1.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
2.
Cross country running
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Cross country running is a sport in which teams and individuals run a race on open-air courses over natural terrain such as dirt or grass. Sometimes the runners are referred to as harriers, the course, typically 4–12 kilometres long, may include surfaces of grass, and earth, pass through woodlands and open country, and include hills, flat ground and sometimes gravel road. It is both an individual and a sport, runners are judged on individual times and teams by a points-scoring method. Cross country running is one of the disciplines under the sport of athletics. Although open-air running competitions are pre-historic, the rules and traditions of cross country racing emerged in Britain, the English championship became the first national competition in 1876 and the International Cross Country Championships was held for the first time in 1903. Since 1973 the foremost elite competition has been the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Cross country courses are laid out on an open or woodland area. The IAAF recommends that courses be grass-covered, and have rolling terrain with frequent, courses consist of one or more loops, with a long straight at the start and another leading to the finish line. Because of variations in conditions, international standardization of cross country courses is impossible, part of cross country runnings appeal is the natural and distinct characteristics of each venues terrain and weather. Terrain can vary from open fields to forest hills and even across rivers and it also includes running down and up hills. According to the IAAF, a cross country course has a loop of 1,750 to 2,000 metres laid out on an open or wooded land. It should be covered by grass, as much as possible, while it is perfectly acceptable for local conditions to make dirt or snow the primary surface, courses should minimize running on roads or other macadamized paths. Parks and golf courses often provide suitable locations, a course at least 5 metres full allows competitors to pass others during the race. Clear markings keep competitors from making wrong turns, and spectators from interfering with the competition, markings may include tape or ribbon on both sides of the course, chalk or paint on the ground, or cones. Some classes use colored flags to indicate directions, red flags for left turns, yellow flags for right turns, courses also commonly include distance markings, usually at each kilometer or each mile. The course should have 400 to 1,200 m of level terrain before the first turn, to reduce contact, however, many courses at smaller competitions have their first turn after a much shorter distance. Courses for international competitions consist of a loop between 1750 and 2000 meters, athletes complete three to six loops, depending on the race. Senior men compete on a 12-kilometre course, senior women and junior men compete on an 8-kilometre course. Junior women compete on a 6-kilometre course, in the United States, college men typically compete on 8 km or 10 km courses, while college women race for 5 km or 6 km
3.
Fort des Dunes
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The Fort des Dunes, also known as Fort Leffrinckoucke and sometime Fort de lEst, is located in the commune of Leffrinckoucke, France, about 6 kilometres east of Dunkirk. Built from 1878 to 1880, it is part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications that France built following the defeat of the Franco-Prussian War. Although it played no part in World War I, it had a significant role in both the beginning and end of World War II and it has been preserved and is interpreted by a local preservation association for the public. The Fort des Dunes was built as the westernmost frontier fort in the Séré de Rivières system, the chosen site was both served by and a place of protection for the coastal railway and canal. It occupies a sandy hill 27 metres high, and is protected by as many as 6 metres of sand cover. The rectangular fort is surrounded by a dry moat defended by caponiers that provide a firing position to sweep the length of the ditch with gunfire. The main fort is accessed by a drawbridge over the ditch, the Fort des Dunes was armed with a variety of artillery over its history, initially mounted on the forts surface. The forts barracks and service areas are recessed into the surface and covered with soil, the walls are built of brick and stone masonry. It was initially armed with about 25 artillery pieces, served by 451 men, the Fort des Dunes was a component of a larger system of coastal batteries and outlying positions defending the greater Dunkirk area. These fortifications were modified as artillery technology developed, making fixed open-air gun emplacements untenable, during World War I the forts primary armament was two or three 90mm guns on the ramparts. Several 120mm anti-aircraft guns were positioned in the surrounding the fort. The Fort des Dunes did not see action during the First World War and it was garrisoned largely by reservists. The forts primary function during this time was as a munitions depot, during the Battle of France in 1940, large numbers of French and British troops arrived in the Dunkirk area, separated from their units. The Camp des Dunes was established at the fort to process French soldiers, General Georges Blanchard, whose First French Army had effectively ceased to exist, arrived at the fort on 30 May. The fort became the headquarters of the French 12th Motorized Infantry Division on 1 June, on 2 June the fort was attacked by aircraft. Two bombs exploded in the courtyard of the fort, among the dead was the 12th Motorized Infantrys General Janssen. Another bombing raid on 3 June hit the fort with six bombs, heavily damaging the fort and killing six more officers, the repeated attacks and heavy damage led the 12th Division to leave the fort. Following the last evacuations from the beaches and port of Dunkirk on 4 June, the fort became a component of the German Atlantic Wall fortifications, primarily as an annex to the Zuydcoote battery
4.
Fortification
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Fortifications are military constructions or buildings designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and also used to solidify rule in a region during peace time. Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs, the term is derived from the Latin fortis and facere. From very early history to modern times, walls have been a necessity for cities to survive in a changing world of invasion. Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization were the first small cities to be fortified, in ancient Greece, large stone walls had been built in Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae. A Greek Phrourion was a collection of buildings used as a military garrison. These construction mainly served the purpose of a tower, to guard certain roads, passes. Though smaller than a fortress, they acted as a border guard rather than a real strongpoint to watch. The art of setting out a camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called castramentation since the time of the Roman legions. Fortification is usually divided into two branches, permanent fortification and field fortification, there is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification. Castles are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the fort or fortress in that they are a residence of a monarch or noble. Roman forts and hill forts were the antecedents of castles in Europe. The Early Middle Ages saw the creation of towns built around castles. Medieval-style fortifications were made obsolete by the arrival of cannons in the 14th century. Fortifications in the age of black powder evolved into much lower structures with greater use of ditches and earth ramparts that would absorb, Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes. The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification, steel-and-concrete fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. However the advances in warfare since World War I have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations. Demilitarized zones along borders are arguably another type of fortification, although a passive kind, many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may be called fortresses, smaller ones were known as fortalices
5.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
6.
European Cross Country Championships
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The European Cross Country Championships is an annual international cross country running competition. Organised by the European Athletic Association, it is the championships for the region and is held in December each year. The championships was inaugurated in 1994 in Alnwick and the venue for the changes each year. There are individual and national team medals awarded in each race, in the team competition, the finishing positions of the top six scorers from a team of up to nine are combined for the men and women, respectively, and the low score wins. For the junior races, the top three from a team of up to four are scored, the first edition of the competition featured only senior races and 180 athletes took part. Mens and womens races were introduced at the third edition in 1996. In its six-race format, the championships had record participation in 2010. Two cities have hosted the competition on multiple occasions, Alnwick held the 1994 and 1995 editions, lebid also holds the record for consecutive appearances, as he has competed at the championships every year since its inception. Nb Country and athlete figures for senior races only European Athletics official website Historical results from GBR Athletics
7.
European Athletic Association
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The European Athletic Association is the governing body for athletics in Europe. It is one of the six Area Associations of the athletics governing body. European Athletics has 51 members and is headquartered in Lausanne, svein Arne Hansen is its current president. Originally created in 1932 as a European Committee, it was made into an independent body during the Bucharest conference of 1969, the first European Athletics congress took place in Paris on 6–8 October 1970, with Dutchman Adriaan Paulen elected as its first president. From a volunteer-led organization based in the acting Secretarys home country, European Athletics runs and regulates several championships and meetings across Europe - both indoor and outdoor. After the foundation of the International Association of Athletic Federations in 1912, following this meeting, the Council officially designated a European Commission with the task of reviewing the conditions for the organisation of the European Athletics Championships. The first official meeting of what was later to be known as the European Commission was held in Budapest on 7 January 1934, the organization of the first European Athletics Championships was officially awarded to Turin. These first games were men-only and were notable by the absence of the British delegation, the next championships took place in Paris in 1938, but after Stankovits death the same year and the cancellation of all events during WWII, the Commission lay dormant until 1945. Its budget, for example, increased from £100 in 1951 to US$40,000 per year in 1970, the Commission officially became a Committee in July 1952, gradually expanding its independence. The members of the Commission were elected at regular IAAF Congresses until 1966 when, for the first time, the shift also reflects the increased income received from television rights, as earnings took off as a direct result of broadcasting arrangements. The 1969 European championships secured a record US$90,000 from Eurovision for the rights to broadcast the event and its Constitutional Rules were ratified at the IAAF Congress in Stockholm, August 1970, and came into force at the first European Athletics Congress in Paris on 7 November 1970. Ad Paulen, who was president of the European Committee of the IAAF, was elected as the first President and he held this position until his election as President of the IAAF in 1976. The 1970s were also the time for European Athletics to raise the issue of doping and they started establishing more systematic controls, pushing for tests to be extended to non-European athletes as well. The European Championships of 1974 included a range of banned products than previously. As a continent, Europe clearly was the nucleus of the IAAF, as such, the European Association became an experimental platform for international athletics, organising events before they were recognized by the International Olympic Committee. For example, the marathon was included in the 1982 championships. The late 1980s saw major new challenges for sports in general, and European athletics in particular, with the increased professionalization of athletes and the breakdown of the Eastern Bloc. Till Luft, from Germany, became the first full-time General Secretary in 1995 and worked at the first European Athletics office in Frankfurt and, after April 1996, a second office was also opened in London, next to the IAAF
8.
Cross Internacional de Soria
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The Cross Internacional de Soria, also known as the Campo a Través Internacional de Soria, is an annual cross country running competition that takes place in Soria, Spain. First held in 1994, it takes place in late November. It was previously a European Athletic Association permit meeting, the competition features elite races of 10 km for men and 8 km for women. The mens and womens race had initially been competed over distances of 9 km and 6 km respectively, the course, known as the Monte Valonsadero, was used in the early 1990s as a training ground by Fermín Cacho and Abel Antón, two of the regions foremost athletes. After inspecting the area, Miguel Ángel Pérez and Adolfo Caballero suggested that a cross country meeting should be held there and it is a grassy course set in the Sorian countryside, and it is at a particularly high altitude –1063 metres above sea level. Many World Championship medallists have competed at the course, including Gebregziabher Gebremariam, Zersenay Tadese, Meselech Melkamu, the meeting tends to be dominated by runners from East Africa and Spain
9.
Haile Gebrselassie
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Haile Gebrselassie is a retired Ethiopian long-distance track and road running athlete. He won two Olympic gold medals over 10,000 metres and four World Championship titles in the event and he won the Berlin Marathon four times consecutively and also had three straight wins at the Dubai Marathon. Further to this, he won four world titles indoors and was the 2001 World Half Marathon Champion. Haile had major wins at distances between 1500 metres and the marathon, moving from outdoor, indoor and cross country running to road running in the latter part of his career. He broke 61 Ethiopian national records ranging from 800 metres to the marathon, set 27 world records, and is widely regarded as the greatest distance runner in history. In September 2008, at the age of 35, he won the Berlin Marathon with a record time of 2,03,59. The record stood for three years, since he was over the age of 35, that mark still stands as the Masters Age group world record. Haile was born as one of ten children in Asella, Oromiya Region, as a child growing up on a farm he used to run ten kilometres to school every morning, and the same back every evening. This led to a running posture, with his left arm crooked as if still holding his school books. The next year, in 1993, Haile won the first of what would eventually be four consecutive world titles in the mens 10,000 metres at the 1993,1995,1997. His win at the 1993 was however his most infamous as he stepped on the heel of Moses Tanuis shoe at the bell. After the contact, with just one shoe, an angered Tanui moved out to a 10 meter lead, also at the 1993 World Championships he ran in the 5, 000-metre race to finish a close second behind Ismael Kirui of Kenya. In 1994 he won a medal at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships. Later that year he set his first world record by running a 12,56.96 in the 5, 000-metres, in 1995, Haile ran the 10, 000-metres in 26,43.53 in Hengelo, Netherlands, lowering the world record by nine seconds. That same summer, in Zürich, Switzerland, Haile ran the 5000 metres in 12,44.39 and this world record at the Weltklasse meet in Zürich was voted Performance of the Year for 1995 by Track & Field News magazine.09. In 1997, Haile turned the tables on Komen at the same meet, Komen, in turn, took Hailes record only nine days later when Komen ran a 12,39.74 performance in Belgium. In June 1998 in Hengelo, Netherlands, Haile set a 10,000 metres world record 26,22.75, breaking Paul Tergats world record 26,27.85, running evenly paced 13, 11/13,11 5K splits. Just 13 days later, Haile took on the 5000 metres mark of Komen in Helsinki, croatian pacemaker Branko Zorko took the pace out slowly, hitting 1000 metres in 2,33.91 and dropping out at the mile
10.
IAAF World Cross Country Championships
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IAAF World Cross Country Championships is the most important competition in international cross country running. Held annually and organised by International Association of Athletics Federations, it was inaugurated in 1973 and it was an annual competition until 2011, when the IAAF changed it to a biennial event. Traditionally, the World Cross Country Championships consisted of four races, one each for men and for women, scoring was done for individuals and for national teams. In the team competition, the positions of the top six scorers from a team of up to nine are summed for the men and women, respectively. For the junior races, the top three from a team of up to four are scored, the year 1998 saw the introduction of two new events at the World Cross Country Championships, a short race for men and a short race for women. The last time these 4 km races were held was 2006, in an incredible show of dominance, the senior mens team race has been won by Ethiopia or Kenya every year since 1981 in both the short and long races. These nations have enjoyed a similar strangle-hold on the mens races since 1982. In the senior mens 12 km race, Kenya won the championships for an astounding 18 years in a row, from 1986 through 2003. Likewise on the side, only one other nation has won the long team race since 1991, Portugal. These African nations were not quite so dominant in the short races, tirunesh Dibaba was also once the junior womens champion. Many consider the World Cross Country Championships to be the most difficult races to win, at most major championships, the worlds best distance runners are separated into a few races, i. e.3000 m Steeplechase,5000 m, and 10,000 m. However, in the absence of the short races, the World Cross Country Championships pit all runners against one another in only one race. Thus, the competition is quite fierce, numerous other champions have medalled at the Olympic Games or the World Championships, or have set World Records. In the 206th IAAF Council Meeting, held after the 2016 Summer Olympics, the council decided to add a mixed-gender relay race to the World Cross Country Championships schedule – a first for the event
11.
Zola Budd
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Zola Pieterse is a middle-distance and long-distance runner who trained at Aldershot, Farnham & District AC. She competed at the 1984 Olympic Games for Great Britain and the 1992 Olympic Games for South Africa, in 1984 and 1985, she broke the world record in the womens 5000 metres. She was also a winner at the World Cross Country Championships. Budds career was unusual in that she trained and raced barefoot. Since 2008 she has been living in South Carolina with her three children, competing at marathons and ultramarathons and she volunteers as assistant coach at Coastal Carolina University in Conway. Budd, who was born in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, South Africa, achieved fame in 1984, at the age of 17, in 1985 she claimed the world record officially, while representing Great Britain, clocking 14,48.07. With a strong push from the Daily Mail, British citizenship was granted in short order and her application and arrival was controversial due to her acquiring a passport under preferential circumstances. Shortly afterwards Budd was forced to out of a 1500 metres race in Crawley, Sussex. She ran her first competitive race on the track at Central Park in Dartford, Kent. 2.6 seconds in a race shown live on the BBCs Grandstand programme and she ran in further races in Britain, including the UK Championships 1500m and the 3000m in the UK Olympic trials, which she won in 8 mins. Earning a place on the British Olympic team, in the 2000m at Crystal Palace in July 1984 she set a new world record of 5 mins. Commenting during the race for the BBC, David Coleman exclaimed, Decker set a fast pace from the gun with Budd in close pursuit, followed by Puică and Britains Wendy Smith-Sly. When the pace slowed just past the point, Budd took the lead on the straight. Setting the pace, she herself, Decker, Smith-Sly. Running as a group was a situation for Budd and Decker. At 1700 metres, the first collision occurred, Decker came into contact with one of Budds legs, knocking Budd slightly off balance. However, both maintained their close position. Five strides on, at time of 4,58, Budd and Decker again made contact, with Budds left foot brushing Deckers thigh, causing Budd to lose her balance
12.
Joseph Ebuya
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Joseph Ebuya is a Kenyan runner who specialises in the 5000 metres and was the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships champion. Ebuya is an example of a runner representing the Turkana people. He was born in Baragoi, but moved with his family place to place, including Rumuruti. He is based at the PACE Sports Management training camp in Kaptagat and his sister, Alice Aprot, is also a runner and an African champion. He began running competitively in 2003 after having seen Benjamin Limo, Ebuya looked to follow and emulate Limo. Ebuya began to reach the level in 2005, representing the Rift Valley Province at the Kenyan Championships before heading to the European track. Quick performances over 5000 metres in the Netherlands led to an appearance at the Memorial van Damme Golden League meeting later that season, the following month he ran in the junior race at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. Again he was fourth, this time beaten by Tariku Bekele), although he shared in the victory with Mangata Ndiwa. Success awaited him on the track at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics and he was called upon to compete in the 10,000 metres as Kenyas representative Thomas Longosiwa was found to be overage. The situation worked in Ebuyas favour as he ran a personal best of 28,53.46 which brought him the silver medal behind Ethiopian teenager Ibrahim Jeilan, eighth place at the 2006 IAAF World Athletics Final rounded off his first season of international competition. He misjudged his run in the heats at the championships, however, and he sought to make up for his abortive start at the senior global level by focusing on the circuit. He was in the top four in two Golden League meets and went on to take a medal over 3000 metres at the 2007 IAAF World Athletics Final. He was fourth in the race at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. He ran in the 5000 m at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and reached the final and he signalled his strong form at the start of 2010 with a win at the Great Edinburgh Cross Country, beating elite opposition in Eliud Kipchoge and Kenenisa Bekele. He competed on the road running circuit later that year and set a United Kingdom all-comers record for the 10-mile distance with a win at the Great South Run. His time of 45,16 was the fastest of the season and he ran at the Cross de Atapuerca in November but was outdone by world silver medallist Teklemariam Medhin in the final straight and had to settle for second. He became the first athlete to win twice at the Soria meeting by out-kicking Mathew Kisorio a few weeks later and he continued his strong form into 2011, winning in Amorebieta and at the Campaccio. Competing on the roads, he took third at the UAE Healthy Kidney 10K behind Leonard Komon and Micah Kogo – both world record breakers in the event
13.
Fernanda Ribeiro
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Maria Fernanda Moreira Ribeiro, GCIH, is a long-distance runner born in Penafiel, Portugal. The pinnacle of her career was at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she won the womens 10000 m gold medal and her victory gave Portugal its third Olympic gold medal. Ribeiro started running with Grupo Desportivo do Kolossal, before joining FC Porto and she returned to FC Porto after two years at Maratona Clube da Maia. Along with her sports career, she has worked at her town hall as an adviser to the mayor. She holds Portugals record for most Olympic medals and she has the record for most athletic medals won in Portugal, having participated in five summer Olympics and many more European and World Championships. Ribeiro has continued running in her years and won third place at the 2010 Lisbon Half Marathon. She helped the Portuguese womens team win the title at the European Cup 10000 m in June 2010, on August 2,1996, Ribeiro ran in the finals of the Olympic womens 10000 m run. At the beginning of the last lap, Ribeiro was close behind the Chinese athlete Wang Junxia, on the backstretch, Wang opened up as much as a 10-metre gap. In the last 200 meters accelerated, Ribeiro passed her opponent on the inside just as he entered the final straightaway, at the end of the race, Fernanda said, I had promised to fight until my very limits, I only missed finishing on my knees. From the third kilometer I started feeling pain on the Achilles tendon, managed to withstand, suffered, I just got a bit scared when I saw Wang, isolating 400 m to the finish line. But that instant I wasnt defeated yet and it was when I remembered my promise to go to Fatima on foot
14.
Linet Masai
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Linet Chepkwemoi Masai is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in track and cross country running events. She won her first world title in the 10,000 metres at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. Masai became the junior cross country champion in 2007 and set a world junior record for the 10,000 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics. She was the runner-up at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships three times consecutively from 2009 to 2011, at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, she won her second world track medal, taking third in the 10,000 m. Masai was born in Kapsokwony town, Mount Elgon District, and was raised in from Bugaa village, born to John Barasa Masai and Leonida Cherop, she is the fourth born out of ten children. She went to Kapsagom Primary School and then Bishop Okiring Secondary school from where she graduated in 2005 and she started running in 2005, when her older brother Moses Ndiema Masai won 5000 and 10000 metres at the African Junior Championships, hoping she would emulate his success. Her younger siblings Dennis, Ndiema and Magdaline are also runners and their father John Barasa Masai is also a former runner, while Ben Jipcho is their distant uncle. She is based at the PACE Sports Management training camp in Kaptagat and she won the womens junior race at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Mombasa, Kenya. She finished fourth at the Kenyan trials for the 2007 World Championships 5000 metres race and she did, however, compete at the 2007 IAAF World Athletics Final, achieving two fourth places. Her breakthrough year came in 2008, in the spring she won the bronze medal in the senior race at the 2008 World Cross Country Championships. In the summer she competed at the Olympic Games, finishing fourth in the 10,000 metres in a new junior record of 30,26.50 minutes. The previous record was set by Huina Xing of China in 2003 and it was also a new Kenyan record, the previous record was held by Edith Masai and was set in 2005. Masais national record stood for less than a year, seince in June 2009 Florence Kiplagat posted 30,11, the reigning 10000 metres Olympic and word champion Tirunesh Dibaba was sidelined due to injury. She was also awarded the Race Results Weekly Female Runner of the Year award, a win at the Cross Internacional de Itálica shortly after demonstrated her dominance of the Spanish circuit that year. At the 2010 World Cross Country Championships, she started strongly, however, Emily Chebet overtook her with a sprint finish to the race, leaving Masai as the runner-up for the second time in as many years. Later on that year she made her debut at the NYRR New York Mini 10K – her first competition on American soil, Masai outran Emily Chebet in the road running event to take the victory in a time of 30,48. In August she signed up for the Womens 5K Challenge in London and comfortably beat Sylvia Kibet to win the race and she entered the 10,000 m at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics but Tirunesh Dibaba defended her title while the Kenyan left with a bronze medal. At the Memorial van Damme she finished third as compatriot Vivian Cheruiyot took the event title
15.
East Africa
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East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. The first five are included in the African Great Lakes region. Burundi and Rwanda are sometimes considered to be part of Central Africa. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia – collectively known as the Horn of Africa, Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles – small island nations in the Indian Ocean. Réunion and Mayotte – French overseas territories also in the Indian Ocean, Mozambique and Madagascar – often considered part of Southern Africa, on the eastern side of the sub-continent. Madagascar has close ties to Southeast Asia and the islands of the Indian Ocean. Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe – often also included in Southern Africa, Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan – collectively part of the Nile Valley. Situated in the portion of the continent, and Egypt. Also members of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa free trade area, the geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya and it also includes the worlds second largest freshwater lake Lake Victoria, and the worlds second deepest lake Lake Tanganyika. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions, in fact, on the coast of Somaliland and Puntland, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. Unusually, most of the falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 millimetres on the slopes to around 1,250 millimetres at Addis Ababa and 550 millimetres at Asmara. In the high rainfall can be over 2,500 millimetres. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C, at altitudes of above 2,500 metres, frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C or less. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century, today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance, there are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several, a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. A growing number of researchers suspect that North Africa was instead the home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent
16.
Mo Farah
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Sir Mohamed Muktar Jama Mo Farah, CBE is a British distance runner. On the track, he mostly competes over 5000 metres and 10,000 metres, Farah also completed the distance double at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics. Born in Somalia, Farah moved to the UK as a child and he was originally based in London and ran for Newham and Essex Beagles athletics club, training at St Marys University College, Twickenham from 2001 to 2011. His five gold medals at the European Athletics Championships make him the most successful athlete in championships history. He has won the European Athlete of the Year award and the British Athletics Writers Association British Athlete of the Year award more than any other athlete, three times and six times respectively. Farah was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2013 and was created a Knight Bachelor in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to athletics, Farah was born on 23 March 1983 in Mogadishu, Somalia into a Habr Awal Isaaq family. His full name is Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah and he spent the early years of his childhood in Djibouti with his twin brother. He moved to Britain at the age of eight to join his father and his grandfather, Jama, was born in the British protectorate of Somaliland. His father, Mukhtar Farah, is an IT consultant and a British citizen, mohameds parents had met during a holiday. Farah attended Isleworth and Syon School, and Feltham Community College and his athletic talent was first identified by physical education teacher Alan Watkinson. Farahs ambition was to become a car mechanic or play as a winger for Arsenal football club. He later joined the Borough of Hounslow Athletics Club in west London, Farah represented Hounslow at cross-country in the London Youth Games. In 1996, at the age of 13, he entered the English schools cross-country, the following year he won the first of five English school titles. Farahs first major title was at 5000 metres at the European Athletics Junior Championship in 2001 and that year, Farah became one of the first two athletes in the newly formed Endurance Performance Centre at St Mary’s. He lived and trained at the College, and took some modules in an access course before becoming an athlete as his career progressed. In 2005, Farah moved in with Australian Craig Mottram and a group of Kenyan runners that included 10,000 m world number one Micah Kogo. They sleep, eat, train and rest, thats all they do, running with Craig made me feel more positive, Farah said. If I ever want to be as good as these athletes Ive got to work harder, I dont just want to be British number one, I want to be up there with the best
17.
Minute
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The minute is a unit of time or of angle. As a unit of time, the minute is equal to 1⁄60 of an hour, in the UTC time standard, a minute on rare occasions has 61 seconds, a consequence of leap seconds. As a unit of angle, the minute of arc is equal to 1⁄60 of a degree, although not an SI unit for either time or angle, the minute is accepted for use with SI units for both. The SI symbols for minute or minutes are min for time measurement, the prime is also sometimes used informally to denote minutes of time. In contrast to the hour, the minute does not have a historical background. What is traceable only is that it started being recorded in the Middle Ages due to the ability of construction of precision timepieces, however, no consistent records of the origin for the division as 1⁄60 part of the hour have ever been found, despite many speculations. Historically, the word comes from the Latin pars minuta prima. This division of the hour can be refined with a second small part. For even further refinement, the third remains in some languages, for example Polish and Turkish. The symbol notation of the prime for minutes and double prime for seconds can be seen as indicating the first, international System of Units Latitude and longitude Orders of magnitude Henry Campbell Black, Blacks Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, entry on Minute. West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota,1991
18.
Second
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The second is the base unit of time in the International System of Units. It is qualitatively defined as the division of the hour by sixty. SI definition of second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. Seconds may be measured using a mechanical, electrical or an atomic clock, SI prefixes are combined with the word second to denote subdivisions of the second, e. g. the millisecond, the microsecond, and the nanosecond. Though SI prefixes may also be used to form multiples of the such as kilosecond. The second is also the unit of time in other systems of measurement, the centimetre–gram–second, metre–kilogram–second, metre–tonne–second. Absolute zero implies no movement, and therefore zero external radiation effects, the second thus defined is consistent with the ephemeris second, which was based on astronomical measurements. The realization of the second is described briefly in a special publication from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 1 international second is equal to, 1⁄60 minute 1⁄3,600 hour 1⁄86,400 day 1⁄31,557,600 Julian year 1⁄, more generally, = 1⁄, the Hellenistic astronomers Hipparchus and Ptolemy subdivided the day into sixty parts. They also used an hour, simple fractions of an hour. No sexagesimal unit of the day was used as an independent unit of time. The modern second is subdivided using decimals - although the third remains in some languages. The earliest clocks to display seconds appeared during the last half of the 16th century, the second became accurately measurable with the development of mechanical clocks keeping mean time, as opposed to the apparent time displayed by sundials. The earliest spring-driven timepiece with a hand which marked seconds is an unsigned clock depicting Orpheus in the Fremersdorf collection. During the 3rd quarter of the 16th century, Taqi al-Din built a clock with marks every 1/5 minute, in 1579, Jost Bürgi built a clock for William of Hesse that marked seconds. In 1581, Tycho Brahe redesigned clocks that displayed minutes at his observatory so they also displayed seconds, however, they were not yet accurate enough for seconds. In 1587, Tycho complained that his four clocks disagreed by plus or minus four seconds, in 1670, London clockmaker William Clement added this seconds pendulum to the original pendulum clock of Christiaan Huygens. From 1670 to 1680, Clement made many improvements to his clock and this clock used an anchor escapement mechanism with a seconds pendulum to display seconds in a small subdial
19.
Gelete Burka
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Gelete Burka Bati is an Ethiopian middle-distance and long-distance runner. She was born in Kofele in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region, gelete was the short course champion at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She is a three-time medalist at the IAAF World Indoor Championships and she is a four-time participant at the World Championships in Athletics and represented Ethiopia at the Olympics in both 2008 and 2012. She has also medalled on the stage, having been the runner-up at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics. She is the African record holder for the run and the indoor 1500 m. Burkas first significant achievement was at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and she returned to Belgium the following year and repeated the feat. After becoming junior world champion in cross country running at the 2005 World XC Championships, a month later she won the bronze medal in 3000 metres at the World Athletics Final. She closed the season with a win at the Spanish Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños, in April 2006 she won the short race at the World Cross Country Championships, as well as a gold medal in the team competition. She had improved her 5000 m best to 14,31.20 minutes that year and she was sixth at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She represented her country at the 2008 Summer Olympics, but failed to make it out of the 1500 m heats, in September 2008 she set a new one mile African record of 4,18.23. The previous record was held by Hassiba Boulmerka of Algeria and was set in 1991 and she was a finalist at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, but finished last in tenth place. She attempted to defend her 1500 m title at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and she claimed the silver medal behind reigning Olympic champion Nancy Langat at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics in the outdoor season. She came second to a returning Tirunesh Dibaba at the 2011 San Silvestre Vallecana 10K race, gelete reached the podium for the third time running at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, finishing behind Hellen Obiri and Meseret Defar in the 3000 m. She represented Ethiopia in the 5000 m for the first time at the London Olympics and she began 2013 with a win at the Cross Internacional Juan Muguerza. Gelete Burka placed 8th in 30,26.66 at Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Womens 10,000 metres
20.
Teyba Erkesso
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Teyba Erkesso Wako is an Ethiopian runner who specializes in road running as well as cross-country running. She began running for Ethiopia internationally at the age of sixteen and won her first gold medal at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and she formed a key part of Ethiopian team competitions in her early career, helping them reach the podium at international events on numerous occasions. Her first individual medal came at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and it was in road running competitions where she made her name. She won the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale at the age of 21, after a fourth-place finish at the 2009 Chicago Marathon, she set a state record of 2,23,53 at the Houston Marathon. She won her first major events in 2010, placing first in the Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon and she is perhaps known for pushing the pace during the middle of the race, as she did in Boston and Houston to break away. Her first major competition representing Ethiopia was the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and she improved to 20th place at the 2001 edition of the event, helping the Ethiopian women to the team bronze medal as a result. In the following year at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships she finished tenth and she returned to the World Half Marathon Championships in 2003, but did not repeat her medal success, finishing in 21st place and fourth overall with the womens team. One of her first ever road racing wins was at the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale in 2003, in the 2004 season Erkesso took on both the long and short races at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Brussels. After finishing fifth in the race and winning the team gold, she reached the global podium for the first time with a bronze medal in the short race. She won the IAAFs Lotto Cross Cup Brussels cross country meeting twice consecutively in 2005 and 2006 and she again ran in two races at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, but was less successful on her second attempt. Although she finished twelfth and won a gold medal in the short race. Erkesso was victorious at the Vancouver Sun Run 10K in 2007 and that same year she just missed out on the podium at the Chicago Marathon, finishing in fourth place. She won the 2009 Houston Marathon in a record time and improved it further with a second win in 2010. She set a new personal best at the Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon in 2010 and she won her first World Marathon Major in April that year, winning the Boston Marathon with a time of 2,26,11. She led from the point and increased her lead, just managing to hold off Tatyana Pushkareva in the final stages. In June she took part in the Freihofers Run for Women and finished in fourth place and she missed almost all of the 2011 season, with her sole appearance coming at the 2011 Boston Marathon, where she failed to finish. She also pulled out early on in her first race of 2012 at the Ottawa Marathon. 3000 metres -8,56.67 min 5000 metres -15,02.28 min 10,000 metres -31,13.67 min Half marathon -1,07,41 hrs Marathon -2,23,53 hrs Teyba Erkesso profile at IAAF
21.
Dorcus Inzikuru
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Dorcus Inzikuru is a Ugandan track and field athlete, competing in the steeplechase. She won the world title in womens 3000 m steeplechase. Sometimes her name is spelt Docus and it was misspelled in her passport, and the mistake was perpetuated when she entered international races. Inzikuru won the medal in the 5000 metres at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, finishing behind Meseret Defar. She also won at cross country, beating all-comers at the Eurocross meeting that year, Inzikuru only became aware of the $60,000 prize after winning the final and vowed to use her money to build a house and to help young athletes. She had competed in the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships that year, in 2006 she won the Oeiras International Cross Country meeting, but she pulled out of that seasons World Cross Country Championships. After taking two years out from athletics, due to giving birth to her first child and receiving treatment for infections and various allergies. She won an 800 metres race in Namboole on 6 June with a time of 2,12.0, later saying, I am just coming back and am proud of my time. She competed sparingly over the years and could not recapture her steeplechase form. Inzikuru returned to the top level of the sport in 2012, running a time of 9,30.95 minutes for the steeplechase, the event had moved on since her championship win, however, and she was not fast enough to reach the final. She ran at the major Weltklasse and Internationales Stadionfest meetings in Germany after the Olympic Games, Inzikuru grew up in Vurra, in Arua District, the daughter of an Anglican priest. Her parents were talented athletes, but did not compete internationally. She was the third of eight children, but lost her two brothers at the ages of eight and fourteen, to typhoid and malaria. Inzikurru was married to an accountant, Martin Bosco Acidri, a former sprinter, Inzikuru often lives and trains in Turin and competes for the Milan club Camelot. She often trains with mens world record holder, Saif Saaeed Shaheen, as the two share the same coach, Renato Canova
22.
Imane Merga
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Imane Merga Jida is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in the 5000 and 10,000 metres. He won his first world title at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics he won the 10,000 m bronze medal, but he was disqualified in the 5000 m, losing a second bronze. Imane won the first two 5000 m titles in the annual IAAF Diamond League and was the gold medalist at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final and he has also won the Giro Media Blenio and BOClassic road races. He began working with Italian technical coach Renato Canova at the start of 2010 and he was born in Tulu Bolo, Ethiopia. He went to F/H/G/A/Mechal Elementary School and represented the school in various running events before making it to the national. He later moved to Harrar, East Ethiopia and continued training there for a period of time before coming to Addis Ababa where he joined local athletics club. In 2008, he ran at the São Silvestre da Amadora road race, Merga won the Antrim International Cross Country in early 2009 and went on to finish second behind Gebregziabher Gebremariam at the Ethiopian 10,000 m championships in July. He finished fourth in the 10,000 metres at the 2009 World Championships and he closed the year on the cross country circuit, winning at the Cross de lAcier for a third consecutive time. He began his 2010 season with a win at the 10 km Giro Media Blenio race in Dongio, having won the 5000 m at the Bislett Games and the Golden Gala, he went on to become the inaugural 2010 IAAF Diamond League champion in the event. He represented Africa in the event at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and he attempted a fourth straight win at the Cross de lAcier, but was beaten to the line by reigning cross country champion Joseph Ebuya. He ended 2010 with a win at the BOclassic, defeating Mo Farah in a sprint finish, at the Jan Meda Cross Country in February 2011 he came second, some distance behind race winner Hunegnaw Mesfin who took the national title. However, he beat his countryman and all other contenders at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and his world title followed a 15-month stretch in which he had not won a cross country race. He ended his cross country season with another win on grass, beating Caleb Ndiku, turning to the European road circuit, he retained his Giro Media Blenio title with a quick run to the line. At the 2011 World Championships in Athletics he won the bronze medal over 10,000 m while his team mate Ibrahim Jeilan won the title. Imane won his second bronze of the competition in the Mens 5000 metres, fellow Ethiopian Dejen Gebremeskel was elevated to the bronze medal as a result. He continued his cross country winning streak at the Cross de Atapuerca in November and he tried for a second win at the BOClassic, but was third behind Edwin Soi, and was again beaten the Kenyan at the Campaccio race. Imane failed in his attempt to make the Ethiopian team for both 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics, and only made the top three once on the 2012 Diamond League circuit. He fared better away from the track with a time of 59,56 minutes for his marathon debut at the Great North Run
23.
Vivian Cheruiyot
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Vivian Jepkemoi Cheruiyot is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specialises in track and cross country running, olympic champion in 5000 metres event. She holds the Kenyan record and Commonwealth record for the 5000 m with her best time of 14,20.89, Cheruiyot is trained by Ricky Simms. She was born near Keiyo in the Rift Valley Province, coming from the village as another female runner Alice Timbilili. Her breakthrough year came in 1999, at the age of fifteen she took the silver medal at the 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships behind Werknesh Kidane. At the 1999 World Youth Championships in Athletics she won the medal in the 3000 metres. She earned a senior call-up for the 1999 All-Africa Games, where she managed a bronze medal in the 5000 metres and she became the junior champion at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She gained selection for the 2000 Olympic Games and reached the 5000 m final after setting personal bests in the qualifying rounds and she was much slower in the final and was the last runner to finish. Vivian Cheruiyot won the medal at the 5000 m final of the 2007 World Championships at Osaka in 14,58.50. In early 2009 she broke the Kenyan 3000 metres indoor record in Birmingham, in May she won the Great Manchester Run 10K race. Cheruiyot won the womens 5000 m at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin with a time of 14 minutes 58.33 seconds and she closed the track season with a 3000 m silver and a 5000 m bronze medal at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final. She won the 2009 New Years Eve San Silvestre Vallecana race and she retained her Worlds Best 10K title in 2010. An appearance at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships resulted in a medal in the 3000 m behind Meseret Defar. She headed the Kenyan 5000 m challenge at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics in Nairobi, after this, her main focus of the year was the 2010 IAAF Diamond League. She took victories in the 5000 m at the Meeting Areva and she defeated Sentayehu Ejigu at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup to take the 5000 m gold medal for Africa. Another gold medal in the event came at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi and she returned to Kenya to train and took an 8 km win at the Tuskys Cross Country meeting. She ended the year on a note with a win at the BOclassic 5K race on New Years Eve. Her rival Masai led the charge at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She started 2012 with a win at the Worlds Best 10K and she opened the 2012 Diamond League circuit with narrow wins ahead of Meseret Defar, first in the 3000 m in Doha then over 5000 m in Rome
24.
Feyse Tadese
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Feyse Tadese Boru is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in the half marathon. She made her debut at the 2009 Venice Marathon and finished in tenth place with a time of 2,36,57. Feyse gained her first international selection for Ethiopia at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Bydgoszcz. She finished seventh on her debut at the event and helped an Ethiopian team of Meselech Melkamu, Tirunesh Dibaba. Later that season, she won the Bologna Half Marathon with a time of 1,10,08, which was enough to gain her selection for the 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. She ran a personal best time of 1,09,28 at the championships in Nanning to finish in place, sharing in the team silver medal alongside Dire Tune. She ended her year with a personal best run of 1,08,50 at the Delhi Half Marathon. Her first marathon of 2011 came in January at the Dubai Marathon and she won the Rabat Half Marathon in a personal best of 1,08,44 hours in April, then was runner-up at the Jakarta International 10K the month after. She ran a personal best time of 2,25,20 hours at the Eindhoven Marathon in October 2011, in November, she won the 10km de Marseille and the Cross de lAcier. She opened 2012 with her second fastest performance of 1,09,15 hours for fourth place at the RAK Half Marathon. A new marathon best came at the Seoul International Marathon a month later and her time of 2,23,26 hours was enough to win her first race over the distance. Her good form continued at the Yangzhou Jianzhen International Half Marathon and her first individual global medal came at the 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, where she led until the final stages, ending up second behind team mate Meseret Hailu. A personal best and course record followed at the Shanghai Marathon and she ran at the RAK Half Marathon for a second year running and set a best of 68,35 minutes, coming ninth in a fast field. She won the 2013 Paris Marathon, setting a new record of 2,21,06 hours
25.
Hiwot Ayalew
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Hiwot Ayalew Yimer is an Ethiopian long-distance runner whose speciality is the 3000 metres steeplechase. She represented Ethiopia in the event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, born in Gojjam, she is the younger sister of Wude Ayalew, a medallist at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. Hiwot made her first impact in athletics in 2010 and she came third over 5000 metres at the Ethiopian Championships then won the Addis Ababa Cross Country race in December. She opened 2011 with a win at the Cross Ouest-France in Le Mans, running for the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, she took second place at the Jan Meda Cross Country in 2011 which gained her a place on the national team. In her first international appearance she finished eleventh in the senior race at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She competed on the 2011 IAAF Diamond League track circuit and established herself further and she ran a 5000 m best of 14,49.36 minutes for eighth at the Bislett Games then came seventh at the Meeting Areva. Following her track season, she had fourth-place finishes at the Great Ethiopian Run 10K road race, at the start of 2012, she finished as the runner-up behind her sister at the Elgoibar Cross Country. A win at the championships earned her a spot on the Ethiopian team for the 2012 London Olympics. She also performed well on the 2012 IAAF Diamond League circuit, at the end of the year she won the Cross de Atapuerca. She won at the 2013 Jan Meda International to gain selection for Ethiopia at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Bruno Levant (FRA)
Nancy Pattee (BEL)
Albertina Dias (POR)
Wilson Omwoyo (KEN)
Zola Budd (RSA)
Fatuma Roba (ETH)
Margarita Marusova (RUS)
John Yuda (TAN)
Mohammed Farah (GBR)
Birhanu Balew (BHR)