1.
Culture
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Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E. B, Tylor, it is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is the way of life, especially the customs and beliefs. As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a concept in anthropology. The word is used in a sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of culture that emerged in the 20th century. When used as a count noun, a culture is the set of customs, traditions, in this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes culture is used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a context, meaning something similar. His use, and that of many writers after him, refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human. To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensive to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, thus a contrast between culture and civilization is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. Cultural invention has come to any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior. Humanity is in a global accelerating culture change period, driven by the expansion of commerce, the mass media, and above all. Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change, Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change, for example, the U. S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors, Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices
2.
Community
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A community is a small or large social unit who have something in common, such as norms, religion, values, or identity. Often - but not always - communities share a sense of place that is situated in a geographical area. Durable relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of community, people tend to define those social ties as important to their identity, practice, and roles in social institutions like family, home, work, government, society, or humanity, at large. The word community derives from the Old French comuneté, which comes from the Latin communitas community, human communities may share intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, and risks in common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness. Community studies is an academic field drawing on both sociology and anthropology and the research methods of ethnography and participant observation in the study of community. In academic settings around the world, community studies is variously a sub-discipline of anthropology or sociology and it is often interdisciplinary and geared toward practical applications rather than purely theoretical perspectives. Community studies is sometimes combined with other fields, i. e. Urban and Community Studies, Health and Community Studies, or Family, while studies of the Internet are now widespread across academic disciplines, there is a growing collaboration among these investigations. On the research side, Internet studies intersects with studies of cyberculture, human–computer interaction, Urban sociologists contest the significance of place in shaping community. The anonymity and impersonal characterizing life in modern city spaces tend to be devoid of the collective connectedness associated with the idea of community”. The philosophy of science is the study of the logic and method of the social sciences, such as sociology, anthropology. Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of variation among humans. It is in contrast to social anthropology, which perceives cultural variation as a subset of the anthropological constant, a variety of methods are involved in cultural anthropological, including participant observation, interviews, and surveys. The term civilization later gave way to definitions given by V. Gordon Childe, with forming an umbrella term. Anthropologists have argued that culture is human nature, and that all people have a capacity to classify experiences, encode classifications symbolically, since humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, people living in different places or different circumstances develop different cultures. Anthropologists have also pointed out that through culture people can adapt to their environment in non-genetic ways, much of anthropological theory has originated in an appreciation of and interest in the tension between the local and the global. Colonialism and its processes increasingly brought European thinkers into direct or indirect contact with primitive others, the umbrella term socio-cultural anthropology draws upon both cultural and social anthropology traditions. In archaeological studies of communities the term community is used in two ways, paralleling usage in other areas. The first is a definition of community as a place where people used to live
3.
Subculture
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As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style. And interpreted it in accordance with subversive values, in his 1979 book Subculture, The Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is a subversion to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards, in 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture’s style, consisting of image, demeanour, 2) Subcultures and resistance - In the work of John Clarke, Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS, subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two classes, the working class and the middle class, each with its own class culture. Yet the cultural industry is capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style. 3) Subcultures and distinction - The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction, the very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor’s investment, Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, mannerisms and argot. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed, british youth subcultures had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the post-war consensus. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of Cool, which remains valuable in the selling of any product. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subcultures distinctive style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest, objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks ensembles, lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, fragments of school uniform were symbolically defiled and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops. In 1985, French sociologist Michel Maffesoli coined the term urban tribe and it gained widespread use after the publication of his Le temps des tribus, le déclin de lindividualisme dans les sociétés postmodernes. Eight years later, this book was published in the United Kingdom as The Time of the Tribes, according to Maffesoli, urban tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles. Their social interactions are largely informal and emotionally laden, different from late capitalisms corporate-bourgeoisie cultures, Maffesoli claims that punks are a typical example of an urban tribe
4.
Anti-establishment
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An anti-establishment view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society. The term was first used in the sense in 1958. In the UK anti-establishment figures and groups are seen as those who argue or act against the ruling class, in particular, satirical humour is commonly used to undermine the deference shown by the majority of the population towards those who govern them. Anti-establishment themes also can be seen in the novels of such as Will Self. Individuals who were anti-establishment often spoke of fighting the man, selling out to the Establishment, the Establishment to these, and these anti-establishment activists was not simply the people of the older generation. Social critic and peoples historian Howard Zinn defines the establishment as Republicans, Democrats, newspapers television in his book, later Zinn calls out the huge military establishment which one could assume is part of his definition of the Establishment. What counts then is his ability to support from the leaders of key institutions in a society. This coalition must include key people in Congress, the branch. The anti-Establishment push began in the 1940s and simmered through the 1950s, many World War II veterans, who had seen horrors and inhumanities, began to question every aspect of life, including its meaning. Urged to return to lives and plagued by post traumatic stress disorder, many veterans found suburbia cloying. A vague unease spawned diverse paths, the Hells Angels were originally composed of WWII veterans feeling rebellious, the name came from WWII fighting units. The image of Marlon Brando as a rebel in The Wild One and James Dean as a Rebel Without a Cause horrified some Americans. Some veterans, who founded the Beat Movement, were denigrated as Beatniks, lawrence Ferlinghetti wrote a Beat autobiography that cited his wartime service. Many people craved angry true commentary such as Lenny Bruces acid-tongued comedy, or simply a desire for personal freedom. Playboy magazine, with its famous nudes, was the first skin mag sold alongside national magazines, many women also harbored a deep resentment. During the war years, they had encouraged to assume mens roles in industry. Rosie the Riveter was a national icon, but after the war, women were forced to give up their jobs and become homemakers. This general dissatisfaction was popularized by Peggy Lees laconic pop song Is That All There Is and it wasnt until the Baby Boomers came along in huge numbers that protest became organized, who were named by the Beats as little hipsters
5.
General public
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In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere. The concept of a public has also defined in political science, psychology, marketing. In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field, the name public originates with the Latin publicus, from populus, and in general denotes some mass population in association with some matter of common interest. So in political science and history, a public is a population of individuals in association with civic affairs, in social psychology, marketing, and public relations, a public has a more situational definition. John Dewey defined a public as a group of people who, in facing a problem, recognize it. Deweys definition of a public is thus situational, people organized about a situation, built upon this situational definition of a public is the situational theory of publics by James E. Grunig, which talks of nonpublics, latent publics, aware publics, and active publics. In public relations and communication theory, a public is distinct from a stakeholder or a market, a public is a subset of the set of stakeholders for an organization, that comprises those people concerned with a specific issue. Publics are targeted by public relations efforts, the public is often targeted especially in regard to political agendas as their vote is necessary in order to further the progression of the cause. As seen in Massachusetts between 2003 and 2004, it was necessary to win a critical mass of states and a mass of public support in order to get same-sex marriage passed in the commonwealth. Public schools are often under controversy for their agenda-building, especially in debates over whether to teach a religious or secular curriculum, the promotion of an agenda is commonplace whenever one is in a public environment, but schools have exceptional power in that regard. In the public system, it is the responsibility of those within the system to determine what agenda is being promoted. He argued the concept should also be seen in the light of a principle, beyond a critic. In accordance, the public may be regarded as the result of the social activities made by individuals sharing symbolic representations, seen with lower-case, the concept is a set of subjectivities who look publicly for a feeling of belonging. So, in perspective, the public is still a fundamental notion to social life although in a different manner in comparison to 18th century Public Spheres Public. He means above all the textures and configurations where successive layers of social experience are built up. The general public also sets social norms which causes people to themselves in socially acceptable manners. Social publics are groups of people united by common ideas, ideology or hobbies, communications behaviours and attitudes of environmental publics, Two studies
6.
Irony
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Irony, in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what appears, on the surface, to be the case, differs radically from what is actually the case. Irony may be divided into such as verbal, dramatic. Verbal, dramatic, and situational irony are often used for emphasis in the assertion of a truth, other forms, as identified by historian Connop Thirlwall, include dialectic and practical irony. Also, Eric Partridge, in Usage and Abusage, writes that Irony consists in stating the contrary of what is meant, the use of irony may require the concept of a double audience. The term is used as a synonym for incongruous and applied to every trivial oddity in situations where there is no double audience. The American Heritage Dictionarys secondary meaning for irony, incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs and this sense, however, is not synonymous with incongruous but merely a definition of dramatic or situational irony. It is often included in definitions of irony not only that incongruity is present, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, The term irony has its roots in the Greek comic character Eiron, a clever underdog who by his wit repeatedly triumphs over the boastful character Alazon. The Socratic irony of the Platonic dialogues derives from this comic origin. e, the word came into English as a figure of speech in the 16th century as similar to the French ironie. It derives from the Latin ironia and ultimately from the Greek εἰρωνεία eirōneía, meaning dissimulation, Romantic irony, A self-aware and self-critical form of fiction. Cosmic irony, A contrast between the absolute and the relative, the general and the individual, which Hegel expressed by the phrase, when the audience knows that the character will die before morning. It is most often used when the author causes a character to speak or act erroneously, in tragic irony, the audience knows the character is making a mistake, even as the character is making it. Verbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers, for instance, if a man exclaims, Im not upset. But reveals an upset emotional state through his voice while truly trying to claim hes not upset, but if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that he was upset by claiming he was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction illustrates an important aspect of verbal irony—speakers communicate implied propositions that are contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. Were left in no doubt as to whos ambitious and whos honourable, the literal truth of whats written clashes with the perceived truth of whats meant to revealing effect, which is irony in a nutshell. Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker intends to communicate the opposite of what they mean, a fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue of the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm. Fowlers A Dictionary of Modern English Usage states, Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony and irony has often no touch of sarcasm and this suggests that the two concepts are linked but may be considered separately. 2 a, a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, the psychologist Martin, in The Psychology of Humour, is quite clear that irony is where the literal meaning is opposite to the intended and sarcasm is aggressive humor that pokes fun
7.
Camp (style)
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Camp is an aesthetic style and sensibility that regards something as appealing because of its bad taste and ironic value. Camp can also be a social practice, for many it is considered a style and performance identity for several types of entertainment including film, cabaret and pantomime. Where high art necessarily incorporates beauty and value, camp necessarily needs to be lively, audacious, Camp opposes satisfaction and seeks to challenge. Camp art is related to—and often confused with—kitsch, and things with camp appeal may also be described as cheesy, American writer Susan Sontags essay Notes on Camp emphasized its key elements as, artifice, frivolity, naive middle-class pretentiousness, and shocking excess. Camp as an aesthetic has been popular from the 1960s to the present, Camp aesthetics were popularised by filmmakers George and Mike Kuchar, Jack Smith and his film Flaming Creatures, and later John Waters, including the lasts Pink Flamingos, Hairspray, and Polyester. Celebrities that are associated with camp personas include drag queens and performers such as Dame Edna Everage, Divine, RuPaul, Paul Lynde, and Liberace. Camp was a part of the defense of popular culture in the 1960s and gained popularity in the 1980s with the widespread adoption of postmodern views on art. So as a noun, camp behaviour, mannerisms, et cetera, according to the dictionary, this sense is etymologically obscure. Camp in this sense has been suggested to derive from the French term se camper. Later, it evolved into a description of the aesthetic choices. Finally, it was made mainstream, and adjectivised, by Susan Sontag in a landmark essay, the rise of post-modernism made camp a common perspective on aesthetics, which was not identified with any specific group. The attitude originally was a factor in pre-Stonewall gay male communities. It originated from the acceptance of gayness as effeminacy, two key components of camp were originally feminine performances, swish and drag. It was this version of the concept that was adopted by literary and art critics, moe Meyer still defines camp as queer parody. Television shows such as Are You Being Served, much of the cult following of camp today grew rapidly during the transition from black and white to color television in the early 1960s. Network programming during that time was seeking entertainment content that would display the new medium with the use of bright colors, some of these shows were developed tongue-in-cheek by their producers. TV soap operas, especially those that air in primetime, are often considered camp, even the villains of shows as divergent as Batman and The Mod Squad were costumed as to take advantage of new colors and changing fashion styles, in ways that took advantage of camp. The over-the-top excess of Dynasty and Dallas were popular in the 1980s, mentos television commercials during the 1990s developed a cult following due to their camp Eurotrash humor
8.
Fandom
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Fandom is a term used to refer to a subculture composed of fans characterized by a feeling of empathy and camaraderie with others who share a common interest. A fandom can grow around any area of human interest or activity, the subject of fan interest can be narrowly defined, focused on something like an individual celebrity, or more widely defined, encompassing entire hobbies, genres or fashions. While it is now used to apply to groups of people fascinated with any subject, merriam-Websters dictionary traces the usage of the term back as far as 1903. It is formed of the word fan plus the suffix -dom, Fandom as a term can also be used in a broad sense to refer to the interconnected social networks of individual fandoms, many of which overlap. A wide variety of Western modern organized fannish subcultures originated with science fiction fandom, Science fiction fandom dates back to the 1930s and maintains organized clubs and associations in many cities around the world. Fans have held the annual World Science Fiction Convention since 1939, along many other events each year. In addition, the Society for Creative Anachronism, a medievalist re-creation group, has its roots in science fiction fandom. Media fandom split from science fiction fandom in the early 1970s with a focus on relationships between characters within TV and movie media franchises, such as Star Trek and The Man from U. N. C. L. E. Fans of these franchises generated creative products like fan art and fan fiction at a time when science fiction fandom was focused on critical discussions. The MediaWest convention provided a room and was instrumental in the emergence of fan vids, or analytic music videos based on a source. By the mid-1970s, it was possible to meet fans at science fiction conventions who did not read science fiction, anime and manga fandom began in the 1970s in Japan. In America, the fandom also began as an offshoot of science fiction fandom, furry fandom refers to the fandom for fictional anthropomorphic animal characters with human personalities and characteristics. Additional subjects with significant fandoms include comics, sports, music, pulp magazines, soap operas, members of a fandom associate with one another, often attending fan conventions and publishing and exchanging fanzines and newsletters. Amateur press associations are another form of fan publication and networking, often, fans congregate on forums and discussion boards to share their love for and criticism of a specific work. This congregation can lead to a level of organization and community within the fandom. Although there is level of hierarchy among most of the discussion boards in which certain contributors are valued more highly than others, newcomers are most often welcomed into the fold. Most importantly, these sorts of discussion boards can have an effect on the media itself as was the case in the television show Glee, trends on the discussion boards have been known to influence the writers and producers of the show. The media fandom for the TV series Firefly was able to generate enough corporate interest to create a movie after the series was canceled, some fans write fan fiction, stories based on the universe and characters of their chosen fandom
9.
Fan convention
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Fan conventions are traditionally organized by fans on a not-for-profit basis, though some events catering to fans are run by commercial interests for profit. Many conventions have award presentations relating to their genre, commercial conventions are usually quite expensive and are hosted in hotels. There is often tight security for the celebrities to protect against potentially fanatic fans, anime conventions, gaming conventions, filk-music conventions, and furry conventions may all be considered derivatives of science-fiction conventions, which began in the late 1930s. Fan conventions for various genres of entertainment extends to the first conventions held in the 1930s, the growth of computerized communication, including the Internet and Internet-dependent applications in the 1980s and 1990s
10.
Fan fiction
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Fan fiction or fanfiction is fiction about characters or settings from an original work of fiction, created by fans of that work rather than by its creator. It is a form of fan labor, particularly since the advent of the Internet. Fan fiction is rarely commissioned or authorized by the works creator or publisher. It may or may not infringe on the authors copyright. Attitudes of authors and copyright owners of original works to fan fiction have ranged from indifference to encouragement to rejection, copyright owners have occasionally responded with legal action. Fan fiction is defined by being related to its subjects canonical fictional universe and simultaneously existing outside it. Most fan fiction writers assume that their work is primarily by other fans. A review of the three largest sites, FanFiction, the term fan fiction has been attested in print as early as 1939, in this earliest known citation, it is used in a disparaging way to refer to amateurish science fiction. The term also appears in the 1944 Fancyclopedia, an encyclopedia of fandom jargon and it is defined there as fiction about fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from stories. The book also mentions that the term is ometimes improperly used to mean fan science fiction, the modern phenomenon of fan fiction as an expression of fandom and fan interaction was popularized and defined via Star Trek fandom and their fanzines published in the 1960s. The first Star Trek fanzine, Spockanalia, contained some fan fiction and these fanzines were produced via offset printing and mimeography, and mailed to other fans or sold at science fiction conventions for a small fee to help recoup costs. Unlike other aspects of fandom, women dominated fan fiction authoring, 83% of Star Trek fan fiction authors were female by 1970, and 90% by 1973. Fan fiction has become popular and widespread since the advent of the World Wide Web, according to one estimate. In addition to traditional fanzines and conventions, Usenet group electronic mailing lists were established for fan fiction as well as fan discussion, Online, searchable fan fiction archives were also established. The online archives were initially non-commercial hand-tended and fandom- or topic-specific and these archives were followed by non-commercial automated databases. In 1998, the not-for-profit site FanFiction. Net came online, One popular example of modern fan fiction is E. L. James Fifty Shades of Grey. This series was written as fan fiction for the Twilight series of books and movies and played off the characters of Bella. In order to not infringe on copyright issues, James changed the names to Anna and Christian for the purposes of her novels
11.
Boba Fett
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Boba Fett is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. In The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader and he was also added briefly to the original film Star Wars when the film was digitally remastered. Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones establishes his origin as a clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son. His aura of danger and mystery has created a following for the character. Boba Fett first appeared at the September 20,1978, San Anselmo Country Fair parade and he also appears in Marvel Comics Star Wars newspaper strip. Bobas first canon appearance was in The Empire Strikes Back as the major villain behind Darth Vader. Fett tracks the Millennium Falcon to Cloud City, where Vader captures its passengers and tortures its captain, wanting to collect a bounty on Solo, Fett confronts Vader about whether Solo will survive carbon freeze. Vader promises that the Empire will compensate Fett if Solo dies, after Solo is determined to be alive, in the digitally remastered Special Edition version of the original Star Wars, Boba Fett briefly appears outside the Millennium Falcon while Jabba confronts Han Solo. The 2002 film Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones revealed that Boba Fett is an unaltered child clone whom Jango Fett raises as his son, Boba helps Jango escape from Obi-Wan Kenobi, but later witnesses Jangos decapitation by Mace Windu. Boba Fett also appears in the CGI animated series Star Wars, Boba is featured during the second-season finale, and later the fourth season. In the 2017 novel Star Wars, Aftermath, Empires End, in November 2016, Disney announced that the contract with Josh Trank was terminated due to Josh Tranks behavior on the set of Fantastic Four. It was reported that the film was still in stage of development at Lucasfilm with the film being filmed in London, Boba appears extensively in the non-Star Wars canonical Star Wars Legends expanded universe of novels, comic books, and video games. The young adult Fett book series released after Clones depicts Fett taking his fathers ship, some Expanded Universe stories released before Attack of the Clones depict other accounts of Fetts origins. These stories include him being a stormtrooper who killed his commanding officer, a leader of the fabled Mandalorian warriors, and Jaster Mereel, karen Traviss novel Bloodlines, published four years after Clones, states that Fett seeded some of these false backstories himself. Various video games and books depict Fetts work as a bounty hunter, for which he charges famously expensive fees and that he undertakes only when the mission meets his harsh sense of justice. K. W. Jeters Bounty Hunter Wars trilogy depicts Fett as more communicative than in the films because the books plots require Fett to show an ability to convince people as well as kill them. Works such as Dark Horse Comics Dark Empire series describe Fett escaping from the Sarlacc and he would have occasional run-ins with Han Solo and his family over the years, before fighting against the Yuuzhan Vong and becoming the leader of the Mandalorians. In the Legacy of the Force series, Jaina Solo asks Fett to train her to help her defeat her corrupted brother and ends up helping fight against Jacens troops
12.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
13.
Cult film
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A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase, a subculture that engage in repeated viewings, quoting dialogue. Inclusive definitions allow for major productions, especially box office bombs, while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure. The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art, Cult films trace their origin back to controversial and suppressed films kept alive by dedicated fans. In some cases, reclaimed or rediscovered films have acquired cult followings decades after their original release, Other cult films have since become well-respected or reassessed as classics, there is debate as to whether these popular and accepted films are still cult films. After failing in the cinema, some films have become regular fixtures on cable television or profitable sellers on home video. Others have inspired their own film festivals, Cult films can both appeal to specific subcultures and form their own subcultures. Other media that reference cult films can easily identify which demographics they desire to attract, Cult films frequently break cultural taboos, and many feature excessive displays of violence, gore, sexuality, profanity, or combinations thereof. This can lead to controversy, censorship, and outright bans, films that fail to attract requisite amounts of controversy may face resistance when labeled as cult films. Fans who like the films for the reasons, such as perceived elements that represent mainstream appeal and marketing. Likewise, fans who stray from accepted subcultural scripts may experience similar rejection, since the late 1970s, cult films have become increasingly popular. Films that once would have limited to obscure cult followings are now capable of breaking into the mainstream. Films are frequently stated to be an instant cult classic now, fickle fans on the Internet have latched on to unreleased films only to abandon them later on release. At the same time, other films have acquired massive, quick cult followings, easy access to cult films via video on demand and peer-to-peer file sharing has led some critics to pronounce the death of cult films. A cult film is any film that has a following, although the term is not easily defined. Cult films are defined by audience reaction as much as they are content and this may take the form of elaborate and ritualized audience participation, film festivals, or cosplay. Over time, the definition has become more vague and inclusive as it drifts away from earlier, stricter views, academic Mark Shiel has criticized the term itself as being a weak concept, reliant on subjectivity, different groups can interpret films in their own terms. Academic Mike Chopra‑Gant says that cult films become decontextualized when studied as a group, in 2008, Cineaste asked a range of academics for their definition of a cult film
14.
Star Trek
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Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series, debuted in 1966 and it followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise, an exploration vessel. The Star Trek canon of the franchise include The Original Series, a series, four spin-off television series, its film franchise. In creating Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels, the satirical book Gullivers Travels and these adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek, The Animated Series and six feature films. The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four feature films. In 2009, the franchise underwent a reboot set in an alternate timeline, or Kelvin Timeline. This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the show, their adventures were continued in the sequel film. The thirteenth film feature and sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released to coincide with the franchises 50th anniversary, a new Star Trek TV series, titled Star Trek, Discovery, will premiere in May 2017 on the digital platform CBS All Access. Star Trek has been a phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers, the franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. Star Trek had an attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world, the series has its own full-fledged constructed language, Klingon. Several parodies have been made of Star Trek, in addition, viewers have produced several fan productions. As of July 2016, the franchise had generated $10 billion in revenue, Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also noted for its civil rights stances. The Original Series included one of televisions first multiracial casts, Star Trek references can be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park. As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the series that would become Star Trek
15.
Doctor Who
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Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by a number of companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations, the show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series, the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot. The programme was relaunched in 2005, and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff, twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The conceit is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body, each actors portrayal differs, but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The current lead, Peter Capaldi, took on the role after Matt Smiths exit in the 2013 Christmas special The Time of the Doctor, in 2017, Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series. Doctor Who follows the adventures of the character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS – Time and Relative Dimension in Space – a machine which allows him to travel across time, the TARDIS has a chameleon circuit which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctors TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit, the Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth, as a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord. Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17,16,20 GMT, eighty seconds after the programme time,5,15 pm. It was to be a weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series
16.
Harry Potter (film series)
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Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts, the Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J. K. Rowlings Wizarding World. The series was produced by David Heyman, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint. Four directors worked on the series, Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell, the screenplays were written by Steve Kloves, with the exception of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, which was written by Michael Goldenberg. Production took over ten years to complete, with the story arc following Harry Potters quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts, Part 1 was released in November 2010, and Part 2 was released in July 2011. Without inflation adjustment, it is the second highest-grossing film series with $8.5 billion in worldwide receipts, late in 1997, film producer David Heymans London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowlings series of seven Harry Potter novels. The book, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, was relegated to a low-priority bookshelf, consequently, Heyman, who had originally disliked the rubbish title, read the book himself. Highly impressed by Rowlings work, he began the process led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time. Heymans enthusiasm led to Rowlings 1999 sale of the rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million. Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film, he declined the offer, Spielberg wanted the adaptation to be an animated film, with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potters voice. Spielberg contended that, in his opinion, there was every expectation of profit in making the film and he claims that making money would have been like shooting ducks in a barrel. Its just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts, petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000. It was then narrowed down to Columbus, Gilliam, Parker, Rowlings first choice was Terry Gilliam. Harry Potter is the kind of literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime. Since the books have generated such a following across the world. I cant think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris, Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the first film. He described adapting the book as tough since it did not lend itself to adaptation as well as the two books
17.
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
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The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, the films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. They were distributed by New Line Cinema, each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the general storyline, they do omit some of the novels plot elements and include some additions to. The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam and the treacherous Gollum. Meanwhile, Aragorn, heir in exile to the throne of Gondor, Legolas, Gimli, Merry, and Pippin, the series was a major financial success, with the films collectively being among the highest-grossing film series of all time. The films were acclaimed and heavily awarded, winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations. The series received praise for its innovative special and visual effects. Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshis 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings, Jackson enjoyed the film and wanted to know more. Afterwards, he read an edition of the book during a twelve-hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen. In 1995, Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project, with the new developments in computer-generated imagery following Jurassic Park, Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real. Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong, Weinstein was furious, and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit, United Artists, which was in the market, did. By April 1996, the question was still not resolved. It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began, but due to location problems, he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead. When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997, Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein, Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book. Two to three months later, they had written their treatment, Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond, Sam looks into Galadriels mirror, Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall. They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein, the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book and they agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million. During mid-1997, Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair, sinclairs partner, Philippa Boyens, was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment
18.
Game of Thrones
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Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martins series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed at Titanic Studios in Belfast, on location in the United Kingdom, and in Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17,2011, the series was renewed for a seventh season, which is scheduled to premiere on July 16,2017, and will conclude with its eighth season in 2018. Set on the continents of Westeros and Essos, Game of Thrones has several plot lines. The first story arc follows a dynastic conflict among competing claimants for succession to the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms, Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international fan base. It has been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, the series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016, more than any other primetime scripted television series. Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation, a 2011 Peabody Award, and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama. Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Kit Harington, Maisie Williams, Diana Rigg, Game of Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of A Song of Ice and Fire, set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos. The series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the noble families for the Iron Throne. It opens with additional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east, showrunner David Benioff jokingly suggested The Sopranos in Middle-earth as Game of Thrones tagline, referring to its intrigue-filled plot and dark tone in a fantasy setting of magic and dragons. In a 2012 study of deaths per episode, it ranked second out of 40 recent U. S. TV drama series, the series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism. George R. R. Benioff said, George brought a measure of harsh realism to high fantasy and he introduced gray tones into a black-and-white universe. A common theme in the genre is the battle between good and evil, which Martin says does not mirror the real world. Just like peoples capacity for good and for evil in life, Martin explores the questions of redemption. The show allows the audience to view different characters from their perspective, unlike in many other fantasies, Main characters are regularly killed off, and this has been credited with developing tension among viewers. The series also reflects the death rates in war. Although the first season is a adaptation of the novel
19.
The Rocky Horror Show
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The Rocky Horror Show is a musical with music, lyrics and book by Richard OBrien. Various international productions have since spanned across six continents as well as West End and Broadway revivals, Actor Tim Curry, who originated the role of Dr Frank N. Furter in the original London production, became particularly associated with the musical. The musical was adapted into the 1975 film The Rocky Horror Picture Show, starring OBrien as Riff Raff, with Curry also reprising his role, in 2016 it was adapted into the television film The Rocky Horror Picture Show, Lets Do the Time Warp Again. The musical was ranked eighth in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the Nations Number One Essential Musicals, as an out-of-work actor in London in the early 1970s, Richard OBrien wrote The Rocky Horror Show to keep himself busy on winter evenings. A major theme running throughout the musical is transvestitism, which according to OBrien was not originally meant to be as prominent as it would end up being. OBrien conceived and wrote the set against the backdrop of the glam era that had manifested itself throughout British popular culture in the 1970s. Allowing his concept to come into being, OBrien states glam rock allowed me to be myself more, Sharman had received considerable local acclaim as the director of the original Australian productions of Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar. He went to London to direct the first British stage production of Superstar, during which he met OBrien, Sharman brought in fellow Australians Nell Campbell and long-time scenic designer partner Brian Thomson to the production. Star Tim Curry recalled his first encounter with the script, Id heard about the play because I lived on Paddington Street, off Baker Street, and there was an old gym a few doors away. I saw Richard OBrien in the street, and he said hed just been to the gym to see if he could find a muscleman who could sing, I said, Why do you need him to sing. And he told me that his musical was going to be done and he gave me the script, and I thought, Boy, if this works, its going to be a smash. The original creative team was rounded out by costume designer Sue Blane and musical director Richard Hartley. Michael White was also brought in to produce Rocky Horror, as the musical went into rehearsal, the working title for it became They Came from Denton High, but it was changed just before previews at the suggestion of Sharman to The Rocky Horror Show. After two previews, the show premiered – without an interval – at the Royal Courts 63-seat Theatre Upstairs on 19 June 1973, King was involved heavily in the initial promotion for the show as well as being the minority backer of it financially with White having a majority share. The impact at the Royal Court Upstairs allowed the production be transferred to the 230-seat Chelsea Classic Cinema nearby on Kings Road from 14 August 1973 to 20 October 1973. Rocky Horror found a quasi-permanent home at the 500-seat Kings Road Theatre even further down Kings Road from 3 November 1973, the show received critical praise and won the 1973 Evening Standard Award for Best Musical. Its run at the Kings Road Theatre ended on 31 March 1979 before transferring to the Comedy Theatre to begin performances on 6 April 1979. At the new venue, Rocky Horror required some restaging as it was the first theatre that the musical had played at with a proscenium arch stage
20.
Clueless (film)
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Clueless is a 1995 American coming-of-age comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling. It stars Alicia Silverstone, Stacey Dash, Paul Rudd and Brittany Murphy, the film grossed $56 million in the United States, received generally positive reviews from critics, and has developed a cult following. The film was followed by a television sitcom and series of books. Alicia Silverstone plays Cherilyn Cher Horowitz, a well-intentioned but somewhat superficial girl who is attractive, popular, a few months shy of her sixteenth birthday, she has risen to the top of the high school social scene. She lives in a Beverly Hills mansion with her father Mel, Chers best friend is Dionne Davenport, who is also rich, pretty, and hip, and understands what its like to be envied. Though Dionne has a relationship with popular student Murray, Cher claims that this is a pointless endeavor on Dionnes part. Among the few people to find fault with Cher is Josh, her socially-conscious ex-stepbrother, Cher plays matchmaker for two lonely, nerdy, hard-grading teachers, Mr. Hall and Miss Geist. Cher decides to back to the community by adopting a tragically unhip new girl at school. Cher and Dionne give Tai a makeover and initiate her into the mysteries of popularity, Cher also tries to extinguish the attraction between Tai and Travis Birkenstock, an amiable skateboarding slacker, and to steer her toward Elton, a popular rich snob. Her second matchmaking scheme backfires when Elton rejects Tai and attempts to seduce Cher, when a handsome new student named Christian arrives at their school, Cher takes a shine to him and attempts to secure him as her boyfriend. Eventually, Murray spells it out to her and Dionne that Christian is not interested in her because he is gay, despite the failure of this endeavor, Cher remains on good terms with Christian, primarily due to her admiration of his taste in art and fashion. Matters take a turn for the worse when Chers project works too well, the situation reaches crisis stage after Cher fails her drivers test and cant renegotiate the result. When she returns home, crushed, Tai confides that shes taken a fancy to Josh, Cher says she doesnt think Josh is right for Tai, and they quarrel. Feeling totally clueless, Cher reflects on her priorities and her failures to understand or appreciate the people in her life. After much soul searching, Cher realizes she is interested in Josh. She begins making awkward but sincere efforts to live a more purposeful life, Cher and Josh eventually admit their feelings for one another, culminating in a tender kiss. In the end, Mr. Hall and Miss Geist wed, Chers friendships with Tai and Dionne are solidified, Tai and Travis are in love and she embraces Josh, and they kiss as the film closes. The films central characters are, Alicia Silverstone as Cherilyn Cher Horowitz, living in a mansion, waited on by servants, and flaunting her wealth with fashion, shes the undisputed queen of Bronson Alcott High School
21.
Batman in film
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The fictional superhero Batman, who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, has appeared in various films since his inception. Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger, the character first starred in two films in the 1940s, Batman and Batman and Robin. The character also appeared in the 1966 film Batman, which was a film adaptation of the 1960s Batman TV series starring Adam West and Burt Ward. Toward the end of the 1980s, the Warner Bros. studio began producing a series of films starring Batman, beginning with the 1989 film Batman, directed by Tim Burton. Burton and Keaton returned for the 1992 sequel Batman Returns, and in 1995, Schumacher also directed the 1997 sequel Batman & Robin, which starred George Clooney. Batman & Robin was poorly received by critics and fans, leading to the cancellation of Batman Unchained. Nolan returned to two further installments in the trilogy, The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 with Bale reprising his role in both films. The two sequels both earned over $1 billion worldwide, making Batman the second franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide. Batman has also appeared in animated films, both as a starring character and as an ensemble character. While most animated films were released direct-to-video, the 1993 animated feature Batman, Mask of the Phantasm, based on the 1990s Batman, The Animated Series, was released theatrically. Having earned a total of U. S. $1,900,844,295, Batman was a 15-chapter serial film released in 1943 by Columbia Pictures. The serial starred Lewis Wilson as Batman and Douglas Croft as Robin, J. Carrol Naish played the villain, an original character named Dr. Daka. Rounding out the cast were Shirley Patterson as Linda Page, the plot is based on Batman, a US government agent, attempting to defeat the Japanese agent Dr. Daka, at the height of World War II. The film is notable for being the first filmed appearance of Batman, the film introduced The Bats Cave and the Grandfather clock entrance. The name was altered to the Batcave for the comic, William Austin, who played Alfred, had a trim physique and sported a thin mustache, while the contemporary comic book version of Alfred was overweight and clean-shaven prior to the serials release. The comics version of Alfred was altered to match that of Austins, Batman and Robin was another 15-chapter serial film released in 1949 by Columbia Pictures. Robert Lowery played Batman, while Johnny Duncan played Robin, Supporting players included Jane Adams as Vicki Vale and veteran character actor Lyle Talbot as Commissioner Gordon. The plot dealt with the Dynamic Duo facing off against the Wizard, Batman is a 1966 film adaptation of the popular Batman television series, and was the first full-length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character
22.
Mean Girls
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Mean Girls is a 2004 American teen comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Tina Fey. The film is based in part on Rosalind Wisemans non-fiction self-help book Queen Bees and Wannabes, which describes female high school social cliques, the film stars Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Tina Fey, Lacey Chabert, Lizzy Caplan, Daniel Franzese, Jonathan Bennett and Amanda Seyfried. Saturday Night Live creator Lorne Michaels produced the film, screenwriter and co-star of the film, Tina Fey, was a long-term cast member and writer for SNL. Also featuring appearances from SNL cast members Tim Meadows, Ana Gasteyer, the film marks Lohans second collaboration with director Waters, the first being Freaky Friday, released a year earlier. Although set in Evanston, Illinois, the film was shot in Toronto, Ontario. The film grossed $129 million worldwide and has developed a cult following, a sequel, Mean Girls 2, was released in 2011. Sixteen-year-old homeschooled Cady Heron and her zoologist parents return to the United States after a 12-year research trip in Africa, settling down in Evanston, attending a public school for the first time, Cady meets new classmates Janis Ian and Damian Leigh. The Plastics take an interest in Cady, and invite her to sit them at lunch. Seeing that Cady is getting along with the Plastics, Janis hatches a plan of revenge against Regina for some past slight, Cady soon learns about Reginas Burn Book, a journal filled with rumors, secrets, and gossip about the other girls and some teachers at school. Despite this discovery, Cady decides to forgo Janiss scheme for ethical reasons, meanwhile, Cady begins to have a crush on Reginas ex-boyfriend, Aaron Samuels, whom a jealous Regina proceeds to steal back at a Halloween party in front of Cady. In the process, Cady unwittingly remakes herself in Reginas image, becoming spiteful and superficial, when Regina is finally made aware of Cadys treachery, she retaliates by spreading the contents of her Burn Book all over the school, quickly inciting a riot. To avoid suspicion, Regina inserts a fake libel of herself in the book in order to blame Cady, Gretchen, and Karen, Karen convinces Principal Duvall, that they did not spread the Book. Duvall soon quells the riot, and gathers all the girls in the school in the gymnasium, when Janiss turn comes, she defies Norbury and confesses her plan to destroy Regina with Cadys help, and openly mocks Regina with the support of the entire school. Pursued by an apologetic Cady, Regina storms out and gets hit by a school bus, without any friends, shunned by Aaron, and despised by the school, Cady takes full blame for the Burn Book and becomes an outcast. After making amends with Regina, Cadys guilt soon dissolves and she returns to her old personality, at the Spring Fling dance, Reginas new boyfriend, Shane Oman, is elected King, while Cady is elected Queen. Onstage, Cady declares that all her classmates are wonderful in their own way, breaks her plastic tiara and she then makes amends with Janis and Damian, reconciles with Aaron, and reaches a truce with the Plastics. By the start of the new year, the Plastics have disbanded. Regina has joined the team to deal with her anger, Karen has become the school weather reporter
23.
Woodstock (film)
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Woodstock is a 1970 documentary film of the watershed counterculture Woodstock Festival which took place in August 1969 near Bethel, New York. Entertainment Weekly called this film the benchmark of concert movies and one of the most entertaining documentaries ever made, the film was directed by Michael Wadleigh. Seven editors are credited, including Thelma Schoonmaker, Martin Scorsese, Woodstock was a great commercial and critical success. It received the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, Schoonmaker was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing, a rare distinction for a documentary. Dan Wallin and L. A. Johnson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound, the film was screened at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival, but wasnt entered into the main competition. The 1970 theatrical release of the film ran 185 minutes, a directors cut spanning 225 minutes was released in 1994. Both cuts take liberties with the timeline of the festival, however, the opening and closing acts are the same in the film as in real life, Richie Havens opens the show and Jimi Hendrix closes it. Jimi Hendrix at Woodstock was also released separately on DVD and Blu-ray, in 1996, Woodstock was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. * studio recording from an album by the directors cut only, not in the original theatrical release Woodstock received universal acclaim from newspaper. It was also a box office smash. The May 20,1970 edition of Variety reported it was doing well in its third week in Chicago, in each of those metropolitan areas the movie played at only one cinema during that week, but many thousands showed up. Eventually, after it branched out to more cinemas including more than one per metropolitan area, the budget for its production was just $600,000, making it not only the sixth highest-grossing film of 1970 but one of the most profitable movies of that year as well. Decades after its release, the film earned a 100% Fresh rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert added Woodstock to his Great Movies list in 2005, upon the festivals 25th anniversary, in 1994, a directors cut of the film — subtitled 3 Days of Peace & Music — was released. It added over 40 minutes and included performances by Canned Heat, Jefferson Airplane. Jimi Hendrixs set at the end of the film was extended with two additional numbers. Some of the scenes in the original film were replaced by previously unseen footage. Mama Cass Elliot, Jim Morrison, John Lennon, Max Yasgur, Roy Orbison, Abbie Hoffman, Paul Butterfield, Keith Moon, Bob Hite, Richard Manuel, Janis Joplin, the film was newly remastered and provided a new 5.1 audio mix
24.
Hippie
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The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
25.
Hocus Pocus (1993 film)
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It follows the villainous trio of witches, who are inadvertently resurrected by a male teenager as a virgin in Salem, Massachusetts. The film became a film, largely from annual airings on Disney Channel. In 1693 on October 31st, during the Salem witch trials, Thackery Binx sees his sister, Emily Binx. There, the Sanderson sisters, Winifred, Sarah and Mary, cast a spell on Emily to absorb her youth and regain their own, Binx confronts the witches who transform him into an immortal black cat to live with his guilt at not saving Emily. Binx guards the cottage to ensure no one summons the witches,300 years later on October 31st,1993, Max Dennison moves from Los Angeles to Salem with his family, including his sister Dani. While exploring the town, he and Dani meet Allison, whose family owns the Sanderson cottage as a museum, Max suggests that they go there and impress Allison, but promised Dani to go trick-or-treating. The children escape, while Max steals Winifreds spell book on advice from Binx, the witches pursue them to a cemetery, where Winifred raises her unfaithful lover Billy Butcherson as a zombie to chase them on foot. The witches try to acclimate to the 20th century, but are horrified when they discover Halloween, the witches plan to achieve their goals or else they will be disintegrated on sunrise. They pursue the children across town using Marys enhanced sense of smell, Max, Allison and Dani find their parents at a Halloween party at the town hall, where Winifred enchants the partygoers to dance and sing until they die. At Jacob Bailey High School, the trap the witches in a kiln to burn them alive. While the children celebrate, the witches curse revives them, and they kidnap Dani and Binx after Max, Sarah then uses her siren-like voice to mesmerize Salems children and lure them to the Sandersons cottage. Max and Allison rescue Dani and Binx by tricking the witches into believing sunrise came an hour early, back at the cemetery, Max runs into Billy, who cuts open his stitched up mouth and insults Winifred, joining Max to protect Dani. The witches attack and Winifred attempts to out the soul from Dani with the single vial of potion she retrieved from her cauldron. Binx leaps on Winifred and knocks the potion out of her hand into Maxs, rather than smashing the vial, Max drinks it and apparently makes himself a sacrifice. As the sun rises, Winifred is unable to drain Maxs life force from him after falling into the hallowed ground, and soon turns to stone and is disintegrated to dust along with her sisters. As the satisfied Billy returns to his grave, Binx dies freeing his soul, thanking Max, Dani and Allison for help, during the end credits, the exhausted partygoers are freed from the spell and return home. Back at the cottage, Jay and Ernie, two teenagers who earlier tormented Max and Dani with their bullying, remain imprisoned in their cages while passing the time singing Row Your Boat. Unbeknownst to them, Winifreds spellbook opens its eye to seek its master, the Sanderson Sisters Bette Midler as Winifred Winnie Sanderson, the leader of the Sanderson sisters and the oldest
26.
Reefer Madness
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The film was directed by Louis Gasnier and featured a cast of mainly little known actors. Originally financed by a group under the title Tell Your Children. The film was rediscovered in the early 1970s and gained new life as an unintentional satire among advocates of cannabis policy reform, critics, however, have panned it as one of the worst films ever made. Today, it is in the domain in the United States. Mae Coleman and Jack Perry are a couple living together. Mae prefers to sell marijuana to customers her own age, whereas the unscrupulous Jack sells it to teenagers, Ralph Wiley, a psychotic ex-college student turned fellow dealer, and Blanche help Jack sell cannabis to students. Young students Bill Harper and Jimmy Lane are invited to Mae and Jacks apartment by Blanche, Jimmy takes Bill to the party. There, Jack runs out of reefer, Jimmy, who has a car, drives him to pick up some more. Arriving at Jacks boss headquarters, he gets out and Jimmy asks him for a cigarette, later, when Jack comes back down and gets into the car, Jimmy drives off dangerously, along the way running over a pedestrian with his car. A few days later, Jack tells Jimmy that the pedestrian died of his injuries, Jack agrees to keep Jimmys name out of the case, providing he agrees to forget he was ever in Maes apartment. Jimmy does indeed escape the consequences of his crime—a rare occurrence in the film, Bill begins an affair with Blanche. Mary, Jimmys sister and Bills girlfriend, goes to Maes apartment looking for Jimmy and accepts a joint from Ralph, when she refuses Ralphs advances, he tries to rape her. Bill comes out of the bedroom after having sex with Blanche, as the two are fighting, Jack tries to break it up by hitting Bill with the butt of his gun. The gun goes off and Mary is fatally shot, Jack puts the gun in the hand of an unconscious Bill and wakes him up. Bill sees the gun in his hand and is led to believe that he has killed Mary, the group of dealers lies low for a while in Blanches apartment while Bills trial takes place. Ralph loses his mind and wants to tell the police who is responsible for Marys death. The film attributes Ralphs insanity to marijuana use, seeking advice from his boss, Jack is told to shoot Ralph so he keeps his mouth shut. Meanwhile, at the apartment, Blanche offers to some piano music for Ralph to keep his mind off things
27.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
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Cannabis smoking
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Apart from being smoked and vaporized, cannabis may be ingested, placed under the tongue or applied to the skin. The bioavailability characteristics and effects of smoking and vaporizing cannabis differ from other methods in having a more rapid. Drug Containing cannabis can be smoked in a variety of implements made in different shapes and of different materials, water pipes, cigarettes. When smoking a joint or blunt with someone else or a group of people, with a pipe, bowl, bong, or vape, one inhalation is the norm. Joint is a term for a cigarette filled with cannabis. Alternatively, mainly in Europe, joints may contain tobacco or various non-addictive herbs, sometimes a joint will contain Kief or hashish, hashish can be heated and made to crumble before placement within the joint. Specially manufactured rolling papers are most often used in industrialized countries, however, modern papers are now made from a wide variety of materials including rice, hemp, and flax. A joint typically contains 250–750 mg net weight of cannabis and/or fillers, a blunt is cannabis rolled with a cigar wrapper. Subtypes include one-hitters, bubblers, chillums, glass blunts, corn cob pipes, pipes vary greatly in shape and materials, and most are handmade. The common thread between them is having a narrow screened receptacle, a stem, and a mouthpiece, the smoking material is placed in the receptacle and affected with a heat source while air is drawn through the bowl and stem to the user. Blown-glass pipes and bongs are often intricately and colorfully designed, in India and Jamaica, the most commonly used pipe is the chillum. in the UAE, midwakh, in Morocco, sebsi. The exterior surface of the bowl of some pipes may be fashioned with some kind of design. Curtis describes the best as being made by a W. Willurgby the bowl of which is of cast brass and is enough to contain about an ounce. A bubbler is a mix of a bong and a pipe, a bubbler contains a chamber for water, commonly with a down stem directly connected to the bowl of the piece. A bubbler normally has a dedicated carb, which may not be included on a bong. A bong is similar to a pipe, only it has a water-chamber through which cannabis smoke passes prior to inhalation, users fill the bong with water, sometimes also adding ice in order to cool the smoke. This cooling effect allows a larger amount of cannabis to be consumed at once while reducing the discomfort caused by the heat of the smoke, a gravity bong is a hydropneumatic device used for smoking cannabis. One variant consists of a bucket of water in which is placed a bottle with the bottom cut off
29.
Quentin Tarantino
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Quentin Jerome Tarantino is an American director, writer, and actor. His career began in the late 1980s, when he wrote and directed My Best Friends Birthday and its popularity was boosted by his second film, Pulp Fiction, a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences. Judged the greatest film from 1983–2008 by Entertainment Weekly, many critics, for his next effort, Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown, an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch. Tarantino directed Death Proof as part of a feature with friend Robert Rodriguez. His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds, which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germanys political leadership, was released in 2009 to positive reviews, after that came 2012s critically acclaimed Django Unchained, a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South. It became the film of his career so far, making over $425 million at the box office. Tarantinos films have garnered critical and commercial success. He has received industry awards, including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and the Palme dOr, and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy. He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005, Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him the single most influential director of his generation. In December 2015, Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry, Tarantino was born on March 27,1963 in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Connie McHugh and Tony Tarantino. His father is of Italian descent, and his mother has English and Irish ancestry, Quentin was named after Quint Asper, Burt Reynolds character in the CBS series Gunsmoke. Quentins mother met his father during a trip to Los Angeles and she married him soon after, to gain independence from her parents, but the marriage did not last. Connie Tarantino left Los Angeles, and moved to Knoxville, where her parents lived, in 1966, Tarantinos mother, after finishing her nursing studies, moved back to Los Angeles with her then three-year-old son. They lived in the South Bay, in the part of the city. Tarantinos mother married musician Curtis Zastoupil soon after coming to Los Angeles, and the moved to Torrance. Zastoupil encouraged his love of movies, and accompanied him to film screenings. Tarantinos mother allowed him to see movies with adult content, such as Carnal Knowledge, after his mother divorced Zastoupil in 1973, and received a misdiagnosis of Hodgkins lymphoma, Tarantino was sent to live with his grandparents in Tennessee. He remained there for six months to a year, before returning to California
30.
Arrested Development (TV series)
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Arrested Development is an American television sitcom created by Mitchell Hurwitz, which originally aired on Fox for three seasons from November 2,2003 to February 10,2006. A fourth season of 15 episodes was released on Netflix on May 26,2013, the show follows the fictitious Bluth family, a formerly wealthy and habitually dysfunctional family. It is presented in a format, incorporating handheld camera work and voice-over narration, as well as the use of occasional archival photos. The show also utilizes several long-running Easter egg jokes throughout each season, Ron Howard serves as both an executive producer and the series uncredited narrator. Set in Newport Beach, California, Arrested Development was filmed primarily in Culver City, in 2007, Time listed the show among its All-TIME100 TV Shows, in 2008, it was ranked 16th on Entertainment Weeklys New TV Classics list. In 2011, IGN named Arrested Development the funniest show of all time and its humor has been cited as a key influence on later single-camera sitcoms such as 30 Rock and Community. Despite critical acclaim, Arrested Development received low ratings and viewership on Fox, rumors of an additional season and a feature film persisted until 2011, when Netflix agreed to license new episodes and distribute them exclusively on its video streaming service. These episodes were released in 2013. Netflix has also commissioned a fifth season of Arrested Development, which is expected to premiere in 2017, a script for an Arrested Development film has also been in development, with the main cast reported to reprise their original roles in both the fifth season and the film. Discussion that led to the creation of the began in the summer of 2002. Howard met with David Nevins, the President of Imagine Television, Katie OConnell, a vice president. In light of recent corporate accounting scandals, such as Enron and Adelphia, Howard and Imagine were immediately interested in using this idea, and signed Hurwitz to write the show. The idea was pitched and sold in the fall of 2002, There was a bidding war for the show between Fox and NBC, with the show ultimately selling to Fox as a put pilot with a six-figure penalty. Over the next few months, Hurwitz developed the characters and plot for the series, the script of the pilot episode was submitted in January 2003 and filmed in March 2003. It was submitted in late April to Fox and was added to the fall schedule that May. Alia Shawkat was the first cast in the series, Michael Cera, Tony Hale, and Jessica Walter were cast from video tapes and flown in to audition for Fox. Jason Bateman and Portia de Rossi both read and auditioned for the network and were immediately chosen, the character of Gob was apparently the most challenging to cast. Howard provided the narration for the pilot, and his narrating meshed so well with the tone of the program that the decision was made to keep his voice
31.
Futurama
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Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was envisioned by Groening in the mid-1990s while working on The Simpsons, he later brought David X. Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox. In the United States, the series aired on Fox from March 28,1999, to August 10,2003, Futurama also aired in reruns on Cartoon Networks Adult Swim from 2002 to 2007, until the networks contract expired. It was revived in 2007 as four direct-to-video films, the last of which was released in early 2009, Comedy Central entered into an agreement with 20th Century Fox Television to syndicate the existing episodes and air the films as 16 new, half-hour episodes, constituting a fifth season. In June 2009, producing studio 20th Century Fox announced that Comedy Central had picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes, the show was renewed for a seventh season, with the first half airing in June 2012 and the second set for mid-2013. It was later revealed that the season would be the final season. The series finale aired on September 4,2013, while Groening has said he will try to get it picked up by another network, David X. Cohen stated that the episode Meanwhile would be the last episode of season 7 and also the series finale. Throughout its run, Futurama has received critical acclaim, the show has been nominated for 17 Annie Awards and 12 Emmy Awards, winning seven of the former and six of the latter. Futurama-related merchandise has also released, including a tie-in comic book series and video game, calendars. In 2013, TV Guide ranked Futurama as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time, Fox expressed a strong desire in the mid-1990s for Matt Groening to create a new series, and he began conceiving Futurama during this period. In 1996, he enlisted David X. Cohen, then a writer and producer for The Simpsons, the two spent time researching science fiction books, television shows, and films. When they pitched the series to Fox in April 1998, Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and story lines, Groening described trying to get the show on the air as by far the worst experience of my grown-up life. With The Simpsons the network has no input, Fox was particularly disturbed by the concept of suicide booths, Doctor Zoidberg, and Benders anti-social behavior. Groening explains, When they tried to give me notes on Futurama, I just said, and they said, Well, we dont do business that way anymore. And I said, Oh, well, thats the only way I do business, the episode I, Roommate was produced to address Foxs concerns, with the script written to their specifications. Fox strongly disliked the episode, but after negotiations, Groening received the same independence with Futurama, the name Futurama comes from a pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Designed by Norman Bel Geddes, the Futurama pavilion depicted how he imagined the world would look in 1959, many other titles were considered for the series, including Aloha, Mars. and Doomsville, which Groening notes were resoundly rejected, by everyone concerned with it. It takes approximately six to nine months to produce an episode of Futurama, the long production time results in several episodes being worked on simultaneously
32.
Cartoon Network
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Cartoon Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Time Warner through the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary. It was founded by Betty Cohen and launched on October 1,1992, the channel primarily broadcasts childrens shows, mostly animated programming, ranging from action to animated comedy. It operates daily from 6,00 AM to 11,00 PM, a Spanish language audio track for select programs is accessible via second audio programing, some cable and satellite companies offer the Spanish feed as a separate channel. It is also the channel of Turner-owned Boomerang. As of January 2016, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94.0 million pay television households in the United States, however, Turner kept much of MGMs film and television library made prior to May 1986 and formed Turner Entertainment. On October 3,1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and had gained an audience with its film library. In 1991, Turner Entertainment purchased animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions for US $320 million, on February 18,1992, Turner Broadcasting System announced its plans to launch the Cartoon Network as an outlet for Turners considerable library of animation. Initial programming on the channel consisted exclusively of reruns of classic Warner Bros. cartoons, the 1933–1957 Popeye cartoons, MGM cartoons, at first, cable providers in New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D. C. and Detroit carried the channel. By the time the network launched, Cartoon Network had an 8, from its launch until 1995, the networks announcers said the networks name with the word The added before Cartoon Network, thus calling the network The Cartoon Network. By the time that the network debuted, Cartoon Network also operated a block that aired on TNT. Cartoon Network was not the first cable channel to have relied on cartoons to attract an audience, however, Turner Broadcasting System had defied conventional wisdom before by launching CNN, a channel providing 24-hour news coverage. Initially, the channel would broadcast cartoons 24 hours a day, late Night Black and White showed early black-and-white cartoons, and ToonHeads would show three shorts with a similar theme and provide trivia about the cartoons. There was also an afternoon block called High Noon Toons. The majority of the animation that was shown on Cartoon Network no longer air on a regular basis, with the exception of Tom and Jerry. A challenge for Cartoon Network was to overcome its low penetration of existing cable systems, when launched on October 1,1992, the channel was only carried by 233 cable systems. However, it benefited from package deals, New subscribers to sister channels TNT and TBS could also get access to Cartoon Network through such deals. The high ratings of Cartoon Network over the couple of years led to more cable systems including it. By the end of 1994, Cartoon Network had become the fifth most popular channel in the United States
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Adult Swim
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Adult Swim is a programming block of the American cable network Cartoon Network that operates at night from 8,00 p. m. to 6,00 a. m. It is programmed by Williams Street Productions, a subsidiary of Turner, the name comes from a phrase used by public swimming pools in the United States to label designated times when children are restricted from using the facilities in favor of adults. Much of Adult Swims general content is known for its risqué, unorthodox, the network was granted its own Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to targeting a separate demographic. In the United States, Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, anime, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, live-action, shows may have sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. While the network features comedies and dramas of all types, many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy. In February 2015, Adult Swim was available to approximately 96,390,000 pay-television households in the United States, Cartoon Networks original head programmer Mike Lazzo conceived Adult Swim. The network grew out of Cartoon Networks previous attempts at airing content appropriate for teenagers, the network began experimenting with its late night programming by airing anthology shows like ToonHeads and Late Night Black and White, both of which presented uncensored classic cartoon shorts. Space Ghost Coast to Coast, one of Cartoon Networks first forays into original programming, was created in 1994 specifically for late night audiences. The series was created by Mike Lazzos Ghost Planet Industries, which eventually became Williams Street Studios, during early mornings in December 2000, several new Williams Street series made unannounced stealth premieres. Sealab 2021, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, Aqua Teen Hunger Force and The Brak Show all premiered unannounced, the official schedules listed the shows as Special Programming. Adult Swim launched on September 2,2001 with the airing of the Home Movies episode Directors Cut. The first anime broadcast on Adult Swim also aired on the night of its launch, the block initially aired on Sunday nights, with a repeat of the same block on Thursday nights. On March 28,2005, Atlanta-based Turner Broadcasting System began recording Adult Swim Nielsen ratings separately from Cartoon Network for demographic purposes, promotions for Adult Swim are targeted towards the college age and those in their twenties and thirties, constituting the majority of their viewers. Adult Swim also had a direct and important role in the revival of two animated series, the aforementioned Family Guy and Futurama. On March 29,2004, less one year later, Fox announced it would be renewing Family Guy for a fourth season. Futurama was also revived in 2007 by Comedy Central for similar reasons, Adult Swim obtained Futuramas exclusive cable syndication rights in March 2002 for a reported $10 million, and the series first aired on the network in January 2002. These devices were in part of a guerrilla marketing advertising campaign. The next day, Boston authorities arrested two men involved with the incident, on February 5, Turner Broadcasting and marketer Interference, Inc. announced that they would pay $2 million in amends, one million to the city of Boston, and one million in goodwill funds
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Comedy Central
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Comedy Central is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel carries comedy programming, in the form of original and syndicated series and stand-up comedy specials, as well as feature films. The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks, as of February 2015, approximately 93,992,000 American households receive Comedy Central. On November 15,1989, Time Warner, owners of HBO, on April 1,1990, Viacom launched a rival channel called Ha. that featured reruns of situation comedies and some original sketch comedy. The Comedy Channels programs were broadcast from the HBO Downtown Studios at 120 East 23rd Street in Manhattan, the format prior to the merger with Ha. In the early days, certain hours of the day when clips were shown without host segments were dubbed Short Attention Span Theater, in 1990, hosts under this title, Jon Stewart and Patty Rosborough, were introduced. Comedian Marc Maron also hosted the series, Viacom bought out Time Warners half in April 2003 for $1.23 billion. LLC, the subsidiary that owned Ha. and Viacoms original half of the network, with the exception of the cult favorite Mystery Science Theater 3000, the channel had a relatively small viewership. A notable early success was Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, which after showing promise on Comedy Central was quickly snapped up by ABC. Additionally, The Daily Show had got its start with original host Craig Kilborn, dr. Katz, Professional Therapist was also a notable original program from this era, as well as the game show Win Ben Steins Money. Successful non-original programming included Canadian comedy group The Kids in the Hall and British shows such as the U. K. edition of Whose Line Is It Anyway. some later seasons of AbFab, as it was informally known, were partially financed by Comedy Central. Comedy Central also had the rights to broadcast reruns of Seattles Almost Live. The channel made a breakthrough when South Park premiered in 1997, being the first major basic cable show to carry the TV-MA rating for mature audiences, the show was too controversial to be picked up by a mainstream network. As word of mouth spread, the number of people who requested that Comedy Central be added to their cable providers increased, on November 13,2000, Comedy Central introduced a modernized version of its globe logo, by straightening the buildings and removing the transmitter. The management of the said that the transmitter of the 1991 logo was said to communicate the 1950s broadcast era. In 2002, Comedy Central Records was formed as a means of releasing albums by comedians that have appeared on the network, since 2003, Comedy Central has created a tradition of roasting comedians in the style of the New York Friars Club roasts. During these roasts, friends of the roastee, along other comedians, take turns making fun of the roastee, the other roasters. The success of South Park, despite its mature content, encouraged the network to continue to push the limits on adult language, every Saturday and Sunday morning at 1 a. m
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Space Ghost Coast to Coast
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Space Ghost Coast to Coast is an American animated parody talk show, created by Mike Lazzo and hosted by the 1960s Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Space Ghost. Space Ghost Coast to Coast was considered to be the first fully produced Cartoon Network original series, the first two seasons were presented as a serious talk show with subdued jokes, while the later seasons relied more on surrealism, non-sequiturs, and parodies. In 2001, it moved to the late night television block Adult Swim. Space Ghost Coast to Coast used the show format as its template. Various celebrities appeared on the show as guests and they were shown on a TV screen next to Space Ghosts desk, and unlike the characters, they were not animated. In early episodes of the show, Space Ghost apparently believed his guests were other superheroes and his interactions with guests were almost always painfully awkward, and sometimes hostile. It was sometimes hard to tell if guests were aware of the nature of the program on which they were appearing and their answers often did not match the questions coming from Space Ghost, because the questions were changed after the interview. Space Ghosts relationship with his co-workers was even worse and his bandleader, an evil talking mantis named Zorak, and his director/producer, a red-helmeted lava man named Moltar, worked for Space Ghost as punishment for their crimes. They frequently disrupted the show and made no secret of the fact that they hated him, most episodes of Space Ghost Coast to Coast were about 15 minutes in length, although there were a few 30-minute episodes. Cartoon Network often aired two episodes back-to-back to make a 30-minute programming block, in the first few years of the show, Cartoon Network would show episodes of the original 1960s and 1980s Space Ghost cartoons after the 11-minute episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. In early seasons of the show, music was played by Zorak, the original theme song, Hit Single, was composed by free jazz guitarist Sonny Sharrock, performed by Sharrock on guitar, Lance Carter on drums, Eddie Horst on bass and Alfreda Gerald on vocals. Sharrock and Carter recorded a number of songs for the show, as a tribute to Sharrock, who died in May 1994 shortly after the show first aired, the episode Sharrock featured nearly fifteen minutes of unedited takes of music recorded for the show. Seasons 4–6 featured a new closing theme by Man or Astro-man. and in seasons the opening theme. Various other music was used as the theme song, including the CHiPs theme song for the episode titled CHiPs. An hour-long musical season finale for the 1998 season was planned, featuring the bands Yo La Tengo and Cornershop, Space Ghost Coast to Coast was created by Mike Lazzo after he was asked to create a cartoon to appeal to adults. The series premiered on April 15,1994, having aired initially at 11,00 pm ET on Friday nights, later, the program was moved to various late-night time slots, having usually been on weekends. In February 1995, an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast was simulcast on Cartoon Network, TBS, in the special, Space Ghost interviewed a few of the new directors, while the Council of Doom were the judges of the cartoon clips. On September 2,2001, new episodes of the series, along with re-runs of the episodes, moved to Adult Swim
36.
Aqua Teen Hunger Force
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Aqua Teen Hunger Force is an American adult animated television series created by Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro for Cartoon Networks late night programming block, Adult Swim. It was created as a series of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. The unannounced pilot episode aired on Cartoon Network on December 30,2000, every episode was written and directed by Willis and Maiellaro, who also provided several voices in the series. Seasons 8-11 were each given a different alternative title, accompanied by a different theme music, as a running joke. The series ended on August 30,2015, with a total of 139 episodes over the course of 11 seasons, ultimately making Aqua Teen Hunger Force the longest running original series in Adult Swim history. The series airs in broadcast syndication outside the United States and has released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media. They live together as roommates, and rarely get along with their human neighbor Carl Brutananadilewski, some episodes feature the main protagonists interacting with celebrities and occasionally with historical figures and professional athletes. The Mooninites are two aliens from the Moon who frequently appear, serving as primary antagonists and wreaking havoc through a series of illegal or destructive actions, the Mooninites appear more than most characters outside of the main cast. Other recurring characters have made appearances, including Oglethorpe and Emory, MC Pee Pants, Cybernetic Ghost of Christmas Past from the Future. Episodes often end with the deaths or injuries of major characters, or destruction to their property. In the shows first seven seasons, the protagonists lived in a neighborhood in South New Jersey. In 2011, during the season, the location was changed to Seattle. The Seattle neighborhood appeared identical to the neighborhood from the first seven seasons. As of the season, the same neighborhood was located in the fictional location of Seattle. The original versions of the trio were prototypes which resembled the future characters, the original name Teen Hunger Force refers to the squads mission to conquer hunger in teens. Baffler Meal did not air for years, and was not even animated or produced until after the series became popular. Instead, the Space Ghost episode was rewritten as Kentucky Nightmare, while the trio, along with Carl Brutananadilewski, debuted in Rabbot, a full season consisting of sixteen episodes, including Rabbot, was put into production shortly thereafter. The series was one of Adult Swims most popular shows, in early episodes, the trio were identified by Master Shake as the Aqua Teen Hunger Force, which solved crimes for money
37.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry
38.
Freaks and Geeks
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Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series, created by Paul Feig, with Judd Apatow as executive producer, that aired on NBC during the 1999–2000 television season. Eighteen episodes were completed, but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired. A fan-led campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast three episodes in July 2000, the three remaining unaired episodes, for a total of 18, aired that September on the cable network Fox Family Channel. The series appeared on Time magazines 2007100 Greatest Shows of All Time list, in 2007, Freaks and Geeks ranked #21 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever. In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years, the same year, AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time. In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and it launched several of its young actors into successful television and film careers. Teenage Lindsay Weir and her younger brother Sam attend William McKinley High School during the 1980–1981 school year, in the town of Chippewa, Michigan, a fictional suburb of Detroit. Lindsays friends constitute the freaks — Daniel Desario, Ken Miller, Nick Andopolis, Kim Kelly, the Weirs parents, Harold and Jean, are featured in every episode. Millie Kentner, Lindsays nerdy, highly religious former best friend, is a character, as is Cindy Sanders. Lindsay finds herself attempting to transform her life as an academically proficient student, star mathlete and her relationships with her new friends, and the friction they cause with her parents and with her own self-image, form one central strand of the show. The other follows Sam and his group of friends as they navigate a different part of the social universe. The shows producers were resistant to stunt casting, for example, they resisted the networks suggestion that they have Britney Spears appear as a waitress in one episode, they thought such appearances would detract from the shows realism. Several of the screenwriters appeared on the show, mike White played Kim Kellys oft-discussed injured brother, and first appeared in episode 4, Kim Kelly is My Friend. Paul Feig, Gabe Sachs, and series composer Michael Andrews appear uncredited as members of the fictional band Dimension in Im With the Band, the list is ordered by the chronology of the storyline. The script for the episode of Freaks and Geeks was written by Paul Feig as a spec script. Feig gave the script to Judd Apatow, who sold it to DreamWorks and that company, in turn, sold it to NBC, who quickly greenlit the script as a pilot. Before the script was shot, Feig wrote an episode at the behest of Apatow. He showed this second script to Apatow and pilot director Jake Kasdan, notable additions in this new draft included the introduction of the character Kim Kelly and Lindsay Weirs recollection of her grandmothers death
39.
Red Band Society
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Red Band Society is an American teen medical comedy-drama television series, developed by Margaret Nagle, that aired on Fox for the 2014–15 American television season. The series premiered on September 17,2014, based on the Catalan drama series Polseres vermelles, the series is a dramedy focused on a group of teenagers living together as patients in a hospitals pediatric ward. This is the first medical series to focus on hospital patients, on November 26,2014, it was confirmed the show would stop production after its original 13-episode order, and the show was pulled from the schedule after episode 10. Octavia Spencer as Dena Jackson, the strict and seemingly scary head nurse overseeing the pediatric facility, dave Annable as Dr. Adam McAndrew, a skilled surgeon working at the hospital and an ex-fiancé of Dr. Erin Grace. Ciara Bravo as Emma Chota, an intelligent anorexic patient, who is also the girlfriend of Leo and she gets out of the hospital, but has to come back to find that Leo cheated on her with Kara. Griffin Gluck as Charles Charlie Hutchison, a comatose patient in the pediatrics ward who is also the narrator of the series. Zoe Levin as Kara Souders, a cheerleader with a heart who is at the bottom of the transplant recipient list due to her drug abuse. She falls in love with a boy named Hunter, rebecca Rittenhouse as Brittany Dobler, a new ambitious and cheerful nurse. She has a stand with Dr. McAndrew. Charlie Rowe as Leo Roth, an amputee and former osteosarcoma patient who is undergoing rehabilitation and he serves as the unofficial leader of the Red Band Society which he created himself. He is in love with Emma and dated her, on, nolan Sotillo as Jordi Palacios, a patient with Ewing sarcoma who is newly admitted to the pediatrics ward. Astro as Dashiell Dash Hosney, a patient with cystic fibrosis who tries to impress girls and he is best friends with Leo. Wilson Cruz as Kenji Gomez-Rejon, a nurse, daren Kagasoff as Hunter Cole, a leukemia survivor who now suffers from cirrhosis and is in need of a liver transplant. He dies in The Guilted Age after his body rejects a transplant organ, thomas Ian Nicholas as Nick Hutchison, Charlies father. Susan Park as Mandy Hutchison, Charlies mother, adrian Lester as Dr. Larry Naday, a famous British neurologist who is brought in to help Charlie and becomes the love interest of Dena. Mandy Moore as Dr. Erin Grace, McAndrews ex-fiancée, griffin Dunne as Ruben Garcia, an older hypochondria patient. Catalina Sandino Moreno as Eva Palacios, Jordis mother Andrea Parker as Sarah Souders, tricia OKelley as Daniella, Karas step-mother and former nanny. Nicolas Bechtel as younger Jordi Palacios, jes Macallan as Ashley Cole, Hunters sister
40.
Firefly (TV series)
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Firefly is an American space western drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon, under his Mutant Enemy Productions label. Whedon served as a producer, along with Tim Minear. The series is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new system and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of Serenity. The ensemble cast portrays the nine characters who live on Serenity, Whedon pitched the show as nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things. In this future, the two surviving superpowers, the United States and China, fused to form the central federal government, called the Alliance. According to Whedons vision, nothing will change in the future, technology will advance, but we still have the same political, moral. Firefly premiered in the U. S. on the Fox network on September 20,2002, by mid-December, Firefly had averaged 4.7 million viewers per episode and was 98th in Nielsen ratings. It was canceled after eleven of the fourteen produced episodes were aired, despite the relatively short life span of the series, it received strong sales when it was released on DVD and has large fan support campaigns. It won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2003 for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series, TV Guide ranked the series at No.5 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were Cancelled Too Soon. The series takes place in the year 2517, on a variety of planets, the TV series does not reveal whether these celestial bodies are within one star system, only saying that Serenitys mode of propulsion is a gravity-drive. The film Serenity makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system, the emigrants established themselves in this new star system, with dozens of planets and hundreds of moons. Many of these were terraformed, a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble Earth and this resulted in many of the border planets and moons having forbidding, dry environments, well-suited to the Western genre. The show takes its name from the Firefly-class spaceship, Serenity and it resembles a firefly in general arrangement, and the tail section, analogous to a bioluminescent insectoid abdomen, lights up during acceleration. The ship was named after the Battle of Serenity Valley, where Malcolm Reynolds, former sergeant in the Independents and it is revealed in Bushwhacked that the Battle of Serenity Valley is widely considered the loss which sealed the fate of the Independents. Throughout the series, the Alliance is shown to govern the system through an organization of core planets. The central planets are firmly under Alliance control, but the planets and moons resemble the 19th-century American West. Settlers and refugees on the worlds have relative freedom from the central government. In addition, the areas of space are inhabited by the Reavers
41.
Roswell (TV series)
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Roswell is an American science fiction television series developed, produced, and co-written by Jason Katims. The series debuted on October 6,1999 on The WB and moved to UPN for the third season, in the United Kingdom, the show aired as both Roswell High and Roswell. The series is based on the Roswell High young adult series, written by Melinda Metz and edited by Laura J. Burns. The pilot episode was filmed in 12 days with a budget of $2,000,000, the Morning After, the second episode of the series, was the first episode with the full title sequence utilizing the theme song, Here With Me by Dido. Roswell was filmed in locations around California. The series premiered on October 6,1999 on The WB Television Network in the United States to generally favorable reviews, moore was brought in to join Katims as an executive producer and showrunner and to further develop the science fiction elements of the show. 20th Century Fox was able to persuade UPN to pick it up for a season as a package deal when UPN outbid The WB for one of its popular flagship series. This eventually resulted in the cancellation from UPN as well. The pilot is set in 1999 and we are introduced to Liz Parker, Maria DeLuca, and Alex Whitman, high school students and best friends residing in the small town of Roswell, New Mexico, site of the famed Roswell UFO incident. Liz Parkers parents own the Crashdown Café, which serves alien-themed dishes, at the beginning of the pilot, Liz is waitressing in her parents restaurant when a disagreement between two customers breaks out. A gun goes off, and Liz is accidentally shot and we are now introduced to a character named Max Evans, a seemingly normal high school student, who rushes to Lizs aid and heals the gunshot wound by placing his hand over it, saving her life. The healing leaves a hand print on her stomach. In order to hide what he has done, Max pours ketchup on Liz before fleeing the scene with his friend Michael Guerin, the shooting acts as a catalyst for the rest of the series action. Liz is presented as a curious character, obtaining a sample of Maxs saliva, analyzes. When she confronts, him, Max admits that he, his sister Isabel, in dialogue between other characters we learn that Max, Isabel, and Michael had a pattern of isolating themselves from other students. A love triangle begins between Max, Liz, and Kyle Valenti, though sworn to tell no one, Liz does divulge Maxs secret to Maria in the pilot. Eventually Alex also learns about the alien, secrecy and the tension that surrounds secrets become major themes of the series, important to character development relationships, and plot. Two romances develop between human and alien characters, Liz and Maxs romance is portrayed as a tender and sweet, Michael and Marias as passionate and often explosive
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Joan of Arcadia
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Joan of Arcadia is an American television fantasy/family drama telling the story of teenager Joan Girardi, who sees and speaks with God and performs tasks she is given. The series originally aired on Fridays, 8–9 p. m. on CBS, on initial release, the show was praised by critics and won the Humanitas Prize and the Peoples Choice Award. It was also nominated for an Emmy Award in its first season for Outstanding Drama Series, the title alludes to Joan of Arc and the show takes place in the city of Arcadia, Maryland. In the pilot episode, God appears to Joan and reminds her that she promised to do anything he wanted if he would let her survive a car crash that left him a paraplegic. God appears in the form of people including small children, teenage boys, elderly ladies, transients. Joan is asked by God to perform tasks that appear to be trivial or contrary. One of the obvious effects of Joans actions occurs when she is asked to take a reclusive bully to the school dance. While both her mother and the assistant principal object, Joan follows through with Gods task, at the dance, it is revealed that the bully has a bottle of alcohol with him, but Joan convinces him not to open it. Despite this, the assistant principal later reaches into his jacket, finds the alcohol, in his anger, the boy threatens the chief of police with a handgun, and he is then arrested. This ending is more direct than most episodes, since it is the only time God comments so clearly on what would have happened rather than primarily allowing events to speak for themselves. The series starred actors Joe Mantegna and Mary Steenburgen as Joans parents Will and Helen, Jason Ritter as her older brother Kevin. The family relationships and plot situations were more realistically than other shows with spiritual themes. God quotes Bob Dylan, Emily Dickinson and the Beatles rather than any scripture or verses, furthermore, God is portrayed with a very human personality. In Touch Move, he tells Joan that he has to send her there, and laughs when she becomes worried he means Hell. Also, in one episode, he hands Joan a book from a store they have just left, when Joan accuses him of stealing, he remarks Well, technically everythings mine. Christopher Marquette also stars as Adam Rove, a friend of Joans who has an on-and-off romantic relationship with her. Another of Joans best friends is Grace Polk, played by Becky Wahlstrom, amber Tamblyn as Joan Girardi – Middle child of the Girardi family, Joan is a teenage girl who talks to God. He often gives her assignments or tasks that eventually have a positive outcome and she is in an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Adam Rove, the two broke up in Trial and Error
43.
Millennium (TV series)
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Millennium is an American television series created by Chris Carter, which aired on Fox between 1996 and 1999. The series was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, though most episodes were set in or around Seattle. The theme music was composed by Mark Snow, who created the distinctive theme music for The X-Files. Although the series premiered with ratings, viewership declined throughout its three-season run. A seventh season episode of The X-Files, titled Millennium, featured the Millennium Group and Frank Black, Black worked for the mysterious Millennium Group, whose power and sinister agenda were explored throughout the series. Black lived in Seattle with his wife Catherine and daughter Jordan, Jordan was revealed to have inherited some measure of her fathers gift, suggesting that Franks abilities might be at least partly psychic, since Jordans are clearly natural, not learned. The first season primarily with Black pursuing various serial killers and other murderers. The second season introduced more supernatural occurrences into the shows mythology, the final season showed Frank returning to Washington, D. C. to work with the FBI following the death of his wife at the hands of the Group. He was joined by a new partner, Emma Hollis, despite Franks warnings and what she herself observed, Emma ultimately joined the Group. Frank was last seen escaping from Washington, having taken Jordan from school, after the shows cancellation, the crossover episode, Millennium, was made for the television series The X-Files, serving as a de facto series finale for Frank Blacks story. Frank Black has an ability to see within the mind of a killer. A former FBI special agent specializing in serial killers, Black decided to leave, Megan Gallagher as Catherine Black – Catherine was a clinical social worker who counseled crime victims and confronted challenging cases. Willing to sacrifice herself, she was infected with a deadly virus mysteriously associated with the Millennium Group, klea Scott as Emma Hollis, Emma is a young FBI special agent who becomes Franks protege in Virginia. She struggles to understand the mind, and has to deal with her fathers Alzheimers-like disease. Brittany Tiplady as Jordan Black, daughter of Frank and Catherine, There are suggestions throughout the series that Jordan has inherited Franks particular gift, which troubles him greatly. Bill Smitrovich as Lt. Robert Bletcher, A homicide detective for the Seattle police, bob Giebelhouse, Seattle detective with a cynical view of humanity and a penchant for gallows humor. Kristen Cloke as Lara Means, A Millennium Group initiate like Frank, much of her character arc involves being slowly drawn into the Group and its secrets. R. G. Armstrong as the Old Man, A reclusive senior member of The Millennium Group, after Chris Carters success with The X-Files, the Fox Broadcasting Company asked him if he would produce another series for them
44.
Twin Peaks
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Twin Peaks is an American television serial drama created by Mark Frost and David Lynch that premiered on April 8,1990, on ABC. It was one of the shows of 1990, but declining ratings led to its cancellation after its second season in 1991. It nonetheless captured a cult following and has been referenced in a variety of media. In subsequent years, Twin Peaks has often been ranked as one of the greatest television dramas ever made, the series follows an investigation headed by FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper into the murder of homecoming queen Laura Palmer in the fictional town of Twin Peaks, Washington. Like much of Lynchs work, it is distinguished by surrealism and offbeat humor, the shows acclaimed score was composed by Angelo Badalamenti in collaboration with Lynch. Twin Peaks was followed by a 1992 feature film, Twin Peaks, Fire Walk with Me, in October 2014, Showtime announced that the series would return as a limited event series, scheduled to premiere on May 21,2017. The limited series is written by Lynch and Frost and directed by Lynch, many original cast members, including MacLachlan, returned. In 1989, logger Pete Martell discovers a corpse wrapped in plastic on the bank of a river outside the town of Twin Peaks. When Sheriff Harry S. Truman, his deputies, and Dr. Will Hayward arrive, a badly injured second girl, Ronette Pulaski, is discovered in a fugue state. FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper is called in to investigate, Coopers initial examination of Lauras body reveals a tiny typed letter R inserted under her fingernail. The authorities discover that Laura has been living a double life and she was cheating on her boyfriend, football captain Bobby Briggs, with biker James Hurley, and prostituting herself with the help of truck driver Leo Johnson and drug dealer Jacques Renault. Laura was also addicted to cocaine, which she obtained by coercing Bobby into doing business with Jacques, Lauras father, attorney Leland Palmer, suffers a nervous breakdown. Her best friend, Donna Hayward, begins a relationship with James, with the help of Lauras cousin Maddy Ferguson, Donna and James discover that Lauras psychiatrist, Dr. Lawrence Jacoby, was obsessed with Laura, but he is proven innocent of the murder. Hornes sultry, troubled daughter, Audrey, becomes infatuated with Cooper, Cooper has a dream in which he is approached by a one-armed otherworldly being who calls himself Mike. Mike says that Lauras murderer is an entity, Killer Bob. Cooper finds himself decades older with Laura and a dwarf in a red business suit, the next morning, Cooper tells Truman that, if he can decipher the dream, he will know who killed Laura. Cooper and the sheriffs department find the man from Coopers dream. Gerard knows a Bob, the veterinarian who treats Renaults pet bird, Cooper interprets these events to mean that Renault is the murderer and, with Trumans help, tracks Renault to One-Eyed Jacks, a brothel owned by Horne across the border in Canada
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Veronica Mars
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Veronica Mars is an American teen noir mystery drama television series created by screenwriter Rob Thomas. The series is set in the town of Neptune, California. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during television network UPNs final two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW, Veronica Mars was produced by Warner Bros. Television, Silver Pictures Television, Stu Segall Productions, and Rob Thomas Productions, Joel Silver and Rob Thomas were executive producers for the entire run of the series, while Diane Ruggiero was promoted in the third season. Veronica Mars is a student who progresses from high school to college while moonlighting as a private investigator under the tutelage of her detective father, in each episode, Veronica solves a different stand-alone case while working to solve a more complex mystery. The first two seasons of the series each had a season-long mystery arc, introduced in the first episode of the season, the third season took a different format, focusing on smaller mystery arcs that would last the course of several episodes. Filming began in March 2004, and the premiered in September to 2.49 million American viewers. The critically acclaimed first seasons run of 22 episodes garnered an average of 2.5 million viewers per episode in the United States, Veronica Mars appeared on a number of fall television best lists, and garnered several awards and nominations. During the series run, it was nominated for two Satellite Awards, four Saturn Awards, five Teen Choice Awards and was featured on AFIs TV Programs of the Year for 2005, following the cancellation of the series, Thomas wrote a feature film script continuing the series. Warner Bros. opted not to fund the project at the time, on March 13,2013, Bell and Thomas launched a fundraising campaign to produce the film through Kickstarter and attained the $2 million goal in less than eleven hours. They accumulated over $5.7 million via Kickstarter, the film was released on March 14,2014. Season 1 revolves around Veronica Mars, a school student. As the daughter of well-respected County Sheriff Keith Mars, Veronicas biggest problem was getting dumped by her boyfriend, Duncan Kane, after Lillys murder, Veronicas life falls apart. Keith accuses Lillys father, popular software billionaire Jake Kane, of being involved in the murder and this provokes Neptunes wrath and Keiths ousting as sheriff in a recall election, replaced by Don Lamb. Veronicas mother, Lianne, develops a problem and leaves town. Veronicas 09er friends—wealthy students from the fictional 90909 ZIP code—force her to choose between them and her father, Veronica chooses her father, after being voted out as sheriff, Keith opens a private investigation agency, Mars Investigations, where Veronica works part-time. Veronica helps her father solve cases and conducts her own investigations on behalf of friends, Veronica discovers new evidence which suggests that Abel Koontz, the man imprisoned after confessing to Lillys murder, is innocent. As Veronica delves deeper into the case, she also works on other investigations, seeks her mothers whereabouts
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