1.
South Island
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The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
2.
Main North Line, New Zealand
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It is a major link in New Zealands national rail network and offers a connection with roll-on roll-off ferries from Picton to Wellington. It was also the longest railway construction project in New Zealands history, with the first stages built in the 1870s, the first proposal for a line resembling the present day Main North Line was made in 1861. A proposal for a line linking Christchurch and Blenheim was put before the Marlborough Provincial Council in April 1861. Later that year, the government passed the Picton Railway Act in October. However, the political authorisation did not translate into actual construction, at the other end of the line, progress had been made in Marlborough, with a line opened between Blenheim and Picton. In the 1880s, work ground to a halt as debate raged over what route to construct, an 1880 Royal Commission on the state of New Zealands railways felt that an east coast main line would be premature, but possibly necessary in the future. Contrarily, regional actors in Canterbury, Marlborough, Nelson, Canterbury slowly progressed its Great Northern Railway and pursued an inland route from Waipara, reaching Waikari in 1882, Medbury in 1884, and Culverden in 1886. From Culverden up the Waiau River to Reefton, New Zealand, establishing a route to the West Coast. From Waipara up the coast to Blenheim via Parnassus and Kaikoura, interests in Marlborough favoured the coastal proposal and began work on extending their railway south from Blenheim. This reached Scargill in 1902, Ethelton in 1905, Domett in 1907, Cheviot in 1910, the line was envisaged to then follow a series of inland valleys to Kaikoura. The outbreak of World War I led to a halt on construction, at the Marlborough end, the line was extended southward from Blenheim to reach Seddon in 1902 and Ward in 1911. The line reached Wharanui,13 km south of Ward, before the onset of World War I saw construction halted, not all work was postponed by the war. A campaign to extend the line from Culverden to Waiau was successful and construction continued through the war, the 1920s saw little progress made on the Main North Line as various interest groups, governments, and expert reports contested to achieve their respective desired outcomes. In the late 1920s, construction finally recommenced on the line south of Wharanui. Public pressure for a resumption of work was strong, and as the economy was starting to improve in 1936 the government issued orders for completion in four years. In 1939, the line beyond Parnassus was opened to Hundalee, but the outbreak of World War II created more delays, construction continued through the war, and not long after the resumption of peace the northern and southern railheads met in Kaikoura. The Main North Line from Christchurch to Picton was completed and officially opened on 15 December 1945, for a number of decades before the connection of the northern and southern ends, the Canterbury section was operated with its terminus in Culverden, even when the coastal route reached Parnassus. The most important passenger train was the Culverden Express, with carriages for Parnassus detached at Waipara, the express was supplemented by slower mixed trains
3.
Nelson, New Zealand
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Nelson is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay, and is the economic and cultural centre of the Nelson Region. Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand, Nelson city is bordered to the west and south-west by the Tasman District Council and the north-east, east and south-east by the Marlborough District Council. The city does not include Richmond, the areas second-largest settlement, Nelson City has a population of around 50,000, making it New Zealands 12th most populous city and the geographical centre of New Zealand. When combined with the town of Richmond which has close to 14,000 residents, Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene, Each year, the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike, such as the Nelson Arts Festival. The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum, Nelson was named in honour of the Admiral Horatio Nelson who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle, inhabitants of Nelson are referred to as Nelsonians. Nelsons Māori name, Whakatū, means build, raise, or establish, in an article to The Colonist newspaper on 16 July 1867, Francis Stevens described Nelson as The Naples of the Southern Hemisphere. Today, Nelson has the nicknames of Sunny Nelson due to its high sunshine hours per year or the Top of the South because of its geographic location, settlement of Nelson began about 700 years ago by Māori. There is evidence the earliest settlements in New Zealand are around the Nelson-Marlborough regions, the earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are the Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Tumatakokiri, Ngāti Apa and Rangitane tribes. Raids from northern tribes in the 1820s, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population, the New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy cheaply from the Māori some 200,000 acres which they planned to divide into one thousand lots, the Company earmarked future profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers and their families, and for the construction of public works. However, by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold, despite this the Colony pushed ahead, and land was surveyed by Frederick Tuckett. Three ships sailed from London under the command of Captain Arthur Wakefield, however, after some delay, Hobson allowed the Company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. The Company secured a vague and undetermined area from the Māori for £800 that included Nelson, Waimea and this allowed the settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841, within 18 months the Company had sent out 18 ships with 1052 men,872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners, the early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau and Neudorf. These were mostly Lutheran Protestants with a number of Bavarian Catholics
4.
Blenheim, New Zealand
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Blenheim is the most populous town in the region of Marlborough, in the north east of the South Island of New Zealand. It has an population of 30,700. The surrounding area is known as a centre of New Zealands wine industry. It enjoys one of New Zealands sunniest climates, with hot, relatively dry summers, the relaxed lifestyle and the flourishing wine and gourmet food industry in Marlborough are enjoyed by both locals and visitors alike. Blenheim is named after the Battle of Blenheim, where led by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated a combined French. The sheltered coastal bays of Marlborough supported a small Māori population possibly as early as the 12th century, Māori in the Marlborough Region cultivated crops, including kumara and exploited marine resources. Although the early history of Marlborough was closely associated with the Nelson settlement, nineteen years after the original Nelson settlement the request of Marlborough settlers was granted, and Marlborough became a separate province in 1859. Marlborough squatters developed huge sheep runs that dominated the countryside, rivalling Canterburys sheep stations in size, on the Wairau Plain, the town is mostly flat with surrounding hills, which do not give as much protection from prevailing winds as might be expected. Open areas in and around Blenheim are hit quite hard by winds blowing from Cook Strait, Blenheim sits at the confluence of the Taylor and Ōpaoa rivers. It is in an active zone and experiences several earthquakes each year. The boundary between the Pacific plate and the Indo-Australian plate passes just north of Blenheim, summers are typically warm and dry while winters are normally cool and frosty with clear sunny days that follow. Snowfall is rare as it is sheltered from cold weather by the mountain ranges to the south. Thunderstorms are an uncommon occurrence due to the sheltered climate, there is a higher likelihood in summer, when afternoon heating can generate a buildup of clouds above the ranges. The highest recorded temperature is 37. 8C, Recorded on 23 February 1973, at the 2006 census, Blenheim had a population of 28,700, a change of 7. 0% since the 2001 census. The June 2016 estimate puts Blenheims population at 30,700, following the 2013 census, Blenheim became the countrys 17th main urban area, after Statistics New Zealand promoted the town from a secondary urban area. 21. 3% of people were under 15, compared with 22. 7% for New Zealand,16. 7% of people were 65 and over, compared with 12. 1% for New Zealand. 28. 7% of people 15 and over had a post-secondary-school qualification, most residents are of European origin, predominantly of British, Irish, German and Dutch descent. Small Māori, Pacific Island and Asian communities exist, ethnic diversity has increased in recent years with the arrival of large numbers of South Americans and Asians, who work in the expanding viticulture sector
5.
Kaikoura
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Kaikoura /kaɪˈkɔːrə/ is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1,180 km north of Christchurch, Kaikoura became the first local authority in the Southern Hemisphere to achieve recognition by the EarthCheck Community Standard. The town has a permanent resident population of 2,080. The town is the seat of the territorial authority of the Kaikoura District. The District has an area of 2,046.41 km². The infrastructure of Kaikoura was heavily damaged in the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, the sea level of the bay and surrounding region was lifted by as much as 2 meters. From 1853 to 1876, Kaikoura was administrated as part of the Nelson Province, in 1876 the Kaikoura County was formed. On 14 November 2016, a 7. 8-magnitude earthquake struck the South Island just after midnight and it left two people dead and triggered a small tsunami. One thousand tourists and hundreds of residents were stranded in Kaikoura after the cut off train. The Kaikoura Peninsula extends into the sea south of the town, the town owes its origin to this effect, since it developed as a centre for the whaling industry. The name Kaikoura means meal of crayfish and the industry still plays a role in the economy of the region. However Kaikoura has now become a popular tourist destination, mainly for watching and swimming with or near dolphins. There is also a large and readily observed colony of fur seals at the eastern edge of the town. At low tide, better viewing of the seals can be had as the ocean gives way to a base which is easily navigable by foot for quite some distance. A strategic plan for the future of the Kaikoura coast is being developed by Te Korowai o te Tai o Marokura, the Kaikoura Coastal Guardians. The town has a setting, as the Seaward Kaikoura mountains. Because of this, there are walking tracks up and through the mountains. A common one for tourists is the Mt. Fyffe track, which winds up Mt. Fyffe, Mt. Fyffe owes its name to the first family to settle in Kaikoura, the Fyffe family
6.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
7.
Cheviot, New Zealand
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Cheviot /ˈtʃᵻvɪərt/ is a town in the Hurunui District of north Canterbury, on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is on State Highway 1 approximately 110 kilometres north of Christchurch, the government under Minister of Lands John McKenzie bought the Cheviot Hills estate from the descendants of William Robinson. The Cheviot Hills estate was broken into 54 farms and a township and this name was in widespread use for a decade or two but gradually fell into disuse. The post office was known as Cheviot and by at least 1913 the township too was generally known as Cheviot. Cheviot Hills estate had been named by its original holder, John Scott Taverhill, after his home country. According to the 2013 New Zealand census, the population of Cheviot was 369—a decrease of 21 from the previous 2006 census of 390, which in turn was a decrease of three from the previous 2001 census. A further 980 people lived in the areas serviced by the town or in adjacent villages such as Domett, Parnassus, Gore Bay. Cheviot is a town for highway traffic and for a pastoral farming district that is currently predominant in sheep farming. Based in the township are a fire and ambulance services. Surrounding settlements include, Originally a railway town, Domett is now populated by farms. Next to the Old Main Road/Hurunui Mouth Road junction is the old Domett Railway Station, Domett Service Station provides after-hours sale of fuel, most service stations in the area close around 6pm. Spotswood has an old hall that is used regularly. Parnassus has a population than the other settlements, although the local Parnassus School was closed in 2008. The famous Waiau River road/rail bridge was here, before being abandoned and replaced with a new road bridge, prior to the opening of the old bridge in the 1930s a ferry across the river carried goods north and south. The Waiau River ends not far away, however, access to the mouth must be made over farm property with the owners permission. On the State Highway north of Parnassus is Leader Road which leads to the townships of Waiau, Rotherham, Culverden, Gore Bay is a surfing beach with summer beach houses and 14 permanent residents. There are two camping grounds, each with beach access and business. It is a popular New Years Eve venue, of note is Cathedral Gully, a spectacular weathered clay canyon
8.
Canterbury, New Zealand
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Canterbury is a region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island. The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres, the region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms. The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council, Christchurch, the South Islands largest city and the countrys third-largest urban area, is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the regions population. Other major towns and cities include Timaru, Ashburton, Rangiora, in 1848, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a Briton, and John Robert Godley, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, founded the Canterbury Association to establish an Anglican colony in the South Island. The colony was based upon theories developed by Wakefield while in prison for eloping with a woman not-of-age, due to ties to the prestigious Oxford University, the Canterbury Association succeeded in raising sufficient funds and recruiting middle-class and upper-class settlers. In April 1850, a group led by Godley landed at Port Cooper—modern-day Lyttelton Harbour—and established a port, housing. In December 1850, the first wave of 750 settlers arrived at Lyttelton in a fleet of four ships, following 1850, the provinces economy developed with the introduction of sheep farming. The Canterbury regions tussock plains in particular were suitable for sheep farming. Since they were valued by settlers for their meat and wool. By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million, during this period, the architect Benjamin Mountfort designed many civic and ecclesiastical buildings in the Gothic Revival style. The Canterbury Province was formed in 1853 following the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 and it was formed from part of New Munster Province and covered the middle part of the South Island, stretching from the east coast to the west coast. The province was abolished, along with provinces of New Zealand. The modern Canterbury Region has slightly different boundaries, particularly in the north and it is New Zealands largest region by area, with an area of 45,346 km2. Canterbury was traditionally bounded in the north by the Conway River, to the west by the Southern Alps, the area is commonly divided into North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury and Christchurch City. Canterbury is home to 600,100 people according to Statistics New Zealands June 2016,13 percent of New Zealands population and it the most populous in the South Island and the second most populous region in New Zealand. The median age of Canterburys population is 39.9 years, around 15.5 percent of the population is aged 65 or over while 18.7 percent is aged under 15. There are 97.5 males for every hundred females in Canterbury, just under 20 percent of Canterburys population was born overseas, compared to 25 percent for New Zealand as a whole. The British Isles remains the largest region of origin, accounting for 36.5 percent of the population in Canterbury
9.
Nelson Province
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It was abolished, along with all other provinces, in 1876. Nelson Province initially covered the entire upper South Island, land sales in Nelson and Marlborough netted the Nelson Provincial Council £33,000 and £160,000, respectively. Of that, £200 were expended benefiting the Marlborough region, there was considerable conflict between Superintendent John Perry Robinsons policies of supporting smaller land holders, and the objectives of the large pastoral run-holders in the Wairau Valley. The New Provinces Act 1858 allowed for parts of a province to break if the area was large enough. The petition was signed by almost all settlers in the Wairau, the new Marlborough Province was gazetted on 4 October 1859. The election of Nelsons first superintendent was contested by three candidates, Edward Stafford, Francis Jollie and John Waring Saxton, the election took place on 1 August 1853 and resulted in Edward Stafford being Nelsons first superintendent. The final results for the election were, Stafford, Saxton, Edward Stafford will be remembered for his free, secular and compulsory education system became the model for New Zealand, with this ‘Nelson system’ introduced to all state primary schools in 1877. Nelson was the seat of government and Superintendent John Perry Robinson laid the foundation stone for the Provincial Government buildings in Nelson on 26 August 1859. The building was in Albion Square in Bridge Street and it was designed by visiting architect Maxwell Bury and he modeled it on Aston Hall near Birmingham. Whereas Aston Hall was built from stone, the Government buildings were from timber, the buildings were run down and had stood empty for some years when they were demolished in 1969, amidst much controversy. The Nelson District Court building now stands on the site, during the First Taranaki War in 1860 nearly 1,200 Taranaki settlers including women and children were relocated to Nelson. The Nelson Provincial Council funded the building of cottages known as the Taranaki Buildings for the housing of these refugees, upon the cessation of hostilities the war refugees were offered free passage back to Taranaki, the majority took advantage of this offer but some elected to remain in Nelson. By 1876 the province was abolished under the Counties Bill of 1876 with the following boroughs, in 1886, there was a proposal for the Grey District to be annexed by the Nelson Province. New Zealand law provides for an anniversary day
10.
Mixed train
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A mixed train is a train that hauls both passenger and freight cars or wagons. In the early days of railways they were common. Because mixed trains involve the shunting of wagons at stations along the way, they provide passengers with a very slow service. Their use is also at variance with the separation of passenger, in parts of Asia and Africa, mixed trains are still the norm on routes with little traffic. In Australia, mixed trains could also be called a car goods, goods train with car attached and this last term could cause confusion, as mixed goods in some other countries can refer to a freight train carrying multiple types of freight rather than just one commodity. In yet another form of mixed train, railmotors or railcars might haul a one or two goods wagons or a brake van carrying some freight. In German-speaking countries, there were two types of mixed train, the GmP and the PmG. The GmP was a train with passenger service, in other words a goods train that also had one or more coaches for the transportation of railway passengers. These were not an uncommon sight on branch lines and were run for the following reasons, insufficient vehicles and/or railway staff to operate separate goods and passenger trains. High levels of traffic, which meant that goods and passenger services had to be combined, the passenger coaches were located either in the centre or at the end of the train, so that passengers did not have to travel immediately behind the locomotive. However at times of the year when coaches required heating, the coaches had to run immediately behind the locomotive, because goods wagons usually had no heating pipes. One disadvantage for passengers was the slow speeds of a GmP and this was one of the major reasons for the eventual disappearance of this type of train. The Deutsche Bundesbahn continued to run GmP trains occasionally right into the 1980s, today they are no longer to be found in Germany, Austria or Switzerland. The other type of mixed train in German-speaking countries was the PmG or passenger train with goods service, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany continued to operate some of these trains until the early 1990s. In essence they comprised one or more goods wagons running behind the passenger coaches, towards the end, no shunting of goods wagons took place at the intermediate stations. Even private railways used to run PmG trains, but they are found today. Exceptions include e. g. ski trains in places like Interlaken which have a wagon for ski equipment behind or ahead of the passenger coaches. Mixed trains were once prolific in New Zealand, although express trains operated on the main lines, it was often not profitable to run dedicated passenger services on rural branch lines and they were served solely by mixed trains
11.
Amberley, New Zealand
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Amberley is a town located in the Hurunui District in north Canterbury, on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1 approximately 50 km north of Christchurch and it is the seat of the Hurunui District Council. At the time of the 2006 New Zealand census of population and dwellings, the population of Amberley was 1302, just under 30% of the population was aged over 65, significantly higher than the national average. In addition, more than 2,300 people lived in the areas serviced by the town or in adjacent villages such as Waipara. Amberley is the seat of the Hurunui District Council and the centre for a district of arable. Once a year, the local A&P show is held, usually mid-Spring, Amberley Primary Schools Rewi Alley Community Centre has a memorial to Rewi Alley who attended there. There is a statue in memory of Charles Upham just outside the council building, Upham farmed in the Cheviot area. Nearby the statue sit three limestone carvings, labelled The Grandmothers, which celebrate the ancient Waitaha people, carved by Sculptor Warren Thompson, the statues were unveiled in May 2003 by the Rt. Hon. Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand, information about Amberley Te Ara Encyclopedia, Canterbury Places
