1.
History of Hungary
–
For the history of the area before this period, see Pannonian basin before Hungary. The oldest archaeological site in Hungary is Vértesszőlős, where palaeolithic Oldowan pebble tools, the Roman Empire conquered territory west of the Danube River between 35 and 9 BC. From 9 BC to the end of the 4th century AD, Pannonia, among the first to arrive were the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila the Hun in 435 AD. Attila was regarded in past centuries as a ruler of the Hungarians. They entered what is now Hungary in the 7th century AD, the Avar Khaganate was weakened by constant wars and outside pressure, and the Franks under Charlemagne managed to defeat the Avars to end their 250-year rule. Árpád was the leader who unified the Magyar tribes via the Covenant of Blood and he led the new nation to the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. Between 895 and 902 the whole area of the Carpathian Basin was conquered by the Hungarians, an early Hungarian state was formed in this territory in 895. The military power of the nation allowed the Hungarians to conduct successful fierce campaigns, Prince Géza of the Árpád dynasty, who ruled only part of the united territory, was the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes. He aimed to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe by rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social models, Géza established a dynasty by naming his son Vajk as his successor. This decision was contrary to the dominant tradition of the time to have the eldest surviving member of the ruling family succeed the incumbent. By ancestral right, Prince Koppány, the oldest member of the dynasty, should have claimed the throne, Koppány did not relinquish his ancestral rights without a fight. After Gézas death in 997, Koppány took up arms, the rebels claimed to represent the old political order, ancient human rights, tribal independence and pagan belief. Stephen won a victory over his uncle Koppány and had him executed. Hungary was recognized as a Catholic Apostolic Kingdom under Saint Stephen I, Stephen was the son of Géza and thus a descendant of Árpád. Stephen was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary in the first day of 1000 AD in the city of Esztergom. Pope Sylvester II conferred on him the right to have the cross carried before him, with full authority over bishoprics. By 1006, Stephen had solidified his power by eliminating all rivals who either wanted to follow the old traditions or wanted an alliance with the Eastern Christian Byzantine Empire. Then he initiated sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a feudal state, complete with forced Christianization
2.
Hungarians
–
Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are a nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 13. 1–14.7 million Hungarians, of whom 8. 5–9.8 million live in todays Hungary, the Hungarians own ethnonym to denote themselves in the Early Middle Ages is uncertain. The Magyars/Hungarians probably belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance, and it is possible that they became its ethnic majority, in the Early Middle Ages the Hungarians had many names, including Ungherese, Ungar, and Hungarus. The H- prefix is an addition of Medieval Latin, another possible explanation comes from the Old Russian Yugra. It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt east of the Ural Mountains along the borders of Europe. The Hungarian people refer to themselves by the demonym Magyar rather than Hungarian, Magyar is Finno-Ugric from the Old Hungarian mogyër. Magyar possibly derived from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, the tribal name Megyer became Magyar in reference to the Hungarian people as a whole. Magyar may also derive from the Hunnic Muageris or Mugel, the Greek cognate of Tourkia was used by the scholar and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his De Administrando Imperio of c. AD950, though in his use, Turks always referred to Magyars, the historical Latin phrase Natio Hungarica had a wider meaning because it once referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary, regardless of their ethnicity. During the 4th millennium BC, the Uralic-speaking peoples who were living in the central, some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with Iranian speakers who were spreading northwards. From at least 2000 BC onwards, the Ugrian speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community, judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture. In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Hungarians moved from the west of the Ural Mountains to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River known as Bashkiria and Perm Krai. In the early 8th century, some of the Hungarians moved to the Don River to an area between the Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers, meanwhile, the descendants of those Hungarians who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241. The Hungarians around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate and their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov Culture, i. e. Bulgars and the Alans, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that the Hungarians were organized in a confederacy of seven tribes, the names of the seven tribes were, Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék, and Tarján. Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate, as a result, three Kabar tribes of the Khazars joined the Hungarians and moved to what the Hungarians call the Etelköz, the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River. The Hungarians faced their first attack by the Pechenegs around 854, the new neighbours of the Hungarians were the Varangians and the eastern Slavs. In 895/896, under the leadership of Árpád, some Hungarians crossed the Carpathians, the tribe called Magyar was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin
3.
Languages of Hungary
–
The languages spoken in Hungary are as follows. Uralic languages – Hungarian, The only official language of the country and it is the first language of some 98. 9% of the total population. Indo-European languages – German, spoken by the German minority, especially in and around Mecsek Mountains, – Slovak, spoken by the Slovak minority, especially in the North Hungarian Mountains and around Békéscsaba. – Serbian, spoken by the Serbian minority, especially in and around Bácska, – Slovene, spoken by the Slovene minority, especially around the Slovenian border, Western Hungary. – Croatian, spoken by the Croatian minority, especially in Southern Hungary, – Romanian, spoken by the Romanian minority, especially in and around Gyula, Eastern Hungary. – Romani, spoken by members of the Roma minority throughout the country. Turkic languages – Cuman, once spoken in Cumania region in Hungary and it is a Kipchak language closely related to other Kipchak languages like Crimean Tatar. The last speaker died in 1777, – Kipchak, once spoken in Eastern Europe which includes Hungary. It is the lingua franca of the Golden Horde controlled areas and it is the ancestor of all Kipchak languages today, which also includes the extinct Cuman. Sign languages – Hungarian Sign Language, spoken by around 9,000 people and it belongs to French Sign Language family. Hungary Hungarian language Demographics of Hungary
4.
Hungarian mythology
–
Hungarian mythology includes the myths, legends, folk tales, fairy tales and gods of the Hungarians, also known as the Magyars. Much of Magyar mythology is believed lost, however, a significant amount of Hungarian mythology has been successfully recovered in the last hundred years. In the center of the stands an tall tree, the World Tree / Tree of Life. Its foliage is the Upper World, and the Turul bird dwells on top of it, the Middle World is located at its trunk and the underworld is around its roots. In some stories, the tree has fruit, the golden apples, the gods and the good souls live in the Upper World. Gods have the rank, although the most important figure of them is Isten. He controls the world, shapes the fate of humans, observes the Middle World from the sky, Isten created the world with the help of Ördög. Other gods include, Istenanya, also known as Boldogasszony, the major celestial bodies, are also located in the Upper World. The sky was thought to be a big tent held up by the Tree of Life, the several holes in it are the stars. The Sun, Moon, and symbols of the word, are known from Hungarian grave findings from the period of Hungarian conquest. The Middle World is shared among humans and many mythological creatures, there are ghosts of the forests and waters, who are ordered to scare humans. They have different names in different places, there are females, for example, the sellő, which lives in water and has a human torso with the tail of a fish. The wind is controlled by an old lady called Szélanya or Szélkirály, the Sárkány is a frightening beast, he is the enemy of many heroes in fairy tales, symbolising the psychical inner struggle of the hero. The Sárkány usually has 1-7 heads. The lidérc is a ghostly, mysterious creature with several different appearances, the manók and the törpék are foxy beings living in woods or under the ground. They have both good and bad qualities, favourite creatures are the tündérek, who are beautiful young virgins or female creatures. They aid humans, who sometimes can ask three wishes from them and their opposites are the bábák, who are equated with catty old witches. The Underworld is the place of bad souls and the home of Ördög, creator of everything bad for humans, for example, annoying animals such as fleas, lice, and flies. Another theory ties the religion to that of the Huns and Scythians due to similar or even identical legends to the Hungarian origin myth, speculation about contact with early Varangian settlers and merchants West of Atil also prevail due to similarities shared with Germanic / Norse mythology
5.
Hungarian cuisine
–
Hungarian or Magyar cuisine is the cuisine characteristic of the nation of Hungary and its primary ethnic group, the Magyars. Traditional Hungarian dishes are based on meats, seasonal vegetables, fruits, fresh bread, dairy products. Hungarians are especially passionate about their meat stews, casseroles, steaks, roasted pork, beef, poultry, lamb, the mixing of different varieties of meats is a traditional feature of Hungarian cuisine. Goulash, stuffed peppers, cabbage rolls, and Fatányéros are all dishes that can combine beef and pork, and sometimes mutton. Goulash is a stew with more gravy or a soup using meat with bones, paprika, caraway, in old fashioned dishes, fruits such as plums and apricots are cooked with meat or in piquant sauces/stuffings for game, roasts and other cuts. Various kinds of noodles and dumplings, potatoes, and rice are commonly served as a side dish, Hungarian sausages and winter salami are a major part of Hungarian cuisine. Other characteristics of Hungarian cuisine are the soups, desserts, and pastries and stuffed crêpes, Hungarian cuisine uses a large variety of cheeses, but the most common are túró, cream cheeses, ewe-cheese, Emmentaler, Edam and the Hungarian cheeses Trappista, Pálpusztai and Pannonia cheese. Hungarian food is spicy, due to the common use of hot paprika. Additionally, the combination of paprika, lard and yellow onions is typical of Hungarian cuisine, and the use of the thick sour cream called tejföl. Less used spices are anise, basil, chervil, chives, cloves, juniper berries, lovage, mace, poppy seeds, rosemary, savory, tarragon, thyme and creeping thyme, Hungarian cuisine has influenced the history of the Magyar people. Some of these such as ginger and saffron are no longer used in modern Hungarian cuisine. At that time and later, considerable numbers of Saxons, Armenians, Italians, Jews and Serbs settled in the Hungarian basin and in Transylvania, also contributing with different new dishes. Hungarian cuisine was influenced by Austrian cuisine under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, dishes and methods of preparation have often been borrowed from Austrian cuisine. Some cakes and sweets in Hungary show a strong German-Austrian influence, all told, modern Hungarian cuisine is a synthesis of ancient Asiatic components mixed with Germanic, Italian, and Slavic elements. The food of Hungary can be considered a pot of the continent, with a culinary base formed from its own. In Hungary, people usually have a large breakfast, even eggs, French toast called bundáskenyér and vegetables are part of the Hungarian breakfast. Sometimes breakfast is a cup of milk, tea or coffee with pastries, a bun, children can have rice pudding or Semolina Cream for breakfast topped with cocoa powder and sugar or with fruit syrup. Hot drinks are preferred for breakfast, villásreggeli is a more luxurious big breakfast given on special occasions or holidays
6.
Public holidays in Hungary
–
A number of public holidays and special events take place each year in Hungary. The official state holiday shall be the 20th day of August, source, Remembrance Days are working days in Hungary. St Stephens Day is celebrated with sporting events, parades and fireworks nationwide, on the same day there is a Floral Festival in Debrecen and a Bridge Fair in nearby Hortobágy. Formula 1 car races are held in early August at the Hungaroring near Mogyoród,18 km northeast of Budapest, designed to fit the needs of Budapests cultural heritage and its requirements as a modern Central European centre, this metropolitan festival was instituted in 1981. By presenting and disseminating cultural assets it boosts the citys image and this festival of festivals, traditionally covering a range of artistic fields, presents a series of homogeneous artistic activities to which international professional symposia are linked. The Budapest Spring Festival takes place in the last two weeks of March, the performances take place in the capitals most important concert halls and theatres, and often near historic monuments. The list of events always includes renowned foreign guests as well as distinguished artists, Haydn at Eszterháza, During its first quarter century, the palace was the primary home of the celebrated composer Joseph Haydn, who wrote the majority of his symphonies for the Princes orchestra. Starting in 1768, the theater was a venue for opera. The palace was geographically isolated, a factor led to loneliness. The programmes focus mainly on the works composed during the Eszterháza period of Haydns creative life, in addition, however, the concert programmes regularly include works by the unknown Haydn. The venue for most of the concerts is the enchantingly beautiful ceremonial hall of the palace, some of the more intimate, solistic performances are given in the sala terrena, the central hall of the original, smaller, Renaissance hunting palace. Some concerts of music take place in one or other of the churches in the nearby villages. This festival is annually, from the second week in June to the second week in July. The Győr Summer International Cultural Festival, which displays Győrs cultural heritage, has a history of three decades. The list of events, which covers a range of genres, is based on a series of separate activities
7.
Religion in Hungary
–
Religion in Hungary has been dominated by forms of Christianity for centuries. At the 2011 census 38. 9% of Hungarians were Catholics,13. 8% were Protestants, other religions practiced in Hungary include Sunni Islam and Judaism. According to new polls about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer found that Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, accounting for 71% of Hungarians. Catholics are the largest Christian group in Hungary, accounting for 58% of Hungarys citizens, while Protestants make up 7%, non-believers/agnostics account for 21% and atheists for 1%. The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century, Hungarys first king, Saint Stephen I, took up Western Christianity, although his mother Sarolt was baptized into Eastern Christianity. In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a campaign of Counter-Reformation among the Hungarians. By the 17th century, Hungary had once again become predominantly Catholic, some of the eastern parts of the country, however, especially around Debrecen, still have significant Protestant communities. The Reformed Church in Hungary is the second-largest church in Hungary with 1,622,000 adherents, the church has 1,249 congregations,27 presbyteries, and 1,550 ministers. The Reformed Church supports 129 educational institutions and has 4 theological seminaries, located in Debrecen, Sárospatak, Pápa, lutheranism is the third main historical religion in Hungary. Later it was re-introduced through inward migration by Saxons and Slovaks, today, the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary counts around 215,000 members, which makes up roughly 2. 2% of the population. Proportion of Protestants in Hungary has been stable over the last century, orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of certain national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs. Hungary has been the home of a sizable Armenian Catholic community as well and they worship according to the Armenian Rite, but they have united with the Catholic Church under the primacy of the Pope. In June 1990, the Hungary Budapest Mission was created, followed by the first stake in June 2006, the mission, its districts, and the Budapest Hungary Stake together contain twenty-two wards and branches serving approximately 5000 members. Historically, Hungary was home to a significant Jewish community, especially when many Jews, persecuted in Russia, found refuge in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 19th century. The census of January 1941 found that 6. 2% of the population, of this number,725,000 were considered religiously Jewish as well. Most Jewish people who remain in Hungary live in the centre of Budapest, the largest synagogue in Europe, the Dohány Street Synagogue, is located in Budapest. Islam in Hungary has a history that dates back to at least the 10th century. The influence of Muslims was especially pronounced in the 16th century during the time of Ottoman Hungary, according to the 2011 Hungarian census, there were 5,579 Muslims in Hungary, or 0. 056% of the total population
8.
Hungarian art
–
Hungarian art stems from the period of the conquest of the Carpathian basin by the people of Árpád in the 9th century. Prince Árpád also organized earlier people settled in the area, before the arrival of Árpád several other peoples from the steppe had founded states in the Carpathian basin. After the death of Attila in 453 the Lombards and Gepids and this late Avar kingdom was defeated by the Franks, and the Avars of Transdanubia were baptised. The first Hungarians came to the basin during the late 9th century, the People of Árpád in the 9th century used beautiful ornamental motifs to decorate both their dress and the trappings of their horses, the main motif being the palmette. This style remained important in Hungary from the 9th to the 11th centuries, descendants of Prince Árpád organized the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. The coronation mantle of King Stephen is a fine example from this period. This king stated that 10 villages should build a church, and though several of his foundations were later famous in new guises, in spite of widespread destruction during the Turkish occupation, Romanesque churches and other ecclesiastical buildings can be found throughout the Carpathian basin. Fine examples survive at Székesfehérvár, Gyulafehérvár, Esztergom, Pannonhalma, while recently opened lapidariums at Pécs, Veszprém, ruins of former royal houses at Tarnaszentmária, Feldebrő, and Szekszárd, also show stylistic resemblances to contemporary architecture from the Caucasus. Large-scale reconstructions were undertaken after the Mongolian wars of 1241-42, the Gothic style reached Hungary in the late 14th century, and continued throughout the reigns of the Anjou, Luxembourg, and Jagello kings. The now destroyed monastery of the Pauline Order at Budaszentlőrinci was also built in this style, the most renowned architect of this time was János Mester, a Franciscan brother. His the largest churches are in Szeged-Alsóváros, in Farkas Street, Kolozsvár, perhaps the most famous Hungarian Gothic church of all is the Cathedral of St Elizabeth in Kassa. The rich heritage of paintings in Hungary originated with the houses of Luxemburg and Anjou. Even today, after so many wars and so much destruction, King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary had close ties with Italy, and Italian influence is clearly evident in architectural complexes built during his reign, such as his palaces in Buda and in Visegrad. A recent exhibition at the mining Museum in Rudabánya displayed the quality of Hungarian goldwork at this period in the golden forints made by Hungarian masters for the Russian Tsar Ivan III. This time was also aperiod of renewal for churches in a sense, with inner spaces displaying fresh and delicate ornamentation. Cassette ceilings are also characteristic of this period, the wars against the Ottoman Empire also led to great developments in the construction of Hungarian fortresses. Earlier fortresses had been built before the era of heavy artillery, the best-known surviving fortresses from this period are those of Eger, Nagyvárad, Nagykanizsa and Érsekújvár. After the expulsion of the Turks in 1686, the new ruling house of the Habsburgs brought with it the new Baroque style
9.
Hungarian literature
–
No written evidence remains of the earliest Hungarian literature, but through folktales and folk songs, elements have survived that can be traced back to pagan times. In earliest times the Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script, the country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I. There are no existing documents from the century era. The Old Hungarian period is reckoned from 896 CE, when Hungarians conquered the Carpathian Basin, settled down, creation of the first extant written records followed soon after. The oldest written record in Hungarian is a fragment in the Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea. This text is probably to be read as Fehérü váru reá meneü hodu utu reá with todays spelling, the rest of the document was written in Latin. The oldest complete, continuous text in Hungarian is, a funeral oration written in about 1192–1195. The oldest poem is Ómagyar Mária-siralom, a translation from Latin of a poem by Godefroy de Breteuil. It is also the oldest surviving Uralic poem, during the Middle Ages and well into the Renaissance, the language of writing was mostly Latin. Important documents include the Admonitions of St. Stephen, which includes the kings admonitions to his son Prince Imre, among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum, by an unknown author, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum by Simon Kézai. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic, another chronicle is the Képes Krónika, which was written for Louis the Great. Further, Rogeriuss 13th century work was published with János Thuróczys chronicle in the late 15th century, in Split Thomas of Spalato wrote on local history, with much information on Hungary in the 13th century. At that time Dalmatia and the city of Split were part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the 15th century saw the first translations from the Bible. A great part of the vocabulary created for the purpose is still in use, Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias. Janus Pannonius, although he wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, the first printing house was also founded during Matthiass reign, by András Hess, in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum, in 1526 most of Hungary fell under Ottoman occupation, from which date the beginning of the Middle Hungarian period is set, in connection with various cultural changes. The most important poets of the period were Bálint Balassi, Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos and his poems can be divided into three thematic categories, love poems, war poems and religious poems. Translation of Roman authors produced also some works, János Baranyai Decsi translated Sallustiuss Catalina, a decade later appeared the translation of Curtius Rufuss life of Alexander in Debrecen
10.
Music of Hungary
–
Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Hungarian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and it is also strong in the Szabolcs-Szatmár area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The Busójárás carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, Hungarian classical music has long been an experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture musical world of the folk song. For example, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, two of Hungarys most famous composers, are known for using folk themes in their music. Bartók collected folk songs from across Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, during the era of Communist rule in Hungary a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. The three giants of Hungarian rock, Illés, Metró and Omega, remain popular, especially Omega. Older veteran underground bands such as Beatrice from the 1980s also remain popular, unlike most Western European peoples, the Hungarian people, Magyars, emerged from the intermingling of Finno-Ugric and Eastern Turkish peoples during the fifth to eighth centuries CE. This makes the origins of their music unique in Europe. Bence Szabolcsi, however, claims that the Finno-Ugric and Turkish-Mongolian elements are present but cannot be attached to certain, definite national or linguistic groups. These, he claims, are evidence that Asian memories slumber in the depths of Hungarian folk music, the subsequent influence on neighboring countries music is seen in the music of Slovakia and, with intervals of the third or second, in the music of the Czech Republic. Modern Hungarian folk music evolved in the 19th century, and is contrasted with previous styles through the use of arched melodic lines as opposed to the more archaic descending lines, the earliest documentation of Hungarian music dates from the introduction of Gregorian chant in the 11th century. Though Hungarys early religious history is relatively well documented, secular music remains mostly unknown, though it was apparently a common feature of community festivals. Thereafter the organ came to play a major role, the 16th century saw the rise of Transylvania as a center for Hungarian music. It also saw the first publication of music in Hungary, in Kraków, at this time Hungarian instrumental music was well known in Europe, the lutenist and composer Bálint Bakfark, for example, was famed as a virtuoso player. His compositions pioneered a new style of writing for the lute based on vocal polyphony, the lutenist brothers Melchior and Konrad Neusiedler were also noted, as was Stephan Monetarius, the author of an important early work in music theory, the Epithoma utriusque musices. During the 17th century, Hungary was divided into three parts, a controlled by the Turks, an area controlled by the Habsburgs. Historic songs declined in popularity and were replaced by lyrical poetry, many courts or households maintained large ensembles of musicians who played the trumpet, whistle, cimbalom, violin or bagpipes. Some of these musicians were German, Polish, French or Italian
11.
Hungarian dance
–
Hungarian dance refers to the folk dances practised and performed by the Hungarians, both amongst the populations native to Hungary and its neighbours, and also amongst the Hungarian diaspora. According to György Martin, a prominent folklore expert, Hungarian dances can be divided into two categories, the first refers to dances performed in the middle ages while the second relates to the 18th and 19th century. Improvisation is often mentioned as being characteristic of Hungarian dance, the peasant dance is not one which is set absolutely according to rule, the dancer constructs his steps according to his mood and ingenuity. The most important stylistic feature of the dance within the Carpathians is the large amount of personal improvisation. Observers have never failed to notice the individual nature of the Hungarian dance during the two centuries. This dancing is individual to such an extent that it is difficult for scholars to establish the communal laws regulating individual creativity. Folk dance research has shown that this individuality is not merely poetic licence, daniel Berzsenyi wrote, Its secret laws are not ordered by craft. The laws are its own and enthusiasm sets the limit. Steps, turns, movement, postures, all are arbitrary, left to the taste, the dance does not consist of regular well-defined steps. But an individual dance inspired by an idea, the men free their partners when, and for so long as, they fell inclined. Thus their hands are free and they can take hold of their partner when they wish. The brisker movements of the dance retained that peculiarity which is the feature of all Hungarian dances, Hungarians have been noted for their exceptionally well developed sense of rhythm. Billroth performed tests with troops stationed in Vienna and found that the Hungarian troops outperformed others in keeping time with music, jumps about, stamps out the rhythm, slides, swings his legs energetically, etc. The Csárdás is undoubtedly the most popular and important dance in the Hungarian repertoire, in the 1869 book The Magyars, Their Country and Institutions Arthur Patterson wrote the following. They whirl swiftly round, two or three times, and then, breaking away, recommence the pantomime as before, one seldom sees two couples performing exactly the same figure at the same time. While two separated partners are doing their step with their backs turned on one another, another couple between them are spinning round in the ecstasies of reunion. Also featured are varied ways of holding a partner, complex changes of posture, slight crouching, figures danced during the Swift Csárdás include the lippentos-martogatos, turning in pairs, and playful alluring and releasing of the partner. Half crouching, half turning figures were still being danced by the generation in the 1970s. In a rare form of the Broom Dance the broom is put through a crouching, tripping movement, half crouching, half turning figures were still being danced by the older generation in the 1970s
12.
Television in Hungary
–
Television in Hungary was introduced in 1957. Transmission in color was introduced to Hungarian television for the first time in 1971, Hungary had only one television channel until 1973. It was only in the mid 1990s when private and commercial broadcasting was introduced to Hungary, analogue broadcasting in Hungary was phased out in two phases that were completed on July 31 and October 31,2013, respectively. M1 TV2 RTL Klub plus Local channels M1 M2 Duna Duna World Duna TV, 0-24, National main channel of Hungary, M1, 0-24, News channel, since March 15,2015. It was the main channel before, started in 1957. M2 / Petőfi TV, 6-20, Kids channel since December 22,2012, 20-6, m3, 0-24, Retro channel started in late 2013. M4 Sport, 0-24, Sport channel started in 2015, m5, 0-24, Started on August 18,2016 as sport channel, because of the Rio Olympics 2016 and Rio Paralympics 2016, as cultural channel since September 18,2016. Duna World, International channel of Hungary, since April 16,2006, M6, Planned as a music channel. M3D, Planned as a 3D channel, m4K, Planned as a 4K channel. RTL Klub, The most popular channel in Hungary. Cool, Film+, Film+2, RTL II, RTL+, Sorozat+, RTL Spike, premium series and films channels Muzsika TV, TV2, One of main commercial channel in Hungary. Chili TV, FEM3, Humor+, Izaura TV, KiWi TV, PRIME, Mozi+, Super TV2, Spíler TV, premium series, films and sport channels Zenebutik, Duna World M1 started broadcasting in 1957. M4 Sport started broadcasting in 2015, m5 - TV2 started broadcasting in October 1997. RTL Klub started broadcasting in October 1997, RTL II Super TV2 M6 Heti TV starts on 1
13.
Cinema of Hungary
–
Hungary has had a notable cinema industry from the beginning of the 20th century, with Hungarians who affected the world of motion picture both inside and outside the borders. Examples of successful Hungarian films include Merry-go-round, Mephisto, Werckmeister Harmonies, the story of the Hungarian Cinema begins in 1896, when the first screening of the films of the Lumiére brothers was held at 10 May in the cafe of the Royal Hotel of Budapest. In June of the year, Arnold and Zsigmond Sziklai opened the first Hungarian movie theatre at the 41. Andrássy street, named the Okonograph, where they screened Lumiére films using French machinery, the inhabitants of the elite neighborhood despised this new form of entertainment, and the theatre soon closed. But film screenings in cafés, the centers of Budapests public life, were becoming more and more widespread, the first film shooting took place also in 1896, recording the festivities of the Millennium Celebration. Employees of the Lumiéres recorded the march at the Buda Castle, the first Hungarian cameraman was Zsigmond Sziklai. The first consciously made Hungarian film was A tánc directed by Béla Zsitkovszky, Gyula Pekár asked for a moving picture from Béla Zsitovszky, the projectionist of the Uránia. Zsitovszky, originally an optician, shot the picture on the terrace of the theatre with renowned actors. The 24 cinematographic short-films were premiered on 30 April 1901, the infrastructure of the Hungarian cinema scene was built up during the first decade of the 20th century. By 1910,270 permanent theatres operated in the country, including large capacity film palaces like the Royal Apollo, Film distribution was organized by the end of the decade. The first company to lend film-shooting apparatus was the Projectograph, founded by Mór Ungerleider in 1908, the company also shot films, offering documentaries and newsreels, thereby making the first steps for the countrys film industry. The literary and artistic scene enthusiastically supported the new form of expression, writers of the Nyugat circle saw filmmaking as a sign of closing up to modern European Literature, and became avid movie theatre goers. Frigyes Karinthy even became a dramaturg to Alexander Korda, the first prominent director, the first company to have artistic goals was the Hunnia Studio, founded in 1911, formed as an offshoot of the Vígszínház theatre. A characteristic style of early Hungarian cinema was the cinema sketch, each short projection was followed or interrupted by live stage actors, often acting their own characters from the screen. The genre inspired many prominent writers of the time, including Ferenc Molnár, comedians also used this form often to perform various jokes and scenes utilizing its hybrid nature, one well-known performer being Gyula Gózon. Mór Undergleider also started a journal on the subject of cinema. However, the theoretical forebodings and possibilities outlined in Mozgófénykép Híradó were not realized later on by the countrys slowly unfolding film production, during 1919 March–August, under the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, the Hungarian cinema industry was the first one to be nationalized fully. The journal Vörös film was started to popularize the shift, a number of filmmakers welcomed the change, as the government provided protection against competing foreign movies
14.
Culture of Hungary
–
The culture of Hungary varies across Hungary, starting from the capital city of Budapest on the Danube, to the Great Plains bordering Ukraine. Hungary has a folk crafts tradition, for example, embroidery, decorated pottery. Hungarian music ranges from the rhapsodies of Franz Liszt and folk music to modern songs influenced by folk music, Hungary has a rich and colorful literature with many poets and writers although not many are known abroad due to the limited prevalence of the Hungarian language. Some noted authors include Sándor Márai and Imre Kertész, who have been gaining acclaim in recent decades, János Kodolányi was well known in Italy and Finland in the mid-20th century. Imre Kertész won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2002, Péter Esterházy is popular in Austria and Germany, and Magda Szabó has recently become well known in Europe as well. The music of Hungary consists mainly of traditional Hungarian folk music and music by prominent composers such as Ferenc Liszt, Franz Schmidt, Dohnányi, Bartók, Kodály, and Rózsa. Traditional Hungarian music tends to have a strong rhythm, as in the Hungarian language the first syllable of each word is invariably stressed. Hungary also has a number of internationally renowned composers of classical music, including György Ligeti, György Kurtág, Péter Eötvös and Zoltán Jeney. Hungary has made contributions to the fields of folk, popular. Hungarian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and it is also strong in the Szabolcs-Szatmár area, and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The Busójárás carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, Hungarian classical music has long been an experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture musical world of the folk song. For example, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, two of Hungarys most famous composers, are known for using folk themes in their music. Bartók collected folk songs from across Central Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, during the era of Communist rule in Hungary, a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. The three giants of Hungarian rock, Illés, Metró, and Omega, remain popular, especially Omega. Veteran underground bands from the 1980s such as Beatrice also remain popular, in earliest times, the Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script. The country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I of Hungary, there are no existing documents from before the 11th century. The oldest complete text is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, a translation of a Latin sermon, the oldest poem is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary, also a translation from Latin, albeit a flawed one, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Uralic poem, among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum by Simon Kézai, both written in Latin
15.
National symbols of Hungary
–
The national symbols of Hungary are flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of Hungary or Hungarian culture. The highly valued special Hungarian products and symbols are called Hungaricum, the flag of Hungary is a horizontal tricolor of red, white and green. The coat of arms of the dynasty is also popular. Almost a fifth of the country is forested, however only 10 percent is natural forest, Hungary is home to some 2,200 flowering plant species and, because of its topography and transitional climate, many of them are not normally found at this latitude. Much of the flora in the Villány and Mecsek Hills in Southern Transdanubia, on the southern Szársomlyó Hill of the Villány Mountains, the formerly unknown Colchicum hungaricum was found and botanically described in 1867 by the Hungarian botanist Viktor Janka. This is the earliest Hungarian flower to bloom, the salty Hortobágy region on the Eastern Plain has many plants normally found on the seashore, and the Nyírség area is famous for meadow flowers. The Gemenc forest on the Danube River near Szekszárd, the Little Balaton in the center of Transdanubia, most of the trees in the nations forests are deciduous beech, oak, and birch, and a small percentage are fir. Since the 14th century, over 250 new plants have colonized Hungary, many such plants are perennial herbs that have slowly extirpated some native flora. Historically, Hungary was the second largest supplier of paprika to the United States, Hungarian paprika has a distinctive flavor and is in great demand in Europe where it is used as a spice rather than as a coloring agent. The traditional Hungarian dishes abound in piquant flavors and aromas, dishes are flavorful, spicy and often rather heavy. Flavors of Hungarian dishes are based on traditions in spicing. The exquisite ingredients are produced by agricultural and husbandry. Paprika, onion and garlic are to be found everywhere, in the Middle Ages the fish soup was the most popular and the most lovely fishmeal in Hungary. A cookery book from 1860 contains 400 fish recipes, the most well-known specialities of Hungarian cuisine such as goulash soup, the different varieties of stew and paprikás are red with paprika. Hungary List of Hungarian dishes Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park
16.
Flag of Hungary
–
The flag of Hungary is a horizontal tricolour of red, white and green. In this exact form, it has been the flag of Hungary since May 23,1957. The flags form originates from national republican movements of the 18th and 19th centuries and it both shares close relations to the flag of Bulgaria. The nation of Hungary originated from the freedom movement from before 1848. The revolution was not only in opposition against the monarchy but also the Habsburg Empire, the stripes are horizontal rather than vertical to prevent confusion with the Italian flag, which had also been designed after the French flag. According to other data, the recent form of the Hungarian tricolour had been used from 1608 at the coronation of Mathias II of Hungary. Folklore of the period attributed the colours to virtues, red for strength, white for faithfulness. Alternatively, red for the blood spilled for the fatherland, white for freedom and green for the land, the new constitution, which took effect on 1 January 2012, makes the ex-post interpretation mentioned first official. As described above, the red-white-green tricolour emerged as a sign of sovereignty during the 1848–1849 revolution against the Habsburgs. The flag had the minor arms of Hungary with archangels as supporters were used as a badge on the flag. This configuration was used until the end of the Habsburg Empire in 1918, after the fall of the Habsburg Empire, the years 1918 to 1920 were highly turbulent, and several hard-to-trace minor changes took place. The red-green-white tricolour stayed the same, but small differences emerged in terms of the badge, a short interlude and exception was the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic, which lasted for four-and-a-half months, it used a solid red banner. It seems that from 1920–1944 or 1945 the tricolour displayed the arms of Hungary. Between 1946 and 1949 the crown was removed from the top of the serving as the badge. With the onset of Communist rule in 1949, a new coat of arms featuring a Communist red star was placed on the flag as the badge. During the anti-Soviet uprising in 1956, revolutionaries cut out the Stalinist emblem, for some months the new government changed the flag to bear the minor arms without the crown as the badge again. Therefore, the flag of Hungary has been a pure red-white-green tricolour since 1957. After the fall of communism in 1989 there was no need to change the flag, there was a recommendation of the Committee of Symbols some years ago, that the coat of arms should be part of the state flag, while the national flag should remain plain
17.
Hungary
–
Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
18.
Budapest
–
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
19.
Danube
–
The Danube is Europes second-longest river, after the Volga River, and also the longest river in the European Union region. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe, the Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries, the Latin name Dānuvius is one of a number of Old European river names derived from a Proto-Indo-European *dānu. Other river names from the root include the Dunajec, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, dānu means fluid, drop, in Avestan, in the Rigveda, Dānu once appears as the mother of Vrtra. Known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros a borrowing from a Daco-Thracian name meaning strong, in Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius or as Ister. The Dacian/Thracian name was Donaris for the upper Danube and Istros for the lower Danube, the Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas, the bringer of luck. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, the German Donau is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe wetland. Classified as a waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,800 km, passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and its drainage basin extends into nine more. The highest point of the basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border. The land drained by the Danube extends into other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges, from its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are, The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals, more than any other river in the world. Danube remains a mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0. 0012%. Middle Section, From Devín Gate to Iron Gate, at the border of Serbia and Romania, the riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0. 00006%. Lower Section, From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0. 00003%, about 60 of its tributaries are also navigable. In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central, the amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War
20.
Ukraine
–
Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
21.
Folklore
–
Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes and they include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, the forms and rituals of celebrations like Christmas and weddings, folk dances, each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next, for folklore is not taught in a formal school curriculum or studied in the fine arts. Instead these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration, the academic study of folklore is called folkloristics. To fully understand folklore, it is helpful to clarify its component parts and it is well-documented that the term was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it to replace the contemporary terminology of popular antiquities or popular literature, the second half of the compound word, lore, proves easier to define as its meaning has stayed relatively stable over the last two centuries. Coming from Old English lār instruction, and with German and Dutch cognates, it is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, the concept of folk proves somewhat more elusive. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, a more modern definition of folk is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. Folk is a concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. This expanded social definition of folk supports a view of the material, i. e. the lore. These now include all things people make with words, things they make with their hands, Folklore is no longer circumscribed as being chronologically old or obsolete. The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group and how they are transmitted. Transmission is a part of the folklore process. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, for folklore is also a verb. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, the folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, in direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within the social group. Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, for these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group
22.
Embroideries
–
Embroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate materials such as, pearls, beads, quills. Today, embroidery is most often seen on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, stockings, Embroidery is available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color. The process used to tailor, patch, mend and reinforce cloth fostered the development of sewing techniques, indeed, the remarkable stability of basic embroidery stitches has been noted, It is a striking fact that in the development of embroidery. There are no changes of materials or techniques which can be felt or interpreted as advances from a primitive to a later, on the other hand, we often find in early works a technical accomplishment and high standard of craftsmanship rarely attained in later times. The art of embroidery has been found world-wide and several examples have been found. Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period, depending on time, location and materials available, embroidery could be the domain of a few experts or a wide-spread, popular technique. This flexibility led to a variety of works, from the royal to the mundane, in 18th century England and its colonies, samplers employing fine silks were produced by the daughters of wealthy families. Embroidery was a marking a girls path into womanhood as well as conveying rank. Conversely, embroidery is also an art, using materials that were accessible to nonprofessionals. Examples include Hardanger from Norway, Merezhka from Ukraine, Mountmellick embroidery from Ireland, Nakshi kantha from Bangladesh and West Bengal, many techniques had a practical use such as Sashiko from Japan, which was used as a way to reinforce clothing. Embroidery was an important art in the Medieval Islamic world, the 17th century Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi called it the craft of the two hands. Because embroidery was a sign of social status in Muslim societies. Craftsmen embroidered items with gold and silver thread, Embroidery cottage industries, some employing over 800 people, grew to supply these items. Taste for fine material has become general, and the drapery of embroidered fabrics used at feasts surpasses every description. The development of embroidery and its mass production came about in stages in the Industrial Revolution. The earliest machine embroidery used a combination of machine looms and teams of women embroidering the textiles by hand and this was done in France by the mid-1800s. The manufacture of machine-made embroideries in St. Gallen in eastern Switzerland flourished in the half of the 19th century
23.
Pottery
–
Pottery is the craft of making ceramic material into pots or potterywares using mud. Major types of potterywares include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain, the place where such wares are made by a potter is also called a pottery. Early Neolithic pottery have found in places such as Jomon Japan. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing, however, prior to shaping processes. Kneading helps to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body, air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished either by a called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also produce an even moisture content. Once a clay body has been kneaded and de-aired or wedged, after shaping, it is dried and then fired. Clay ware takes on varying physical characteristics during the making of pottery, at sufficient moisture content, bodies at this stage are in their most plastic form. Leather-hard refers to a body that has been dried partially. At this stage the clay object has approximately 15% moisture content, clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard state, bone-dry refers to clay bodies when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. It is now ready to be bisque fired, bisque refers to the clay after the object is shaped to the desired form and fired in the kiln for the first time, known as bisque fired or biscuit fired. This firing changes the body in several ways. Mineral components of the body will undergo chemical changes that will change the colour of the clay. Glaze fired is the stage of some pottery making. A glaze may be applied to the form and the object can be decorated in several ways. After this the object is glazed fired, which causes the material to melt
24.
Franz Liszt
–
Franz Liszt was a prolific 19th-century Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, organist, philanthropist, author, nationalist and a Franciscan tertiary. Liszt gained renown in Europe during the nineteenth century for his prodigious virtuosic skill as a pianist. As a composer, Liszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the New German School and he left behind an extensive and diverse body of work in which he influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated many 20th-century ideas and trends. Franz Liszt was born to Anna Liszt and Adam Liszt on October 22,1811, in the village of Doborján in Sopron County, in the Kingdom of Hungary, Liszts father played the piano, violin, cello and guitar. He had been in the service of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy and knew Haydn, Hummel, at age six, Franz began listening attentively to his fathers piano playing and showed an interest in both sacred and Romani music. Adam began teaching him the piano at age seven, and Franz began composing in an elementary manner when he was eight and he appeared in concerts at Sopron and Pressburg in October and November 1820 at age 9. After the concerts, a group of wealthy sponsors offered to finance Franzs musical education in Vienna, There Liszt received piano lessons from Carl Czerny, who in his own youth had been a student of Beethoven and Hummel. He also received lessons in composition from Antonio Salieri, then director of the Viennese court. Liszts public debut in Vienna on December 1,1822, at a concert at the Landständischer Saal, was a great success and he was greeted in Austrian and Hungarian aristocratic circles and also met Beethoven and Schubert. In spring 1823, when his one-year leave of absence came to an end, Adam Liszt therefore took his leave of the Princes services. At the end of April 1823, the returned to Hungary for the last time. At the end of May 1823, the family went to Vienna again, towards the end of 1823 or early 1824, Liszts first composition to be published, his Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli, appeared as Variation 24 in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein. Liszts inclusion in the Diabelli project—he was described in it as an 11 year old boy, born in Hungary—was almost certainly at the instigation of Czerny, his teacher, Liszt was the only child composer in the anthology. After his fathers death in 1827, Liszt moved to Paris, to earn money, Liszt gave lessons in piano playing and composition, often from early morning until late at night. His students were scattered across the city and he often had to long distances. Because of this, he kept uncertain hours and also took up smoking, the following year he fell in love with one of his pupils, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the daughter of Charles Xs minister of commerce, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Her father, however, insisted that the affair be broken off, Liszt fell very ill, to the extent that an obituary notice was printed in a Paris newspaper, and he underwent a long period of religious doubts and pessimism. He again stated a wish to join the Church but was dissuaded this time by his mother and he had many discussions with the Abbé de Lamennais, who acted as his spiritual father, and also with Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who introduced him to the Saint-Simonists
25.
Folk music
–
Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
26.
Romani music
–
Romani music is the music of the Romani people, who have their origins in Northern India, but today live mostly in Europe. Historically nomadic, though now largely settled, the Romani people have acted as entertainers. In many of the places Romanies live they have known as musicians. It is difficult to define the parameters of a unified Romani musical style, as there are differences in melodic, harmonic, rhythmic. Lyrics to Romani songs are sung in one or more dialects of the Romani language. The quintessentially Spanish flamenco is to a large extent the music of the Romani people of Andalusia. Apart from Romani music for use, in Eastern Europe a separate Romani music originated for entertainment at parties. This music drew its themes from Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, later on it gained popularity in Western Europe, where many Romani orchestras were active, playing sophisticated melodies of East European origin. Probably the most influential Romani musician was Django Reinhardt, original Romani folksongs - not derived from the countries where the Romani live - are relatively rare. This particular folk music is vocal and consists of slow plaintive songs. The fast melodies are accompanied with tongue-clacking, hand-clapping, mouth-basses, clicking of wooden spoons, most Romani music is based on the folk music of the countries where the Romani went through or settled. Local music is adopted and performed – usually instrumental – and, slowly, it is transformed into Romani styles, in its turn, Romani music has greatly influenced the local music. Among these the Hungarian versions have become best known, although examples of Romani music in other countries also endure, the Romani people of Spain have contributed significantly to the Andalusian musical tradition known as flamenco. Although it is not, strictly speaking, Romani music, Flamenco is closely associated to this ethnicity, due to Romani population in Bulgaria, this ethnic groups music is very popular. Chalga music, also played by Romani musicians in Bulgaria, the Lăutari were traditional Romani musicians, playing at various events The manele genre which is very popular in Romania is supported by Romani ethnic musicians, too. A gypsy choir in Russia was the Sokolovsky gypsy choir, Romani people are known throughout Turkey for their musicianship. Their urban music brought echoes of classical Turkish music to the public via the meyhane or taverna, romanis have also influenced the fasıl itself. Played in music halls, the music required at the end of each fasıl has been incorporated with Ottoman rakkas or belly dancing motifs
27.
Literature
–
Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura was used to refer to all written accounts, developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature. There have been attempts to define literature. Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question What is Literature, with the observation, The quest to discover a definition for literature is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they change over time. In fact, the thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well, definitions of literature have varied over time, it is a culturally relative definition. In Western Europe prior to the century, literature as a term indicated all books. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction and this sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition when it classifies literature as the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing. The formalist definition is that literature foregrounds poetic effects, it is the literariness or poetic of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura learning, a writing, grammar, originally writing formed with letters, in spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. Poetry is a form of art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of. Possibly as a result of Aristotles influence, poetry before the century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition, novel, a long fictional prose narrative. It was the close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance, in most European languages the equivalent term is roman. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the fifteenth century, with the meaning of news, it came to indicate something new
28.
Hungarian language
–
Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is spoken by communities of Hungarian people in neighbouring countries. Like Finnish and Estonian, it belongs to the Uralic language family, its closest relatives being Mansi and it is one of several European languages not part of the Indo-European languages, and the most widely-spoken European language that does not belong to the Indo-European family. The Hungarian name for the language is magyar or magyar nyelv, the word Magyar is used as an English and Hungarian word to refer to Hungarian people as an ethnic group. Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family, the name of Hungary could be a result of regular sound changes of Ungrian/Ugrian, and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Hungarians as Ǫgry/Ǫgrove seemed to confirm that. Current literature favors the hypothesis that it comes from the name of the Turkic tribe Onogur, there are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian /aː/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, for example, Hungarian ház house vs. Khanty xot house, and Hungarian száz hundred vs. Khanty sot hundred. The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular, during the later half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Hungarian. Following an academic debate known as Az ugor-török háború, the Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder of the two, foremost based on work by the German linguist Josef Budenz. The traditional view argues that the Hungarian language separated from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium b. c. e. in western Siberia, east of the southern Urals. The Hungarians gradually changed their lifestyle from settled hunters to nomadic pastoralists, in Hungarian, Iranian loans date back to the time immediately following the breakup of Ugric and probably span well over a millennium. Among these include tehén ‘cow’, tíz ‘ten’, tej ‘milk’, increasing archaeological evidence from present-day southern Bashkortostan found in the previous decades confirms the existence of Hungarian settlements between the Volga River and Ural Mountains. The Onogurs later had a influence on the language, especially between the 5th-9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied, and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic, e. g. borjú ‘calf’, dél ‘noon, many words related to agriculture, to state administration or even to family relations have such backgrounds. Hungarian syntax and grammar were not influenced in a dramatic way during these 300 years. After the arrival of the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin the language came into contact with different speech communities, Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the Pechenegs and Cumanians who settled in Hungary during the 12th-13th centuries, e. g. koboz ‘cobza’, komondor ‘mop dog’. Hungarian borrowed many words from especially the neighbouring Slavic languages, in exchange, these languages also borrowed words from Hungarian, e. g. Serbo-Croatian ašov from Hung ásó ‘spade’. Approximately 1. 6% of the Romanian lexicon is of Hungarian origin, on the basis of the growing genetic evidence, the accepted origin theory is contested by geneticists too
29.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
30.
Nobel Prize in Literature
–
Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here work refers to an authors work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year, the academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the worlds most prestigious literature prize, many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has become seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise, whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them. Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for Swedish professors, as of 2016,16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, Nobels vague wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word translates as either idealistic or ideal. The Nobel Committees interpretation has varied over the years, in recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets,31 million Swedish kronor, to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, the members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed, the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, the Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundations newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II, according to Nobels will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature and it is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 about 220 proposals are returned and these proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, by May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature
31.
Esztergom Basilica
–
It is dedicated to the Saint Mary of the Assumption and Saint Adalbert. It is the largest church, and the tallest building, in Hungary and its inner area is 5,600 m². It is 118 m long and 49 m wide and it has a reverberation time of more than 9 seconds. Its dome, forming a semi-sphere, is situated in the middle and it is 71.5 m high inside, with a diameter of 33.5 metres, and is 100 m high from outside, counted from the crypt. The altarpiece is the largest painting in the world painted on a piece of canvas. The basilica is known for Bakócz Chapel, built by Italian masters between 1506–1507 out of red marble of Süttő, its walls adorned with Tuscan Renaissance motifs. It is the most precious remaining example of Renaissance art in Hungary, the huge crypt, built in Old Egyptian style in 1831, is today the resting place of late archbishops, among others, József Mindszenty, famous for his opposition to both Nazi and Communist rule. The building of the present church took place on the foundation of earlier churches. The first was built by Stephen I of Hungary between 1001–1010, the first cathedral in Hungary, which was burned down at the end of the 12th century and it was rebuilt, and even survived the Mongol invasion of Hungary. However, in 1304, Wenceslaus III, a candidate for the Hungarian throne, sacked the castle. It was repaired in the following years, the archbishops of the 14th and 15th century made the church more ornate and added a huge library, the second most significant one in the country. It was ruined again under Turkish rule, in 1543, in 1820, the Archdiocese was restored and archbishop Sándor Rudnay decided to restore Esztergoms status as mother church of the country. The church maintains the relics of Catholic martyr and saint Marko Krizin, the architect was Pál Kühnel and the lead contractor was János Packh. The foundation-stone was laid and work began in 1822, the Bakócz chapel was carefully disassembled and was moved 20 metres away from its original location and attached to the new basilica. In 1838 Packh was murdered, so József Hild was placed in charge of construction and he completed it in Classicistic style. Under the next archbishop, János Scitovszky, the church was completed and dedicated on August 31,1856. The final completion of the cathedral took place years later in 1869. The renovation and enlargement of the started in the 1980s, after extensive preparations
32.
Territorial abbey
–
Such an abbot is called a territorial abbot or abbot nullius diœceseos. A territorial abbot thus differs from an ordinary abbot, who exercises authority only within the walls or to monks or canons who have taken their vows there. A territorial abbot is equivalent to a bishop in Catholic canon law, the practice arose in part because abbeys served the spiritual needs of Catholics who lived near the monastery, especially in mission territories. The monasterys own chapel was a space of worship for the laity who had settled nearby. After the Second Vatican Council, more emphasis has been placed on the nature of the episcopacy. As such, abbeys nullius have been phased out in favor of the erection of new dioceses or the absorption of the territory into an existing diocese, a few ancient abbeys nullius still exist in Europe, and one in Korea. The Abbot of Waegwan is the present apostolic administrator of the Tŏkwon abbacy and it has not been united with any diocese throughout Korea due to the effective vacancy of the ones in North Korea and the lack of effective jurisdiction applied by the Church in South Korea. Cluny Abbey is the one in France. It became extremely rich and influential within and beyond the Church, Abbey of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. It was formally suppressed as an abbey in 1977. St. Peter-Muenster, which from 1921 until 1998 served an area of Saskatchewan. GCatholic. org - List of Current Territorial Abbacies Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles
33.
Pannonhalma Archabbey
–
The Benedictine Pannonhalma Archabbey or Territorial Abbey of Pannonhalma is a medieval building in Pannonhalma, one of the oldest historical monuments in Hungary. Founded in 996, it is located near the town, on top of a hill and this is the second largest territorial abbey in the world, after the one in Monte Cassino. Its sights include the Basilica with the Crypt, the Cloisters, the monumental Library with 360,000 volumes, the Baroque Refectory, today there are about 50 monks living in the monastery. The abbey is supplemented by the Benedictine High School, a boarding school. It was founded as the first Hungarian Benedictine monastery in 996 by Prince Géza, who designated this as a place for the monks to settle, the monastery was built in honour of Saint Martin of Tours. Gézas son, King Stephen I donated estates and privileges to the monastery, astrik served as its first abbot. The oldest surviving document to use the Hungarian language, the Charter of the Tihany Benedictine Abbey, dating back to 1055, is still preserved in the library. In 1096, on his way to the lands as leader of one of three crusader armies, Duke Godfrey of Bouillon spent a week here negotiating his armys safe passage through Hungary from king Coloman. The first buildings of the community were destroyed in 1137, then rebuilt, the Basilicas pillars and the early Gothic vault were built in the early 13th century, using the walls of the former church. In 1486 the abbey was reconstructed under King Matthias in the Gothic style, the monastery became an archabbey in 1541, and as a result of Ottoman incursions into Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries it was fortified. During one and a half centuries of the Turkish Occupation, the monks, only later were they able to start the reconstruction of the damaged buildings. During the time of Archabbot Benedek Sajghó, a baroque construction was in progress in the monastery. In the 17th and 18th centuries, rich Baroque adornments and extensions were added to the complex and it received its present form in 1832, with the library and the tower, which was built in classicist style. The 18th century, the era of the Enlightenment also influenced the life of the monasteries, the state and the monarchs judged the operation of the communities according to immediate utility, by and large tolerating only those orders which practised nursing and education. In the 1860s, Ferenc Storno organised major renovations, mostly in the basilica, in 1995, one year before the millennium, the complex was entirely reconstructed and renovated. In 1996, the Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment was elected among the World Heritage sites. Pannonhalma was visited, among others, by Alexius II, Patriarch of Moscow in 1994, Pope John Paul II in 1996 and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, in 2005, a film was made about the archabbot, Asztrik Várszegi, titled A közvetítő. Stéphanie, Crown Princess of Austria died here and her remains were interred here in 1945, in July 2011, the former Crown Prince Otto of Austria and Hungary Otto von Habsburgs heart was buried in Pannonhalma Archabbey
34.
Hungarian folk music
–
Hungarian folk music includes a broad array of styles, including the recruitment dance verbunkos, the csárdás and nóta. Béla Bartók took this departure into the musical world in his appropriation of traditional Hungarian as the basis for symphonic creations. Zoltán Kodály and Béla Bartók observed that Hungarian peasant music use isometric strophe structure and certain pentatonic formations and these features jointly may be considered as altogether typical, and differentiate Hungarian peasant music from that of any other nation. Bartók studied over 300 melodies, and noted that more modern tunes used for dancing featured pentatonic turns with frequent leaps in fourths
.jpg)
.jpg)
