1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
3.
Zagreb Airport
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Franjo Tuđman Airport, also known as Zagreb Airport, is the largest and busiest international airport in Croatia, commonly referred to as Pleso. It handled 2,776,087 passengers in 2016, named after Franjo Tuđman, the first President of Croatia, the airport is located some 10 km south-east of Zagreb Central Station at Velika Gorica. It is the hub for the Croatian flag carrier Croatia Airlines as well as Trade Air, a base of the Croatian Air Force and Air Defence is located within the airport complex, in barracks called Colonel Marko Živković. Also, there is a centre of the Croatian Air Traffic Control. The airport was awarded to the ZAIC consortium in a 30-year concession under the terms of a signed by the Government of Croatia with the aforementioned. The contract includes financing, designing and the construction of a new passenger terminal, for the purpose of managing the airport ZAIC registered a company MZLZ d. d. that is now the operator of the Airport. The history of Zagreb civil aviation begins in 1909 when the first airfield was built close to the city neighbourhood of Črnomerec. Following Word War II commercial services were moved to a military airbase near the village of Lučko south-west of the city in 1947. JAT Yugoslav Airlines took the role of Aeroput and made Zagreb its second hub, at its peak in 1959 Lučko served 167,000 passengers. The current location of the airport at Pleso in the south-east of Lučko opened in 1962 with a 2,500 m long runway and 1,000 m2 terminal, by 1966 Zagreb Airport got a new 5,000 m2 state-of-the-art passenger terminal. The runway capacity was lengthened to its current 3,252 m in 1974, in the 1980s Zagreb Airport was the second largest in Yugoslavia by passenger and aircraft movements. Following an increase in numbers and the necessity to upgrade its infrastructure the airport installed a CAT-IIIb instrument landing system in 2004. In 2008 a new VIP terminal was added and the terminal extended for extra amenities, restaurants, the terminal was expanded to 15,500 m2 By 2010 the old terminal has been nearing its maximum annual capacity. That year the terminal received a major face lift in the course of which a viewing platform with a bar was added. On 12 April 2012, consortium ZAIC received a 30-year concession of the airport from the Government of Croatia, the concession includes financing, designing and constructing a new passenger terminal. It has an annual capacity of 5.5 million passengers in the first phase and was officially completed in October 2016. The official inauguration of the terminal began on 28 March 2017, ZAIC now operates the entire airport for 30 years including the runways, the current passenger terminal, the cargo terminal, car parks and future property developments. The current terminal building was opened to the public on 28 March 2017, furthermore, the apron has three remote stands next to the terminal, while stands at the old passenger building are also to be used if the need arises
4.
Focus city
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In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
5.
Dubrovnik Airport
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Dubrovnik Airport, also referred to as Čilipi Airport, is the international airport of Dubrovnik, Croatia. The airport is located approximately 15.5 km from Dubrovnik city centre and it was the third busiest airport in Croatia in 2016 after Zagreb Airport and Split Airport in terms of passenger throughput and has the countrys longest runway. The airport is a destination for leisure flights during the European summer holiday season. The city was served by the Gruda Airfield which opened for commercial traffic in 1936 and was in use only during the summer months. The domestic airline Aeroput linked Dubrovnik with Belgrade first in 1936, during 1987, the busiest year in Yugoslav aviation, the airport handled 835,818 passengers on international flights and a further 586,742 on domestic services. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the airport surpassed the one-million passenger mark in 2005, today, Dubrovnik boasts the most modern passenger terminal in the country. A new terminal is being planned in place of the old building, constructed in 1962. The price tag of the amounts to seventy million euros and is to be financed out of a loan from the European Bank for Reconstruction. In May 2010 a new terminal opened stretching over 13,700 square metres and it has the capacity to handle two million passengers per year. Further expansion is planned for completion in 2019, a new 24,181 square metres terminal with four jet bridges is under construction, the new terminal will have a projected annual capacity of 3.5 million passengers. Future airport plans call for a commercial zone and a large four-star airport hotel, and long-term plans call for a new runway. Đurovića špilja is a pit cave located under the taxiway of Dubrovnik airport, there is also a wine cellar located inside the cave. Media related to Dubrovnik Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website
6.
Split Airport
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Split Airport, also known as Resnik Airport, is the international airport serving the city of Split, Croatia. It is located 24 km from Split, on the west side of Kaštela Bay, in the town of Kaštela, in 2016, the airport was the second busiest in Croatia after Zagreb Airport handling 2,289,987 passengers that year. It is an important hub for Croatia Airlines offering flights to European cities, such as Athens, Frankfurt, London and it is a major destination for leisure flights during the European summer holiday season. The current airport was opened on 25 November 1966, the apron had dimensions of only 200 x 112 m and 6 parking positions with a planned capacity of 150,000 passengers. In 1968 passenger numbers stood already at 150,737, in 1967, the apron was extended for the first time to accommodate 10 aircraft. A new larger building was built and opened in 1979 to accommodate traffic for a major sporting event held in Split in September. The largest pre-war passenger numbers were achieved in 1987, totalling 1,151,580 passengers and 7,873 landings, in 1991 the passenger figures dropped almost to zero, as the war in the former Yugoslavia broke out. In the years followed, most of the traffic were NATO and UN cargo planes, such as the C-5 Galaxy, MD-11, Boeing 747. After 1995 the civilian traffic figures began rising again, and finally in 2007 surpassed the 1987 record, in 2005, the terminal got a major facelift, adding one more gate, the glass facade, as well as the steel/fabric palms illuminated by multi-colour LEDs. The busiest time in the airport is during the season, as the city of Split is a major tourist destination. Saturdays are the busiest days of the week, with more than 200 airplane operations and 25,000 passengers, since the beginning of the 21st century the summer peaks activity called for an expansion of the airport s capacity. In the year of 2017, major works will be start at Split. When all of the expansion is done, Resnik will have a new terminal, parking area, after that, in the years after 2020, new taxiways are planned to be built to increase runway capacity. The new apron was constructed in 2011 with the capacity slightly over the old one but with better security conditions. The cost of investment was €13 million, and it included 34,000 m2 of new parking space for the aircraft. The lower level houses warehouses, workshops, offices and other objects that support the new 35,000 m2. Expansion of Split Airport is happening in 3 phases, media related to Split airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airport information for LDSP at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006
7.
Zadar Airport
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Zadar Airport is the international airport serving Zadar, Croatia. It is located in Zemunik Donji 8 km from the centre of Zadar, as early as 1936, Zadar had regular commercial flights provided by Ala Littoria. Zadar Airport was one of the few airports in the world where the taxiway crossed a public road, the road was closed on 7 April 2010 due to the terms negotiated with the European Union during Croatian accession negotiations. The airport served as a base for Lufthansas flight school InterCockpit and it still serves as a Croatian Air Force main training base. Media related to Zadar airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airport information for LDZD at World Aero Data, Data current as of October 2006
8.
Miles & More
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Miles & More is the largest traveler loyalty program in Europe with 25 million members as of March 2014. It offers rewards to passengers of the Star Alliance travelling on certain types of tickets, the program was launched by Lufthansa in 1993 and is used by 13 European airlines. The programme enables its members to earn and redeem frequent flyer miles on all of the fully integrated airlines, customers are able to build status, which gives them access to certain privileges. Miles & More is free of charge and these are miles that can be collected in the account of a member and be used to buy flights, upgrades, merchandise from the Lufthansa WorldShop and other Miles & More partners. For standard Miles & More members they retain validity for 36 months, for Frequent Travellers, Senators and HON Circle Card holders, the miles have no expiration date. However, as soon as a customer does not hold any of these cards anymore, for Miles & More Credit Card holders issued in several countries, miles have no expiration date as long as the card is held and/or used. After the credit card expires, the expiry date of the miles is reinstated. Status miles can only be earned when flying on the fully integrated partner airlines or on Star Alliance members, there is no other way to earn these miles. In addition, status miles expire at the end of calendar year. They are used to identify the frequent flyers and members that are able to qualify for a status on the basis of the status miles that they have collected in one year. HON Circle miles can only be earned when flying in business or first class on the fully integrated partner airlines and they are necessary to attain the top-tier status on Miles & More – HON Circle. Until April 1,2006 it was possible to collect this type of mile on United Airlines. HON-miles have to be accumulated within two calendar years, only Senators with an account balance of more than 300,000 status miles over two years, and existing HON Circle members, can see these miles on their account statement. HON Circle qualifying miles balance is also visible to Frequent Traveller, the miles that a member receives after having completed a flight depend on the Airline issuing ticket, mileage flown, the class of service and the booking class. Tables show the number of miles earned with Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, the number of miles earned with other airlines can be calculated using the Mileage Calculator available at the Miles & More website. These mileages apply for flights operated by Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, there is the possibility to earn 10,000 miles on all flights operated by the Lufthansa Private Jet. Lufthansa always has a number of promotions, most lasting for 1–2 months only and they include double mileage on new routes, extra miles for using electronic check-in and alike. Some of the promotions are restricted to residents of certain countries, there are other ways to collect award miles when not travelling
9.
Airline alliance
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An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries and this branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in RPK, followed by SkyTeam with 20. 4% and Oneworld with 17. 8%, benefits can consist of, An extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks, cost reduction from sharing of, sales offices maintenance facilities operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in, investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. Traveler benefits can include, lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, more departure times to choose from on a given route. Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers, a wider range of airport lounges shared with alliance members faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as, less frequent flights, for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline, E. g. flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The ability of an airline to join an alliance may be restricted by laws, competition law issues must also be considered in some countries. The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil, the first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. Normally landing rights are granted for a number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, in return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the barriers and lack of antitrust immunity. The Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999, in 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines. Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin would join one of the existing alliances, in December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. On February 14,2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name, US Airways participation in the Star Alliance lapsed
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