1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
3.
Zagreb Airport
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Franjo Tuđman Airport, also known as Zagreb Airport, is the largest and busiest international airport in Croatia, commonly referred to as Pleso. It handled 2,776,087 passengers in 2016, named after Franjo Tuđman, the first President of Croatia, the airport is located some 10 km south-east of Zagreb Central Station at Velika Gorica. It is the hub for the Croatian flag carrier Croatia Airlines as well as Trade Air, a base of the Croatian Air Force and Air Defence is located within the airport complex, in barracks called Colonel Marko Živković. Also, there is a centre of the Croatian Air Traffic Control. The airport was awarded to the ZAIC consortium in a 30-year concession under the terms of a signed by the Government of Croatia with the aforementioned. The contract includes financing, designing and the construction of a new passenger terminal, for the purpose of managing the airport ZAIC registered a company MZLZ d. d. that is now the operator of the Airport. The history of Zagreb civil aviation begins in 1909 when the first airfield was built close to the city neighbourhood of Črnomerec. Following Word War II commercial services were moved to a military airbase near the village of Lučko south-west of the city in 1947. JAT Yugoslav Airlines took the role of Aeroput and made Zagreb its second hub, at its peak in 1959 Lučko served 167,000 passengers. The current location of the airport at Pleso in the south-east of Lučko opened in 1962 with a 2,500 m long runway and 1,000 m2 terminal, by 1966 Zagreb Airport got a new 5,000 m2 state-of-the-art passenger terminal. The runway capacity was lengthened to its current 3,252 m in 1974, in the 1980s Zagreb Airport was the second largest in Yugoslavia by passenger and aircraft movements. Following an increase in numbers and the necessity to upgrade its infrastructure the airport installed a CAT-IIIb instrument landing system in 2004. In 2008 a new VIP terminal was added and the terminal extended for extra amenities, restaurants, the terminal was expanded to 15,500 m2 By 2010 the old terminal has been nearing its maximum annual capacity. That year the terminal received a major face lift in the course of which a viewing platform with a bar was added. On 12 April 2012, consortium ZAIC received a 30-year concession of the airport from the Government of Croatia, the concession includes financing, designing and constructing a new passenger terminal. It has an annual capacity of 5.5 million passengers in the first phase and was officially completed in October 2016. The official inauguration of the terminal began on 28 March 2017, ZAIC now operates the entire airport for 30 years including the runways, the current passenger terminal, the cargo terminal, car parks and future property developments. The current terminal building was opened to the public on 28 March 2017, furthermore, the apron has three remote stands next to the terminal, while stands at the old passenger building are also to be used if the need arises
4.
Focus city
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In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
5.
Dubrovnik Airport
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Dubrovnik Airport, also referred to as Čilipi Airport, is the international airport of Dubrovnik, Croatia. The airport is located approximately 15.5 km from Dubrovnik city centre and it was the third busiest airport in Croatia in 2016 after Zagreb Airport and Split Airport in terms of passenger throughput and has the countrys longest runway. The airport is a destination for leisure flights during the European summer holiday season. The city was served by the Gruda Airfield which opened for commercial traffic in 1936 and was in use only during the summer months. The domestic airline Aeroput linked Dubrovnik with Belgrade first in 1936, during 1987, the busiest year in Yugoslav aviation, the airport handled 835,818 passengers on international flights and a further 586,742 on domestic services. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the airport surpassed the one-million passenger mark in 2005, today, Dubrovnik boasts the most modern passenger terminal in the country. A new terminal is being planned in place of the old building, constructed in 1962. The price tag of the amounts to seventy million euros and is to be financed out of a loan from the European Bank for Reconstruction. In May 2010 a new terminal opened stretching over 13,700 square metres and it has the capacity to handle two million passengers per year. Further expansion is planned for completion in 2019, a new 24,181 square metres terminal with four jet bridges is under construction, the new terminal will have a projected annual capacity of 3.5 million passengers. Future airport plans call for a commercial zone and a large four-star airport hotel, and long-term plans call for a new runway. Đurovića špilja is a pit cave located under the taxiway of Dubrovnik airport, there is also a wine cellar located inside the cave. Media related to Dubrovnik Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website
6.
Split Airport
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Split Airport, also known as Resnik Airport, is the international airport serving the city of Split, Croatia. It is located 24 km from Split, on the west side of Kaštela Bay, in the town of Kaštela, in 2016, the airport was the second busiest in Croatia after Zagreb Airport handling 2,289,987 passengers that year. It is an important hub for Croatia Airlines offering flights to European cities, such as Athens, Frankfurt, London and it is a major destination for leisure flights during the European summer holiday season. The current airport was opened on 25 November 1966, the apron had dimensions of only 200 x 112 m and 6 parking positions with a planned capacity of 150,000 passengers. In 1968 passenger numbers stood already at 150,737, in 1967, the apron was extended for the first time to accommodate 10 aircraft. A new larger building was built and opened in 1979 to accommodate traffic for a major sporting event held in Split in September. The largest pre-war passenger numbers were achieved in 1987, totalling 1,151,580 passengers and 7,873 landings, in 1991 the passenger figures dropped almost to zero, as the war in the former Yugoslavia broke out. In the years followed, most of the traffic were NATO and UN cargo planes, such as the C-5 Galaxy, MD-11, Boeing 747. After 1995 the civilian traffic figures began rising again, and finally in 2007 surpassed the 1987 record, in 2005, the terminal got a major facelift, adding one more gate, the glass facade, as well as the steel/fabric palms illuminated by multi-colour LEDs. The busiest time in the airport is during the season, as the city of Split is a major tourist destination. Saturdays are the busiest days of the week, with more than 200 airplane operations and 25,000 passengers, since the beginning of the 21st century the summer peaks activity called for an expansion of the airport s capacity. In the year of 2017, major works will be start at Split. When all of the expansion is done, Resnik will have a new terminal, parking area, after that, in the years after 2020, new taxiways are planned to be built to increase runway capacity. The new apron was constructed in 2011 with the capacity slightly over the old one but with better security conditions. The cost of investment was €13 million, and it included 34,000 m2 of new parking space for the aircraft. The lower level houses warehouses, workshops, offices and other objects that support the new 35,000 m2. Expansion of Split Airport is happening in 3 phases, media related to Split airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airport information for LDSP at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006
7.
Miles & More
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Miles & More is the largest traveler loyalty program in Europe with 25 million members as of March 2014. It offers rewards to passengers of the Star Alliance travelling on certain types of tickets, the program was launched by Lufthansa in 1993 and is used by 13 European airlines. The programme enables its members to earn and redeem frequent flyer miles on all of the fully integrated airlines, customers are able to build status, which gives them access to certain privileges. Miles & More is free of charge and these are miles that can be collected in the account of a member and be used to buy flights, upgrades, merchandise from the Lufthansa WorldShop and other Miles & More partners. For standard Miles & More members they retain validity for 36 months, for Frequent Travellers, Senators and HON Circle Card holders, the miles have no expiration date. However, as soon as a customer does not hold any of these cards anymore, for Miles & More Credit Card holders issued in several countries, miles have no expiration date as long as the card is held and/or used. After the credit card expires, the expiry date of the miles is reinstated. Status miles can only be earned when flying on the fully integrated partner airlines or on Star Alliance members, there is no other way to earn these miles. In addition, status miles expire at the end of calendar year. They are used to identify the frequent flyers and members that are able to qualify for a status on the basis of the status miles that they have collected in one year. HON Circle miles can only be earned when flying in business or first class on the fully integrated partner airlines and they are necessary to attain the top-tier status on Miles & More – HON Circle. Until April 1,2006 it was possible to collect this type of mile on United Airlines. HON-miles have to be accumulated within two calendar years, only Senators with an account balance of more than 300,000 status miles over two years, and existing HON Circle members, can see these miles on their account statement. HON Circle qualifying miles balance is also visible to Frequent Traveller, the miles that a member receives after having completed a flight depend on the Airline issuing ticket, mileage flown, the class of service and the booking class. Tables show the number of miles earned with Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, the number of miles earned with other airlines can be calculated using the Mileage Calculator available at the Miles & More website. These mileages apply for flights operated by Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, there is the possibility to earn 10,000 miles on all flights operated by the Lufthansa Private Jet. Lufthansa always has a number of promotions, most lasting for 1–2 months only and they include double mileage on new routes, extra miles for using electronic check-in and alike. Some of the promotions are restricted to residents of certain countries, there are other ways to collect award miles when not travelling
8.
Airline alliance
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An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries and this branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in RPK, followed by SkyTeam with 20. 4% and Oneworld with 17. 8%, benefits can consist of, An extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks, cost reduction from sharing of, sales offices maintenance facilities operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in, investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. Traveler benefits can include, lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, more departure times to choose from on a given route. Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers, a wider range of airport lounges shared with alliance members faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as, less frequent flights, for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline, E. g. flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The ability of an airline to join an alliance may be restricted by laws, competition law issues must also be considered in some countries. The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil, the first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. Normally landing rights are granted for a number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, in return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the barriers and lack of antitrust immunity. The Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999, in 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines. Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin would join one of the existing alliances, in December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. On February 14,2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name, US Airways participation in the Star Alliance lapsed
9.
Star Alliance
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Star Alliance is one of the worlds largest global airline alliances. Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Mark Schwab and its headquarters is in Frankfurt am Main, as of 7 August 2016, Star Alliance is the second largest global alliance by passenger count with 641.1 million, after SkyTeam and ahead of Oneworld. Its slogan is The Way The Earth Connects, the alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals, on 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, Lufthansa, and United Airlines. The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million, the airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, The Airline Network for Earth, with its goal an alliance that will take passengers to major city on earth. The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined the Star Alliance network on 22 October 1997, also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific. With the addition of the two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was All Nippon Airways, the groups second Asian airline, during the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance, the Austrian Airlines Group joined on 26 March 2000 and Singapore Airlines on 1 April. BMI and Mexicana Airlines joined on 1 July, bringing the membership to 13. The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances, during the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it. That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member, in 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team, the partnerships executive body. In September 2001, Ansett Australia left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy and that year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht. Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003, Spanair on 1 May, around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld. US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004, becoming its second US-based airline, in November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members. Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, TAP Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network. In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliances sixth European airline, by May 2007, Star Alliances 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007, and the two Chinese airlines Air China and Shanghai Airlines joined on 12 December
10.
Zagreb
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Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of Croatia. It is located in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m above sea level. In the last official census of 2011 the population of the City of Zagreb was 792,875, the wider Zagreb metropolitan area includes the City of Zagreb and the separate Zagreb County bringing the total metropolitan area population up to 1,237,887. It is the biggest metropolitan area in Croatia, and the one with a population of over one million. Zagreb is a city with a history dating from the Roman times to the present day. The oldest settlement located in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, the name Zagreb is recorded in 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a royal town in 1242. In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor, Janko Kamauf, and in 1945 it was made the capital of Croatia when the demographic boom, the city extends over 30 kilometres east-west and around 20 kilometres north-south. The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions, Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies, and almost all government ministries. Almost all of the largest Croatian companies, media, and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city and it is a city known for its diverse economy, high quality of living, museums, sporting, and entertainment events. Its main branches of economy are high-tech industries and the service sector, the etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used of the city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb dioecese since the 12th century. The name is first recorded in a charter by Ostrogon archbishop Felician, dated 1134, the older form of the name is Zagrab, the modern Croatian form Zagreb is first recorded in a 1689 map by Nicolas Sanson. An even older form is reflected in Hungarian Zabrag, for this, Desy proposes the etymology of Chabrag, a well-attested hypocorism of the name Cyprian. The same form is reflected in a number of Hungarian toponyms, the name Agram was used in German in the Habsburg period, this name has been classified as probably of Roman origin but according to Desy it could be an Austrian German reanalysis of *Zugram. In Middle Latin and Modern Latin, Zagreb is known as Agranum, in Croatian folk etymology, the name of the city has been derived from either the verb za-grab-, meaning to scoop or to dig. One folk legend illustrating this derivation ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, in another legend, a city governor is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to scoop water from Manduševac well, using the imperative, zagrabi, Mando. The oldest settlement located near todays Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, now Šćitarjevo, Gradec and Kaptol were united in 1851 by ban Josip Jelačić, who was credited for this, with the naming the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square in his honour
11.
Croatia
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Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
12.
Flag carrier
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The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the flag of the country of their registry. A flag carrier may also be known as an airline or a national carrier. The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered. U. S. law requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws. Article 3 of Tokyo Convention declares that The State of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses, the American definition of U. S. -flag air carrier service contained in 48 CFR47. 403-1. is based on this first definition. The U. S. requirements under the Fly America Act, are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code would protect U. S. government employees on flights to foreign countries. The second and more broadly used definition of flag carrier is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies, governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned, Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers as they were the national airline. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israels El Al or Lebanons Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons, or to aid the countrys economy, in many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, in the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve routes with the result that there is no single flag carrier. The chart below lists airlines considered to be a carrier, based on current or former state ownership. International Air Transport Association US Maritime Administration
13.
Zadar Airport
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Zadar Airport is the international airport serving Zadar, Croatia. It is located in Zemunik Donji 8 km from the centre of Zadar, as early as 1936, Zadar had regular commercial flights provided by Ala Littoria. Zadar Airport was one of the few airports in the world where the taxiway crossed a public road, the road was closed on 7 April 2010 due to the terms negotiated with the European Union during Croatian accession negotiations. The airport served as a base for Lufthansas flight school InterCockpit and it still serves as a Croatian Air Force main training base. Media related to Zadar airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airport information for LDZD at World Aero Data, Data current as of October 2006
14.
McDonnell Douglas MD-80
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The McDonnell Douglas MD-80 is a series of twin-engine, short- to medium-range, single-aisle commercial jet airliners. It was lengthened and updated from the DC-9 and this series can seat from 130 to 172 passengers depending on variant and seating configuration. The MD-80 series was introduced into service on October 10,1980 by Swissair. The series includes the MD-81, MD-82, MD-83, MD-87 and these all have the same fuselage length except the shortened MD-87. The series was followed into service in modified form by the MD-90 in 1995, Douglas Aircraft developed the DC-9 in the 1960s as a short-range companion to their larger DC-8. The DC-9 was a design, using two rear fuselage-mounted turbofan engines, and a T-tail. The DC-9 has a fuselage design with five-abreast seating, and holds 80 to 135 passengers depending on seating arrangement. The development of MD-80 series began in the 1970s as a lengthened, growth version of the DC-9-50, with a higher maximum take-off weight and a higher fuel capacity. Availability of newer versions of the Pratt & Whitney JT8D engine with higher bypass ratios drove early studies including designs known as Series 55, Series 50, the design effort focused on the Series 55 in August 1977. With the projected entry into service in 1980, the design was marketed as the DC-9 Series 80, Swissair launched the Series 80 in October 1977 with an order for 15 plus an option for five. The MD-80 is a mid-size, medium-range airliner, the series featured a fuselage 14 ft 3 in longer than the DC-9-50. The DC-9s wing design was enlarged by adding sections at the wing root, the initial Series 80 first flew October 19,1979. It was certified as a version of the DC-9 and it was the second generation of the DC-9, originally called the DC-9-80 and the DC-9 Super 80. The design was the generation of the DC-9 with two rear fuselage-mounted turbofan engines, small, highly efficient wings, and a T-tail. The aircraft has distinctive five-abreast seating in the coach class, the aircraft series was designed for frequent, short-haul flights for 130 to 172 passengers depending on plane version and seating arrangement. The MD-80 series aircraft also have longer fuselages than their earlier DC-9 counterparts, some customers, such as American Airlines, still refer to the planes in fleet documentation as Super 80. This model is still flown extensively by American Airlines and Delta Air Lines, comparable airliners to the MD-80 series include the Boeing 737-400 and Airbus A320. The first MD-80, DC-9 line number 909, made its first flight on October 19,1979, the flight-testing leading up to certification had involved three aircraft accumulating a total of 1,085 flying hours on 795 flights
15.
Cessna 402
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The Cessna 401 and 402 are series of 6 to 10 seat, light twin, piston engine aircraft. This line was manufactured by Cessna from 1966 to 1985 under the name Utiliner and Businessliner, All seats are easily removable so that the aircraft can be used in an all-cargo configuration. Neither the Cessna 401 nor the 402 were pressurized, nor were they particularly fast for the installed horsepower, instead, Cessna intended them to be inexpensive to purchase and operate. The Cessna 401 and 402 were developments of the Cessna 411, All 401s and 402s are powered by 300 hp turbocharged Continental engines with three-bladed, constant speed, fully feathering propellers. On later models cruise power was limited to 75% to reduce cabin noise, some aircraft have a propeller synchrophaser to reduce cabin noise and vibration. The Cessna 401s, 402s, 402As and some 402Bs built from 1966 to 1971 had four small oval windows, All 402Bs were equipped with tip-tanks. In 1969, American Jet Industries began work on a conversion of the Cessna 402, named the Turbo Star 402. The prototype flew on 10 June 1970, further modifications providing increased fuel tankage, higher gross weight, and lower minimum control speed were carried out in 1974 and the modification was recertificated. Scenic Airlines of Las Vegas purchased the rights to the design in 1977, the Cessna 402C may be outfitted with vortex generators to increase maximum allowable takeoff weight to 7,210 lb, with a zero-fuel weight of 6,750 lb. Another modification for the 402C increases the landing weight to 7,200 lb. This family of aircraft was built in several versions,401 Six to eight seat interior, the replacement for the 401 in the corporate transport role was the 402 Businessliner variant. 401A A401 with minor changes,132 built, 401B A 401A with minor changes,91 built later replaced by the 402B. 402 A401 with either a utility or nine-seat commuter use, 402A A402 with a baggage compartment in lengthened nose and an optional crew entry door,129 built. 402B Utiliner/Businessliner 402A with minor changes, from 1972 had increased cabin volume, certified 12 November 1969. Utiliner version has a ten-seat interior intended for commuter airline operations. Businessliner version has a six to eight-seat interior with executive seating intended for corporate transport, 402C Utiliner/Businessliner 402B with 325 hp engines, increased takeoff weight, longer wingspan without main tip tanks and hydraulic instead of electric landing gear,681 built. The Cessna 402 has proven to be dependable over the years. The aircraft are flown on short, thin routes to hubs where passengers can connect to higher density routes. The largest operator of the type is Cape Air, which as of March 2015 has a fleet of over 83 Cessna 402s operating in the Caribbean, the main cause of the crash was determined to be loading the plane beyond its maximum takeoff weight
16.
United Parcel Service
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United Parcel Service, Inc. is the worlds largest package delivery company and a provider of supply chain management solutions. The global logistics company is headquartered in the city of Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States, UPS delivers more than 15 million packages per day to more than 7.9 million customers in more than 220 countries and territories around the world. UPS is known for its trademark brown delivery trucks and uniforms, UPS also operates its own airline and air cargo delivery service based in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. On August 28,1907, James Casey founded the American Messenger Company with Claude Ryan in Seattle, Washington, most deliveries at this time were made on foot and bicycles were used for longer trips. The American Messenger Company focused primarily on package delivery to stores with special delivery mail delivered for its largest client the United States Postal Service. In 1913 the company acquired a Model T Ford as its first delivery vehicle, Casey and Ryan merged with a competitor, Evert McCabe, and formed Merchants Parcel Delivery. Consolidated delivery was introduced, combining packages addressed to a certain neighborhood onto one delivery vehicle. In 1916 Charlie Soderstrom joined Merchants Parcel Delivery bringing in more vehicles for the growing delivery business, in 1919 the company expanded for the first time outside of Seattle to Oakland, California and changed its name to United Parcel Service. Common carrier service was acquired in 1922 from a company in Los Angeles, UPS became one of the only companies in the United States to offer common carrier service. At first common carrier was only limited to an area around Los Angeles. In 1924 a conveyor system was debuted for the handling of packages for UPS operations. In 1930, a service began in New York City, and soon after in other major cities in the East. The use of common carrier for delivery between all customers placed UPS in direct competition with the United States Postal Service and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The common carrier service was applied to all cities in cities where UPS could use the service without the authority of the ICC, the first city for UPS to use common carrier outside of Los Angeles was Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Air service through UPS was first used in 1929 through private airlines, however, The Great Depression and a lack of volume ended the air service. In 1953 UPS resumed air service called UPS Blue Label Air with two-day service to cities along the East Coast and West Coast. In 1975, UPS moved its headquarters to Greenwich, Connecticut, the expanded operations to all 48 states made UPS the first package delivery company to serve every address in the Continental United States. UPS went international in 1975 establishing operations in Canada and in 1976 operations were established in Germany, on February 28, UPS Ltd. began operations in Toronto, Ontario
17.
Adria Airways
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Adria Airways d. d. formerly Inex-Adria Airways, is the largest airline in Slovenia. Today, the majority of Adria Airways business is in scheduled flights, Adria operates to 22 scheduled destinations throughout Europe. It has been a Star Alliance member since 2004 and a Lufthansa partner since 1996, IOSA Registration was received among the first airlines in the world. The company’s head office is Ljubljana Airport in Zgornji Brnik, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Slovenia, the company has also representative offices in Brussels, Moscow, Frankfurt, Zurich and sales agents in almost all European countries. Adria Airways operates charter flights for the most part seasonally, sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada in Egypt are currently the only charter destinations served by Adria Airways all year round. Ad hoc charter flights are also provided, the airline was founded in March 1961 as Inex-Adria Aviopromet. In August the company purchased 2 DC-6B from KLM and flew their first commercial flight with a Dutch crew, at the same time, the first Adria crew and technical teams were trained by JAT Yugoslav Airlines and the air force. Adria carried out its first flight with a crew in December 1961. At the same time all other activities necessary for the company were set up and organised, during the following years Adria gradually acquired a market with tourist flights from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia to airports on the Adriatic coast. In 1964 flights to the United States and Canada were added in order to meet the needs of expatriate organisations, Adria also carried out a considerable number of flights for the United Nations. With the opening of the new airport in Ljubljana in 1964, the DC-6B aircraft gradually became non-competitive on the market. The company fell into a crisis in 1967, which ended with a bankruptcy procedure at 1968. After a compulsory settlement, Adria continued its operations largely thanks to the efforts of the president of the Slovenian Chamber of the Commerce, in December 1968 Adria merged with the Serbian company InterExport based in Belgrade and changed its name from Adria Aviopromet to Inex-Adria Aviopromet. In 1969 the first jet aircraft was purchased, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 with 115 seats, thus began a period of modernisation of the fleet, which allowed Adria to increase its share on the tourist flights market. In September 1969 the first scheduled service was established on the Ljubljana-Belgrade route, in March 1970, Adria had four Douglas DC-6B and a Douglas DC-9-30 with one more on order. Adria, in addition to expanding the number of its own aircraft, in 1972 Adria renewed its transatlantic flights to the United States and Canada with Douglas DC-8-55 aircraft. However, it withdrew from that service next year, in late 1970s, Adria was awarded as most punctual carrier on the charter flight market. The greatest commercial successes of that period were achieved on the German market which was also the largest at that time, the number of flights to Great Britain, France, Spain and Scandinavia also increased
18.
Douglas DC-9
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The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 is a twin-engine, single-aisle jet airliner. It was first manufactured in 1965 with its maiden flight later that year, the DC-9 was designed for frequent, short flights. The final DC-9 was delivered in October 1982, the DC-9-based airliners, MD-80, MD-90 and Boeing 717 later followed in production. With the final deliveries of the 717 in 2006, production of the DC-9/MD-80/90/717 aircraft family ceased after 41 years, during the 1950s Douglas Aircraft studied a short- to medium-range airliner to complement their higher capacity, long range DC-8. A medium-range four-engine Model 2067 was studied but it did not receive enough interest from airlines, in 1960, Douglas signed a two-year contract with Sud Aviation for technical cooperation. Douglas would market and support the Sud Aviation Caravelle and produce a licensed version if airlines ordered large numbers, none were ordered and Douglas returned to its design studies after the cooperation deal expired. In 1962, design studies were underway, the first version seated 63 passengers and had a gross weight of 69,000 lb. This design was changed into what would be initial DC-9 variant, Douglas gave approval to produce the DC-9 on April 8,1963. Unlike the competing but larger Boeing 727 trijet, which used as many 707 components as possible, the DC-9 has two rear-mounted Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofan engines, relatively small, efficient wings, and a T-tail. The DC-9s takeoff weight was limited to 80,000 lb for a flight crew by Federal Aviation Agency regulations at the time. DC-9 aircraft have five seats across for economy seating, the airplane seats 80 to 135 passengers depending on version and seating arrangement. Accessibility and short field characteristics were called for, turnarounds were simplified by built-in airstairs, including one in the tail, which shortened boarding and deplaning times. The tail-mounted engine design facilitated a clean wing without engine pods, for example, flaps could be longer, unimpeded by pods on the leading edge and engine blast concerns on the trailing edge. This simplified design improved airflow at low speeds and enabled lower takeoff and approach speeds, thus lowering field length requirements, the second advantage of the tail-mounted engines was the reduction in foreign object damage from ingested debris from runways and aprons. With this position, the engines could ingest ice streaming off the wing roots, third, the absence of engines in underslung pods allowed a reduction in ground clearance, making the aircraft more accessible to baggage handlers and passengers. The first DC-9, a model, flew on February 25,1965. The second DC-9 flew a few later, with a test fleet of five aircraft flying by July. This allowed the initial Series 10 to gain airworthiness certification on November 23,1965, the initial Series 10 would be followed by the improved -20, -30, and -40 variants
19.
Split, Croatia
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Split is the second-largest city of Croatia and the largest city of the region of Dalmatia. It lies on the shore of the Adriatic Sea, centered on the Roman Palace of the Emperor Diocletian. Spread over a peninsula and its surroundings, Splits greater area includes the neighboring seaside towns as well. An intraregional transport hub and popular tourist destination, the city is a link to numerous Adriatic islands, Split is one of the oldest cities in the area. Split became a Byzantine city, to gradually drift into the sphere of the Byzantine vassal, the Republic of Venice. For much of the High and Late Middle Ages, Split enjoyed autonomy as a free city, Venice eventually prevailed and during the early modern period Split remained a Venetian city, a heavily fortified outpost surrounded by Ottoman territory. Eventually, its hinterland was won from the Ottomans in the Morean War of 1699, and in 1797, as Venice fell to Napoleon, the Treaty of Campo Formio rendered the city to the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1805, the Peace of Pressburg added it to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, during World War II, the city was annexed by Italy, then liberated by the Partisans after the Italian capitulation in 1943. It was then re-occupied by Germany, which granted it to its puppet Independent State of Croatia, the city was liberated again by the Partisans in 1944, and was included in the post-war Federal Yugoslavia, as part of its republic of Croatia. In 1991 Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia amid the Croatian War of Independence, the city draws its name from the spiny broom, a common shrub in the area, after which the Greek colony of Aspálathos or Spálathos was named. The Serbo-Croatian term became Split or Spljet, while the Italian-language version, Spalato, in the late 19th century, the Croatian name increasingly came to prominence, and officially replaced Spalato in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after World War I. For a significant period, the origin of the name was thought to be related to the Latin word for palace. Various theories were developed, such as the notion that the name derives from S. Palatium, the erroneous palace etymologies were notably due to Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, and were later mentioned by Thomas the Archdeacon. The city, however, is several centuries older than the palace and it was a colony of the polis of Issa, the modern-day town of Vis on the island of the same name. Issa, itself a colony of the Sicilian city of Syracuse, had acquired sovereignty and started founding its own colonies in 367 BCE, the exact year the city was founded is not known, but its estimated to have been in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE. The Greek settlement lived off trade with the surrounding Illyrian tribes, in time, the Roman Republic became the dominant power in the region, conquering the Illyrians in the Illyrian Wars of 229 and 219 BCE. Upon establishing permanent rule, the Romans founded the Province of Dalmatia, the city of Salona, only a short distance from Spálathos, became the capital of the province and evolved into a significant city in the Roman state. The history of Spálathos becomes obscure for a while at this point, being overshadowed by that of nearby Salona, the Roman Emperor Diocletian reformed the government in the late Roman Empire and established the Tetrarchy
20.
Croatian War of Independence
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In Croatia, the war is primarily referred to as the Homeland War and also as the Greater-Serbian Aggression. In Serbian sources, War in Croatia and War in Krajina are used, Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991, but agreed to postpone it with the Brioni Agreement and cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia on 8 October 1991. The JNA initially tried to keep Croatia within Yugoslavia by occupying all of Croatia, after this failed, Serb forces established the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina within Croatia. During that time, the RSK encompassed 13,913 square kilometers, in 1995, Croatia launched two major offensives known as Operation Flash and Operation Storm, which would effectively end the war in its favor. The remaining United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja, the war ended with Croatian victory, as it achieved the goals it had declared at the beginning of the war, independence and preservation of its borders. 21–25% of Croatias economy was ruined, with an estimated US$37 billion in damaged infrastructure, lost output, a total of 20,000 people were killed in the war, and refugees were displaced on both sides. The Serb and Croatian governments began to cooperate with each other but tension remains, in part due to verdicts by the ICTY. Between 2008 and 2012, the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač, Čermak was acquitted outright, and the convictions of Gotovina and Markač were later overturned by an ICTY Appeals Panel. The International Court of Justice dismissed Croatia and Serbia genocide claims in 2015, the Court reaffirmed that serious crimes against civilians had taken place, but ruled that specific genocidal intent was not present. From 1967 to 1972 in Croatia and 1968 and 1981 protests in Kosovo, nationalist doctrines, the suppression by the state of nationalists is believed to have had the effect of identifying nationalism as the primary alternative to communism itself and made it a strong underground movement. A crisis emerged in Yugoslavia with the weakening of the Communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War, in Yugoslavia, the national communist party, officially called the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, had lost its ideological potency. SR Slovenia and SR Croatia wanted to move towards decentralization, the rhetoric was approved by the Serbian political leadership, and accused the Croatian leadership of being blindly nationalistic when it objected. In 1989, political parties were allowed and a number of them had been founded, including the Croatian Democratic Union, led by Franjo Tuđman, who later became the first president of Croatia. In January 1990, the League of Communists broke up on ethnic lines, with the Croatian, at the congress, Serbian delegates accused the Croatian and Slovene delegates of supporting separatism, terrorism and genocide in Kosovo. The Croatian and Slovene delegations, including most of their ethnic Serb members, eventually left in protest, January 1990 also marked the beginning of court cases being brought to Yugoslavias Constitutional Court on the matter of secession. The first was the Slovenian Constitutional Amendments case after Slovenia claimed the right to unilateral secession pursuant to the right of self-determination, the Constitutional Court ruled that secession from the federation was only permitted if there was the unanimous agreement of Yugoslavias republics and autonomous provinces. On 4 March 1990,50,000 Serbs rallied at Petrova Gora, and shouted negative remarks aimed at Tuđman, chanted This is Serbia, the first free elections in Croatia and Slovenia were scheduled for a few months later. The first round of elections in Croatia were held on 22 April, the HDZ based its campaign on greater sovereignty for Croatia, fueling a sentiment among Croats that only the HDZ could protect Croatia from the aspirations of Milošević towards a Greater Serbia
21.
Boeing 737
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The Boeing 737 is an American short- to medium-range twinjet narrow-body airliner. The 737 is Boeings only narrow-body airliner in production, with the 737 Next Generation variants currently being built, production has also begun on the re-engined and redesigned 737 MAX, which is set to enter service in 2017. Originally envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 made its first flight in April 1967, Next, the lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968. In the 1980s Boeing launched the -300, -400, and -500 models, the 737 Classics added capacity and incorporated CFM56 turbofan engines along with wing improvements. In the 1990s, Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation, with changes including a redesigned, increased span laminar flow wing, upgraded glass cockpit. The 737 Next Generation comprises the four -600, -700, -800, Boeing Business Jet versions of the 737 Next Generation are also produced. The 737 series is the best-selling jet commercial airliner in history, the 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 9,401 aircraft delivered and 4,423 orders yet to be fulfilled as of February 2017. Assembly of the 737 is performed at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington, many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707,727,757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family. As of 2006, there were an average of 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, Boeing had been studying short-haul jet aircraft designs and wanted to produce another aircraft to supplement the 727 on short and thin routes. Preliminary design work began on May 11,1964, and Boeings intense market research yielded plans for a 50- to 60-passenger airliner for routes 50 to 1,000 mi long, consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter resulted in an increase in capacity to 100 seats. On April 5,1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s, United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737. So Boeing stretched the fuselage 91 centimeters ahead of, and 102 cm behind the wing, the longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100. Detailed design work continued on both variants at the same time, Boeing was far behind its competitors when the 737 was launched, as rival aircraft BAC-111, Douglas DC-9, and Fokker F28 were already into flight certification. To expedite development, Boeing used 60% of the structure and systems of the existing 727 and this fuselage permitted six-abreast seating compared to the rival BAC-111 and DC-9s five-abreast layout. Design engineers decided to mount the nacelles directly to the underside of the wings to reduce the landing gear length and kept the low to the ground for easy ramp inspection. Originally, the arrangement of the airfoil sections of the 737 wing was planned to be very similar to that of the 707 and 727. However, an improvement in drag at high Mach numbers was achieved by altering these sections near the nacelle. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, with the wing-mounted engines, Boeing decided to mount the horizontal stabilizer on the fuselage rather than the T-tail style of the Boeing 727
22.
Lufthansa
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It operates services to 18 domestic destinations and 197 international destinations in 78 countries across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe, using a fleet of more than 270 aircraft. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the name of the company is derived from Luft, and Hansa. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, in 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers. Lufthansas registered office and corporate headquarters are in Cologne, the main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center, is at Lufthansas primary hub at Frankfurt Airport. The majority of Lufthansas pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there, Lufthansas secondary hub is Munich Airport. Lufthansa was a state-owned enterprise until 1994, in 2014, 60% of Lufthansas shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners, since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares, Lufthansa traces its history to 1926 when Deutsche Luft Hansa A. G. was formed in Berlin. DLH, as it was known, was Germanys flag carrier until 1945 when all services were suspended following the defeat of Nazi Germany, West Germany had not yet been granted sovereignty over its airspace, so it was not known when the new airline could become operational. Nevertheless, in 1953 Luftag placed orders for four Convair CV-340s and four Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and set up a maintenance base at Hamburg Airport. On 6 August 1954, Luftag acquired the name and logo of the liquidated Deutsche Lufthansa for DM30,000, on 1 April 1955 Lufthansa won approval to start scheduled domestic flights, linking Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich. In August 1958 fifteen Lufthansa 1049Gs and 1649s left Germany each week to Canada, the special status of Berlin meant that Lufthansa was not allowed to fly to either part of Berlin until 1989. Originally thought to be only a matter, the Division of Germany turned out to be long. East Germany tried to establish its own airline in 1955 using the Lufthansa name, but this resulted in a dispute with West Germany. East Germany instead established Interflug as its national airline in 1963, in 1958 Lufthansa ordered four Boeing 707s and started jet flights from Frankfurt to New York City in March 1960. Boeing 720Bs were later bought to back up the 707 fleet, in February 1961 Far East routes were extended beyond Bangkok, Thailand, to Hong Kong and Tokyo. Lagos, Nigeria and Johannesburg, South Africa were added in 1962, Lufthansa introduced the Boeing 727 in 1964 and that May began the Polar route from Frankfurt to Tokyo via Anchorage. In February 1965 the company ordered twenty-one Boeing 737s that went into service in 1968, Lufthansa was the first customer for the Boeing 737 and was one of four buyers of the 737-100s
23.
International Air Transport Association
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The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world’s airlines. Consisting of 268 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards. It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva, IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, at its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. The Chicago Convention couldn’t resolve the issue of who flies where, however, the benchmark standard for the early bilaterals was the 1946 United States-United Kingdom Bermuda Agreement. IATA was also charged by the governments with setting a coherent fare structure that avoided cut-throat competition, the first Traffic Conference was held in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro and reached unanimous agreement on some 400 resolutions. Aviation grew rapidly over the decades and IATA’s work duly expanded. Safety is the number one priority for IATA, the main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit. IOSA has also been mandated at the level by several countries. In 2012, aviation posted its safest year ever, the global Western-built jet accident rate was 0.20, the equivalent of one accident every 5 million flights. Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources, in June 2014 the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The move was in response to the disappearance without trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014, security has become increasingly important following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Following a series of uncoordinated rules by different countries, the industry has developed a Checkpoint of the Future, simplifying the Business was launched in 2004. This initiative has introduced a number of concepts to passenger travel, including the electronic ticket. Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, an innovative program, launched in 2012 is New Distribution Capability. This will replace the pre-Internet EDIFACT messaging standard that is still the basis of the distribution system /travel agent channel. This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who book directly through airline websites, a filing with the US Department of Transportation brought over 400 comments. At the 69th IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas crucial to aviation
24.
ATR 42
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The ATR42 is a twin-turboprop, short-haul regional airliner built in France and Italy by ATR. ATR models have their final assembly in Toulouse, and share resources, the name 42 comes from the aircrafts standard seating, which varies from 40 to 52. The aircraft serves as the basis for the larger ATR72 and this initial version of the ATR42 was in production until 1996. The next upgrade for the product was the ATR 42-320, this variant differed in that it was equipped with the more-powerful PW-121 engines for improved performance, the ATR 42-300QC is a quick-change freight/passenger version of the standard −300 series. The next production version is the −500 series and it was an upgraded aircraft with new PW127 engines, new six blade propellers, improved hot and high performance, increased weight capacity and an improved passenger cabin. The 50-seat ATR 42–500 was first certificated in July 1995, the current production version is the -600 series. Announced in 2007 with deliveries starting in 2012, it is similar to the -500 but features PW127M engines, a new cockpit. As of December 2014,436 ATR42 aircraft had been delivered worldwide, the −200 was the original ATR42 prototype and only a few were built for testing purposes. It was powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW120 engines rated at 1,800 shp, the −300 was the standard production version. This model was manufactured until 1996 and it was powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW120 engines rated at 2,000 shp. The −320 was a version of the −300 powered by PW121 engines. It was designed to have better performance especially in hot and high conditions, the ATR 42−400 is an upgraded version of the −320 using six-bladed propellers on otherwise identical PW121 engines. Three ATR 42−400 were delivered to the Government of Italy as the ATR42 Surveyor version, the only two civilian ATR 42-400 produced were delivered to CSA Czech Airlines in 1995/1996 as an interim upgrade prior to delivery of -500s. In 2006 these two aircraft were sold to Conviasa, the ATR 42-500 is the current production version with the first delivery in October 1995. It has many improvements for performance and passenger comfort including new engines, new propellers, a newly designed cabin and it has six-bladed propellers powered by PW127E engines rated at 2,400 shp for improved hot and high performance and increased cruise speed. The engines are rated for +45C. Propellers are electrically controlled and are made from composite and it has an increased maximum takeoff weight, allowing for more cargo and greater range. Due to the propellers and better insulation, it has reduced noise levels
25.
Pope John Paul II
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Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
26.
Sarajevo
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Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its current administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo Canton and East Sarajevo is home to 688,384 inhabitants, nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans. Due to its long and rich history of religious and cultural variety and it is the only major European city to have a mosque, Catholic church, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighbourhood. Although settlement in the area back to prehistoric times, the modern city arose as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century. Sarajevo has attracted international attention several times throughout its history, in 1885, Sarajevo was the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time electric tram network running through the city, following San Francisco. For nearly four years, from 1992 to 1996, the city suffered the longest siege of a city in the history of warfare during the Bosnian War. Sarajevo has been undergoing reconstruction, and is the fastest growing city in Bosnia. The travel guide series, Lonely Planet, has named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world, in 2011, Sarajevo was nominated to be the European Capital of Culture in 2014 and will be hosting the European Youth Olympic Festival in 2019. The earliest known name for the large central Bosnian region of todays Sarajevo is Vrhbosna, Sarajevo is a slavicized word based on saray, the Turkish word for palace. The evo portion may come from the term saray ovası first recorded in 1455, the first mention of name Sarajevo was in 1507 letter written by Feriz Beg. The earliest is Šeher, which is the term Isa-Beg Ishaković used to describe the town he was going to build and it is a Turkish word meaning an advanced city of key importance which in turn comes from Persian, شهر shahr. As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from comparisons to other cities in the Islamic world, the most popular of these was European Jerusalem. Some argue that a correct translation of saray is government office or house. Saray is a word in Turkish for a palace or mansion. Sarajevo is located near the center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is situated 518 meters above sea level and lies in the Sarajevo valley, the valley itself once formed a vast expanse of greenery, but gave way to urban expansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city is surrounded by forested hills and five major mountains. The last four are known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo
27.
Airbus A320 family
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The Airbus A320 family consists of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin-engine jet airliners manufactured by Airbus. The family includes the A318, A319, A320 and A321, the A320s are also named A320ceo after the introduction of the A320neo. Final assembly of the takes place in Toulouse, France. A plant in Tianjin, China, has also been producing aircraft for Chinese airlines since 2009, while a final facility in Mobile, Alabama, United States. The aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a range of 3,100 to 12,000 km, the first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987, and was first delivered in March 1988. The family was extended to include the A321, the A319, the A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side-stick controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement process since introduction, as of 28 February 2017, a total of 7,481 Airbus A320-family aircraft have been delivered, of which 7,157 are in service. In addition, another 5,580 airliners are on firm order and it ranked as the worlds fastest-selling jet airliner family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generation aircraft programme. The A320 family has proved popular with airlines including low-cost carriers such as EasyJet, as of 28 February 2017, American Airlines was the largest operator of the Airbus A320 family aircraft, operating 384 aircraft. The aircraft family competes directly with the 737 and has competed with the 717,757, in December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo. The A320neo offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements, the aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. As of February 2017, a total of 5,063 A320neo family aircraft had been ordered by more than 70 airlines, the first A320neo was delivered to Lufthansa on 20 January 2016 and it entered service on 25 January 2016. From the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B in support of this long-term goal, prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possible variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9. A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10 and it was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-range Airbus A310. Airbus then focused its efforts on the market, which was dominated by the 737. Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful BAC One-Eleven, germanys MBB, British Aircraft Corporation, Swedens Saab and Spains CASA worked on the EUROPLANE, a 180- to 200-seat aircraft. It was abandoned after intruding on A310 specifications, vFW-Fokker, Dornier and Hawker Siddeley worked on a number of 150-seat designs. Alongside BAe were MBB, Fokker-VFW and Aérospatiale, the design within the JET study that was carried forward was the JET2, which then became the Airbus S. A1/2/3 series, before settling on the A320 name for its launch in 1984
28.
Airbus A319
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The Airbus A319 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin-engine jet airliners manufactured by Airbus. The A319 carries up to 160 passengers and has a range of 3,700 nmi. Final assembly of the takes place in Hamburg, Germany and Tianjin. The A319 is a variant of the Airbus A320 and entered service in April 1996 with Swissair. The aircraft shares a type rating with all other Airbus A320 family variants. As of 28 February 2017, a total of 1,457 Airbus A319 aircraft have been delivered, in addition, another 21 airliners are on firm order. As of 28 February 2017, EasyJet was the largest operator of the Airbus A319, in December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo. The similarly shortened fuselage A319neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements, the aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. The first member of the A320 family was the A320 which was launched in March 1984, the family was extended to include the stretched A321, the shortened A319, and the further shortened A318. The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side stick controls, the A319 was developed at the request of Steven Udvar-Hazy, the former president and CEO of ILFC according to The New York Times. The A319 design is a shortened fuselage, minimum change derivative of the A320 with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, the SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus re-focused on what was known as the A320M-7. It would provide competition for the 737–300/-700. The shrink was achieved through the removal of four frames fore. Consequently, the number of overwing exits was reduced from four to two, the bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in reduced height LD3-45 containers. Minor software changes were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics, power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98 kN, with option for 105 kN thrust. With virtually the same capacity as the A320-200, and fewer passengers. The A319s wingspan is longer than the overall length
29.
Boeing
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The Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, and satellites worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support services, Boeing stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The Boeing Companys corporate headquarters are located in Chicago and the company is led by President, Boeing is organized into five primary divisions, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Engineering, Operations & Technology, Boeing Capital, and Boeing Shared Services Group. Boeing bought Heaths shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River, which became his first airplane factory. Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15,1916, Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware, the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19,1934. Boeing, who studied at Yale University, worked initially in the timber industry and this knowledge proved invaluable in his subsequent design and assembly of airplanes. The company stayed in Seattle to take advantage of the supply of spruce wood. William Boeing founded his company a few months after the June 15 maiden flight of one of the two B&W seaplanes built with the assistance of George Conrad Westervelt, a U. S. Navy engineer. Boeing and Westervelt decided to build the B&W seaplane after having flown in a Curtiss aircraft, Boeing bought a Glenn Martin Flying Birdcage seaplane and was taught to fly by Glenn Martin himself. Boeing soon crashed the Birdcage and when Martin informed Boeing that replacement parts would not become available for months, Westervelt agreed to build a better airplane and soon produced the B&W Seaplane. This first Boeing airplane was assembled in a hangar located on the northeast shore of Seattles Lake Union. Many of Boeings early planes were seaplanes, on April 6,1917, the U. S. declared War on Germany and later in the year entered World War I. On May 9,1917, the became the Boeing Airplane Company. With the U. S. entering the war, Boeing knew that the U. S. Navy needed seaplanes for training, so Boeing shipped two new Model Cs to Pensacola, Florida, where the planes were flown for the Navy. The Navy liked the Model C and ordered 50 more, the company moved its operations to a larger former shipbuilding facility known as Boeing Plant 1, located on the lower Duwamish River, Washington state. Others, including Boeing, started selling other products, Boeing built dressers, counters, and furniture, along with flat-bottom boats called Sea Sleds. In 1919 the Boeing B-1, flying boat made its first flight and it accommodated one pilot and two passengers and some mail. Over the course of eight years, it made international airmail flights from Seattle to Victoria, on May 24,1920, the Boeing Model 8 made its first flight
30.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
31.
Luftfahrt-Bundesamt
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The Luftfahrt-Bundesamt is the national civil aviation authority of Germany headquartered in Braunschweig. It maintains regional offices in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart and Berlin and reports directly to the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs. The LBA is responsible for developing and maintaining aviation safety standards, as well as certifying airlines, airports and training devices such a simulators, some of these tasks are fulfilled on behalf of the European Aviation Safety Agency. Investigation of accidents is not a responsibility of the LBA but of the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation, in 1918, when the Weimar Republic had been established, matters of aviation were provisionally assigned to the Reichsamt des Inneren. After World War II, matters of aviation were initially handled by the administration of the Allied occupation powers, some matters of aviation were transferred to the Vorläufige Bundesstelle für Luftfahrtgerät und Flugunfalluntersuchung established on 15 September 1953 in Bonn. Eventually, the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt was established by the Gesetz über das Luftfahrt-Bundesamt of 30 November 1954, in East Germany, the Hauptverwaltung der Zivilen Luftfahrt was established on 1 January 1961. On 28 September 2003, substantial competences were transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency established by Regulation 1592/2002
32.
Bombardier Dash 8
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The Bombardier Dash 8 or Q-Series, previously known as the de Havilland Canada Dash 8 or DHC-8, is a series of twin-engine, medium-range, turboprop airliners. Introduced by de Havilland Canada in 1984, they are now produced by Bombardier Aerospace, over 1,000 Dash 8s of all models have been built. The Dash 8 was developed from the de Havilland Canada Dash 7, with the Dash 8, DHC focused on improving cruise performance and lowering operational costs. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100, the aircraft has been delivered in four series. Models delivered after 1997 have cabin noise suppression and are designated with the prefix Q, production of the Series 100 ceased in 2005, and the Q200 and Q300 in 2009. In the 1970s, de Havilland Canada had invested heavily in its Dash 7 project, concentrating on STOL and short-field performance, however, only a handful of air carriers employed the Dash 7, as most regional airlines were more interested in operational costs than short-field performance. In 1980, de Havilland responded by dropping the short-field performance requirement and its favoured engine supplier, Pratt & Whitney Canada, developed the new PW100 series engines for the role, more than doubling the power from its PT6. Originally designated the PT7A-2R engine, it became the PW120. When the Dash 8 rolled out on April 19,1983, certification of the PW120 followed in late 1983. First flight was on June 20,1983, and the airliner entered service in 1984 with NorOntair, in 1984, Piedmont Airlines, formerly Henson Airlines, was the first US customer for the Dash 8. The Dash 8 design has better performance than the Dash 7, is less expensive to operate. The Dash 8 has the lowest cost per mile of any regional airliner of its era. In April 2008, Bombardier announced that production of the classic versions would be ended, a total of 671 Dash 8 classics were produced, the last one was delivered to Air Nelson in May 2008. The payload is increased by 2,000 pounds and the maintenance check intervals are increased,800 hours from 600 for an A-check and 8,000 hours from 6,000 for a C-check. Bombardier proposed development of a Q400 stretch with two segments, called the Q400X project, in 2007. In response to this project, as of November 2007, ATR was studying a 90-seat stretch, as of July 2010, Bombardiers vice president, Phillipe Poutissou, made comments explaining the company was still studying the prospects of designing the Q400X and talking with potential customers. At the time, Bombardier was not as committed to the Q400X as it had been previously, as of February 2012, Bombardier was still studying the issue, but as of 2011, the launch date is no longer targeted for the 2014 range. At least a three-year delay was envisioned, in October 2012, a joint development deal with a government-led South Korean consortium was revealed, to develop a 90-seater turboprop regional airliner, targeting a 2019 launch date
33.
Airbus
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Airbus SAS is a division of the multinational Airbus Group SE that manufactures civil aircraft. It is based in Blagnac, France, a suburb of Toulouse, with production and manufacturing facilities mainly in France, Germany, Spain, China, United Kingdom, Airbus began as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers, Airbus Industrie. After a protracted sales process BAE sold its shareholding to EADS on 13 October 2006, Airbus has sixteen key sites in four countries, France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Final assembly production is based at Toulouse, France, Hamburg, Germany, Seville, Spain, Tianjin, China, Airbus has subsidiaries in the United States, Japan and India. The company produces and markets the first commercially viable digital fly-by-wire airliner, the Airbus A320, and the worlds largest passenger airliner, Airbus Industrie began as a consortium of European aviation firms formed to compete with American companies such as Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Lockheed. While many European aircraft were innovative, even the most successful had small production runs, in the mid-1960s, tentative negotiations commenced regarding a European collaborative approach. The same year Hawker Siddeley teamed with Breguet and Nord to study airbus designs, the Hawker Siddeley/Breguet/Nord groups HBN100 became the basis for the continuation of the project. By 1966 the partners were Sud Aviation, later Aérospatiale, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Airbus, later Deutsche Airbus, a request for funding was made to the three governments in October 1966. On 25 July 1967 the three agreed to proceed with the proposal. In the two years following this agreement, both the British and French governments expressed doubts about the project, the MoU had stated that 75 orders must be achieved by 31 July 1968. With concerns at proposal of the A300B proposal in December 1968, and fearing it would not recoup its investment due to lack of sales, West Germany took this opportunity to increase its share of the project to 50%. Given the participation by Hawker Siddeley up to point, France. Thus the British company was allowed to continue as a privileged subcontractor, Hawker Siddeley invested GB£35 million in tooling and, requiring more capital, received a GB£35 million loan from the West German government. Airbus Industrie was formally established as a Groupement dIntérêt Économique on 18 December 1970 and it had been formed by a government initiative between France, West Germany and the UK that originated in 1967. Its initial shareholders were the French company Aérospatiale and the West German company Deutsche Airbus, Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus each took a 36. 5% share of production work, Hawker Siddeley 20% and the Dutch company Fokker-VFW 7%. Each company would deliver its sections as fully equipped, ready-to-fly items, in October 1971 the Spanish company CASA acquired a 4. 2% share of Airbus Industrie, with Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus reducing their stakes to 47. 9%. In January 1979 British Aerospace, which had absorbed Hawker Siddeley in 1977, the majority shareholders reduced their shares to 37. 9%, while CASA retained its 4. 2%. The Airbus A300 was to be the first aircraft to be developed, manufactured and marketed by Airbus, by early 1967 the A300 label began to be applied to a proposed 320 seat, twin engined airliner
34.
Recaro
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KG, commonly known as Recaro, is a German company based in Kirchheim unter Teck in the vicinity of Stuttgart, known for their automobile bucket seats. The company can produce OEM racing-style seats for mainstream manufacturers, KG is part of the Recaro Group. RECARO Child Safety GmbH & Co, RECARO Automotive Seating GmbH & Co. Founded in 1906 by Wilhelm Reutter as Reutter Carosserie-Werke, the became known for building limousine bodies during the 1920s. In 1930 they started producing bodies for the Volkswagen Beetle, due to new manufacturing methods, the market for car bodies went downhill in the 1950s, and Reutter found itself on hard times. In 1963, Porsche acquired the car body factory, what remained was renamed to Recaro GmbH & Co, changing its focus to high-end seats. The company began producing both OEM seats for Porsche, and a line of aftermarket seats. In 1969, the Reutter family sold their ownership to three companies, Keiper, Huber & Wagner and Metzeler, due to economic problems, in 1983, Keiper purchased all shares in Recaro and established Keiper Recaro GmbH & Co in Kirchheim near Esslingen am Neckar. Recaro changed their name in 1990, in their home country of Germany, the name was to change to RECARO GmbH & Co. Meanwhile, Recaro seats could be seen in a variety of cars, ranging from the Aston Martin V03, the Audi S and RS models, a side-airbag seat was added to the Recaro line. The company also manufactures wheelchairs, as well as seats for aircraft and airlines, automotive children seats and its seats are used in the VIP lounges and substitute box at European football stadiums. Recaro seats are used in the Leopard 2 MBT. The Dutch company Sun Marine Seats manufacture Recaro Maritime boat seats, in June 2011 Recaro sold the automotive seating division to the US automotive supplier Johnson Controls. The acquisition gives Johnson Controls, as licensee of the RECARO brand in the automotive industry, all other brand companies now belong to RECARO Group, Stuttgart, which is the brand owner and licensor of RECARO Automotive Seating. Recaro also manufactures seats for airliners, demand has grown, with output reaching 70,000 seats in 2010, in 2010, Recaro developed a slimline seat for airlines in conjunction with Lufthansa, Lufthansa have ordered 32000, and other airlines have ordered a further 6000. Other significant customers include Alitalia, Air France, KLM, United Airlines, American Airlines, Croatia Airlines, JetBlue Airways, AirTran Airways, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas and Air New Zealand. Recaros primary competitors in the seating business include Acro Aircraft Seating, Zodiac Seats U. S. Zodiac Seats France, Aviointeriors, BE Aerospace, Expliseat
35.
Thomas Cook Airlines
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Thomas Cook Airlines Limited, is a British airline based in Manchester, England. It serves leisure destinations worldwide from its bases at Manchester. It also operates services from eight other bases around the United Kingdom and it was formed by the rebranding of JMC Air in 2003. Following the merger of the MyTravel Group with Thomas Cook in 2008, the airline holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. 1919 In the aftermath of the First World War, Thomas Cook & Son is the first travel agent to advertise public trips by airplane, the firm becomes a passenger agent for the principal air companies and is soon selling tickets for return flights from London to Paris or Brussels. 1927 Thomas Cook & Son organise the world’s first personally-conducted tour by aeroplane, a group of six people fly from New York to Chicago for the Tunney-Dempsey world heavyweight boxing contest. The price of the package – comprising return flights with inflight meal, first-class accommodation in Chicago,1939 Holidays by air on specially-chartered aircraft to the French Riviera are included in Thomas Cook’s summer brochure for the first time. 1996 Thomas Cook acquires its first airline, Airworld, when it purchases UK tour operator Sunworld,1998 The Flying Colours Leisure Group is acquired by Airworld parent Sunworld in June 1998. The two airlines merge at the end of the 1998 summer season under the Flying Colours name,1999 JMC Airlines is launched on 1 September 1999 through the merger of Flying Colours and Caledonian Airways. 2013 Thomas Cook has set out plans to merge its German, British and Belgian airline businesses, the original Thomas Cook Airlines was established on 1 September 1999 and started operations on 27 March 2000. Flying Colours was also integrated by Airworld Aviation Ltd into the airline, JMC Airlines was renamed as Thomas Cook Airlines UK on 31 March 2003. The airline commenced operations in time for the summer 2008 season, with a fleet of Airbus A320, A321, in 2013, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium, Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia and Condor merged into a single operating segment of the Thomas Cook Group. Thomas Cook Airlines carried around 6.4 million passengers during 2015, Thomas Cook Airlines operates flights to destinations in Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, North America and Asia. The airline also operates charter flights from the United Kingdom for a number of tour operators, however. The airline also provides direct customer bookings on a seat only basis, as of February 2017, the Thomas Cook Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft, Drinks and snacks can be purchased on board from the Café Cloud menu. In-flight meals, champagne and a selection of gifts can be pre-ordered at the time of booking a flight or on the My Booking page of the airlines website, since May 2012, the in-flight meals available on Thomas Cook flights are designed exclusively by celebrity chef James Martin. Passengers who have not pre-ordered a meal can buy a selection of meals from the cabin crew, in-flight entertainment is available on most services. The new delivery of A321 aircraft will feature drop down entertainment systems with a potential for onboard wi-fi capabilities
36.
SkyWork Airlines
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SkyWork Airlines AG is a Swiss airline, with its head office in Belp near Bern and its base at Bern Airport. It primarily operates scheduled flights to destinations across Europe, with charter operations throughout the summer months. Previously the airlines head office was in the terminal of Bern Airport in Belp. The last of formerly three Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 has left the fleet and has transferred to Air Berlin by October 2014. Also in October 2014, London-Southend replaced London-City as SkyWorks destination for London, by April 2015, SkyWork announced to cut down their London operations from 12 return flights per week to 9 per week. Starting from July 2015, SkyWork serves London-City via a stopver at EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg, in 2016, the airline introduces flights from Bern to Usedom via Basel as well. In November 2015, SkyWork announced the termination of their ACMI contract with Darwin Airline by December 2015, as all other services will be taken over, the route to London-Southend will be terminated due to capacity restrictions. In the same time, SkyWork announced to retire their fleet of Dornier 328-110s by autumn 2017 which are gradually replaced with Saab 2000s. Since October 2016, SkyWork has had an agreement with Air France-KLM. The SkyWork Airlines fleet comprises the following aircraft, Media related to SkyWork Airlines at Wikimedia Commons Official website
37.
Croatian kuna
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The kuna is the currency of Croatia, in use since 1994. It is subdivided into 100 lipa, the kuna is issued by the Croatian National Bank and the coins are minted by the Croatian Monetary Institute. The word kuna means marten in Croatian since it is based on the use of marten pelts as units of value in medieval trading, the word lipa means linden tree. During Roman times, in the provinces of upper and lower Pannonia, hence, the Croatian word marturina or tax, derived from the Latin word martus. The kuna was a unit in several Slavic states, most notably Kievan Rus. It was equal to 1⁄25 gryvna of silver and it has no relation to the various Slavic currencies named koruna which means crown. In the Middle Ages, many foreign monies were used in Croatia, between 1260 and 1380, Croatian Viceroys issued a marten-adorned silver coin called the banovac. However, the autonomy of Croatia within the Croatian-Hungarian Kingdom led to the gradual disappearance of that currency in the 14th century. In 1941, when the Ustaše regime formed the Independent State of Croatia, the modern kuna was introduced on May 30,1994, starting a transitional period from the Croatian dinar, ending on December 31,1994. The exchange rate between dinar and kuna was 1 kuna =1000 dinars, since then, Croatia has been in a system of de facto currency board with a fixed exchanged rate. The kuna was pegged to the German mark from the start, with the replacement of the mark by the euro, the kunas peg effectively switched to the euro. The transition to the new currency went smoothly and the controversy blew over. The self-proclaimed Serbian entity Republic of Serbian Krajina did not use the kuna or the Croatian dinar, instead, they issued their own Krajina dinar until the region was reintegrated into Croatia in 1995. A long-time policy of the Croatian National Bank has been to keep the fluctuations of the exchange rate against the euro within a relatively stable range. The country joined the European Union on 1 July 2013 and it plans to join the European Monetary System, the kuna is expected to be replaced by the euro, even though the initial time estimate of two to three years after joining the European Union proved too short. In 1994, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,2,5,10,20 and 50 lipa,1,2,5 and 25 kuna. The coins are issued in two versions, one with the name of the plant or animal in Croatian, the other with the name in Latin, overall more coins have been minted with Croatian names than with names in Latin. Due to their low value,1 and 2 lipa coins are rarely used, since 2009, these coins are no longer minted, but the Croatian National Bank has stated that it had no plans for withdrawing them
38.
Codeshare agreement
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A codeshare agreement, sometimes simply codeshare, is an aviation business arrangement where two or more airlines share the same flight. Sharing, in sense, means that each airline publishes and markets the flight under its own airline designator. The term code refers to the used in flight schedule, generally the two-character IATA airline designator code. Thus, XX123, might also be sold by airline YY as YY456, Airlines YY and ZZ are in this case called Marketing airlines. Most of the major airlines today have code sharing partnerships with other airlines, typically, code-sharing agreements are also a part of the commercial agreements between airlines in the same airline alliances. When a flight is sold under several designators and flight numbers as described above, in 1967, Richard A. Henson joined with US Airways predecessor Allegheny Airlines in the nations first codeshare relationship. Code sharing has become widespread in the industry since that time. These alliances have extensive codesharing and networked frequent flyer programs and this is not only a superficial addition as cooperating airlines also strive to synchronize their schedules. When an airline sacrifices its capacity to other airlines as a code share partner, several types of codeshare exist, commonly three types, Block space codeshare, A commercial airline purchases a fixed number of seats from the administrating carrier. A fixed price is paid, and the seats are kept away from the Administrating carriers own inventory. The marketing airline decides on their own which booking classes the seats are sold in, free flow codeshare, The airlines inventory and reservation systems communicate in real-time by messaging, commonly IATA AIRIMP/PADIS messaging. A booking class mapping is defined between the airlines, no seats are locked to any of the airlines, and any airline can sell any number of seats. Capped free flow, Basically the same as above, but a capping are defined for each of the marketing airlines participating in the codeshare with the Administrating carrier, much competition in the airline industry revolves around ticket sales strategies. Criticism has been leveled against code sharing by consumer organizations and national departments of trade since it is claimed it is confusing, there are also code sharing agreements between airlines and rail lines. These are more known as an air-rail alliance, but more commonly known as Rail & Fly due to the popularity of the Deutsche Bahn codeshare with many airlines. In Europe these air-rail alliances are used to divide markets by selling these combination tickets abroad for a price to attract more customers. The systems also prevent local customers from buying these much cheaper tickets as the customer is allowed to board the plane with a valid train stamp from a station outside the country. Change of gauge Interlining Snyder, Brett and this isnt the airline I signed up for
39.
Air Canada
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Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and it is the worlds eighth-largest passenger airline by fleet size, and is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canadas corporate headquarters are located in Montréal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Air Canada had passenger revenues of CA$13.8 billion in 2015. The airlines regional service is Air Canada Express, Canadas national airline originated from the Canadian federal governments 1936 creation of Trans-Canada Airlines, which began operating their first transcontinental flight routes in 1938. In 1965, TCA was renamed Air Canada following government approval, after the deregulation of the Canadian airline market in the 1980s, the airline was privatized in 1988. On 4 January 2000, Air Canada acquired their largest rival, in 2003, the airline filed for bankruptcy protection and in the following year emerged and reorganized under the holding company ACE Aviation Holdings Inc. In 2007,34 million people flew with Air Canada as the celebrated their 70th anniversary. The carriers operating divisions include Air Canada Cargo, Air Canada Express and their subsidiary, Air Canada Vacations, provides vacation packages to over 90 destinations. Together with their partners, the airline operates on average more than 1,530 scheduled flights daily. Air Canadas predecessor, Trans-Canada Airlines, was created by legislation as a subsidiary of Canadian National Railway on 11 April 1937. The newly created Department of Transport under Minister C. D, howe desired an airline under government control to link cities on the Atlantic coast to those on the Pacific coast. Transcontinental routes from Montreal to Vancouver began on 1 April 1939, using 12 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electras, by January 1940, the airline had grown to about 500 employees. Canadian Pacific Airlines suggested in 1942 a merger with TCA, prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King rejected the proposal and introduced legislation regulating TCA as the only airline in Canada allowed to provide transcontinental flights. With the increase in air travel after World War II, CP Air was granted one coast-to-coast flight, with the development of the ReserVec in 1953, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals. This bill failed but it was resubmitted and passed, with the name change taking effect on 1 January 1965. During the 1970s government regulations ensured Air Canadas dominance over domestic regional carriers, short-haul carriers were each restricted to one of five regions, and could not compete directly with Air Canada and CP Air. CP Air was subject to capacity limits on flights. Air Canadas fares were also subject to regulation by the government, in the late 1970s, with reorganization at CNR, Air Canada became an independent Crown corporation
40.
Air France
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Air France, stylized as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. The airlines global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport with Orly Airport, Air Frances corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. During the Cold War, from 1950 until 1990, it was one of the three main Allied scheduled airlines operating in Germany at West Berlins Tempelhof and Tegel airports. In 1990, it acquired the operations of French domestic carrier Air Inter and it served as Frances primary national flag carrier for seven decades prior to its 2003 merger with KLM. Between April 2001 and March 2002, the airline carried 43.3 million passengers and had a revenue of €12. 53bn. In November 2004, Air France ranked as the largest European airline with 25. 5% total market share, Air France operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing widebody jets on long-haul routes, and uses Airbus A320 family aircraft on short-haul routes. Air France introduced the A380 on 20 November 2009 with service to New York Citys JFK Airport from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, the carriers regional airline subsidiary, HOP. operates the majority of its regional domestic and European scheduled services with a fleet of regional jet aircraft. Of these airlines, SGTA was the first commercial company in France. The constituent members of Air France had already built extensive networks across Europe, to French colonies in North Africa, during World War II, Air France moved its operations to Casablanca. In 1936, Air France added French-built twin engine Potez 62 aircraft to its featuring a two compartment cabin that could accommodate 14 to 16 passengers. A high wing monoplane, it had a fuselage with composite coating while the wings were fabric covered with a metal leading edge. Equipped with Hispano-Suiza V-engines, they were used on routes in Europe, South America, on 26 June 1945 all of Frances air transport companies were nationalised. On 29 December 1945, a decree of the French Government granted Air France the management of the entire French air transport network, Air France appointed its first flight attendants in 1946. The same year the airline opened its first air terminal at Les Invalides in central Paris and it was linked to Paris Le Bourget Airport, Air Frances first operations and engineering base, by coach. At that time the network covered 160,000 km, claimed to be the longest in the world, Société Nationale Air France was set up on 1 January 1946. European schedules were initially operated by a fleet of Douglas DC-3 aircraft, on 1 July 1946, Air France started direct flights between Paris and New York via refuelling stops at Shannon and Gander. Douglas DC-4 piston-engine airliners covered the route in just under 20 hours, in September 1947 Air Frances network stretched east from New York, Fort de France and Buenos Aires to Shanghai
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Air India
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Air India is the flag carrier airline of India and the third-largest airline in India in terms of passengers carried, after IndiGo and Jet Airways. It is owned by Air India Limited, a Government of India enterprise and it is headquartered in New Delhi. Air India has its hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi. Air India became the 27th member of Star Alliance on 11 July 2014, after World War II, it became a public limited company and was renamed as Air India. On 21 February 1960, it took delivery of its first Boeing 707–420 named Gauri Shankar, in 2000–01, attempts were made to privatise Air India and from 2006 onwards, it suffered losses after its merger with Indian Airlines. Air India also operates flights to domestic and Asian destinations through its subsidiaries Alliance Air and Air India Express, Air India uses the Airbus A320 family and Boeing 787 aircraft for selected domestic routes while long distance services use the Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 777-200LR,747 and 787 aircraft. Air Indias mascot is the Maharajah and the logo consists of a swan with the wheel of Konark inside it. Air India had its origin in Tata Sons, founded by J. R. D. Tata, in April 1932, Tata won a contract to carry mail for Imperial Airways and the aviation department of Tata Sons was formed with two single-engine de Havilland Puss Moths. On 15 October 1932, Tata flew a Puss Moth carrying air mail from Karachi to Bombay and the continued to Madras piloted by Nevill Vintcent. The airline fleet consisted of a Puss Moth aircraft and a Leopard Moth, initial service included weekly airmail service between Karachi and Madras via Ahmedabad and Bombay. In its first year of operation, the airline flew 160,000 miles, carrying 155 passengers and 9.72 tonnes of mail, later, the airline launched a domestic flight from Bombay to Trivandrum with a six-seater Miles Merlin. In 1938, it was re-christened as Tata Air Services and later as Tata Airlines, Delhi and Colombo were added to the destinations in 1938. During the Second World War, the airline helped the Royal Air Force with troop movements, shipping of supplies, rescue of refugees and maintenance of planes. After World War II, regular service was restored in India. After the Indian independence in 1947, 49% of the airline was acquired by the Government of India in 1948, on 8 June 1948, a Lockheed Constellation L-749A named Malabar Princess took off from Bombay bound for London Heathrow marking the airlines first international flight. In 1953, the Government of India passed the Air Corporations Act, the company was renamed as Air India International Limited and the domestic services were transferred to Indian Airlines as a part of restructuring. From 1948 to 1950, the airline introduced services to Nairobi in Africa and to major European destinations Rome, Paris, the airline took delivery of its first Lockheed Constellation L-1049 named Rani of Jhansi and inaugurated services to Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore. On 21 February 1960, Air India International inducted its first Boeing 707–420 named Gauri Shankar, the airline inaugurated services to New York on 14 May 1960
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Alitalia
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Alitalia – Società Aerea Italiana, operating as Alitalia, is the flag carrier of Italy. The company has its office in Fiumicino, Rome, Italy. Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, in Rome, other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport, Milan-Malpensa Airport, Palermo Airport, Turin Airport and Venice Marco Polo Airport. On 30 September 2014, Alitalias budget subsidiary Air One ceased flight operations, in 2014, it was the eleventh-largest airline in Europe. The name Alitalia is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali, on 1 August 2014, the Abu Dhabi-based UAE national airline Etihad Airways confirmed it had agreed to buy a 49% stake in Alitalia. This deal was signed on 8 August 2014 and became effective on 1 January 2015, in 2008, a group of investors made the Compagnia Aerea Italiana consortium aimed to buy the bankrupt Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane and to merge these with Air One, another bankrupt Italian carrier. On 30 October 2008, CAI offered €1 billion to acquire parts of the airline, amidst pilots. On 19 November 2008, CAIs offer was accepted by the administrator of Alitalia with the permission of the Italian government. The rules of bankruptcy were changed in the middle of the game to meet the governments needs, berlusconi pulled this one off, but his involvement probably cost the Italian taxpayers a lot of money. On 13 January 2009, the new Alitalia launched operations, the owners of Compagnia Aerea Italiana sold 25% of the companys shares to Air France-KLM for €322 million. Air France-KLM also obtained an option, subject to certain conditions, the new Alitalia has not claimed the old Alitalias history as its own, as can be seen in official documents regarding the new Alitalia Group. Instead, they stressed they are a different company, as it can be seen in different occasions. For example, they not to recognize benefits such as discounted tickets to former Alitalia-LAI workers. They also refused to honour passengers claims against the old Alitalia on this basis, the new Alitalia doesnt own many of its operating airplanes. Almost every plane that CAI had acquired from the old Alitalia was sold or decommissioned, in January 2010, Alitalia celebrated its first anniversary since the relaunch. It carried 22 million passengers in its first year of operations, in 2011,25 million passengers were carried. On 1 February 2010, it was announced that Alitalia crew would go on a strike over wages. This was the first strike action for Alitalia since the relaunch and it was predicted that the subsidiary would handle 2.4 million passengers by 2012
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Asiana Airlines
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Asiana Airlines Inc. is one of South Koreas two major airlines, along with Korean Air. Asiana has its headquarters in Asiana Town building in Seoul, the airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport. As a member of Star Alliance, it operates 14 domestic and 90 international passenger routes, and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia, Europe, North America, as of December 2014, the company employs 10,183 people. The majority of Asianas pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based in Seoul, Asiana Airlines is the largest shareholder in Air Busan, a low-cost regional carrier joint venture with Busan Metropolitan City. The airline also holds 100% share of Air Seoul, a subsidiary, Asiana is also currently an official sponsor of the South Korea national football team and The Presidents Cup 2015. Korean Air, which was privatized in 1969, had a monopoly on the South Korean airline industry until the establishment of Asiana in 1988. Asianas formation did not come about as a policy initiative favoring liberalized market conditions but rather because of pressure from other chaebols and it was formed by the Kumho Asiana Group and was originally known as Seoul Air International. Asiana was established on 17 February 1988 and started operations in December 1988 with flights to Busan, as of 2007 the airline was owned by private investors, Kumho Industrial, Kumho Petrochemical, foreign investors, Korea Development Bank, and others. Asiana began operations in December 1988, using Boeing 737 Classic planes, with flights to Busan, in 1989, Asiana began regular services to Jeju City, Gwangju, and Daegu and later the same year, Asiana began international chartered flights to Sendai in Japan. In 1990, Asiana began its first scheduled service to Tokyo, Nagoya, Sendai. In the same year, Asiana had 9 Boeing 747-400s,10 Boeing 767–300s and 8 Boeing 737–400s, in early 1991, Asiana began services to Bangkok, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei. Transpacific flights to Los Angeles began in December 1991 with a Boeing 747-400 Combi, services to Vienna, Brussels, and Honolulu began in the mid 1990s. In 1993, Asiana began services to Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, Asiana Airlines has rapidly expanded since its establishment in 1988 to become a mid-sized, global carrier with a current fleet of 85 aircraft. In December 1998, the airline operated the airplane for the first time. The Airline was listed in KOSDAQ In December 1999, on 28 January 2003, the airline became a full Star Alliance member, expanding its worldwide network and global brand. In 2004, the added the Airbus A330 and the Boeing 777-200ER to its fleet. Currently it provides services to 71 cities in 23 countries on 91 routes. It also provides cargo services to 29 cities in 14 countries on 28 routes by Asiana Cargo
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Austrian Airlines
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Austrian Airlines AG, sometimes shortened to Austrian, is the flag carrier of Austria and a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. The airline is headquartered in the grounds of Vienna International Airport in Schwechat where it maintains its hub. It flies to 6 domestic and more than 120 international year-round, the airline was formed in 1957 by the merger of Air Austria and Austrian Airways, but traces its history back to 1923 at the founding of Austrian Airways. During the 2000s, the airline expanded through the acquisitions of Rheintalflug and Lauda Air, throughout the decade, Austrian sustained several years of losses, and in 2008 its owner, the Austrian Government was advised to sell the airline to a foreign company. In 2009, the Lufthansa Group purchased the airline after receiving approval from the European Commission following an investigation into the tendering process. Following disputes with staff over cost-cutting, all Austrian Airlines flights were transferred on 1 July 2012 to its subsidiary Tyrolean Airways, on 1 April 2015, all flights transferred back to Austrian, and Tyrolean Airways was merged into its parent. On 3 May 1923 Walter Barda-Bardenau received approval by the Austrian government for establishing an airline and he participated in the newly formed Austrian Airlines with one percent, with the remaining shares went to the Austrian railway transportation company and the Junkers-Werke. The initial fleet consisted of Junkers F 13s, the first flight of the company took place in Vienna on 14 May 1923 by Munich, with pilot Hans Baur. The landing took place in Vienna Jedlesee, there occurred a conversion to float, the company was operated by Junkers Trans European Union. Its destinations included Munich, Budapest, Nuremberg, Graz, Klagenfurt, some targets in Austria were served with seaplanes. The union was dissolved in September 1926, from 1927 the company procured new aircraft with support from the government. In the same year it began a partnership agreement with Deutsche Luft Hansa. Line connections were planned and operated jointly by the two companies, a route network to Berlin, Budapest and Milan ranged Vienna was created. In 1932 Luft Hansa Junkers held 49% interest, after the end of the world economic crisis the fleet with several Junkers Ju 52/3 m was added. In 1938, the company began planning of routes to Rome, Paris, Junkers Ju 90 planes were used. After the annexation of Austria by Germany in March 1938, these plans were abandoned, the airline was fully under the control of Lufthansa from 1 January 1939. In June 1939, the company was deleted from the commercial register, after the Second World War, Austria was separated from Germany, and Austria was left without a national airline. Austrian Airlines was formed as Österreichische Luftverkehrs AG through the merger of Air Austria and it began operations on 30 September 1957, making its maiden flight on 31 March 1958 when a leased Vickers Viscount 779 took off from Vienna for a scheduled service to Zurich and London
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