt with a Deadly Pepa, contained the Top Ten R&B hit Shake Your Thang, featuring the go-go band E. U. A top 20 R&B hit and a pop hit were seen in Get Up Everybody and Twist and Shout, respectively, with Twist and Shout becoming a major hit in the UK. The album sold about 800,000 copies worldwide with roughly 600,000 of those in the US, the groups third album Blacks Magic was released in March 1990, and was a personal album for the trio on many fronts. Pepa would become the first group member to become pregnant, Azor would produce some songs on the album. As he was producing other acts, he agreed to let the work with different producers to finish the album
20.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
21.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
22.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
23.
Cartoon
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A cartoon is a type of two-dimensional illustration. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist, the concept originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, in the 21st century, cartoons could be published on the Internet. A cartoon is a drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days. Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or pounced over the cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster. Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed with the eye by the weavers on the loom. In modern print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations and this usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster, Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher, many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon. The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes names like Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti, Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as magazine gag cartoonists and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompson is noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration, the sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester Chet Browns All in Sport. Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites, although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels, editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are daily in newspapers worldwide. In the United States, they are not commonly called cartoons themselves, nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as cartoonists
24.
Dotdash
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About. com is an American Internet-based network of content that publishes articles and videos about various subjects on its topic sites, of which there are nearly 1,000. It is operated by About, Inc, the website competes with other online resource sites and encyclopedias. By March 2014,61,428,000 unique visitors were registered by comScore for About. com, making it the 16th-most-visited online property during that month. As of August 2012, About. com is the property of IAC, owner of Ask. com and numerous other online brands, and its revenue is generated by advertising. Founded in 1996 as The Mining Company, the site was launched on April 21,1997 by Scott Kurnit, owner of General Internet, Bill Day, and a group of other entrepreneurs in New York City. The original goal was to maintain 1,800 topic areas, but after five years of operation, the company changed its name to About Inc. and the website address from miningco. com to about. com in May 1999. The company was acquired by Primedia, Inc. in 2000 through a deal valued at US$690 million, whereby Primedia swapped 45.2 million shares for About, at the time of the acquisition announcement, About Inc. Following the purchase, which was finalized in the first quarter of 2001, in February 2005, The New York Times Company announced it was buying About. com, a purchase that was completed in the first half of the year for US$410 million. Google and Yahoo were reportedly among the other bidders, following the Times Co. acquisition, Peter C. Horan was appointed as About Inc. s president and CEO, in March 2007, About. coms patronage was measured at 33.5 million unique visitors. On May 7,2007, About Inc. acquired ConsumerSearch. com, initially conceived of in January 2007, About. coms first fully owned foreign venture, the China-based Abang. com, debuted in December 2007. At the time of the launch, the company had a Japan-based online entity, Allabout. co. jp, the About Group generated US$102.7 million in 2007, which represented a 135-percent increase from the time of the Times Co. acquisition. Meyer stepped down from the executive role in March 2008 and was replaced by Cella Irvine. Martin Nisenholtz, SVP of digital operations, temporarily replaced Irvine following her departure in May 2011, in July 2011, Darline Jean was named CEO of the About Group, after the companys second-quarter revenues totaled US$27.8 million. Jean previously served as Abouts chief financial officer and her new appointment became effective on September 1,2011, a media report published in August 2012 indicated that Answers. com had reached a preliminary agreement to acquire About. com for US$270 million. However, on August 26, Barry Dillers IAC announced that it would acquire About. com instead for US$300 million in cash. A source for the TechCrunch publication later confirmed that Answers. coms offer was valued at US$270 million. In the corresponding press release, IAC explained that the acquisition will help bolster and accompany its existing properties, Jean fulfilled her role as chief executive during the transition period, while ownership was transferred to IAC, and then left About shortly after the sale was finalized
25.
Vehicle audio
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Vehicle audio is equipment installed in a car or other vehicle to provide in-car entertainment and information for the vehicle occupants. Until the 1950s it consisted of a simple AM radio, additions since then have included FM radio, CD players, navigation systems, Bluetooth telephone integration, and smartphone controllers like CarPlay and Android Auto. Once controlled from the dashboard with a few buttons, they can now be controlled by steering wheel controls and it is also used to create fake engine noise. For the 2015 Ford Mustang EcoBoost, an Active Noise Control system was developed that amplifies the sound through the car speakers. A similar system is used in the F-150 pickup truck, volkswagen uses a Soundaktor, a special speaker to play sounds in cars such as the Golf GTi and Beetle Turbo. BMW plays a sample of its motors through the car speakers, using a different samples according to the engine’s load. Around 1920, vacuum tube technology had matured to the point where the availability of receivers made radio broadcasting viable. A technical challenge was that the tubes in the radio receivers required 50 to 250 volt direct current. Voltage was stepped up with a vibrator that provided a pulsating DC which could be converted to a higher voltage with a transformer, rectified, in 1930, the American Galvin Manufacturing Corporation marketed a Motorola branded radio receiver for $130. It was expensive, the contemporary Ford Model A cost $540, a Plymouth sedan, wired for Philco Transistone radio without extra cost, is advertised in Ladies Home Journal in 1931. In 1932 in Germany the Blaupunkt AS5 medium wave and longwave radio was marketed for 465 Reichsmark, because it took nearly 10 litres of space, it could not be located near the driver, and was operated via a steering wheel remote control. In 1933 Crossley Motors offer a factory fitted car radio, by the late 1930s, push button AM radios were considered a standard feature. In 1946 there were an estimated 9 million AM car radios in use, an FM receiver was offered by Blaupunkt in 1952. In 1953, Becker introduced the AM/FM Becker Mexico with a Variometer tuner, in April 1955, the Chrysler Corporation had announced that it was offering a Mopar model 914HR branded Philco all transistor car radio, as a $150 option for its 1956 Chrysler and Imperial car models. In 1963 Becker introduced the Monte Carlo, a solid state radio. In 1964 Philips launched the Compact Cassette, and in 1965 Ford, in subsequent years cassettes supplanted the 8-track, and improved with longer play times, better tape quality, auto-reverse, and Dolby noise reduction. They were popular throughout the 1970s and 80s, while the CD had been on the market since 1982, it was in 1984 that Pioneer introduced the CDX-1, the worlds first car CD player. It was known for its sound quality, instant track skipping
26.
Yahoo! Music
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Music, owned by Yahoo. is the provider of a variety of music services, including Internet radio, music videos, news, artist information, and original programming. Accounts can gain access to hundreds of thousands of songs sorted by artist, album, song, Yahoo Music began as LAUNCH, a website and magazine produced by LAUNCH Media which Yahoo acquired for US$12 million in 2001. LAUNCH was later rebranded as Yahoo Music, then simply Y, lAUNCHs LAUNCHcast Internet radio and music video offerings were integrated into Yahoos site along with artist profiles containing an extensive selection of music and biographical information. Yahoo Music was the number one online music site in terms of audience reach, as of June 2008, Yahoo Musics old website is inactive and redirecting to the new website at new. music. yahoo. co. Sometime in early 2013, Yahoo Music has deleted its entire database of artists, however, music videos continue to be accessible. As of late 2015, all of Yahoo, Musics previous URLs have been redirected to its new URL. Music Radio and LAUNCHcast Plus Internet radio Yahoo, Music Unlimited subscription streaming and download service In 2001, Yahoo purchased LAUNCH Media, makers of the LAUNCHcast Internet radio service. On September 14,2004, Yahoo purchased Musicmatch, Inc. makers of the Musicmatch Jukebox software, as of Musicmatch 10.1, Yahoo has rebranded Musicmatch Jukebox as Yahoo Music Musicmatch Jukebox, and integrated it with the Yahoo Music Engine store. The main difference is the branding and physical program, in 2008, Yahoo announced that Yahoo Music Unlimited will be merged into Rhapsody. This merge was completed with the shutdown of Yahoo Music Unlimited on September 30,2008, in 2011, Yahoo Music became the main CBS Radio player, with AOL Radio switching to Slacker Radio. Yahoo Music provides officially licensed lyrics, local stations are limited to affiliates within iHeartRadios platform. Customization is limited to favorite artist or song, however, it can be built using the Thumbs Up/Down rating tool. No play-on-demand, playback, rewind, or fast-forward, commercial interruptions every hour or half-hour on live stations. A maximum of six skips per hour per customized station, refreshing or reloading the player, as well as changing the station, will use a skip. Banner ads, which cannot be blocked, as of 2012, there is no premium service to remove skip limits or ads. Listeners are limited to Low/Medium audio quality, on pre-programmed stations, listeners are allowed 5 skips an hour. Overall, listeners are allowed so many songs per listening month, local stations are limited to affiliates of CBS Radio. No direct customization, although rating songs influences the songs played, songs cannot be banned entirely, although a one-star rating will have it played very rarely
27.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
28.
Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)
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Push It is a song by the group Salt-n-Pepa. It was released as the B-side of the Tramp single in 1987, the song has also been certified Platinum by the RIAA. The song is ranked #446 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and was ranked #9 on VH1s 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop, the original version of Push It was first released as the B-side to the 12 single Tramp in 1987. The corresponding 7 single contained a Mixx-It remix by San Francisco DJ and producer Cameron Paul and it advanced into the Billboard Top 40 the week of December 26,1987, eventually reaching its peak of #19 the week of February 20,1988. It also ties with Lets Talk About Sex as the groups highest-charting UK hit, the original 1986 editions of the album Hot, Cool & Vicious did not contain Push It. When the Cameron Paul remix of Push It became a radio hit, the album ultimately sold 1.3 million copies worldwide. The song quotes a line from You Really Got Me by The Kinks, with the girl replaced with boy, Boy. The whispered Push it is sampled from a 1977 recording called Keep on Pushin by the band Coal Kitchen, the music video for Push It features a concert performance of the song, along with DJ Spinderella and Hurby Luv Bug Azor on keyboards and backing vocals. Covered by eurodance band Solid Base on Express in 1999, Covered by René Dif as Let It All Out in 2002 Covered by British singer Harry in 2003 for a Rimmel commercial. Covered by Crunk&B trio Taurus in their song Taurus Here which also served as a tribute to Salt-N-Pepa, Covered by Australian Sophie Monk in 2007 for a push up bras promotion. Covered by Death metal band Ten Masked Men on the album Return of the Ten Masked Men, in 2008, on their Tangled Up Tour, the girl group Girls Aloud performed the song. Covered by the Bud Band in Budweisers UK adverts in 2008, Covered in the episode Showmance of Glee by the Glee cast. Remixed with The Stooges No Fun by Belgian group 2 Many DJs, Remixed by American group, The Diplomats. Sampled and remixed for Tauruss Taurus Here, used as an excerpt for New Kids on the Blocks Step by Step on their Live tour. Sampled for Timbalands The Way I Are, destinys Childs Nasty Girl interpolates the melody of Push It. Sampled in 2003 for Let It All Out, the first solo single of René Dif, quoted in Missy Elliotts Dont Be Cruel on This Is Not a Test. Sampled for a 2007 McDonalds commercial, Sampled by the Gorillaz in the song Kids with Guns. Sampled for the main bassline Push The Ghosts a 2007 single, Sampled by Solomon on his mixtape Rhyting Rhymes Vol.1
29.
PopMatters
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PopMatters is an international online magazine of cultural criticism that covers many aspects of popular culture. PopMatters was founded by Sarah Zupko, who had established the cultural studies academic resource site PopCultures. PopMatters launched in the fall of 1999 as a site providing original essays, reviews. Over time, the site went from a publication schedule to a five-day-a-week magazine format, expanding into regular reviews, features. In the fall of 2005, monthly readership exceeded one million, from 2006 onward, PopMatters produced several syndicated newspaper columns for McClatchy-Tribune News Service. As of 2009, there are four different pop culture related columns each week, the PopMatters Book Imprint published Joss Whedon, The Complete Companion, edited by Mary Money, with Titan Books in May 2012. PopMatters publishes content from contributors located around the globe, based in six continents and its staff includes writers from various backgrounds, ranging from academics and professional journalists to career professionals and first time writers. Many of its writers are published authorities in various fields of study, notable former contributors include David Weigel, political reporter for Slate, Steven Hyden, staff writer for Grantland and author of Whatever Happened To Alternative Nation. And Rob Horning, executive editor of The New Inquiry, karen Zarker is the senior editor
30.
Harajuku Girls
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The Harajuku Girls are four Japanese and Japanese American backup dancers featured in stage shows and music videos for Gwen Stefani during her solo pop/dance-record career. The women also act as an entourage at Stefanis public appearances, the Harajuku Girls are Maya Chino, Jennifer Kita, Rino Nakasone and Mayuko Kitayama. The name of the group is a reference to Harajuku, a neighborhood of Tokyo, the stage names of the women are derived from Stefanis Love. Which was the name of her first album as well as her clothing brand, the series Kuu Kuu Harajuku follows the girls, known together as HJ5, as they fight evil and try to pursue their music career. The Harajuku Girls were originally hired in 2004 as backup dancers for Gwen Stefanis Love, the Harajuku Girls continued to appear alongside Stefani, and were featured in the music videos for What You Waiting For. Rich Girl, Hollaback Girl, Luxurious, Crash, Wind It Up, The Sweet Escape, Gwen appeared on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, and introduced the dancers as her imaginary friends. Three of the dancers would later appear in No Doubts 2012 video Settle Down, Maya Chino grew up in Tokyo. She started out doing ballet when she was three years old and also tap danced, before dancing with Gwen Stefani, she was a backup dancer for South Korean singer BoA. She is now living in LA, and teaching Hip Hop lessons to kids at an academy called HORIPRO Music Academy, also one of the Head Instructor/Choreographer for HMAs HIPHOP Team RIZE. Jennifer Kita, is a Japanese-American from Torrance, California, after graduating from South High School, Jennifer moved to San Diego and studied hip-hop at Mesa College. She later joined the dance troupe Culture Shock San Diego, where she performed for two years, then joined the hip hop entertainment company Urban FX, where she danced for a year, Rino Nakasone, born June 11,1979, grew up in Okinawa. She became interested in dance after watching music videos by Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson, at the age of nineteen, she went to Los Angeles to study dance. She later taught dance at a performing arts centers, and joined a dance group Beat Freaks. She most recently appeared in the new dance multimedia production Siren Assassins as Queen Jade and she was formerly married to Lee-J Razalan, the manager of Beat Freaks and a fellow dancer. And Hoot, Super Juniors No Other, fs Chu~♥, NU ABO, Gangsta Boy and Hot Summer, Mayuko Kitayama, born February 14,1984, grew up in Osaka. She eventually moved to New York, where she practiced in several dancing studios, during 2004, she appeared as one of the back up dancers for Britney Spearss Onyx Hotel Tour. Asian-American entertainer and comedian Margaret Cho criticized Stefani and the group for reinforcing negative stereotypes of Asian women, Nakasone responded that Stefani was inspired by the Japanese fashion culture and felt honored to have been in the group. In an interview in the January/February 2006 edition of Blender magazine, writer Mihi Ahn of Salon. com said of Stefanis Harajuku Girls, Stefani has taken the idea of Japanese street fashion and turned these women into modern-day geisha
31.
Breakdancing
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B-boying or breaking, also called breakdancing, is a style of street dance that originated primarily among Puerto Rican and African American youths during the mid-1970s in the Bronx. The dance spread worldwide due to popularity in the media, especially in such as Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, South Korea. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the dance, b-boying consists of four kinds of movement, toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes. B-boying is typically danced to hip-hop, funk music, and especially breakbeats, although modern trends allow for much wider varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo, a practitioner of this dance is called a b-boy, b-girl, or breaker. Although the term breakdance is frequently used to refer to the dance in culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. These terms are preferred by the majority of the pioneers and most notable practitioners, instead of the term b-boying, the mainstream media promoted the artform as breakdancing, causing many to only know it as such. Enthusiasts consider breakdancing an ignorant and derogatory term due to the exploitation of the artform. The media displayed a simplified version of the dance, making it seem like the so-called “tricks” were everything, ultimately trading the culture for money and promotion. The dance itself is properly called breaking according to such as KRS-One, Talib Kweli, Mos Def. The terms b-boy, b-girl, and breaker are the terms used to describe the dancers who performed to DJ Kool Hercs breakbeats. DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican-American DJ who is responsible for developing the foundational aspects of hip-hop music, the obvious connection of the term breaking is to the word breakbeat. DJ Kool Herc has commented that the term breaking was 1970s slang for getting excited, most breaking pioneers and practitioners prefer the terms b-boy, b-girl, and/or breaker when referring to these dancers. For those immersed in culture, the term breakdancer may be used to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture. B-boy London of the New York City Breakers and filmmaker Michael Holman refer to these dancers as breakers, frosty Freeze of the Rock Steady Crew says, we were known as b-boys, and hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa says, b-boys, what you call break boys. Or b-girls, what you call break girls, many elements of b-boying can be seen in other antecedent cultures prior to the 1970s. B-boy pioneers Richard Crazy Legs Colon and Kenneth Ken Swift Gabbert, many of b-boyings acrobatic moves, such as the flare, show clear connections to gymnastics. The engraving shows a man apparently B-boying. The dance was called the Giesse Harad Polska or salmon district dance, a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins was recorded by Thomas Edison in 1898
32.
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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Fort Lauderdale /ˌfɔərt ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ is a city in the U. S. state of Florida,28 miles north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average temperature of 75.5 °F and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, the district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012, greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants,63 golf courses,12 shopping malls,16 museums,132 nightclubs,278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts. Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War, the forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale, younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort, however, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the New River Settlement before the 20th century, in the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6,1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children. The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, the fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County, Fort Lauderdales first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob, a group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery
33.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
34.
Mainstream Top 40
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Mainstream Top 40 is a 40-song music chart published weekly by Billboard Magazine which ranks the most popular songs being played on a panel of Top 40 radio stations in the United States. The rankings are based on radio airplay detections as measured by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, arbitron refers to the format as contemporary hit radio. The chart debuted in Billboard Magazine in its issued date October 3,1992, both Top 40 charts measured actual monitored airplay from data compiled by Broadcast Data Systems. Both charts were born of then-new BDS electronic monitoring technology as a more objective and this data was also used as the airplay component for Hot 100 tabulations. They returned to the print edition in the August 2,2003, songs on the chart are ranked by the total number of spins detected per week. Songs which gain plays or remain flat from the week will receive a bullet. A song will also receive a bullet if its loss in plays does not exceed the percentage of monitored station downtime for the format. If two songs are tied in total plays, the song with the increase in plays is placed first. Since the introduction of the chart until 2005, songs below No.20 were moved to recurrent after 26 weeks on the chart, in the chart week of December 3,2005, songs below No.20 were moved to recurrent after 20 weeks on the chart. Since the issue dated December 4,2010, songs older than 20 weeks on the chart are moved to recurrent after they drop below No.15 and this chart was often mistaken for and confused with the now discontinued Pop 100 Airplay chart. 12, Mariah Carey - Dreamlover, Taylor Swift - Shake It Off No,13, Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar - Bad Blood No. 14, Lady Gaga - Born This Way, Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z - Suit & Tie No,16, Madonna - Frozen, Britney Spears - Hold It Against Me No. I. The panel is regularly updated, with stations being added or removed sometimes even weekly, as of 2011, Britney Spears holds the record for the longest span between No. 1s at 12 years, seven months and four days between her first No.1 and her latest, katy Perrys Teenage Dream is the first and only album to have 6 singles top the chart. JoJo at age 13, became the youngest solo artist to have a single on the chart with Leave. Three acts have replaced themselves at No,1, Mariah Carey, OutKast and Iggy Azalea - with Azalea being the only one to do so with her first two chart entries. com BDS Top 40/CHR chart
35.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
36.
Tracksuit
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A tracksuit is an article of clothing consisting of two parts, trousers and a jacket usually with front zipper. It was originally intended for use in sports, mainly as what athletes wore over competition clothing, in modern times, it has become commonly worn in other contexts. The tracksuit was one of the earliest uses of synthetic fibers in sportswear, a descendant of the tracksuit, the shell suit, which arrived in the late 1980s, was popular with the hip hop and breakdancing scene of the era. They were manufactured from a mix of cellulose triacetate and polyester making them shiny on the outside, most tracksuits have a mesh interior which allows the user to wear them without any undergarment such as underwear. This is much like a bathing suit, many people wear it for physical exercise sessions. A sauna suit is a form of tracksuit made of a waterproof fabric such as coated nylon or PVC that is designed to make the wearer sweat profusely. Sauna suits are used for temporary weight loss. In almost all cases, sports teams will wear these garments using a fabric that matches their official team, school, the bottoms of tracksuits are also known as sweatpants. Tracksuits have come in and out of fashion over several decades, the first decade to feature tracksuits as sportswear that was acceptable to wear outside of the gym was the 1970s. Most likely the trend was influenced by the emergence of Bruce Lee as a popular movie celebrity, tracksuits first became popular around 1975, made out of cotton, polyester, terry cloth, or a mix. In the late 1970s velour became popular, so much so that it became the most used form of fabric on a tracksuit, the trend of wearing athletic clothing continued into the early 1980s. Tracksuits were eventually replaced by shellsuits, which were out of nylon. This trend was short-lived, lasting only a few years, in the late 1990s, tracksuits made a comeback in mainstream fashion for both men and women. They returned to the fabrics of the 1970s, most notably polyester, the return of tracksuits can largely be credited to music, most notably Rapper Jay Z and Spice Girl Sporty Spice. The trend continued into the 2000s, where velour made a comeback, by the likes of Juicy Couture and this continued for most of the decade. Tracksuits went out of fashion in the late 2000s, and have not been popular as street-wear since, since 2006, prominent fashion designers have been asked to design tracksuits for the athletes of various Olympic teams, usually all the athletes representing one country. For example, designer Ralph Lauren created the USA uniforms for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games opening ceremony, the tracksuit has also historically been linked to organized crime syndicates in many parts of the world including the United States and Western and Eastern Europe. This has often been glamorized on television such as The Sopranos, Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and Brotherhood, as well as movies including Goodfellas, The Departed
37.
Harajuku Lovers Tour
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The Harajuku Lovers Tour was the first solo concert tour of American recording artist Gwen Stefani. The tour began through October to November 2005, to support of her studio album Love. The Harajuku Lovers Tour consisted of one leg, which encompassed a three-month-long series of performances that visited cities throughout the United States. Stefani recruited hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas, rapper M. I. A. the tour produced varying responses from contemporary critics, who despite praising Stefanis vocals, were critical of other aspects of the show such as its musical material. According to Billboard, the tour grossed $22 million from 37 concerts, Stefani announced a tour to support her first solo studio album Love. Baby. on June 27,2005, giving details of sixteen dates from October 16 to November 10, the group, who were backing their album Monkey Business, ended up touring with Stefani until November 14. Toured with Stefani, backing her album Arular, until December 1, Stefani initially did not intend to tour to support the album, responding What tour. to a question from MTV News in December 2004 regarding a possible tour. I didnt want to tour, I was too tired, then you guys kept buying the record, in a September interview with MTV News, Stefani said of the tour, Im looking forward to it, its going to be unbelievable. I would love to try to roll a little bit of Orange County Girl in there, I dont even know how long the show can be right now. Stefani opened the show with the song Harajuku Girls, an ode to Harajuku and she appeared on stage wearing a tiara and baby doll outfit, sitting in the red velvet and gold throne from the cover of Love. Baby. and surrounded by her dancers, also called the Harajuku Girls. Her second song was the first single from the album, What You Waiting For. which she began as a ballad before bringing it up to its usual pace. Stefani and the Harajuku Girls then left the stage to change into bathing suits while her band continued to play. A group of four breakdancers came on stage to perform while Stefani left the again to change into a black-and-white leather tracksuit. Stefani then performed the single from the album, Luxurious. Stefani changed outfits again into a pair of hot pants to perform Rich Girl. Wind It Up was performed with a vibe and Orange County Girl was accompanied by a video montage of childhood photos of Stefani. She changed into a silver sequinned cocktail dress for the single from her first album
