1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
3.
New Romantic
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New Romanticism was a pop culture movement in the United Kingdom that began as a nightclub scene around 1979 and peaked around 1981. Ultravox were also identified as New Romantics by the press although they did not exhibit the same visual styles of the movement. Japan and Adam and the Ants were also labeled as New Romantic artists by the press, there were attempts to revive the movement from the 1990s, including the short-lived romo movement. New Romanticism can be seen as a reaction to punk, and was influenced by former glam rock stars of the 1970s such as David Bowie. In terms of style it rejected the austerity and anti-fashion stance of punk, both sexes often dressed in counter-sexual or androgynous clothing and wore cosmetics such as eyeliner and lipstick, partly derived from earlier punk fashions. This gender bending was particularly evident in such as Boy George of Culture Club. Common hairstyles included quiffs, mullets and wedges, soon after they began to gain mainstream attention, however, many New Romantic bands dropped the eclectic clothes and make-up in favour of sharp suits. However, the post-punk Adam Ant himself has denied being a New Romantic. In an October 1981 interview, vocalist David Sylvian commented Theres a period going past at the moment that may make us look as though were in fashion, in another interview, he stated I dont like to be associated with them. The attitudes are so very different, of Japans fashion sense, Sylvian said For them, fancy dress is a costume. But ours is a way of life and we look and dress this way every day. Similarly, the electronic duo Soft Cell also denied any connection to the New Romantic scene and it was just a trendy London club thing with Steve Strange. While some contemporary bands, particularly those of the 2 Tone ska revival, dealt with issues of unemployment and urban decay, New Romantics adopted an escapist, as the scene moved beyond a single club the media settled on the name New Romantics. The New Romantic movement developed almost simultaneously in London and Birmingham, in London it grew out of David Bowie and Roxy Music nights, run during 1978 in the nightclub Billys in Dean Street, London. Its patrons dressed as uniquely as they could in an attempt to draw the most attention, Steve Strange worked as the clubs doorman and Egan was the DJ at the Blitz. The club became known for its exclusive door policy and strict dress code, Strange would frequently deny potential patrons admission because he felt that they were not costumed creatively or subversively enough to blend in with those inside the club. In a highly publicised incident, Mick Jagger tried to enter the club while under the influence of alcohol, the club spawned several spin-offs and there were soon clubs elsewhere in the capital and in other major British cities, including Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. While still at Billys, Strange and Egan joined Billy Currie, before forming Culture Club, Boy George and Marilyn worked as cloakroom attendants at the Blitz
4.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
5.
Blue-eyed soul
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Blue-eyed soul is rhythm and blues and soul music performed by white artists. The term was coined in the mid-1960s, to describe artists who performed soul and R&B that was similar to the music of the Motown. Though many rhythm and blues radio stations would play music by black musicians. The Righteous Brothers named their 1964 LP Some Blue-Eyed Soul, Blue-eyed soul was applied to such artists as Sonny & Cher, the Beatles, Tom Jones, Barry McGuire, and Roy Head. White musicians playing R&B music, however, began before the term blue-eyed soul was coined, lonnie Macks 1963 gospel-infused vocals earned him widespread critical acclaim as a blue-eyed soul singer. Groups such as The Rascals had soul-tinged pop songs, but it was the vocals of Felix Cavaliere that gave them the blue-eyed soul sound. By the mid-1960s, British singers Dusty Springfield, Eric Burdon, Blue-eyed soul singer, Chris Clark became the first white singer to have an R&B hit with Motown Records in 1966. In 1967, Jerry Lee Lewis, whose latter days at Sun Records had been characterized by R&B covers, delaney and Bonnie produced the blue-eyed soul album Home on Stax in 1969. Michael Sembello, who left home at age 17 to tour with Stevie Wonder, wrote and performed on numerous blue-eyed soul hits for Wonder, Brian McKnight, David Sanborn, Bill Champlin and Bobby Caldwell. Todd Rundgren began his career in Woodys Truck Stop, a based on the model of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band. He left the band to form the rock band Nazz in 1967. Outside the Anglo-American scene, in Italy, Mina and Carmen Villani fused elements of music with the traditional Italian pop music. Carola and Doris were notable Scandinavian artists who were influenced by soul music, in February 1975, Tower of Power became the first white/mixed act to appear on Soul Train. Also in 1975, David Bowie, another early white artist to appear on Soul Train, released Young Americans and it featured the funk-inspired Fame, which became Bowies first number-one hit in the US. Hall & Oates 1975 Silver Album includes the ballad Sara Smile, shes Gone, another soulful hit, was originally released in 1973 but did better as a re-release after Sara Smile. Boz Scaggs 1976 Lowdown, which featured Scaggs laid-back vocals and a funky groove. In April 1976, The Faragher Brothers became the first all-white ensemble to make an appearance on Soul Train. In September that year, white funk band Wild Cherry released the Billboard Hot 100 chart topping funk/rock single Play That Funky Music, the single would eventually sell 2.5 million copies
6.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
7.
Dance-pop
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Dance-pop is a pop and dance subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable, the genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions. Dance-pop borrowed influences from other genres, which varied by producer, artist, such include contemporary R&B, house, trance, techno, new jack swing, funk, synthpop, electropop and some forms of europop. Dance-pop is a mainstream style of music and there have been numerous pop artists. As the term started to go out of fashion by the late 1970s to early 1980s, other terms were commonly used to describe disco-based music, such as post-disco, club. Dance-pop music emerged in the 1980s as a combination of dance and pop, or post-disco, Dance-pop music was usually created, composed and produced by record producers who would then hire singers to perform the songs. In the beginning of the 80s disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, according to prominent Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music, utilizing her charisma, chutzpah and sex appeal. Erlewine claimed that Madonna launched dance-pop and set the standard for the genre for the two decades. The staff of Vice magazine stated that her debut album drew the blueprint for future dance-pop, in the 1980s dance-pop was closely aligned to other up-tempo electronic genres, such as Hi-NRG. Prominent producers in the 1980s included Stock, Aitken and Waterman, during the decade, dance-pop borrowed influences from funk, new jack swing, and contemporary R&B. Other prominent dance-pop artists and groups of the 1980s included the Pet Shop Boys, Mel and Kim, Samantha Fox, Debbie Gibson, by the 1990s, dance-pop had become a major genre in popular music. Several dance-pop groups and artists emerged during the 1990s, such as the Spice Girls, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Backstreet Boys, during the early 1990s, dance-pop borrowed influences from house music, as well as contemporary R&B and new jack swing. Additionally, also in 1998, Cher released a song called Believe which made usage of a technological innovation of the time. An audio processor and a form of pitch modification software, Auto-Tune is commonly used as a way to correct pitch, since the late 1990s, the use of Auto-Tune processing has become a common feature of dance-pop music. Celine Dion also released a dance-pop song Thats the Way It Is by the end of 1999 and it has a moderately slow tempo but an up-beat song. At the beginning of the 2000s, dance-pop music was still prominent, nonetheless, as R&B and hip hop became extremely popular from the early part of the decade onwards, dance-pop often borrowed a lot of its influences from urban music. Dance-pop stars from the 1980s and 1990s such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Janet Jackson, in Madonnas case, her album Music contained elements of Euro disco, especially the successful eponymous lead single. Britney Spears album Blackout contained influences of Euro disco, the mid-to-late 2000s saw the arrival of several new dance-pop artists, including Rihanna, Kesha, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry
8.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
9.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
10.
BMG Rights Management
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BMG Rights Management GmbH is an international music company focused on the management of music publishing, recording rights and music distribution. The company operates as a division of the media conglomerate Bertelsmann. The company was established in 2008 as a joint venture between Bertelsmann and the private equity firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. In March 2013, Bertelsmann took over BMG by acquiring KKRs shares, making BMG a fully owned subsidiary of the Bertelsmann group. The companys head office is in Berlin, and it operates offices in New York, Nashville, Los Angeles, London, Madrid, Paris, Stockholm, Hilversum, Beijing, Toronto, Sydney. BMG is the youngest major international company in the music industry, the formation of the company was first announced in October 2008 shortly following Bertelsmanns sale of its music interests to Sony Music Entertainment. BMG opened their first offices in January 2009 in Paris, London, Milan, Madrid, Amsterdam, the company trades under the name BMG Chrysalis in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Sweden. BMG in 2010 made its biggest acquisition at the time with the purchase of Cherry Lane Music, the Cherry Lane roster of clients includes Elvis Presley, John Denver, the Black Eyed Peas, etc. The acquisition gave BMG a major presence in the U. S, in 2012, BMG was the fourth-largest music publisher in the world, based on revenue. BMG acquired Sanctuary Records Group from Universal Music Group for over €45 million in February 2013, the previous BMG had distributed Sanctuary in certain territories. The deal was approved by the EU in May 2013, in March 2013, Bertelsmann took over BMG by acquiring KKRs shares, making BMG a fully owned subsidiary of the Bertelsmann group. In 2014, it was the most successful publisher in Germany. Soon after completing its acquisition of Mute Records and Sanctuary, BMG arranged for INgrooves to distribute the catalogues in North America, also, Depeche Mode will be distributed through Sony Music Entertainment, while Black Sabbath remained at Universal Music Group until March 2014. Then in 2014, BMG signed multi-platinum selling group Day26, in November 2014, BMG acquired Union Square Music. BMG completed the purchase of Oregon-based metal and hard rock label Rise Records, home to The Devil Wears Prada, Of Mice & Men, in 2015, the Berlin-based company became the 5th biggest recorded music company in the UK. In April 2016, BMG signed a deal with Warner Music Group. On March 7,2017, BMG announced that it would transfer the worldwide rights to 95,000 tracks and 8,000 albums to Warners Alternative Distribution Alliance division. At the end of May 2016, BMG expanded into Brazil by acquiring the local publisher Basement Music, in July 2016, BMG completed two major acquisitions
11.
Boy George
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George Alan ODowd, known professionally as Boy George, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, fashion designer and photographer. He is the singer of the Grammy and Brit Award-winning pop band Culture Club. He was part of the English New Romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s to the early 1980s and his music is often classified as blue-eyed soul, which is influenced by rhythm and blues and reggae. He was lead singer of Jesus Loves You during the period 1989–1992 and his 1990s and 2000s-era solo music has glam influences, such as David Bowie and Iggy Pop. More recently, he has released fewer music recordings, splitting his time between songwriting, DJing, writing books, designing clothes, and photography. Boy George was born George Alan ODowd in Eltham, London, on 14 June 1961, to Jeremiah and Dinah ODowd, George was a follower of the New Romantic movement which was popular in Britain in the early 1980s. He lived in various squats around Warren Street in Central London and he and his friend Marilyn were regulars at Blitz, a London nightclub run by Steve Strange and Rusty Egan. The pop artists that inspired him were Siouxsie and the Banshees, David Bowie, T. Rex, Roxy Music, Boy Georges androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of music entrepreneur Malcolm McLaren, who arranged for George to perform with the group Bow Wow Wow. Going by the stage name Lieutenant Lush, his tenure with Bow Wow Wow proved problematic with lead singer Annabella Lwin, George eventually left the group and started his own band with bassist Mikey Craig. They were joined by Jon Moss and then guitarist Roy Hay, the band recorded demos that were paid for by EMI Records but the label declined to sign them. Virgin Records expressed interest in signing the group in the UK for European releases, while Epic Records handled the US and they recorded their debut album Kissing to Be Clever and it was released in 1982. The single Do You Really Want to Hurt Me. became an hit, reaching No.1 in a dozen countries around the world. This was followed by the Top 5 hit Time in the US and UK and this gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since the Beatles to have three Top 10 hits in the US from a debut album. Their next album, Colour By Numbers was an success, topping the UK charts. The single Church of the Poison Mind became a Top 10 hit, and Karma Chameleon became an hit, peaking at No.1 in sixteen countries. It hit No.1 in the US where it stayed for three weeks and it was the best-selling single of the year in the United Kingdom, where it spent six weeks at No.1. Victims and Its a Miracle were further Top 5 UK hits, the bands third album Waking Up with the House on Fire was not as big a hit as its predecessors. Although the first single, The War Song, was a No.2 hit in the UK, George then provided a lead vocal role on the Band Aid international hit single Do They Know Its Christmas
12.
Jon Moss
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Jonathan Jon Aubrey Moss is an English drummer, best known as a member of the 1980s pop group Culture Club. He has also played with bands, including London, The Nips, The Damned. Moss was born in Clapham Jewish Boys Home at Wandsworth, South London, and was adopted six months old by Rosetta and Lionel Moss. His father owned a store called Alkit, located at Cambridge Circus. He grew up in Hampstead, attending Arnold House School and Highgate School, during Mosss childhood, music began to have an important role in his life, and he would play well-known songs on his familys piano. His elder brother, David, was drummer in a band and had a Wayward drum kit. At Highgate School, Moss developed a fascination for sports, especially boxing and it was also at Highgate that he formed his first band, Pig Williams, along with his friend Nick Feldman. Together they performed at school events. After finishing high school, Jon held various jobs, including working at his fathers clothing store, as a cake salesman, in spite of regarding a college graduation as a waste of time, he briefly considered the idea of studying Greek at the University of Cambridge. Alongside his friend Riff Regan, Moss joined the punk band London in 1976, after being tried out as a drummer with The Clash, later and their attitudes were too different to mine. London released a single entitled Everyones a Winner, and were managed by Simon Napier-Bell, eventually they recorded two singles, a four-track EP and an album for MCA Records in 1977. Following this, Moss went on tour with established punk group The Stranglers, soon afterward, Moss began drumming with The Damned, replacing Rat Scabies who had quit the band. He made the decision to join them, after he was injured in a car crash on New Years Eve 1977, when he suffered fractures to his face, resulting in a broken nose. He played with Adam and the Ants, before their success, on their third single Cartrouble. At the time Moss was with a group called Jane Aire & The Belvederes, Moss was advised by a friend that Boy George was looking for a drummer for his band. In 1985, whilst still performing with Culture Club, he produced tracks for the band Woyeyeh. After Culture Club broke up in 1986, Moss released a single entitled Jump To It with the group Heartbeat UK, in 1989, under the name Rubberman, Moss released one white label of an acid house instrumental track. Boy George used that track to create his own song After The Love
13.
Do You Really Want to Hurt Me
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Do You Really Want to Hurt Me is a song written and recorded by the British new wave band Culture Club. Released as a single in September 1982 from the groups platinum-selling debut album Kissing to Be Clever, in the United States, the single was released in November 1982 and also became a huge hit, reaching #2 for three weeks. Do You Really Want to Hurt Me was the single released in Europe by Culture Club and their debut release in the United States. The song was picked up by BBC Radio 2 and became a UK #1 single for three weeks in October 1982, the song entered the American Pop chart the week ending December 4,1982. It hit #1 in Cash Box magazine and held at #2 for three weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in March and April 1983, the single achieved sales of 900,000 US copies and also hit #1 in Canada. It was also one in Australia. This was Culture Clubs first success, after their first two releases, White Boy and Im Afraid of Me charted in the UK at #114, according to Boy George, it was their last chance to get an album deal. The song rose rapidly in the UK charts after the groups first appearance on Top of the Pops, the group were only asked to appear on Top of the Pops the night before the show, after Shakin Stevens pulled out. In 2007, Boy George said that the song was not just about Culture Clubs drummer Jon Moss and it was about all the guys I dated at that time in my life. The B-side was a dub version featuring Pappa Weasel in many countries, on the 12 version of the record, the track Love Is Cold was also included. The song was remixed by DJs Quivver and Kinky Roland in 1998 for a Culture Club compilation called Greatest Moments and it was also remixed and presented on Culture Clubs 2002 box set along with the original demo version. Re-released as a remix in France, it was again a top 20 hit in the summer of 2005. The video for the song, directed by Julien Temple, featured lead singer Boy George on trial in a courtroom, with flashbacks to a 1936 nightclub, the jury was in blackface making jazz hands gestures. One band member, Mikey Craig, was not in the video, Boy George wears a shirt with the Hebrew writing Tarbut Agudda, a literal translation of the individual words culture and organization in a grammatically incorrect order. The song was covered in 2005 by German band Blue Lagoon on its album Club Lagoon and became a hit in Europe. CD single Do You Really Want to Hurt Me —3,29 Do You Really Want to Hurt Me —4,59 In 1987, in 1991, the Violent Femmes released a cover version of the song in their fifth studio album Why Do Birds Sing. In 1997, singer-songwriter Diana King covered the song for her second album Think Like a Girl, in 1997, Shortcut recorded a dance-reggae version that appeared in the albums, Super Mario Hits and Total Thrill. In 2003, singer-songwriter Melanie Safka covered the song for her album Moments from My Life, in 2006, singer-songwriter Thomas Anders covered the song for his album Songs Forever
14.
Time (Clock of the Heart)
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Following on the heels of the bands global #1, Do You Really Want to Hurt Me, Time peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart, selling over 500,000 copies in the UK. In the United States, the song matched the #2 peak of its predecessor on the Billboard Hot 100, what a Feeling by Irene Cara for 2 weeks. In Europe and United Kingdom, it was a stand-alone single, for this market, its first inclusion on a Culture Club album was on their 1987 compilation, called This Time, The First Four Years. In a retrospective review of the song, Allmusic journalist Stewart Mason wrote, Of all of Culture Clubs early hits, boy George drops the cryptic self-mythology long enough to deliver a tender, heartfelt lyric on lost love. The music video has released in two versions. The only difference was a scene where the group is watching TV, in one version, a Christmas tree is shown. In the other, the tree is removed and this was because of the date of release for certain markets. The Christmas version, was for European countries and the version was for the other markets. The US single was released with the B-side being a version of the song called Romance Beyond the Alphabet
15.
Church of the Poison Mind
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Church of the Poison Mind was a 1983 hit single for the British new wave band Culture Club. It was released as the single from their second -. The song reached #2 in the United Kingdom, being out of the top spot by David Bowies Lets Dance. It was also the bands fourth Top 10 hit in the United States, in America, it was still climbing the charts when Karma Chameleon was released as a single. This prompted Epic Records to release Karma ahead of schedule, Church of the Poison Mind actually reached its peak position the same week Karma Chameleon debuted on the US charts. In many countries its B-side was the heavily percussive street song Man Shake and in others, such as the United States. Both songs were on the 12-inch single in many countries, except Canada, helen Terry sang backing vocals on the song. Allmusic critic Stewart Mason stated that her performance of the chorus is a pop-song masterstroke. Fellow Allmusic critic Jose J. Promis agreed that her performance brought the house down. Mason regarded the song as a tribute to the written by Holland–Dozier–Holland for Motown in the 1960s. In an interview with Rolling Stone in June 1984, Bob Dylan, Church of the Poison Mind B. Church of the Poison Mind B, Church of the Poison Mind B1. Church of the Poison Mind B, Ill Tumble 4 Ya Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
16.
Karma Chameleon
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Karma Chameleon is a song by English band Culture Club, featured on the groups 1983 album Colour by Numbers. The single spent three weeks at one on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1984, becoming the groups biggest hit. Karma Chameleon was also a global hit, hitting number one in 16 countries worldwide. The sleeve features work from the photographer David Levine, to date, it is the 31st best-selling single of all time in the UK, selling 1.49 million copies there. It has sold over 5 million global copies, making it one of the singles of all time worldwide. In an interview, Culture Club frontman Boy George explained, The song is about the fear of alienation that people have. Its about trying to suck up to everybody, basically, if you arent true, if you dont act like you feel, then you get Karma-justice, thats natures way of paying you back. The harmonica part was played by Judd Lander, who had been a member of Merseybeat group The Hideaways in the 1960s. The song was originally to be called Cameo Chameleon, the band was recorded in interviews in mid-1983 stating this was to be the title of their next single, the song won Best British Single at the 1984 Brit Awards. In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nations 9th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV, the group performed the song as a finale when they appeared in the 1986 episode Cowboy George of The A-Team. Likely because of the lyric Im a man without conviction, and the chorus, in 2006, Britains Labour Party used Karma Chameleon as the theme song for a series of political advertisements against Conservative Party leader David Cameron in the 2006 UK local Elections. The music video, directed by Peter Sinclair, was filmed at Desborough Island in Weybridge during the summer of 1983, the video is set in Mississippi in 1870. It depicts a large group of people in late 1800s dress, including some dressed in red, gold. Boy George is dressed in what would be known as his look, colourful costume, fingerless gloves, long braids. A pickpocket and jewellery thief is seen wandering through the crowd, the band and other people board a riverboat, The Chameleon, as Boy George continues to sing. The thief is discovered cheating at cards, and is forced to return his ill-gotten gains, as the video ends, day has turned to evening and the party continues on the boat as it cruises down the river. In 1984, country music artists Moe Bandy and Joe Stampley recorded Wheres the Dress, the song reached number 8 on the Hot Country Songs chart. List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1984 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
17.
Victims (song)
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Victims is a single from UK band Culture Clubs album Colour by Numbers, released in 1983. As with most early Culture Club singles, the song is about Boy Georges then publicly unknown, although the groups previous single Karma Chameleon had been a massive hit throughout the world, Victims was only issued in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, and Australia. It peaked at #3 on the UK Singles Chart, in Ireland it peaked at #2, and in Australia it peaked at #4. The single was not released in the United States, Canada or Japan and its B-side was the then unreleased track Colour by Numbers, which is the title of the album but not included on it. An instrumental version was issued on the 12, renamed Romance Revisited. Both extra tracks are now available on the 2003 remastered version of Colour by Numbers, an early demo version of the song was released re-titled Shirley Temple Moment on the Culture Club box set. The track is a glimpse of the relationships within the band as they argue viciously amongst one another between takes, before Boy George finally walks out. Boy George re-recorded the song himself as a solo artist, as a folk arrangement and that version can be found on the Culture Club box set that was released the same year. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
18.
It's a Miracle (Culture Club song)
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Its a Miracle, was the fifth and final single from new wave band Culture Clubs 1983 Colour by Numbers album. The song became the groups sixth top-five hit on the UK Singles Chart and it reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and hit the top five in Canada. It was the bands first US release to miss the Top 10, however, the B-side of the 7-inch single is a live rendition of Love Twist, a track from their first album. It was recorded in December 1983, an additional live track, Melting Pot, from the same show was available on the 12-inch single. The original song was known as Its America, the music video features the band playing around on a circular board with various Monopoly spaces placed around the edges. Interspersed with these are clips from previous Culture Club music videos, Released at least in UK, Canada, USA, Australia, France, Germany, Spain A. Love Twist Released in Peru and Ecuador A, miss Me Blind Released at least in UK, Australia, Japan, Germany, Portugal, Spain, El Salvador A1. Its a Miracle/Miss Me Blind B1, Melting Pot The song was first called Its America, relating to Culture Clubs first trip to the United States. The song appears as a cover in Dance Dance Revolution Extreme as Miracle, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
19.
The War Song
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The War Song is a 1984 song by the British band Culture Club which features background vocals by Clare Torry. It was the single from the bands third album Waking Up with the House on Fire. The song became the groups seventh top-five hit on the UK Singles Chart, in the U. S. the single peaked at #17 on the Billboard Hot 100 and hit the top ten in many countries including Canada, Ireland, Italy and Australia. While very popular at the time, it was not appreciated by music critics for some weakness in the lyrics. The song was assisted by a music video, directed by Russell Mulcahy. Lead singer Boy George is shown with his new flame-red hair, the video cost more than £100,000 to make. In many countries, the single was released with a B-Side consisting of a version of the song. It was available in two different extended versions, a first in Culture Club discography and its 7 picture disc was shelved, and the only remaining copies are very rare. It was Culture Clubs last UK top 5 hit before 1998s I Just Wanna Be Loved, at the time of its release, Boy George claimed that the song was the best thing weve ever done. However, since then he has joked about the song, It ruined my career and it has also been excluded from some music compilations of the band. Though not performed live by Culture Club since 1985, it was performed on New Years Eve 2011 when Culture Club reunited for a one-off gig, the band also played the song in 2014. It was parodied on the satirical British TV series Spitting Image as War Is Naughty, Released at least in UK, USA, Australia, Spain A. La Cancion De Guerra Released in France and Canada A, la Chanson De Guerre Released at least in UK, Australia, Spain, USA A1. La Cancion De Guerra Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
20.
Move Away
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Move Away is a 1986 song by the British band Culture Club. Taken as the single from their fourth album, From Luxury to Heartache. It also reached the top ten in other countries including Canada, Italy. The song was produced by Lew Hahn and Arif Mardin, move Away was the only single from the album to reach the top-ten in the UK and would be the bands last UK top 10 hit until 1998s I Just Wanna Be Loved. The video-clip for the song, which cast Boy George and Jon Moss as silent film-stars racing cars across a movie screen, was filmed at the Brixton Academy. Georges friend Alice Temple can also be seen in the video, sexuality Released at least in UK, Argentina, Australia, Spain, USA A. Sexuality Released as a 5 picture disc vinyl with gatefold cardboard picture sleeve A, sexuality Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
21.
Colour by Numbers
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Colour by Numbers is the second album by the British new wave band Culture Club, released in October 1983. Preceded by the hit single Karma Chameleon, which reached number one in several countries and it has been certified triple platinum in the UK and quadruple platinum in the US. It was ranked #96 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2008, a promotional CD of the album was distributed by The Daily Mail newspaper, the album has sold more than 16 million copies worldwide, and like its predecessor, Kissing to Be Clever, contains several hit singles. Karma Chameleon, however, was the track from the album and was released in many countries. Church of the Poison Mind reached #2 in the UK, and went top 10 in the USA, Canada, Australia and many European countries. Miss Me Blind was released in North America, South America, Japan, victims was released in Europe and Oceania and was a Top 5 hit in the UK and Australia, but was not released as a single in the US. Mister Man was also released as a single in South Africa, the album was certified triple Platinum in the UK, Diamond in Canada, and 4x Platinum in the United States where it peaked at #2 for six consecutive weeks behind Michael Jacksons Thriller. In 1989, Colour by Numbers was ranked #96 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Albums of the 1980s, the album is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In an interview in 1998, the four members of Culture Club agreed that Colour by Numbers was their best work and it was remastered in 2002 and 2003, for the Culture Club box set and for a re-release of the album. In 2005, the album was released in Japan in a cardboard sleeve, similar to the original vinyl artwork, also featuring the remastered tracks. Reviews for Colour by Numbers have been generally positive, smash Hits magazine gave the album a rare 10 out of 10, with reviewer Peter Martin commenting This is simply one of the most enjoyable records Ive ever heard. Allmusics Jose Promis retrospectively rated the album out of five stars. He noted, The songs were infectious, the videos were all over MTV, and he explained that it was flamboyant, fun, sexy, soulful, colorful, androgynous, and carefree like other 1980s music. He concluded by calling it the artistic and commercial pinnacle of a band that still attracted new fans years later. He also stated that his aim in life is to reenact the story of the ugly duckling –. Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone rated it four out of five stars and he explained that it secures lead singer Boy Georges place as a blue-eyed soul balladeer in the first rank. He also stated that it has gobs of emotion plastered as thickly as Boy Georges makeup, although he stated that it is by no means a weighty album, he concluded by saying, Whether you like the band or not, Culture Club is one pop group that matters
22.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
23.
1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die
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1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die is a musical reference book first published in 2005 by Universe Publishing. It compiles writings and information on albums chosen by a panel of critics to be the most important, influential. The book was edited by Robert Dimery, a writer and editor who had worked for magazines such as Time Out. Each entry in the books list of albums is accompanied by an essay written by a music critic, along with pictures, quotes. Only albums consisting fully of original material by a particular artist were included, the most recent edition consists of a list of albums released between 1955 and 2016, part of a series from Quintessence Editions Ltd. The book is arranged chronologically, starting with Frank Sinatras In the Wee Small Hours, in February 2006, Publishers Weekly called the book a. bookshelf-busting testament to music geeks mania for lists and said it. is about as comprehensive a best-of as any sane person could want. They continued, For music lovers, it doesnt get much better, the 2006 version had an average rating of 3.92 stars out of 5 on Amazon. coms social cataloging website Goodreads, with 860 ratings as of April 30,2015. The same 2006 version had a rating of 3.5 stars out of 5 on Amazon. com. Most of the recommendations are rock and pop albums from the Western world. 1001 Albums also features selections from world music, rhythm and blues, blues, folk, hip hop, country, electronic music, and jazz. The rock and pop albums include such subgenres as punk rock, grindcore, heavy metal, alternative rock, progressive rock, easy listening, thrash metal, grunge and 1950s-style rock, classical and modern art music are excluded. These artists have the most albums in the 2016 edition,7 albums, The Beatles, Elvis Costello, Bob Dylan. 6 albums, Morrissey, The Rolling Stones,5 albums, The Byrds, Brian Eno, Led Zeppelin, Iggy Pop, Sonic Youth, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Waits, The Who. 4 albums, Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds, Leonard Cohen, Miles Davis, P. J. Harvey, The Kinks, Metallica, Joni Mitchell, Pink Floyd, Radiohead, steely Dan, The Talking Heads, U2, Stevie Wonder. Originally published in 2005, the book was revised in 2008,2011,2013, the 2011 edition includes 25 albums released from 2005 to 2009, with the same number of albums removed from the first edition to keep the total at 1001
24.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
25.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
26.
Calypso music
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Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to mid-20th century and spread to the rest of Caribbean Antilles and Venezuela. Its rhythms can be traced back to West African Kaiso and the arrival of French planters, Calypso drew upon African and French influences, and became the voice of the people. It was characterized by rhythmic and harmonic vocals, which was most often sung in a French creole. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, as English replaced patois as the dominant language, calypso migrated into English, and in so doing it attracted more attention from the government. It allowed the masses to challenge the doings of the unelected Governor and Legislative Council, Calypso continued to play an important role in political expression, and also served to document the history of Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago. It is thought that the name calypso was originally kaiso which is now believed to come from Efik ka isu and Ibibio kaa iso, there is also a Trinidadian term cariso that is used to refer to old-time calypsos. The term calypso is recorded from the 1930s onwards, Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African Kaiso and canboulay music brought by African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. The slaves, brought to toil on sugar plantations, were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and they used calypso to mock the slave masters and to communicate with each other. Many early calypsos were sung in French Creole by an individual called a griot, as calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian. Modern calypso, however, began in the 19th century, a fusion of disparate elements ranging from the masquerade song lavway, French Creole belair, calypsos early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including canboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, the first identifiably calypso genre song was recorded in 1912, by Loveys String Band while visiting New York City. In 1914, the second song was recorded, this time in Trinidad, by chantwell Julian Whiterose, better known as the Iron Duke. Jules Sims would also record vocal calypsos, the majority of these calypsos of the World War I era were instrumentals by Lovey and Lionel Belasco. Calypso evolved into a way of spreading news around Trinidad, politicians, journalists and public figures often debated the content of each song, and many islanders considered these songs the most reliable news source. Calypsonians pushed the boundaries of free speech as their lyrics spread news of any topic relevant to island life, eventually British rule enforced censorship and police began to scan these songs for damaging content. Even with this censorship, calypsos continued to push boundaries, with a variety of ways to slip songs past the eyes of the editor. Sex, scandal, gossip, innuendo, politics, local news, bravado and insulting other calypsonians were the order of the day in classic calypso, and just as the hip-hop of today, the music sparked shock and outrage in the moral sections of society. Decca Records lost untold pressings in this manner, as did its rival, an entrepreneur named Eduardo Sa Gomes played a significant role in spreading calypso in its early days
27.
Salsa music
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Salsa music is a popular dance music that initially arose in New York City during the 1960s. Salsa is the product of various genres including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, cha cha chá, mambo, and to a certain extent bolero. Latin jazz, which was developed in New York City, has had a significant influence on salsa arrangers, piano guajeos. Salsa is primarily Cuban son, itself a fusion of Spanish canción and guitar and Afro-Cuban percussion, Salsa also occasionally incorporates elements of rock, R&B, and funk. All of these elements are grafted onto the basic Cuban son montuno template when performed within the context of salsa. The first salsa bands were predominantly Cubans and Puerto Ricans who moved to New York since 1930’s, the music eventually spread throughout Colombia and the rest of the Americas. Ultimately, it became a global phenomenon, some of the founding salsa artists were Johnny Pacheco, Celia Cruz, Ray Barretto, Rubén Blades, Willie Colón, Larry Harlow, Roberto Roena, Bobby Valentín, Eddie Palmieri, and Héctor Lavoe. Salsa means sauce in the Spanish language, and carries connotations of the common in Latin. In the 20th century, salsa acquired a meaning in both English and Spanish. In this sense salsa has been described as a word with vivid associations, Cuban immigrants and Puerto Rican in New York have used the term analogously to swing or soul music. In this usage salsa connotes a frenzied, hot and wild musical experience that draws upon or reflects elements of Latin culture, various music writers and historians have traced the use of salsa to different periods of the 20th century. Max Salazar traces the word back to the early 1930s, when Ignacio Piñeiro composed Échale salsita, World music author Sue Steward claims salsa was originally used in music as a cry of appreciation for a particularly piquant or flashy solo. I was using salsa, but the music wasnt defined by that, the music was still defined as Latin music. And that was a very, very broad category, because it even includes mariachi music, so salsa defined this particular type of music. Its a name that everyone could pronounce, Sanabrias Latin New York magazine was an English language publication. Consequently, his promoted events were covered in The New York Times, as well as Time and they reported on this new phenomenon taking New York by storm—salsa. But promotion certainly wasnt the factor in the musics success, as Sanabria makes clear, Musicians were busy creating the music. Johnny Pacheco, the director and producer of Fania Records, molded New York salsa into a tight, polished
28.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
29.
Brit Awards
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The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industrys annual pop music awards. The name was originally a form of British, Britain or Britannia. In addition, an equivalent awards ceremony for music, called the Classic Brit Awards, is held each May. Robbie Williams holds the record for the most Brit Awards,13 as a solo artist, the awards originated as an annual event in 1982 under the auspices of the British record industrys trade association, the BPI. In 1989 they were renamed the Brit Awards, masterCard has been the long-term sponsor of the event. The Brit Awards were broadcast live until 1989, when Samantha Fox, in subsequent years, the event was recorded and broadcast the following night. From 2007, the Brit Awards reverted to a live broadcast on British television, on 14 February on ITV. In that year, comedian Russell Brand was presenter and three awards were dropped from the ceremony, Best British Rock Act, Best British Urban Act, on 18 February 2009, the venue for the BRITs was once again the Earls Court, London. The Brit Awards were held at The O2 in London for the first time in 2011, the Brit Award statuette given to the winners features Britannia, the female personification of Britain. The first awards ceremony was in 1977, as The BRITish Record Industry BRITannia Awards, there have been 36 editions to date. The 2016 Brit Awards was held on 24 February 2016, the 1988 BPI Awards was the first of the ceremonies to be broadcast on live television. The BBC had previously broadcast the ceremony from 1985, with the shows from 1982 to 1984 not broadcast on television, the BBC continued to broadcast the renamed BRIT Awards, live in 1989 and pre-recorded from 1990 to 1992. ITV have broadcast the awards since 1993, pre-recorded until 2006, BBC Radio 1 has provided backstage radio coverage since 2008. In 1987 the BPI Awards ceremony was held in the Great Room at the Grosvenor House Hotel, at the time there was a BBC electricians strike in effect, and the organisers decided to use a non-TV events production company, called Upfront, to manage the show. Despite the show being picketed, the event was transmitted as intended, for a while the outdoor broadcast scanner was rocked on its wheels by the protesters and they managed to shut off the power to one of the big GE video screen projectors. In 1989, the ceremony was broadcast live and presented by Fleetwood Macs Mick Fleetwood, the inexperience of the hosts, an ineffective autocue and little preparation combined to create an unprofessional show that was poorly received. The 1990 awards ceremony saw the last public appearance of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury, Queen appeared at the ceremony to receive the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Mercury did not make a speech, as Brian May did the talking on behalf of the other members, in 1992, dance/art band The KLF were awarded Best British Group and were booked to open the show
30.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
31.
Grammy Award for Best New Artist
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The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959. Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out, the award was not presented in 1967. The official guidelines are as follows, For a new artist who releases, during the Eligibility Year, note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist. It is sometimes asserted, with varying degrees of sincerity, that winning the award is a curse, as several award winners were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year. This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1s 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders, so that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone whos gotten it since. The category is also notable for being the one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated. This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album, the award was revoked, but was not handed out to another artist. Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception, the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists,18 duos or groups, between 1997 and 2003, all the winners were solo female artists. Also, from 1993 to 2005, no winner was a male artist. In 2006, John Legend broke this trend, which started with Marc Cohn in 1992. Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the year, Bob Newhart in 1961, Christopher Cross in 1981, Lauryn Hill in 1999. Of all the winners, only three have been country artists, in 1997, LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award. She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010, additionally,2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year. 1984 marked the first time all of the nominees were from outside of the United States. Over the years, the eligibility rules for this category have changed several times, in 2010, Lady Gagas exclusion from the Best New Artist category caused the Recording Academy to change eligibility requirements for the next ceremony. She was ineligible for the nomination because her hit Just Dance had been nominated in 2008, the new rule stated that an artist can be nominated as long as that artist has not previously released an entire album and has subsequently not won a Grammy. To be eligible in the category of Best New Artist, the artist, duo, or group, Must have released a minimum of five singles/tracks or one album, but no more than 30 singles/tracks or three albums. May not have entered into this more than three times, including as a performing member of an established group
32.
The Police
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The Police were an English new wave band formed in London in 1977. For most of their history the band consisted of Sting, Andy Summers and they are also considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the United States. They disbanded in 1986, but reunited in early 2007 for a world tour that ended in August 2008. Their 1978 debut album, Outlandos dAmour, reached No.6 in the UK and their second album Reggatta de Blanc became the first of five consecutive UK No.1 albums with its lead single, Message in a Bottle, their first UK number one. Their next two albums, Zenyatta Mondatta and Ghost in the Machine, saw further critical and commercial success and their final studio album, Synchronicity, was No.1 in both the UK and the US, selling over 8 million copies in the US alone. Every Breath You Take became their fifth UK number one single, the Police have sold over 75 million records, making them one of the worlds best-selling artists of all time. They were the worlds highest-earning musicians in 2008, thanks to their reunion tour, four of their five studio albums appeared on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The Police were included among both Rolling Stones and VH1s lists of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, on 12 January 1977, Sting relocated to London and the very same day of his arrival, he sought out Copeland for a jam session. Curved Air had recently split up and Copeland, inspired by the then-current punk rock movement, was eager to form a new band and join the burgeoning London punk scene. While less keen, Sting acknowledged the commercial opportunities, so the duo formed the Police as a power trio with Corsican guitarist Henry Padovani recruited as the third member. After their debut concert on 1 March 1977 at Alexanders in Newport, Wales and their first single Fall Out, recorded at Pathway Studios in Islington, North London on 12 February 1977 with a budget of £150, was released in May 1977 by Illegal Records. Also in May 1977, former Gong musician Mike Howlett invited Sting to join him in the band project Strontium 90, the drummer Howlett had in mind, Chris Cutler, was unavailable to play, so Sting brought Copeland. The bands fourth member was guitarist Andy Summers from Lancashire in northwest England, a decade older than Sting and Copeland, Summers was a music industry veteran who had played with Eric Burdon and the Animals and Kevin Ayers among others. Strontium 90 performed at a Gong reunion concert in Paris on 28 May 1977, the band also recorded several demo tracks, these were released 20 years later in 1997 on the archive album Strontium 90, Police Academy. Summers musicality impressed Sting, who was becoming frustrated with Padovanis rudimentary abilities, shortly after the Strontium 90 gig, Sting approached Summers to join the band. He agreed, on the condition the band remain a trio, shortly after these two gigs, Summers delivered an ultimatum and Padovani was dismissed from the band. The Polices power trio line-up of Copeland, Sting, and Summers performed for the first time on 18 August 1977 at Rebeccas club in the English city of Birmingham in the West Midlands. A trio was unusual for the time, and this line-up endured for the rest of the bands history, few punk bands were three-pieces, while contemporary bands pursuing progressive rock, symphonic rock and other sound trends usually expanded their line-ups with support players
33.
Juno Award
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The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. New members of the Canadian Music Hall of Fame are also inducted as part of the awards ceremonies, winners are chosen by either members of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences or a panel of experts depending on the award. 9 out of 42 categories are based solely on sales figures, nominees are determined by CARAS members for Single of the Year, Artist and Group of the Year. Nominees are determined by a vote for the remaining categories who are experts in the relevant genre. The judges are experts in each genre of music. The names of the judges remains confidential and these judges represent all facets of the Canadian music industry, are spread across the country, and a mixture of males and females in both official languages. No person can judge the same two years in a row. Prior to the development of the formal Juno award ceremonies, RPM began polling its readers in 1964 to determine which artists, the results of these polls were announced through RPM each December. Record label owner Stan Klees met with RPM founder Walt Grealis to plan a formal ceremony for the music industry. Instead of merely publishing the results in RPM, presentations would be made at a physical venue. The first such ceremony was the Gold Leaf Awards which took place 23 February 1970 in Toronto, RPM invited its readers later that year to suggest a new name for these awards. The name Juneau was submitted, which represented Pierre Juneau, the first head of the Canadian Radio-Television Commission, Juneau was instrumental in establishing Canadian content regulations for broadcasters, to promote Canadian artists. That name became shortened to Juno and by 1971, the ceremonies would be referred to as the Juno Awards. From 1970 to 1973, winners were announced in RPM prior to the awards night, from 1974, the award winners were not made public until the Juno ceremonies. Music industry representatives formed a committee for the Junos in 1974 which became the Canadian Music Awards Association the following year. This organisation assumed full management and operation of the Juno Awards from 1977 and became the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts, the Junos were first televised throughout Canada in 1975 on CBC Television. Initially, the awards were conducted during the part of each year. In 1984, organisers postponed that years awards until December, a late-year scheduling was maintained until January 1988 when CARAS noted the declining viewership on the Juno broadcasts and reverted to an early-year awards schedule
34.
MTV Video Music Awards
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An MTV Video Music Award is an award presented by the cable channel MTV to honor the best in the music video medium. By 2001, the VMA had become a coveted award, the statue given to winners is an astronaut on the moon, one of the earliest representations of MTV, and colloquially called a moonman. The statue is now made by New York firm, Society Awards, since the 2006 ceremony, viewers are able to vote for their favorite videos in all general categories by visiting MTVs website. The first VMA ceremony was held in 1984 at New York Citys Radio City Music Hall, the ceremonies are normally held in either New York City or Los Angeles. However, the ceremonies have also hosted in Miami and Las Vegas. 1984, At the first MTV Video Music Awards in 1984, Madonna performed her hit Like a Virgin wearing a combination bustier/wedding gown, during the performance, she rolled around on the floor, revealing lacy stockings and a garter. Cyndi Lauper spoke in Exorcist-esque gibberish to explain the VMA rules right before winning the Best Female video for Girls Just Want to Have Fun, David Bowie and The Beatles were rewarded with the first ever Video Vanguard Awards for their work in pioneering the music video. 1988, At the 1988 Video Music Awards Michael Jackson appeared for the first time, a pre-recorded live performance of Bad was shown. He was also awarded the Video Vanguard Award, paula Abdul was nominated for six awards, picking up four wins. She performed a medley of her singles Straight Up, Cold Hearted. When Madonna won the Viewers Choice Award for her Like a Prayer video, the tone that the commercial sought to convey sharply contrasted with the music video. When Pepsi executives saw the video, they yanked the advertisement after only two airings, in an attempt to dissociate themselves from Madonna. She also gave one of the most memorable performances of her hit Express Yourself, the performance consisted of both a dramatic 18th-century reinterpretation of Vogue as well as her dramatically becorseted breasts. His video Thriller influenced and changed music videos into what it is like today, a conflict between Poisons Bret Michaels and C. C. DeVille culminated in a fistfight at the Video Music Awards in 1991, deVille was fired and replaced by Pennsylvanian guitarist Richie Kotzen. Paul Reubens had his first public appearance following an arrest for lewd-conduct earlier that year, taking the stage in costume as Pee-wee Herman, he received a standing ovation, after which he asked the audience, Heard any good jokes lately. Prince & The New Power Generation performed their sexually charged song Gett Off on a Caligula-esque set and his trousers were parodied numerous times throughout the following year, on In Living Color & even on the next years VMAs by Howard Stern. It also marked the last TV appearance of Kiss with Eric Carr,1992, In the 1992 show, MTV requested Nirvana perform Smells Like Teen Spirit, while the band itself had indicated it preferred to play new songs Rape Me and tourettes
35.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
36.
Blitz Kids
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The Blitz Kids were a group of young people who frequented the weekly Blitz club-night in Covent Garden, London in 1979-80, and are credited with launching the New Romantic subcultural movement. Among them were Rusty Egan, Steve Strange, Boy George, his friends Marilyn and Alice Temple, Perri Lister, Princess Julia, Philip Sallon, Carl Teper and Martin Degville. Crucially, the club lay between two art colleges and became a testbed for student fashion designers who set London ablaze during the 1980s. The Blitz began making headlines thanks to its outrageous styles of clothes, after coming together at Billys nightclub in 1978, the Blitz Kids had found themselves bored with the whole punk genre. Much later, Boy George was to become famous in his own right fronting Culture Club. Marilyn became a vocalist, but with minor chart success, Alice Temple joined Eg White in 1991 to form the short-lived but critically acclaimed Eg and Alice. Through the early 1990s, the Blitz and Taboo ethos lived on through another London club-night, Egan simultaneously launched an official Blitz Club website incorporating a record label, which has published three remixes in as many years. I Know This Much, From Soho to Spandau, history and pictures of the Blitz Kids
37.
Bow Wow Wow
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Bow Wow Wow are an English 1980s new wave band, created by Malcolm McLaren. The groups music has been described as new wave, pop and worldbeat, after a six-month audition process for a lead singer, the band enlisted Annabella Lwin. David Fishel, an acquaintance of McLarens, discovered 13-year-old Lwin while she was working a Saturday job at her local dry cleaners, the groups sound was a mix of her girlish squeal, chants, surf instrumentals, pop melodies and Barbarossas Burundi ritual music-influenced tom-tom drum beats. They released their single, C·30 C·60 C·90 Go, in July 1980 on record label EMI, originally solely as a cassette single. A cassette-only album, Your Cassette Pet, followed in November. In 1981, after splitting with EMI after a dispute, Bow Wow Wow signed with new A&R head Bill Kimber at RCA Records, the bands biggest US hit was I Want Candy, produced by Kenny Laguna, which was featured in an early music video on MTV. Bow Wow Wows recording of I Want Candy also appeared in soundtracks and media. After a rest, the band ousted Lwin to form a new group, Chiefs of Relief, Ashman later played with other groups such as Max, Rams and Agent Provocateur. He died in 1995, at age 35, from diabetes complications, barbe later worked on other musical projects such as Beats International, Republica, dance band Chicane, the London-based Faith music collective and Amber Gate. He also performed live with Adam Ant in 1995, and wrote a novel titled We Were Looking Up, Gorman continued to perform and had success as a record producer and composer for films and advertising. He joined the rave band Electric Skychurch in 2006, in 1997, Lwin and Gorman reformed Bow Wow Wow, adding guitarist Dave Calhoun and drummer Eshan Khadaroo. They embarked on the Barking Mad tour in 1997-1998, which produced a compilation CD, Wild in the USA, in 1998, they collaborated with DJ Swedish Egil on the track Eastern Promise, released as part of Egils Groove Radio Presents, Alternative Mix CD by Priority Records. They contributed the song A Thousand Tears to the 1999 film Desperate But Not Serious, starring Christine Taylor and Claudia Schiffer, Bow Wow Wow performed at the KROQ Inland Invasion festival in September 2003, with a lineup including Los Angeles guitarist Phil Gough and drummer Adrian Young. In September 2005, Philadelphia native Devin Beaman was brought in as the new drummer, Bow Wow Wow songs Aphrodisiac, I Want Candy and Fools Rush In were included on the soundtrack of the 2006 Sofia Coppola film Marie Antoinette. The band performed on 2 November 2006 at the Maritime Hotels Hiro Lounge in New York City to promote the film. On the 15th anniversary of Ashmans death, the band, featuring original drummer Barbarossa, the show was headlined by Adam Ant and also featured Ashmans other bands Chiefs of Relief and Agent Provocateur. With a new guitarist and drummer, Bow Wow Wow played shows in California, in December 2012, Gorman began performing under the name Bow Wow Wow without original lead singer Lwins consent, and launched a new Bow Wow Wow Facebook page. This version of the band included new singer Chloe Demetria of the band Vigilant as well as guitarist Matthew Fuller and drummer Sean Winchester, in 2014, actor/musician Zachary Throne took over on guitar, and Les Warner replaced Winchester
38.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
39.
Siouxsie Sioux
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Susan Janet Ballion, better known by her stage name Siouxsie Sioux, is an English singer, songwriter, musician and producer. She is best known as the singer of the alternative rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees. Siouxsie and the Banshees released 11 studio albums and several UK Top 20 singles including Hong Kong Garden, Happy House, with the Creatures, Siouxsie recorded four studio albums and the hit single Right Now. She has also sung with such as Morrissey and John Cale. After disbanding the Creatures in the mid-2000s, she has continued as a solo artist, allMusic named Siouxsie as one of the most influential British singers of the rock era. Her songs have been covered by Jeff Buckley, Tricky and LCD Soundsystem and her records have also been praised by artists such as PJ Harvey and TV on the Radio. In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution to Music at the Q Awards and in 2012, at the Ivor Novello Awards, Siouxsie was born Susan Janet Ballion on 27 May 1957 at Guys Hospital in Southwark, England. She is 10 years younger than her two siblings and her brother and sister were born while the family was based in the Belgian Congo. Her parents met in that colony and stayed working there for a few years and her mother, Betty, was of half Scottish and half English descent, and was a bilingual secretary who spoke French. Her father was a bacteriologist who milked venom from snakes, and was a Walloon from the French-speaking part of Belgium, in the mid-1950s, before Siouxsies birth, the family moved to England. The Ballions lived in a district in Chislehurst. Her friends invited her home, but she could not reciprocate as her father drank at home and she was aware that her family was different. The Ballions were not involved in the community and lived in a house that was different from the neighbours, elsewhere, life in all its normality was being paraded. She later said, The suburbs inspired intense hatred, at the age of 9, Susan and a friend were seriously sexually assaulted. The most damaging aspect was that the assault was ignored by her parents, the episode became an unspoken item. From that moment, she started to disrespect for adulthood. Years later, she stated, I grew up having no faith in adults as responsible people, and being the youngest in the family I was isolated – I had no-one to confide in. So I invented my own world, my own reality and it was my own way of defending myself – protecting myself from the outside world
40.
Top of the Pops
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Top of the Pops, also known as TOTP, is a British music chart television programme, made by the BBC and originally broadcast weekly between 1 January 1964 and 30 July 2006. It was traditionally shown every Thursday evening on BBC1, except for a period on Fridays in mid-1973 before being again moved to Fridays in 1996. Each weekly programme consisted of performances from some of that weeks best-selling popular music artists, additionally, there was a special edition of the programme on Christmas Day, featuring some of the best-selling singles of the year. With its high viewing figures the show became a significant part of British popular culture, although the weekly show was cancelled in 2006, the Christmas special has continued. It also survives as Top of the Pops 2, which began in 1994, in the 1990s, the shows format was sold to several foreign broadcasters in the form of a franchise package, and at one point various versions of the show were shown in nearly 100 countries. Editions of the programme from the 1970s are being repeated on most Thursdays and Fridays on BBC Four, Top of the Pops was created by BBC producer Johnnie Stewart, inspired by the popular Teen and Twenty Disc Club which aired on Radio Luxembourg. It was first aired in 1964 and was based on the Top 20. By 1970 the Top 30 was being used and the show was extended from 30 to 45 minutes duration, the show was also now shown in colour following the BBC1 upgrade in November 1969. A switch to the Top 40 was made in 1984, the show saw many changes through the decades, in style, design, fashion and taste. It periodically had some aspect of its sequence, logo and theme tune, format, or set design altered in some way. The programme had several executive producers during its run, in charge of the production of the show. When Stewart left the show in 1973, after nearly 10 years in charge, both Stewart and Nash made brief returns to the show as producer after they left, in 1976 and 1981 respectively. Stewart devised the rules which governed how the show would operate, the programme would end with the number one record. The show would include the highest new entry and the highest climber on the charts, tracks could be featured in consecutive weeks in different formats. For example, if a song was played over the chart countdown or the closing credits, when the programmes format changed in November 2003, it concentrated increasingly on the top 10. Later, during the BBC Two era, the top 20 was regarded as the main point, with the exception made for up. Singles from below the top 40 were shown if the band were up, if a single being performed was below the top 40, just the words New Entry were shown and not the chart position. Top of the Pops was first broadcast on Wednesday,1 January 1964 at 6,35 pm and it was produced in Studio A on Dickenson Road in Rusholme, Manchester
41.
Pete Burns
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Peter Jozzeppi Pete Burns was an English singer-songwriter and television personality. He founded the pop band Dead or Alive in 1980, in which he was vocalist and songwriter, and he later rose to further celebrity status in the British media following his appearance on Celebrity Big Brother 4, in which he finished in fifth place. He appeared on television reality shows, including as a presenter. Burns had a singing voice and was known for his ever-changing, often androgynous appearance. Burns was born in Port Sunlight, Cheshire on 5 August 1959 and his mother, Evelina Maria Bettina Quittner von Hudec, was born in Heidelberg. As her father was Jewish, she moved to Vienna to escape the laws of the Nazis. There, she met an English soldier, Francis Burns, at a tea dance, Evelina Burns was 46 years old when she gave birth to Pete. Burns wrote of his childhood in his autobiography Freak Unique and he described his mothers alcoholism and her suicide attempts but maintained that she was absolutely the best mother in the world. Burns spoke German until he was five, which resulted in local children spending days outside his door shouting Heil Hitler, according to Burns, school was almost non-existent, and his mother frequently kept him away so he could spend the day with her. He dropped out of school at the age of 14 after being summoned to the office because he had arrived at school with no eyebrows, Harmony-red hair. At around this age he was raped by a man who took him for a drive, Burns later recalled that he wasnt upset by this and he stated that he already knew the man, who drove him to Raby Mere and threatened him with an air gun. While building his career, Burns worked at a Liverpool record shop, Probe Records, Burns was notorious for his maltreatment of customers, sometimes throwing their purchases at them because he disapproved of their selection. Burns first performed as a member of the short-lived Mystery Girls, Cope stated that Burnss performing style drew on that of the transgender punk performer Wayne County. In 1980, after replacing several members, Burns changed their name to Dead or Alive, after a minor hit in 1984 with a cover version of Thats the Way, the band had a number one hit in the UK in 1985 with You Spin Me Round. The song went on to become a hit all over the world, in December 2003, the BBC apologised to its viewers after Burns swore repeatedly on its pre-9pm watershed Liquid News show when asked about his views on the Michael Jackson trial. In January 2006, Burns appeared on Channel 4s Celebrity Big Brother 4, police subsequently confiscated the coat and tests were performed on it that revealed that it was not gorilla, but was made out of the fur of colobus monkeys. Burns appeared in the first episode of the series of the UK version of Celebrity Wife Swap. His partner Michael Simpson went to live with former page 3 model Leah Newman, while Burns lived with Newmans partner, Burns was featured in a documentary, with a medium, exploring his rough and harmful childhood
42.
Dead or Alive (band)
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Dead or Alive were an English pop band, formed in 1979 in Liverpool. The band found success in the 1980s and had seven Top 40 UK singles and they were the first band to have a number one single under the production team of Stock Aitken Waterman. Two of the singles reached the U. S. Top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100, You Spin Me Round No.11 in 1985 and you Spin Me Round peaked at number one in 1985 in the UK, then charted again in 2003 and 2006 following Burns appearance on the television reality show Celebrity Big Brother. The latter also became the first of two singles to top the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, in December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked them as the 96th most successful dance artist of all-time. The band was discontinued with Pete Burns death in 2016, in 1977 Burns formed a band with contemporaries Julian Cope, Pete Wylie, and Phil Hurst, calling themselves The Mystery Girls. They played only one gig before disintegrating, although signed to the Erics Records label, their only release, a three-track 7 EP entitled Birth of a Nation, appeared in March 1980 on Inevitable Records. A 12-inch single featuring two of the tracks from the EP, Black Leather and Shangri-La, was released in 1985, the EP featured Black Leather, which halfway through turned into K. C. & the Sunshine Bands Thats the Way. Ogden left the band at the beginning of November 1979 shortly before the recording of demos for the planned Inevitable Records release, bassist Ambrose Reynolds helped out on both these sessions and those for the EP a month later. Pete Lloyd joined in January 1980 and the returned to playing live shows early in February. Lloyd and Reid left the band in March 1980, and Hurst followed a month or so later, the band went through several different line-up changes over the next three years while recording a series of independent singles. Burns eccentric and androgynous appearance began attracting attention, often leading to comparisons with Culture Club, Dead or Alives singles started charting on the UK Indie Chart, beginning with 1982s The Stranger reaching No.7 on that chart. This prompted major label Epic Records to sign the band in 1983 and their first release for Epic was the single Misty Circles, which appeared at No.100 on the major UK Singles Chart in 1983. At this point, the band was a five-piece consisting of Burns, Mike Percy, Tim Lever, Steve Coy, two more singles, What I Want and Id Do Anything, attracted club play, but mainstream success continued to elude the band. Dead Or Alives debut album, Sophisticated Boom Boom, was released in May 1984 and featured their first Top 40 UK single, Thats the Way, a remake of the 1975 hit by KC, Hussey departed Dead or Alive just before the albums release. The single peaked at No.22 in the UK and the album at No.29, the single You Spin Me Round went to number one on the UK singles chart after having lingered outside the Top 40 for over two months. The song also hit No.11 in the US and No.1 in Canada, other album tracks released as singles included Lover Come Back To Me, In Too Deep, and My Heart Goes Bang. They all reached the UK Top 30, in late 1986, Dead or Alive released their third album, Mad, Bad, and Dangerous to Know, also produced by SAW
