1.
Cruft
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Cruft is jargon for anything that is left over, redundant and getting in the way. It is used particularly for superseded and unused technical and electronic hardware and useless, around 1958, the term was used in the sense of garbage by students frequenting the MIT Tech Model Railroad Club. In the 1959 edition of the dictionary, it was defined as that which magically amounds in the Clubroom just before you walk in to clean up. Its author Peter Samson later explained that this was meant in the sense of detritus, the dictionary has no definition for crufty, a word I didnt hear until some years later. Cruft can also refer to alumni who remain active at MIT. The origin of the term is uncertain, but it may be derived from Harvard Universitys Cruft Laboratory, as late as the early 1990s, unused technical equipment could be seen stacked in front of Cruft Halls windows. According to students, if a filled with useless machinery is called Cruft Hall. This image of discarded technical clutter quickly migrated from hardware to software, Cruft may also be a play on the archaic medial s, rendering crust as cruſt. In the TMRC dictionary, the relation to the term crud is pointed out by humorously defining the known word by the more obscure one. The Oxford English Dictionary offers an etymology of the word crufty and cites usage in Jamaica where the word meant rough, coarse-looking or scabby, perhaps acting as a modified version of scruffy. The FreeBSD handbook uses the term to refer to leftover or superseded object code that accumulates in a folder or directory when software is recompiled and new executables, such cruft, if required for the new executables to work properly, can cause the BSD equivalent of Dependency hell. The word is used to describe instances of unnecessary, leftover or just poorly written source code in a computer program that is then uselessly, or even harmfully. Cruft accumulation may result in debt, which can subsequently make adding new features or modifying existing features—even to improve performance—more difficult. Examples of URL cruft include filename extensions such as. php or. html, Cruft may also refer to unused and out-of-date computer paraphernalia, collected through upgrading, inheritance, or simple acquisition, both deliberate and through circumstance. This accumulated hardware, however, often has benefit when IT systems administrators, technicians, verity Stobs Index of Cruftidity at Dr. Dobbs Journal
2.
Conformation show
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Such shows are useful to breeders as a means of evaluating dogs for breeding purposes. Many breeders even consider championship a prerequisite for breeding, the first modern conformation dog show was held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, in June 1859, and the only breeds scheduled were pointers and setters. A conformation dog show is not a comparison of one dog to another, Dog show judges attempt to identify dogs who epitomize the published standards for each breed. This can be challenging, because some judgements must necessarily be subjective, judges are generally certified to judge one or several breeds, usually in the same group, but a few all-breed judges have the training and experience to judge large numbers of breeds. Dogs compete at dog shows to earn points or certification towards championship titles, the Kennel Club system, which is also used by the Australian National Kennel Council and in other countries, is considered the most difficult to earn a title under. At certain shows designated as Championship shows, the top bitch and dog in each breed will be awarded a Challenge Certificate, the number of CCs on offer for each breed is decided by the Kennel Club in advance, so opportunities to gain a title are limited. In the US and Canada, each time a dog wins at some level of a show, the number of points varies depending on what level within a show the win occurs, how many dogs are competing, and whether the show is a major or minor. The exact number of points needed to gain a championship varies depending on the club offering the title. At the lowest level, dogs are divided by breed, each breed is divided into classes based on sex and, sometimes, age. Males are judged first, then females, at the next level they are divided by group. At the final level, all dogs compete together under a specially trained all breed judge, Best of Breed is the title given to the dog who has been judged the best representative specimen of its breed at a conformation show. Some kennel clubs divide some breeds into varieties based on specific traits, in single-breed shows, however, the Best of Variety winners may compete for Best of Breed. The term Best of Breed or Variety is often used to both titles. Each breed or variety is divided into classes based on sex, dogs are judged first, in their age classes. Within one breed, there are puppies, mature male dogs, at some events, usually single-breed or novelty shows, there may be a baby puppy class which is usually contested after the adult classes as a ploy to keep spectators interested. The winners of all classes in each sex compete for Challenge Dog and Challenge Bitch and this is for fairness, as one class may contain a stronger field of specimens of the breed. If the judge believes that this is the case, the Challenge Dog and Reserve Challenge Dog, for example, from the two finalists is selected Best of Breed. The runner-up is deemed Best of Opposite Sex, there is then a run-off in which the second best individual in the sex division of the winner is brought back to stand against the Best of Opposite Sex for the title of Runner-up to Best of Breed
3.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
4.
Dog
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The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
5.
Trade fair
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A few fairs are hybrids of the two, one example is the Frankfurt Book Fair, which is trade only for its first three days and open to the general public on its final two days. They are held on a basis in virtually all markets. Modern trade fairs follow in the tradition of trade fairs established in late medieval Europe, in this era, produce and craft producers visited towns for trading fairs, to sell and showcase products. From the late century, industrial exhibitions in Europe and North America became more common reflecting the technological dynamism of the Industrial Revolution. In the late 19th century, the concept of annual trade shows gained traction. Trade fairs often involve a considerable marketing investment by participating companies, costs include space rental, booth design and construction of trade show displays, telecommunications and networking, travel, accommodations, and promotional literature and items to give to attendees. In addition, costs are incurred at the show for such as electrical, booth cleaning, internet services. Consequently, cities often promote trade shows as a means of economic development, an increasing number of trade fairs are happening online, and these events are called virtual tradeshows. They are increasing in popularity due to their low cost. Large trade fair grounds, List reviewed on March 12,2014, agricultural show Buyers Market of American Craft County fair Lead retrieval List of worlds fairs Rodeo State fair Worlds fair Media related to Trade fairs at Wikimedia Commons Database
6.
Dog agility
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Dog agility is a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. Dogs run off leash with no food or toys as incentives, consequently, the handlers controls are limited to voice, movement, and various body signals, requiring exceptional training of the animal and coordination of the handler. In its simplest form, an agility course consists of a set of standard obstacles laid out by a judge in a design of his or her own choosing in an area of a specified size, the surface may be of grass, dirt, rubber, or special matting. Depending on the type of competition, the obstacles may be marked with numbers indicating the order in which they must be completed, courses are complicated enough that a dog could not complete them correctly without human direction. In competition, the handler must assess the course, decide on handling strategies, many strategies exist to compensate for the inherent difference in human and dog speeds and the strengths and weaknesses of the various dogs and handlers. Because each course is different, handlers are allowed a short walk-through before the competition starts, the handler tends to run a path much different from the dogs path, so the handler can sometimes spend quite a bit of time planning for what is usually a quick run. Printed maps of the agility course, called course maps, are made available to the handlers before they run. The course map contains icons indicating the position and orientation of all the obstacles, course maps were originally drawn by hand, but nowadays courses are created using various computer programs. Each dog and handler team gets one opportunity together to attempt to complete the course successfully, the dog begins behind a starting line and, when instructed by his handler, proceeds around the course. The handler typically runs near the dog, directing the dog with spoken commands and with body language. Because speed counts as much as accuracy, especially at higher levels of competition, scoring of runs is based on how many faults are incurred. The regulations of different organizations specify somewhat different rules and dimensions for the construction of obstacles, however, the basic form of most obstacles is the same wherever they are used. Obstacles include the following, Jump Two uprights supporting a horizontal bar over which the dog jumps, the height is adjusted for dogs of different heights. The uprights can be simple stanchions or can have wings of various shapes, sizes, double and Triple Jump Two uprights supporting two or three horizontal bars spread forward or back from each other. The double can have parallel or ascending horizontal bars, the triple always has ascending bars, the spread between the horizontal bars is sometimes adjusted based on the height of the dog. Broad Jump A set of four or five slightly raised platforms that form an area over which the dog must jump without setting their feet on any of the platforms. The length of the jump is adjusted for the dogs height, tire Jump A torus shape that is roughly the size of a tire and suspended in a frame. The dog must jump through the opening of the tire, like other jumps, the tire is usually wrapped with tape both for visibility and to cover any openings or uneven places in which the dog could catch
7.
Obedience training
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Obedience training usually refers to the training of a dog and the term is most commonly used in that context. Obedience implies compliance with the direction or command given by the handler, for a dog to be considered obedient rather than simply trained in obedience, it must respond reliably each time its handler gives a command. Training a dog in obedience can be an ongoing and lengthy process depending on the dog, the used. The level of obedience the handler wishes to achieve with the dog is also a factor in the time involved. Obedience training is often a prerequisite for or component of other training, the actual training of the dog can be done by anyone, the trainer, owner, or a friend. Typically the individual who is caring for and living with the dog participates and trains the dog, the relationship and trust between the dog and handler are important for success. Basic or beginners obedience is typically a short course ranging from six to ten weeks, with most methods the dog is trained one command at a time. Though there may or may not be a specific word attached to it, walking properly on a leash, in the twentieth century, formalized dog training originated in military and police applications, and the methods used largely reflected the military approach to training humans. In the middle and late part of the century, however, more research into operant conditioning, aquatic mammal trainers used clickers to mark desired behavior, giving food as a reward. The change in training methods spread gradually into the world of dog training, today many dog trainers rely heavily on positive reinforcement to teach new behaviors. At a basic level, owners want dogs with which they can share a house. Some dogs need only an amount of training to learn to eliminate outside, to sit, to lie down. Many other dogs prove more challenging, new dog owners might find training difficult and fail to make progress, because they expect dogs to think and act like humans, and are surprised and baffled when the dogs dont. While not a competitive obedience title, a CGC certification demonstrates that the dog is sociable, well behaved, and reliable in public settings. Dogs that have been bred to one task to the exclusion of all others, or that have been bred to work independently from their handler. Novice dog owners need to consider a dogs trainability as well as its level, exercise requirements. Very high intelligence is not necessarily a good thing in a dog, as smart dogs can require extensive daily mental stimulation if they are not to become bored. No breed is impossible to train, but novice owners might find training some breeds quite difficult
8.
Flyball
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Flyball is run in teams of four dogs, as a relay. The hurdle height is determined by the height of the smallest dog in the team. Under current North American Flyball Association rules this should be 5 inches below the height of the smallest dog, to a height of no less than 7 inches. Current EFC rules limits the height to no less than 17.5 cm, each dog must return its ball all the way across the start line before the next dog crosses. Ideal running is nose-to-nose at the start line, the first team to have all four dogs cross the finish line error free wins the heat. Penalties are applied to teams if the ball is dropped or if the next relay dog is released early, Flyball started as a dog sport in the late 1960s and early 1970s, in Southern California. Some dog trainers combined scent hurdle racing with the bringing back a tennis ball to the finish line. Then a tennis ball-launching apparatus was added and the first flyball box was born, herbert Wagner is credited with making the first real flyball box, and he also demonstrated flyball on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. The first Flyball tournament was held in 1983 in the United States, Flyball provides an entertaining and active way to interact with ones dog and other dog enthusiasts in an environment that is fun while allowing the dogs exercise and enjoyment. It is an effective way to burn off the energy of dogs with a high drive to work, such as Border Collies. Though herding dogs currently dominate the courses, many teams have mutts on them. Dogs earn titles and awards based on points earned by their team in racing, as the sport has developed better dog training regimes have been introduced as knowledge has increased within the sport. Specific training has been developed to promote the dogs using ‘swimmers’ type turns on the Flyball box when catching the ball, smaller dogs are often prized as the hurdle height is based on the height of the smallest dog in the team, commonly known as a height dog. Their only limitation is whether they can trigger the release pad, Flyball is one of the non-hunting dog sports in which dogs and people work as a team. On the other hand, modern flyball has become the fastest growing teamsport, first division teams have well trained dogs and handlers and are trained and coached to perform. Some teams use dedicated special bred sportdogs, competitions are usually hosted by a specific local flyball club but under the sanction of a national governing body. The host club may be devoted solely to flyball or to other types of dog sports. Although competitions may vary, teams are seeded into divisions against other teams of similar speed
9.
The Kennel Club
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The Kennel Club is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world and its role is to act as governing body for various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also operates the national register of pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom and its headquarters are located on Clarges Street in Mayfair, London, with business offices in Aylesbury. The Kennel Club registration system divides dogs into seven breed groups, the Kennel Club Groups are, Hound, Working, Terrier, Gundog, Pastoral, Utility and Toy. As of 2011, the Kennel Club recognised 210 breeds of dog and this was increased to 211 breeds with the addition of the Turkish Kangal dog in 2013. The Kennel Club licenses dog shows throughout the UK but the dog show actually run by the KC is the Crufts conformation show. The show has held since 1928 and attracts competitors from all over the world. Crufts is held every March at the NEC, Birmingham, the Kennel Club also holds the dog event Discover Dogs in London every November, featuring the Scruffts dog show for crossbreed and mixed breed dogs. The Kennel club was founded in 1873 after Sewallis E Shirley became frustrated by trying to dog shows without a consistent set of rules to work with. Since the first dog show held in 1859, shows had become popular during the Victorian era. Shirley is listed as an exhibitor of Fox Terriers at the Birmingham Dog Show Society show in 1865, together with a group of other gentlemen he organised the First Grand Exhibition of Sporting and Other Dogs held at Crystal Palace in June 1870. The show was not a success and the gentlemen of the committee had to make up the loss. This seems to have been the trigger for Shirley calling a meeting with others who had deep seated interests in judging and exhibiting pedigree dogs. The Meeting was held at 2 Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, London, all business was conducted from there until a move to Pall Mall in May 1877. It was decided they would be responsible for publishing a Stud Book, the Kennel Club saw particular change under the chairmanship of John MacDougall during the period 1981 to 1996. It was also under his stewardship that the system became computerised. The Kennel Club acquired Crufts dog show after the widow of Charles Cruft was unable to devote the time to running such a large undertaking, no shows were held during the Second World War. The first Crufts show held by the Kennel Club was in 1948 at Olympia, the show was first televised by the BBC in 1950
10.
National Exhibition Centre
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The National Exhibition Centre is an exhibition centre located in Birmingham, England. It is near junction 6 of the M42 motorway, and is adjacent to Birmingham Airport and it has 20 interconnected halls, set in grounds of 611 acres making it the largest exhibition centre in the UK. It is the busiest and seventh-largest exhibition centre in Europe, opened by Elizabeth II in February 1976, the first event to be staged at the venue was International Spring Fair, which has returned every year since. Growing annually, the event now occupies all of the NECs 20 halls, in November 1971, the Secretary of State for the Environment granted outline planning approval for the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham. The NEC, originally comprising 89,000 m2 of exhibition space, was opened by the Queen on 2 February 1976, the building was designed by Edward Mills. In 1989, the Queen opened three further halls, increasing the space to 125,000 m2, four more halls were added in 1993, the total exhibition space increasing to 158,000 m2. Another four new halls, opened in September 1998 by Neil Kinnock, European Commissioner for Transport and these buildings were designed by Seymour Harris. The NEC is nearing completion of a five-year, £40 million venue improvement programme which has seen improvements made to everything from the car parking to signage, seating and catering. The most obvious result of development has been the redesign of the Piazza – the central space around Halls 1 to 5. The NEC was home to the British International Motorshow from 1978 to 2004, in addition, it also hosted the Classic Motor Show. Since 1991, the NEC has been the venue for the dog show Crufts. Held over four days and using five halls as well as the LG Arena, in May 2013, The National Exhibition Centre announced it would be hosting a series of corporate Christmas parties for the first time. The parties run from 8 to 21 December 2013 and it was also the venue for Great Britains Davis Cup match against Holland in 2007. The Genting Arena is part of the complex, the NEC has 29,000 car parking spaces spread around the site, with a shuttle bus service operating to and from the car parks. Parent company The NEC Group also owns and operates the Barclaycard Arena and International Convention Centre, official website The NEC Birmingham Business event calendar
11.
British culture
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The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture, the United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world-leading scientists and inventions. Sport is an important part of British culture, numerous sports originated in the country, the UK has been described as a cultural superpower, and London has been described as a world cultural capital. The Industrial Revolution, which started in the UK, had an effect on the socio-economic. These states are collectively known as the Anglosphere, and are among Britains closest allies. In turn the empire also influenced British culture, particularly British cuisine, the cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness. First spoken in early medieval England, the English language is the de facto language of the UK. Individual countries within the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their indigenous languages, Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. There is also a campaign under way to recognise Scots as a language in Scotland, the Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the UK Government has committed to the promotion of linguistic traditions. The United Kingdom has ratified the charter for, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Scots, Cornish, British Sign Language is also a recognised language. Owing to its history, dialects and regional accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom. Some cities in close proximity have a different dialect and accent, such as Scousers from Liverpool, notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul McCartney from The Beatles while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis. Received Pronunciation is the accent of standard English in the UK, brummie is the dialect of natives of Birmingham in the west midlands of England – notable Brummies include rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne, Jeff Lynne, and Rob Halford. Geordie is the dialect of people from Tyneside in northeast England – musicians Brian Johnson, Mark Knopfler, notable exponents of the Scottish accent include Sean Connery, comedian Billy Connolly, and The Proclaimers. The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as pirate speech – cartoon-like Ooh arr, talk is very similar, while famous pirates hailed from this region, including Blackbeard, West Country native Robert Newtons performance as Long John Silver in films standardised the pirate voice. The Northern Irish accent includes golfer Rory McIlroy and actor Liam Neeson, the early 18th century is known as the Augustan Age of English literature. From the late 18th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance 200 years earlier, in Scotland the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in Scots literature, and the Weaver Poets of Ulster were influenced by literature from Scotland
12.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
13.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
14.
Pedigree Dogs Exposed
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Pedigree Dogs Exposed is a BBC One investigative documentary, produced by Jemima Harrison, which looks into health and welfare issues facing pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom. It was originally broadcast on 19 August 2008, the programme generated much criticism of the Kennel Club. It also caused various sponsors and trade exhibitors to withdraw their participation from Crufts, the BBC—which has broadcast Crufts for 42 years—withdrew its coverage of Crufts for 2009, and chose not to renew it for 2010. The Kennel Club initially denied the assertion that many dogs suffer from diseases. It also lodged a complaint with broadcasting regulator Ofcom, claiming unfair treatment, due to strong public opinion, it later rolled out new health plans and reviewed breed standards for every breed. Some breeders have condemned the Club for overreacting, ofcoms final ruling upheld KCs complaints regarding the lack of a right of reply for some allegations made by the programme but dismissed complaints made in various other areas. The ruling also acknowledged that KCs geneticist Jeff Sampsons views were misrepresented but states that as a whole, Three separate health reports were commissioned as a result of the programme. A follow-up program, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, Three Years On was broadcast on BBC4 on 27 February 2012. A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was shown to be in due to a condition known as syringomyelia. Veterinary Neurologist Dr Claire Rusbridge described the brain as a size 10 foot thats been shoved into a size 6 shoe, another problem that plagues the breed is heart disease. Cardiologist Simon Swift explained that half of all Cavaliers aged 5 would have heart murmurs. About three-quarters of the 7 million dogs in the UK are pedigree breeds, leading geneticist Steve Jones attributed one of the key problems to inbreeding. RSPCA Chief Vet Mark Evans singled out competitive dog showing as responsible for the problem, old photos of the Dachshund, Basset Hound, Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Pug and German Shepherd Dog were shown to illustrate how much the breeds have changed over the past century. The German Shepherd used in the ring was contrasted with the working German Shepherd. Crufts Judge Terry Hannan insisted that the working German Shepherds are anatomically incorrect, when shown a photo of a Basset Hound from sixty years ago, he was less than impressed. The programme stated that bulldog heads have become so large that the majority are unable to give birth naturally, the boxer breed was presented as suffering from heart diseases and high rate of cancer, one boxer was shown having an epileptic seizure. The function of the dog then became secondary to appearance, RSPCA Chief Vet Mark Evans called the Crufts show a parade of mutants and a freakish, garish beauty pageant that has frankly nothing to do with health and welfare. He pointed out that breed standards take no account of temperament, the programme traced the Kennel Clubs history to the eugenics movement, on which it said purebred dog breeding is based
15.
Charles Cruft (showman)
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Charles Alfred Cruft was a British showman who founded the Crufts dog show. Charles first became involved with dogs when he began to work at Spratts and he rose to the position of general manager, and whilst working for Spratts in France he was invited to run his first dog show at the 1878 Exposition Universelle. He was involved in a range of dog breed clubs, including that for Schipperkes, Pugs and Borzois. He and his wife upheld a story that never owned a dog. Charles Cruft was born on 28 June 1852, one of four children, in his youth, Charles attended Ardingly College in Sussex, and Birkbeck College in London. Cruft first followed in his fathers footsteps by becoming a manufacturing jeweller but he decided that the career was not for him. He went on to apply for the post of office boy in the Holborn shop of James Spratt, Cruft overhauled the bookkeeping in the shop, changing it from a system using crosses to distinguish between wholesale and retail customers to a far more detailed system. The Maltese cross that was used in the bookkeeping was later instead stamped onto the biscuits as a type of trademark to distinguish Spratts biscuits from other dog biscuits. He saw a connection between improved feeding and purebred dogs, and so supported the foundation of canine societies. As part of this new role, he was expected to have attended the Grand National Exhibitions of Sporting and other Dogs at The Crystal Palace, London and these early shows were unsuccessful financially and were not continued. Whilst at Spratts, Cruft gradually rose to the role of manager, after being head of their Show Department for several years. At the age of 26, some years after leaving the jewellery business. The Spratts dog biscuits became the forerunner of the modern dry dog food, in 1878, whilst still working for Spratts, Cruft travelled across Europe to expand the biscuit business. Whilst in France, he was invited to run the dog show at the third Worlds Fair whilst he was there promoting Spratts dog cake, known as the Exposition Universelle. He took up job offers to run the shows for the Scottish Kennel Club and he also co-founded and became club secretary of the Schipperke Club of Brussels. By the time Cruft turned 30 in 1882, Spratts had been sold to Edward Wylan who in turn promoted Charles first to Chief Traveller, and then to general manager. Under Crufts guidance, the company diversified its product base and expanded into game bird and poultry food markets, as well as producing a range of accessories for cats, Cruft himself became secretary of the Toy Spaniel Club and the Pug Dog Club. He was also involved in clubs which promoted the Saint Bernard, in 1886, Cruft was approached to run a dog show for terriers in London by the Duchess of Newcastle, and so on 10 March his show opened at the Royal Aquarium in Westminster, London
16.
Dog biscuit
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A dog biscuit is a hard biscuit-based dietary supplement for dogs or other canines, similar to human snack food. Dog biscuits tend to be hard and dry, Dog biscuits may be sold in a flat bone-shape. Some manufacturers claim the dry and hard biscuit texture helps clean the dogs teeth, Dogs bread, made from bran, has been mentioned since at least Roman times. It was already criticized as particularly bad bread, Juvenal refers to dogs bread as filth - And bit into the filth of a dogs bread Et farris sordes mordere Canini, in Spain, pan de perro is mentioned as early as 1623 in a play by Lope de Vega. It is used here in the sense of giving someone blows, the latter meaning refers to a special bread made with ground glass, poison and needles and intended to kill dogs. The bread meant as food for dogs was also called parruna and was made from bran and this was very likely what was referred to in associating the bread with mistreatment. In France, Charles Estienne wrote in 1598, Take no notice of bran bread and it is better to leave it for the hunting, or shepherd, or watch dogs. By the nineteenth century, pain de chien had become a way of referring to very bad bread, It is awful, general, smiths dog-biscuit manufactory, and was surprised to find he has been for a long period manufacturing the enormous quantity of five tons a-week. In the south of England it is much the fashion to give sporting-dogs a food called dog-biscuit instead of barley-meal, and the consequences resulting from this simple aliment are most gratifying. Designed to digest the hard and tough integument of animal substance, hence, barleymeal, in later years, dog biscuits began to be made of meat products and were sometimes treated as synonymous with dog food. In 1871, an ad appeared in Cassells Illustrated Almanac for SLATERS MEAT BISCUIT FOR DOGS - Contains vegetable substances and it gives Dogs endurance, and without any other food will keep them in fine working condition. In England, Spratts Dog Biscuits not only obtained a patent but seems to have claimed to have invented the food, By most accounts, an electrician from Cincinnati, Spratt had patented a new type of lightning conductor in 1850. Later in the decade, he traveled to England to sell it, the first major chunk of todays pet industry was born. In 1860, still in England, Spratt unveiled Spratts Patent Meat Fibrine Dog Cakes, a combination of wheat, beetroot, vegetables, and beef blood. Before long, he had competitors with names like Dr. A. C. Daniels Medicated Dog Bread, the products embraced the dubious science and the lightly regulated hucksterism of their era. More than 70 years ago, in a shop in London an electrician named James Spratt conducted experiments which led to the production of Spratts Patent—a scientifically blended dog food. It was the first attempt to lift the dog out of the class of scavenger which he had occupied from caveman times, in at least one case Spratt sued a seller accused of substituting another product - an early example of a company fighting knock-offs, Spratts Dog Biscuits. On Wednesday last, in the Queans Bench Division of the High Court, before Lord Coleridge and a special jury
17.
Royal Agricultural Hall
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The Royal Agricultural Hall is a Grade II listed building, which opened in 1862 in the district of Islington in London, England, for holding agricultural shows. It was the home of the Royal Smithfield Clubs Smithfield Show from 1862 to 1938 and it hosted the Royal Tournament from its inauguration in 1880 until the event became too large for the venue and moved to Olympia in the early years of the 20th century. It hosted the first Crufts dog show in 1891, the hall then remained unused and empty until it was converted to its present use as the Business Design Centre in 1986. Following some 40 years of exhibiting, first in Smithfield at Wooton’s Livery Stables near Smithfield Meat Market then at a site in the Barbican, it moved in 1839 to premises in Baker Street. However it outgrew these and it was proposed that the club erect a hall large enough to accommodate their annual display. The foundation stone was laid in 1861 – although a part of the building had already been completed. When built it was one of the largest exhibition halls in the world and it was this building that was the original basis of the present hall, which has expanded on this site since the foundation stone was laid in 1861. The main exhibition hall covers 65,000 square feet and it hosted the Royal Tournament from its inauguration in 1880 until the event became too large for the venue and moved to Olympia in the early years of the 20th century. Sporting events included six-day cycle races – the first event being held at the Agricultural Hall in 1878 and it also hosted the first Crufts dog show in 1891. It has been designated a Grade II listed building, the hall then remained unused and empty until it was bought and converted to its present use as the Business Design Centre by Sam Morris in 1986. In 2006,2009 and 2010 Made in Brunel, a design exhibition hosted by the engineering. London Art Fair, the largest contemporary art fair in the United Kingdom, is held annually at the Business Design Centre, the centre is owned by the Morris family. Official website Images of England page — architectural description Business Design Center Events Calendar Archival material relating to the Royal Agricultural Hall
18.
Islington
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Islington is a district in Greater London, England, and part of the London Borough of Islington. Islington grew as a sprawling Middlesex village along the line of the Great North Road and this gave rise to some confusion, as neighbouring districts may also be said to be in Islington. This district is bounded by Liverpool Road to the west and City Road and its northernmost point is in the area of Canonbury. The main north-south high street, Upper Street splits at Highbury Corner to Holloway Road to the west, Islington was originally named by the Saxons Giseldone, then Gislandune. The name means Gīslas hill from the Old English personal name Gīsla, the name later mutated to Isledon, which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many small manors thereabouts, along with Bernersbury, some roads on the edge of the area, including Essex Road, were known as streets by the medieval period, possibly indicating a Roman origin, but little physical evidence remains. What is known is that the Great North Road from Aldersgate came into use in the 14th century and this was along the line of modern Upper Street, with a toll gate at The Angel defining the extent of the village. The Back Road, the modern Liverpool Road, was primarily a road where cattle would be rested before the final leg of their journey to Smithfield. Pens and sheds were erected along this road to accommodate the animals, the first recorded church, St Marys, was erected in the twelfth century and was replaced in the fifteenth century. Islington lay on the estates of the Bishop of London and the Dean, there were substantial medieval moated manor houses in the area, principally at Canonbury and Highbury. In 1548, there were 440 communicants listed and the atmosphere, with access to the City and Westminster, made it a popular residence for the rich. The local inns, however, harboured many fugitives and recusants, the Royal Agricultural Hall was built in 1862 on the Liverpool Road site of William Dixons Cattle Layers. The hall was 75 ft high and the glass roof spanned 125 ft. It was built for the annual Smithfield Show in December of that year but was popular for other purposes, including recitals and it was the primary exhibition site for London until the 20th century and the largest building of its kind, holding up to 50,000 people. It was requisitioned for use by the Mount Pleasant sorting office during World War II, the main hall has now been incorporated into the Business Design Centre. The hill on which Islington stands has long supplied the City of London with water and these included Sadlers Wells, London Spa and Clerkenwell. The river was opened on 29 September 1613 by Sir Hugh Myddelton and his statue still stands where Upper Street meets Essex Road. The course of the river ran to the east of Upper Street, the Regents Canal passes through Islington
19.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
20.
Greyhound
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The Greyhound is a breed of dog, a sighthound which has been bred for coursing game and Greyhound racing. Since the rise in adoption of retired racing Greyhounds, the breed has seen a resurgence in popularity as a family pet. It is a gentle and intelligent breed whose combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest, flexible spine and slim build allows it to reach average race speeds exceeding 64 kilometres per hour. The Greyhound can reach a speed of 70 kilometres per hour within 30 metres, or six strides from the boxes. Males are usually 71 to 76 centimetres tall at the withers, females tend to be smaller, with shoulder heights ranging from 68 to 71 centimetres and weights from less than 27 to 34 kilograms. Greyhounds have very short fur, which is easy to maintain, there are approximately thirty recognized color forms, of which variations of white, brindle, fawn, black, red and blue can appear uniquely or in combination. Greyhounds are dolichocephalic, with a skull which is long in comparison to its breadth. Greyhounds can be aloof and indifferent to strangers, but are affectionate with their own pack and they are generally docile, lazy, easy-going, and calm. Greyhounds wear muzzles during racing, which can lead some to believe they are aggressive dogs, contrary to popular belief, adult Greyhounds do not need extended periods of daily exercise, as they are bred for sprinting rather than endurance. Greyhound puppies that have not been taught how to utilize their energy, however, can be hyperactive and destructive if not given an outlet, Greyhound owners and adoption groups consider Greyhounds wonderful pets. Greyhounds are quiet, gentle and loyal to owners and they are very loving, and enjoy the company of their humans and other dogs. Whether a Greyhound will enjoy the company of other animals, such as cats. Greyhounds will typically chase small animals, those lacking a high prey drive will be able to coexist happily with toy dog breeds and/or cats, many owners describe their Greyhounds as 45-mile-per-hour couch potatoes. Greyhounds live most happily as pets in quiet environments and they do well in families with children, as long as the children are taught to treat the dog properly with politeness and appropriate respect. Greyhounds have a nature, and gentle commands work best as training methods. A very common misconception regarding Greyhounds is that they are hyperactive and this is usually not the case with retired racing Greyhounds. Greyhounds can live comfortably as apartment dogs, as they do not require much space, due to their calm temperament, Greyhounds can make better apartment dogs than smaller, more active breeds. At most race tracks, Greyhounds are housed in crates, most such animals know nothing other than being in a crate for the majority of the day
21.
Herbert Whitley
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Herbert Whitley was a millionaire and animal breeder who established Paignton Zoo zoological garden on his estate at Primley, Paignton, in Devon in the 1920s. Paignton Zoo was founded initially as his private collection, Whitley was an early conservationist and a contemporary of people such as Sir Peter Scott and Jean Delacour, the famous French ornithologist. Paignton Zoo first opened to the public in 1923 and it was one of the earliest combined zoological and botanical gardens in Britain and the first that was opened with education as its mission. When Herbert Whitley died in 1955, the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust was set up to continue his work, since 2003, WWCT has owned and operated Newquay Zoo and Living Coasts. His estates also included the site of local nature reserves in Devon, including Slapton Ley. A brief history and photograph of Herbert Whitley can be found on the Paignton Zoo website, a fuller life story was published by Jack Baker in the book Chimps, Champs and Elephants. Newquay Zoo official website Paignton Zoo official website Living Coasts official website
22.
Paignton Zoo
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Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, is a zoo in Paignton, Devon, England. The zoo is part of South West Environmental Parks Ltd which is owned by the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust and it is a combined zoo and botanic garden that welcomes over half a million visitors a year. WWCT also runs Living Coasts in Torquay and Newquay Zoo in Cornwall, Paignton Zoo has a collection of about 2,000 animals representing nearly 300 species. It also cultivates about 1,600 different species of plant and it currently employs over 100 permanent staff and an additional 120 seasonally. Paignton Zoos collection of animals are categorised by the habitat they live in, the Desert House is a walk-through glasshouse containing authentic desert plants such as cacti of various species. The Tropical Forest House displays reptiles and amphibians from tropical rain forests and these include Burmese pythons, Cuban crocodiles, saltwater crocodiles, boa constrictors, matamata turtles, dwarf caimans, green anacondas, tokay geckos and several species of poison dart frog. This area is wooded with naturally occurring plants and trees, other waterfowl in the zoos collection include Chilean flamingos, scarlet ibis and little egrets. This area mostly displays animals from the African savannah, but also some animals from other continents that live in a similar dry grassland habitat. The African animals include ostriches, Hartmanns mountain zebras, cheetahs, red river hogs, Rothschilds giraffes, African elephants, Barbary sheep, animals from other continents include maned wolves, Bactrian camels, mishmi takin and collared peccaries. Paignton Zoo was one of the earliest combined zoological and botanical gardens in Britain and it was founded by Herbert Whitley, initially as his private collection. Whitley was an early conservationist and a contemporary of such as Sir Peter Scott and Jean Delacour. Paignton Zoo first opened to the public in 1923, after various name changes, it became Paignton Zoo Environmental Park in 1996. A five-year redevelopment programme, funded by the European Regional Development Fund, a new 10-year plan is now in place to redevelop the remaining areas to ensure that all animals are housed in modern enclosures of the highest standard. Its gardens are members of PLANTNETWORK, Plant Heritage and Botanic Gardens Conservation International and it works with partner zoos and gardens in these organisations on the management of captive breeding and plant conservation programmes for endangered species. Paignton Zoo has a large education team which teaches approximately 40,000 students each year from under-5s to post-16s, part of the redevelopment programme included the establishment of a Science Department in 1997. Projects are carried out at A level, undergraduate and post graduate level, Paignton Zoo was, based on visitor feedback, named by TripAdvisor as the third best zoo in the UK and ninth best zoo in Europe in 2014
23.
Golden jubilee
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A golden jubilee is a celebration held to mark a 50th anniversary. The golden jubilee is a ceremony to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the accession of the king. The first Golden Jubilee of Thailand was the celebration of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, King Rama IX celebrated his golden jubilee on 9 June 1996, having acceded to the throne in 1946 which makes him Thailands longest-reigning monarch and the longest-living monarch today. The largest faceted diamond in the world, known as the Golden Jubilee Diamond, was purchased as a gift for the King on the 50th anniversary of his coronation by Thai businessmen, currently, the diamond is located in the Royal Thai Palace as part of the crown jewels. In 1996, Banharn Silpa-archa, the Prime Minister, and the Thai people celebrated the King with a large celebration, the symbol of the golden jubilee of King Bhumibol Adulyadej was designed by Wiyada Charoensuk, who won the contest for the design. The golden jubilee of George III of the United Kingdom was celebrated on 25th October 1809, Queen Elizabeth II celebrated her golden jubilee in 2002, having ascended the throne in 1952. In 1887 the United Kingdom and the British Empire celebrated Queen Victorias golden jubilee, Victoria marked 20 June 1887—the fiftieth anniversary of her accession—with a banquet, to which fifty European kings and princes were invited. Although she could not have been aware of it, there was a plan by Irish Republicans to blow up Westminster Abbey while the Queen attended a service of thanksgiving and this assassination attempt, when it was discovered, became known as the Jubilee Plot. At the time, Victoria was a popular monarch. Emperor Wu of Han dynasty Kangxi Emperor of Qing dynasty Qianlong Emperor of Qing dynasty Yeongjo of Joseon In Japan, Emperor Hirohito, celebrated his golden jubilee on 10 November 1976. Showa Memorial Park was established as part of a project to commemorate his golden jubilee, for the year 2015, the Singapore50 initiative is launched in Singapore to celebrate 50 years of independence from Malaysia. The logo is meant to identify with the SG50 celebrations, national Day Parade ceremonies for that year are themed Majulah Singapura - Our Golden Jubilee. In Bavaria, Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria celebrated his jubilee as Elector Palatine in 1792. In Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Grand Duke Karl August celebrated his golden jubilee in 1826, in Austria-Hungary, Emperor Franz Josef celebrated his golden jubilee in 1898. In Baden, Grand Duke Frederick I celebrated his golden jubilee in 1906, in Liechtenstein, Prince Johann II celebrated his golden jubilee in 1908. In Greece, King George I was assassinated mere weeks before his golden jubilee was due to be celebrated in 1913, in Montenegro, Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš celebrated his golden jubilee in 1914. In Norway, King Haakon VII celebrated his golden jubilee in 1955, in Burundi, King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng celebrated his golden jubilee in 1965. In Ethiopia, Emperor Haile Selassie celebrated his jubilee, dating from when he became regent
24.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
25.
Olympia, London
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Olympia is an exhibition centre, event space and conference centre in West Kensington, London, England. The venue is home to a range of trade and consumer exhibitions, conferences. The nearest railway station is Kensington which is a London Overground station, a London Underground station, the nearest underground stations are Barons Court, Hammersmith, Shepherds Bush and West Kensington. The direct District Line spur to the only runs on weekends. Olympias story began in May 1884, john Whitley had created the National Agricultural Hall Company with the aim of building and operating the countrys largest covered show centre. Opened on 26 December 1886 as the National Agricultural Hall, it changed its name to Olympia in keeping with its ideals. It was built by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby and covered an area of 4 acres, the Grand Hall was said to be the largest building in the United Kingdom to be covered by one span of iron and glass. Olympia London now features four event venues and a conference centre, the event venues are Olympia Grand, Olympia National, Olympia Central and Olympia West. Having secured the site, the National Agricultural Hall Company commissioned Henry Edward Coe to design the building and he had already designed the Agricultural Hall in Islington twenty five years before and took its barrel-roof form as the basis for the new building. With fixed seating for 9000 people and at nearly an acre in size, the roof had to be high –115 ft at the apex – to enable its great weight to be carried down as near vertically as possible. The structure is strong, with the hurricane of 1987 achieving no more than the destruction of a loose ventilation hatch. The roof of the hall was erected in twelve weeks in midwinter in 1885 and its non-putty patent glazing ensuring free expansion and contraction of 2,500 sheets of quarter inch plate glass. The glass was replaced in 1991 with a sealed heat treated solar reflective system. There is a legend that surrounds the ‘Prince’s Apartments’ which is a suite tacked on to the side of the hall on two floors. This suite appears on the original plans under this name, the story goes that the suite was used by Edward, Prince of Wales for his amorous liaisons before he became King in 1901 – he had a notorious eye for the ladies. The block was rebuilt in 1937 as management offices and meeting rooms but is known as the ‘Prince’s Suite’. The other building of note was the stunning Minor Hall, long since renamed as the Pillar Hall and this is a sumptuous oak-panelled banqueting room with marble columns and a richly moulded and decorated ceiling. It is one of London’s least known public rooms, Olympia opened its doors on 26 December 1886
26.
Earl's Court
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The Earls Court Exhibition Centre was one of the countrys largest indoor arenas and a popular concert venue until its closure in 2014. Earls Court was once an area, covered with green fields. The Saxon Thegn Edwin held the lordship of the prior to the Norman conquest. By circa 1095, his tenure had been converted, and he held Kensington directly of the crown, a church had been constructed there by 1104. The earls held their manorial court where Old Manor Yard is now, Earls Court Farm is visible on Greenwoods map of London dated 1827. The construction of the Metropolitan District Railway station in 1865–69 was a catalyst for development, in the quarter century after 1867, Earls Court was transformed into a densely populated suburb with 1,200 houses and two churches. The Earls Court ward had a population of 9,659 according to the 2001 census, following the Second World War a number of Polish immigrants settled in the Earls Court area leading to Earls Court Road being dubbed the Danzig Corridor. During the late 1960s a large transient population of Australian and New Zealand travellers began to use Earls Court as a UK hub and over time it gained the name Kangaroo Valley. It was at the one of the cheapest areas close to central London. The area was, for a time, the place to buy. This moved off in the direction of the New North Road in the 1980s, the name Kangaroo Valley lingers on in the usage of older expatriate Australasians and Australasian visitors, as does the alternative nickname Kangaroo Court. The change in the population is largely owed to rocketing property prices. The scale of change is illustrated by the divide between the eastern and western areas of Earls Court. Despite fighting fiercely for the centre it has, according to Dave Hill in The Guardian. Howard Carter, English archaeologist, Egyptologist and primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun, benjamin Britten, English composer, conductor, violist and pianist, lived at 173 Cromwell Road. Edwin Arnold, English poet and journalist, lived at 31 Bolton Gardens, alfred Hitchcock, English filmmaker and producer, lived at 153 Cromwell Road. Dame Ellen Terry, leading Shakespearian stage actress in Britain in the 1880s and 1890s, Sir William Orpen, Irish portrait painter, lived at 8 South Bolton Gardens. Norman Lockyer, English scientist and astronomer credited with discovering the gas helium, hattie Jacques an English comedy actress of stage, radio and screen including the Carry On films, lived at 67 Eardley Crescent
27.
More4
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More4 is a digital television channel, owned by Channel Four Television Corporation. The channel launched on 10 October 2005, the channel is carried on Freeview, on satellite broadcasters Freesat and Sky and on UK cable network Virgin Media. In Switzerland the channel is available on UPC Switzerland and in Ireland on Virgin Media Ireland, Magnet Networks, daytime content includes classic films and reruns of shows such as Hill Street Blues and ER. The channel also carried Morgan Spurlocks reality TV show 30 Days, the channel featured a nightly discussion programme Starkeys Last Word hosted by David Starkey during the Autumn line-up. This show was originally called The Last Word and hosted alternately by Stanley Johnson, Mark Dolan, Hardeep Singh Kohli and David Mitchell, on midweek days, it shows hour-long and feature-length documentaries including Channel 4s Cutting Edge films. On its first night, the channel led with the satirical docudrama A Very Social Secretary about the affair between David Blunkett, the former British Home Secretary, and Kimberly Quinn, in April 2006, More4 broadcast a live hypnosurgery hernia operation. On 23 January 2012, More4 refocused towards more lifestyle based content, documentaries which previously aired on the channel moved to its parent station Channel 4. Previously, More4 concentrated on lifestyle, documentaries and arts programming competing with BBC Four, the channel broadcasts between 09, 00-06,00 daily. On 6 July 2017, More4 will have been end-of-part programmes going in to, in September 2005, Channel 4 began running teaser trailers for the new station. Showing neon lettering, the teasers hinted at adult entertainment, some people may have been confused by the deliberate double-meaning of these trailers and mistakenly presumed the new channel would be of a pornographic nature. The Daily Mail refused to accept advertising for the channel on these grounds. Advertisements starting at the end of September made it clearer that the adult entertainment being offered was the intelligent. Viewing figures for the launch date gave More4 an average figure of 269,000 viewers, the original More4 branding was designed by Spin. On 23 January 2012, More4 adopted a new logo and on-air branding, the logo and channel idents were designed by London-based design and motion company ManvsMachine and Channel 4s in-house agency, 4Creative. The repositioning of the brand coincided with the move towards more lifestyle content. The idents focus on moving mechanical scrapbooks which also refers to the Digital Scrapbook platform, space was reserved on Freeview multiplex C for the channel. However, despite Channel 4 saying that the channel would appear on multiplex C, a place holder appeared on the Freeview EPG at number 13 on 13 September and after a time, ran a looping teaser trailer. More4 +1 became available on the DTT platform on 14 December 2005 and it was removed on 18 May 2006, to make way for live coverage of Big Brother, and the Freeview launch of Film4 later in the year
28.
Dog breed
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The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes over 400 pure dog breeds. Other uses of the breed when referring to dogs may include pure breeds, cross-breeds, mixed breeds. Mastiff-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred, by Roman times, most of the breed-types known today were well-defined and their qualities and functions recorded. Dog breeds proliferated in Europe during the Middle Ages 700 years ago, for early depictions of dogs in art, see early history. Ancient breed of dogs was a term used for a group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club. These breeds were referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to modern breeds, in 2004, a study looked at the microsatellites of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. These 9 breeds had been referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to the modern breeds, see further, Dog type The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era. In 2010, a study looked at 48,000 Single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds, the study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to phenotype or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, there were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. Results also indicated that the Basenji had recent admixture with Middle Eastern wolves, the study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs. The three groups were an Asian group that showed past admixture with Chinese wolves, a Middle Eastern group, and a northern group. The study referred to these 16 as Basal breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence, the study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. Of the basal breeds, the American Eskimo Dog and Eurasier were the recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past, if those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, other temperaments may be due to the legacies of ancient ancestry. Groups of owners that have dogs of the breed and have an interest in dog breeding can form national Kennel clubs. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees in a breed registry and they often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents. A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations, dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics
29.
Breed group (dog)
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A breed group is a categorization of related breeds of animal by an overseer organization, used to organize the showing of animals. In dogs, kennel clubs define the Breed Groups and decide which dog breeds are to be included in each breed group, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale breed groups are used to organize dogs for international competition. Breed groups often have the names of, and are based on. To achieve this goal internationally, dog breeds are organized in ten groups, each with subsections according to breed type and it does not imply that other types of dogs do not work. Dogs that work with livestock are in the Pastoral Group, the Australian National Kennel Council and the New Zealand Kennel Club recognize similar groups to The Kennel Club. The naming and organization of those groups can vary significantly from country to country. In addition, some rare new breeds or newly documented traditional breeds could be awaiting approval by a kennel club. Dog type Dog breed Conformation show General Specials Fédération Cynologique Internationale breeds nomenclature, lists 339 dog breeds in 78 groups Breed group at DMOZ
30.
Whippet
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The Whippet is a dog breed of medium-size. They are a breed that originated in England, where they descended from greyhounds. Whippets today still strongly resemble a smaller greyhound, shown in the Hound group, Whippets have relatively few health problems other than arrhythmia. Whippets also participate in dog sports such as lure coursing, agility, the name is derived from an early 17th century word, now obsolete, meaning to move briskly. Whippets were originally greyhounds that were deemed unsuitable for hunting because of their size and they were returned to their peasant breeders after being maimed so that they could not be used to hunt and break the forest law. These maimed dogs were bred together and used to catch rats, when the forest law was repealed, these miniature greyhounds became popular in the sport of dog racing. This has led to Whippets being described as the poor mans racehorse and they are still frequently used as racing dogs today, as they have the highest running speed of breeds their weight,40 miles per hour and even challenge greyhounds for top speed. Whippets are, however, the fastest accelerating dog in the world, Whippets were bred to hunt by sight, coursing game in open areas at high speeds. One can find representations of small greyhound-like hounds in art dating back to Ancient Egyptian times. Pharaohs bred a small sighthound dog related to the greyhound to keep in their palaces, in medieval England, a small greyhound breed became popular for use as a ratting dog. The first written English use of the word whippet with regard to a type of dog was in 1610, however, the first dog to be called a Whippet was actually a greyhound-spaniel cross and has little to do with the modern Whippet. The original whippets were thought to be English Greyhounds that were too small for stag hunting in the forests of England and these dogs were frequently returned to their breeders, who were usually peasants and as such could not own hunting dogs under the forest law. Because of this, dogs returned to them were maimed, usually by cutting a tendon in a leg or removing the toes on one paw. The breeders kept these dogs and continued to breed them, producing a version of a greyhound that was suited for rat catching and hunting hares. When the forest law was repealed, the small greyhounds became immensely popular, Whippets were then commonly known as snap dogs for their tendency to snap up nearby prey. In the picture by Jean-Baptiste Oudry of two dogs presented to Louis XV, they are either whippets or small greyhounds, but are related to an early form of whippet. Oudry also painted a painting of Misse with a different. There is a 1758 painting by Pompeo Batoni entitled Portrait of Charles Compton, in the nineteenth century, Whippet racing was a major sport in England
31.
American Cocker Spaniel
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The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog. It is a spaniel type dog that is related to the English Cocker Spaniel. The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, the first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620, but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club. A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the breed, Ch. Obo II, was born around this time. By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and it was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognised the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type. The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s, in 2013, the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends. The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognised by the AKC, in addition, there are some marked differences between it and its English relative. It is a breed with average working intelligence, although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog. Members of the breed suffer from a variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts, eyes. Records from the century show that selective breeding was already in place. By 1801, the variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel. According to historical records, the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth, England, the first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain, who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878. In 1881, the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed, it would become the American Spaniel Club and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States. The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel, Ch. Obo was bred to Ch. Chloe II, who was shipped to America while she was pregnant. Once in the United States, she whelped a dog who became Ch. Obo II. He differed greatly from the breed, being only 10 inches tall and with a long body. Towards the end of the 19th century, the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their use as a family pet. The American Cockers by now had a muzzle, their coats were softer
32.
West Highland White Terrier
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The West Highland White Terrier, commonly known as the Westie or Westy, is a breed of dog from Scotland with a distinctive white fluffy coat. The modern breed is descended from a number of breeding programs of white terriers in Scotland before the 20th century. Edward Donald Malcolm, 16th Laird of Poltalloch, is credited with the creation of the breed from his Poltalloch Terrier. Other related breeds included George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argylls Roseneath Terrier and this breed of small white Scottish terriers was given its modern name for the first time in 1908, with recognition by major kennel clubs occurring around the same time. The breed remains popular in the UK, twice winner at Crufts. It has been featured in television and film, including in Hamish Macbeth and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and it is a medium-sized terrier, although with longer legs than other Scottish breeds of terrier. It has a double coat of fur which fills out the dogs face. The breed can be good with children, but does not always tolerate rough handling, the Westie is an active and intelligent breed, and is social with a high prey drive, as they were once used to hunt rodents. Several breed-specific and nonspecific health issues appear in the breed, including a condition in young dogs nicknamed westie jaw which causes an overgrowth of bone in the jaw of the dog and it can also be prone to skin disorders, with a breed-specific condition called hyperplastic dermatosis occurring. They are very energetic and need plenty of exercise, cousin to the Cairn Terrier, the Westie was bred to hunt small rodents at places such as farms. Commonly, Westies have bright, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes that are dark in colour and their ears are pointed and erect. Members of the breed weigh between 15 and 20 pounds, and the average height is between 10–11 inches at the withers. The body should be shorter than the height of the dog at the shoulder and they also have a deep chest, muscular limbs, a black nose, and a short, closely fitted jaw with scissors bite. The Westies paws are slightly turned out to give it better grip than flat-footed breeds when it climbs on rocky surfaces, in young puppies, the nose and footpads have pink markings, which slowly turn black as they age. They have a soft, dense, thick undercoat and an outer coat. The fur fills out the face to give a rounded appearance, as puppies develop into adults, their coarse outer coat is normally removed by either hand-stripping, especially for dog-showing, or otherwise clipping. The temperament of the West Highland White Terrier can vary greatly, with some being friendly towards children and it will not tolerate rough handling such as a child pulling on its ears, and can be both food- and toy-possessive. It is normally independent, assured, and self-confident, and can make a good watchdog and it is a loyal breed that bonds with its owner, but is often always on the move, requiring good exercise
33.
Scottish Terrier
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The Scottish Terrier, popularly called the Scottie, is a breed of dog. They are an independent and rugged breed with an outer coat. The First Earl of Dumbarton nicknamed the breed the diehard, the modern breed is said to be able to trace its lineage back to a single female, named Splinter II. They are a breed of terrier with a distinctive shape and have had many roles in popular culture. They are also known for being a playing piece in the board game Monopoly. Described as a territorial, feisty dog, they can make a good watchdog and they are also one of the more successful dog breeds at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show with a recent best in show in 2010. The Scottish Terrier is a small, compact, short-legged, sturdily-built terrier of good bone and they have a hard, wiry, weather-resistant coat and a thick-set, cobby body which is hung between short, heavy legs. These characteristics, joined with his very special keen, piercing, varminty expression, the Scottish Terriers bold, confident, dignified aspect exemplifies power in a small package. The eyes should be small, bright and piercing, and almond-shaped not round, the color should be dark brown or nearly black, the darker the better. The ears should be small, prick, set well up on the skull and pointed and they should be covered with short velvety hair. Height at withers for both genders should be roughly 25 cm, and the length of back from withers to tail is roughly 28 cm, generally a well-balanced Scottie dog should weigh from 8.5 to 10 kg and a female from 8 to 9.5 kg. It is about 10 to 11 inches in height, the Scottish Terrier typically has a hard, wiry outer coat with a soft, dense undercoat. The coat should be trimmed and blended into the furnishings to give a distinct Scottish Terrier outline, the longer coat on the beard, legs and lower body may be slightly softer than the body coat but should not be or appear fluffy. The coat colours range from gray to jet black and brindle. Scotties with wheaten coats sometimes occur, and are similar in appearance to the Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier or West Highland White Terrier, Scotties are territorial, alert, quick moving and feisty, perhaps even more so than other terrier breeds. The breed is known to be independent and self-assured, playful, intelligent and has nicknamed the Diehard because of its rugged nature. The Diehard nickname was given to it in the 19th century by George. The Earl had a pack of Scottish Terriers, so brave that they were named “Diehards”
34.
Poodle
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The poodle is a group of formal dog breeds, the Standard Poodle, Miniature Poodle and Toy Poodle. The origins of the poodles are still discussed with a dispute whether the poodle descends from the old French Barbet breed or from Germany as a type of water dog. Poodles have taken top honors in many shows, including Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1991 and 2002. Toy Poodles won Best in Show at Crufts in 1966 and 1982, Standard Poodles achieved the award in 1955,1985,2002 and 2014. The 2002 winner came from Norway and was the first overseas exhibit to win the Crufts best in show award, the origin of the poodle is disputed. Encyclopædia Britannica traces the origin of the poodle in Germany where it was known as the Pudelhund, the word Pudel is derived from the Low German verb meaning to splash about, and the word Hund. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale holds that the poodles descends from the French dog Barbet, the French name Caniche comes from the word cane since this type of breed was used as a water retriever mainly for duck hunting thanks to its swimming ability. Due to the popularity in France, it became established as a national breed. The European mainland had known the poodle long before it was brought to England, drawings by German artist Albrecht Dürer established the popular image of the breed in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the pet dog of the late 18th century in Spain. France had toy poodles as pampered favorites during the reign of Louis XVI at about the same period, the poodle has been bred in at least three sizes, including Standard, Miniature, and Toy. According to the American Kennel Club, which recognised the breed in 1887, the British Kennel Club also says recognises three sizes, stating that the miniature and toy are scaled down versions of the standard. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes four sizes of one breed, standard, medium, miniature, Poodles exist in many coat colors. The smallest, or Toy variety, was developed in England in the 18th century, Miniature and Toy varieties tend to be bred primarily for companionship. Traditionally the Standard Poodle, the largest of the breed, was a retriever or gun dog, used in particular for duck hunting, the breed has been used for fowl hunting in US and Canada since the early 1990s, in and out of hunting tests. However, in the past 20 years, some breeders in the United States and Canada have been selecting for dogs with drive for birds in order to revive the breed for hunting, with some success. The Canadian Kennel Club admitted the Standard Poodle for hunting trials in 1996, as of July 2014, the end results of 20 years of breeding to reawaken the hunting instinct have been dogs that are very eager to please their masters. Unlike other spaniels and retrievers, Standard Poodles will attempt to solve a problem independently, during WWII, Roland Kilbon of the New York Sun, reported that other countries had used dogs in their armies for many years
35.
Soletrader Peek A Boo
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Ch. Jillys owners plan to retire her following her win. Jilly is owned by Sara Robertson and Wendy Doherty and handled by Gavin Robertson, as of March 2013, she is four years old and lives in Wallingford, Oxfordshire. Jillys dam was Ch. Soletrader My Aphrodisiac, aka Dizzy, at Crufts in 2011, Jilly was reserve to Best in Show winner Sh Ch. Vbos The Kentuckian, a Flat-Coated Retriever. The following year, Jilly was awarded second in the hound group, in 2013, Jilly entered Crufts once again, along with 20,000 dogs. She was awarded Best of Breed and Best in Group for Hounds, qualifying her for the Best in Show round. On 10 March, Jilly competed against six other dogs – a Skye Terrier, a Tibetan Terrier, a King Charles Spaniel, a Labrador Retriever, a Bernese Mountain Dog and an Australian Shepherd – in the final. After watching their laps of honour and checking their health and condition, Gavin Robertson, Jillys handler, revealed that Jilly would be retired after Crufts. He said We always decided this would be Jillys retirement show, I cant express how happy I feel, she never lets me down, shes my once in a lifetime dog. I am sad Sunday will be our last show, but she has given me everything. It is like our cup final, Robertson also stated that Jilly may have a litter of puppies later in the year. In his best in show report, judge Geoff Corish stated, I have admired this bitch since she was very young and she is a delight to go over, the most lovely head & soft expression. She has neck & the right balance, super in coat & she was in the hardest of condition, but it’s on the move that she really comes into her own. She has so much charisma moving, that I could watch her all day, Jilly gained her first Challenge Certificate when she was a puppy and was overall Top Hound in 2011 and fourth top dog all breeds. She won her first all-breed championship best in show at Paignton that year and her win at Crufts 2013 took her number of all-breed best in show wins to eight. She was Top Dog all breeds in 2012, at Crufts 2013, she was awarded her 28th CC which equalled her dams breed CC record. On 10 June 2013 Jillys handler, Gavin Robertson, undertook a walk to raise funds for charity. Starting from the NEC in Birmingham, where Jilly had secured her Crufts best in show win, and finishing in central London, clare Balding, one of the presenters of the Crufts television coverage, also joined a stage of the walk with her dog. Jillys Jolly Jaunt as it known, took a week to complete
36.
Lhasa Apso
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The Lhasa Apso is a non-sporting dog breed originating in Tibet. It was bred as a sentinel in the Buddhist monasteries. Lhasa is the city of Tibet, and apso is a word in the Tibetan language meaning bearded, so. There are, however, some who claim that the word apso is a form of the Tibetan word rapso, meaning goat-like, male Lhasa Apsos should ideally be 10.75 inches at the withers and weigh about 14 to 18 pounds. The females are smaller, and weigh between 12 to 14 pounds. The breed standard requires dark brown eyes and a black nose, the texture of the coat is heavy, straight, hard, neither woolly nor silky, and very dense. They come in a variety of colors including black, white, red. Lhasas can be with or without dark tips at the ends of ears, the tail should be carried well over the dogs back. The breed standard currently used by the American Kennel Club was approved on July 11,1978, having been bred as an indoor monastery sentinel dog by Tibetan Buddhist monks, Lhasa Apsos are alert with a keen sense of hearing. The ideal Lhasa temperament is to be wary of strangers while being loyal to those closest to them and they can be very aggressive to strangers if theyre left untrained. They rank 68th in Stanley Corens The Intelligence of Dogs, being of fair working-obedience intelligence, Lhasa Apsos are independent as well as companion dogs who want to please their owners, yet they may be suspicious toward strangers. While Lhasa Apsos show loyalty to their owners, they let their masters know when they dont want to do something. They will lie flat without moving, put on the brakes and refuse to walk forward, time and patience will build the trust between the Lhasa and owner. A Lhasa Apso responds to exercise and discipline with a calm assertive energy and these dogs require early socialization with dogs and other people as puppies and throughout their lives. Because Lhasa Apsos are an independent and intelligent breed, house training puppies requires consistency and they require patience and may be slow to house train, but in return, they can be quite comical, entertaining and caring companions. They aim to please their owners and enjoy training, while their personality belies their size, they need a home that is mindful that there is a small dog in the house to prevent injury. They enjoy vantage points in the house where they can all that is going on. The Lhasa Apso is a breed, with many living in good health into their early 20s
37.
Flat-Coated Retriever
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The Flat-Coated Retriever is a gundog breed originating from the United Kingdom. It was developed as a retriever both on land and in the water, the Flat-Coated Retriever has strong muscular jaws and a relatively long muzzle to allow for the carrying of birds and upland game. Its head is unique to the breed and is described as being of one piece with a minimal stop and it has almond-shaped, dark brown eyes with an intelligent, friendly expression. The ears are pendant, relatively small, and lie close to the head, the occiput is not to be accentuated with the head flowing smoothly into a well-arched neck. The topline is strong and straight with a tail of moderate length held straight off the back. This breed should be well-angulated front and rear, allowing for open and it is lighter, racier, and more elegant in appearance than the other retriever breeds. The Flat-Coated Retriever is an active, multitalented bird dog with a desire to please people. Exuberant, confident, and outgoing, they make a family pet and can be companions to small children. These retrievers require plenty of exercise and engagement to help channel their natural sporting energy, while they will protect their owners and property with an assertive bark, they are unlikely to back up such noise with actual aggression. Because of their excellent sense of smell, combined with their boundless energy and eagerness to please their masters and this breed retains its youthful, puppy-like outlook and demeanor well into old age. Paddy Petch, author of The Complete Flat-Coated Retriever, refers to dogs as the Peter Pan of the retriever breeds. Originating in the century in England, the Flat-Coated Retriever gained popularity as a gamekeeper’s dog. Part of its ancestry is thought to have come from stock imported from North America from the now extinct St. Johns water dog, canadian seafarers are thought to have brought Newfoundlands to British ports, and they factored into the ancestry of the Flat-Coated Retriever. Collie-type dogs may have added to increase the breeds trainability along with the Newfoundland for strength. The first examples of the breed were introduced around 1860, by the end of World War II, so few Flat-Coated Retrievers remained, the breeds survival was uncertain. However, beginning in the 1960s, careful breeding brought the population back and it has yet to return in substantial numbers to field competition. In 2011, Sh Ch. Vbos The Kentuckian, a 9. 5-year-old Flat-Coated Retriever from South Queensferry, near Edinburgh, Scotland, almanza Far and Flyg, from Oslo, Norway, won the Gundog Group at Crufts in 2007. Before that in 2003, a Swedish dog Inkwells Named Shadow had also won the Gundog Group, the last UK dog to win the Gundog Group at Crufts was Sh Ch Gayplume Dream-maker in 2002
38.
Vbos The Kentuckian
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Sh Ch. Vbos the Kentuckian, also known as Jet, was a Flat-Coated Retriever show dog bred and handled by Jim Irvine who won Best in Show at Crufts in 2011. Bred by his owner Jim Irvine from South Queensferry, Edinburgh in Scotland, Jet was line-bred across five generations from Ch. Shargleam Blackcap, the Best in Show winner at Crufts in 1980. Jet was owned by Jim Irvine, having previously been co-owned by Jock Ross, Jet was a family pet to Mr Ross son. Jet was euthanized at almost 12 years of age on 3 June 2013 after being unwell for a couple of days and he was suffering irreversible respiratory problems. In 2009, Jet was Best in Show at the Northern England Flatcoated Retriever Association, the Gundog Society of Wales, the National Gundog Association and the East of England Championship show. He also placed reserve Best in Show at the Paignton dog show, and he was Top Gundog 2010 and placed 10th overall in the Dog World / Arden Grange competition. Jet won 38 CCs,33 Best of Breeds and 11 Reserve CCs, at the Scottish Kennel Club in May 2011, Jet was awarded his 64th CC, setting a new breed CC record, these were awarded by 61 different judges during an eight consecutive year period. This was his 15th group win and he was then awarded his third all-breeds BIS by Mike Gadsby. He was retired from all show competition after this show, following a reserve placement in 2004 in the Graduate Dog category for his breed, Jet won a commended award in the Limit Dog category in 2005, in 2006 he placed reserve in the Open Dog category. He won the Reserve Dog Challenge Certificate, after placing second in the Open Dog category in 2007, with the winner of the category, SUCH/NUCH Almanza Far & Flyg, winning Best of Breed. Jet won Best of Breed at Crufts in 2008, but did not place in the group with the Gundog Group going to the American Cocker Spaniel Sh Ch/Am Ch. In 2010, Jet took the Open Dog category and the Reserve Dog Challenge Certificate, in 2011, Jet was entered against 21,422 other dogs at the Birmingham NEC for Crufts, in the shows 120th year. Following his win in the Gundog Group, Jet qualified for Best in Show for the first time at Crufts. In the Best in Show round, Jet faced off against a Boxer from the Working Group, a German Shepherd from the Pastoral Group and a Wire Fox Terrier from the Terrier Group. Additionally, two joined the round from group judging held earlier on the day, a Standard Poodle from the Utility Group named Ch. Vicmars Rave On. His breeder, Jim Irvine said of the win, I am over the moon, it’s a lifetime achievement, it’s wonderful. Reserve Best in Show went to Ch. Soletrader Peek A Boo, also known as Jilly, video of Jet winning Best in Show at Crufts in 2011 Crufts Official Website
39.
Vizsla
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The Vizsla is a dog breed originating in Hungary, which belongs under the FCI group 7. The Hungarian or Magyar Vizsla are sporting dogs and loyal companions, the Vizsla is a natural hunter endowed with an excellent nose and an outstanding trainability. Although they are lively, gentle-mannered, demonstrably affectionate and sensitive, they are also fearless, the Vizsla is a medium-sized short-coated hunting dog of distinguished appearance and bearing. Robust but rather lightly built, they are dogs, have defined muscles. Various breeds are often mistaken for Vizslas, and Vizslas are often mistaken for other breeds, Redbone Coonhounds, Weimaraners and Rhodesian Ridgebacks are some of the most commonly confused breeds. The body structure of a Vizsla is very similar in appearance to a Weimaraner, Weimaraners and Rhodesian Ridgebacks are larger than Vizslas. The nose of the Vizsla will always have a color that blends with the coat color. Black, brown, light pink, or another color nose is an indication of another breed, a Vizslas eye and nail color should also blend with the coat color. The standard coat is a solid golden-rust color in different shadings, the coat could also be described as a copper/brown color, russet gold and dark sandy gold. Solid dark mahogany red and pale yellow are considered faults and a disqualification, small areas of white on the fore-chest and on the neck, tail are permissible but not preferred. Some variations in the Vizsla coat color along their back is typical, the American Kennel Club breed standard for the Vizsla states that the coat should be short, smooth, dense and close-lying, without woolly undercoat. The Vizsla is totally unsuited to being kept outside, since unlike most other breeds and they are self-cleaning dogs and infrequently need to be bathed, if ever, and have little noticeable dog smell detectable by humans. After several forays into lakes and streams they will develop an aroma that is a version of the wet dog smell. A quick bath and this odor will vanish, breed standards in countries where docking is banned, such as the UK, do not require this. The Vizsla holds its tail horizontal to the ground and wags it vigorously while charging through rough scrub, the docked tail of the Vizsla is significantly longer than that of other dogs with traditionally docked tails such as the Weimaraner, Doberman, Boxer, and Australian Shepherd. Since the tail is docked when the puppy is less than three days old, this longer dock can result in variation in tail length among Vizsla dogs from different breeding programs. Vizslas are very high energy, gentle-mannered, loyal, caring and they quickly form close bonds with their owners, children and even strangers. Often they are referred to as velcro dogs because of their loyalty, Vizslas will cry or whine when they feel neglected or are otherwise unhappy
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