Crusades
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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns launched by the papacy between 1095 and 1291 against Muslim rulers for the recovery and defence of the Holy Land, as part of a wider crusading movement
A 14th-century miniature depicting Pope Innocent III excommunicating Cathars and a subsequent massacre of heretics during the Albigensian Crusade in southern France.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which was captured by the Seljuk Turks in 1071, triggering the geopolitical crises that led to the Crusades.
Detail of an 11th-century mural depicting a scene of the Last Judgement in the Abbey of Sant'Angelo in Formis, Italy
Third Crusade
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The Third Crusade was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyub
Crusades
…Muslim Syria under his rule, Saladin destroyed their combined armies at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. The Crusader states survived largely owing to the Third Crusade, a major campaign against Saladin, though Jerusalem remained under Muslim control. Initially directed against Egypt, the Fourth Crusade was diverted…
The Near East around 1140, a few years before the Second Crusade
Battle scene, in Varka and Golshah, mid-13th century Seljuk Anatolia.
Philip II depicted arriving in Palestine, 1332–1350
Saladin's troops, French manuscript, 1337