1.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
2.
College baseball
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College baseball is baseball that is played on the intercollegiate level at institutions of higher education. In comparison to football and basketball, college competition in the United States plays a role in developing professional players. Moving directly from school to the professional level is more common in baseball than in football or basketball. However, if players enroll at a college, they must complete three years to regain eligibility, unless they reach age 21 before starting their third year of attendance. Players who enroll at junior colleges regain eligibility after one year at that level, in the most recently completed 2016 season, there were 300 NCAA Division I teams in the United States. As with most other U. S. intercollegiate sports, competitive college baseball is played under the auspices of the NCAA or the NAIA, the NCAA writes the rules of play, while each sanctioning body supervises season-ending tournaments. The final rounds of the NCAA tournaments are known as the College World Series, the College World Series for Division I takes place in Omaha, Nebraska in June, following the regular season. The playoff bracket for Division I consists of 64 teams, with four teams playing at each of 16 regional sites, the 16 winners advance to the Super Regionals at eight sites, played head-to-head in a best-of-three series. The eight winners then advance to the College World Series, an elimination tournament to determine the two national finalists. The finalists play a series to determine the Division I national champion. In 2016, Coastal Carolina won the College World Series, the first intercollegiate baseball game took place in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on July 1,1859, between squads representing Amherst College and Williams College. As these efforts resulted in players and overall programs, more television. The ESPN family of greatly increased television coverage of the NCAA playoffs. Soon, in many regions, baseball came to be considered a major sport. And even non-warm weather schools started to recognize baseballs potential and began to put more emphasis on it. Nebraska, Notre Dame, and Oregon State are three examples of cold weather schools with very successful programs. The first two made the College World Series when warm-weather schools placed major emphasis on baseball as well as had the advantage of playing earlier and more games because of favorable climates. Oregon State won back-to-back national championships in 2006 and 2007, at time, archrival Oregon had been without baseball for a quarter-century
3.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
4.
Crisfield, Maryland
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Crisfield /ˈkrɪsfiːld/ is a city in Somerset County, Maryland, United States, located on the Tangier Sound, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The population was 2,726 at the 2010 census and it is included in the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. Crisfield has the distinction of being the southernmost incorporated city in Maryland, the site of todays Crisfield was initially a small fishing village called Annemessex Neck. During European colonization, it was renamed Somers Cove, after Benjamin Summers, when the business potential for seafood was discovered, John W. Crisfield decided to bring the Pennsylvania Railroad to Crisfield, and the quiet fishing town grew. Crisfield is now known as the Seafood Capital of the World. The citys success was so great that the train soot, City residents often claim that the downtown area is literally built atop oyster shells. Crisfield began to slip into decline along with the health of the Chesapeake Bay. Currently, Crisfield is largely a tourist destination and it hosts many annual events and festivals, the most prominent of which is the National Hard Crab Derby. Crisfield is also a gateway to Smith Island and Tangier Island. The Annemessex, a branch of the local Pocomoke Indian tribe of the Algonquin Nation, were the first inhabitants of the area and their small fishing village was known as Annemessex Neck. The nearby Annemessex River is also named after them, on February 10,1663, Benjamin Summers, a settler from Yorkshire or Hertfordshire, England, arrived from Northampton County, Virginia to claim his headright. He patented a 300-acre parcel of land, which he named Emmessex and he later patented another 200 acres of land on September 23,1683, naming it Musketa Hummock. Both of these plots of land are located in the present-day Crisfield Election District, another plot of land, named Little Worth and totalling 100 acres, was also patented in Annemessex. These three plots of land would come to be known collectively as Somers Cove. Somers Cove soon became a major East Coast distribution center for seafood, the town grew faster than other settlements on the Delmarva Peninsula, with over 100 buildings in 1804, while Princess Anne and Salisbury had 40 and 4 respectively. In 1854, a survey of the Chesapeake Bay revealed that the area was a fishing location. In 1866, John W. Crisfield, a Princess Anne attorney, was instrumental in bringing the Eastern Shore Railroad, the Crisfield Secondary Branch of the railroad opened on November 6 of that year. The town was incorporated in 1872 as a city. The railroad bolstered the economy of the new city and Crisfield prospered greatly, as did other towns and settlements along its route, such as Marion Station to the north
5.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
6.
Maryland Terrapins football
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The Maryland Terrapins football team represents the University of Maryland, College Park in the sport of American football. The Terrapins compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the Terrapins joined the Big Ten Conference on July 1,2014, following 62 years in the Atlantic Coast Conference as a founding member. The Terrapins are currently coached by D. J. Durkin. C, Maryland shares storied rivalries with Virginia and West Virginia. Maryland possesses the third-most ACC championships with nine, which places them behind Clemson, many former Terrapins players and coaches have gone on to careers in professional football including 16 first-round NFL Draft picks. In 1892, the then known as the Maryland Agricultural College fielded its first officially sanctioned college football team. They went scoreless in all three of that games, but the following year, posted a perfect record of 6–0. For the first two decades of the program, the team competed against local universities and high schools due to the prohibitive nature of long-distance travel at the time. Curley Byrd became head coach and held position for more than two decades until he was named the university president. In 1921, Maryland joined the Southern Conference where it remained for thirty years, Bryant resigned after one season when a player he had suspended was reinstated by President Byrd. Jim Tatum was hired in 1947, after a stint at Oklahoma where he had led the Sooners to a conference championship in his only season there. He was Marylands sixth head coach in eight years, but Tatum stayed for nine seasons, during his tenure, he led Maryland to two national championships, three conference championships, three perfect seasons, six top-20 final rankings, and five bowl game appearances. Seven of his players were named first-team All-Americans, including five consensus All-Americans, under Tatum, Maryland finished every season with a winning record. After the 1947 season, the Terrapins participated in their first bowl game, NCAA season-scoring leader Lu Gambino recorded all three Maryland touchdowns. In 1949, Maryland again played in the Gator Bowl, where they defeated 20th-ranked Missouri, the Terrapins finished the season ranked 14th by the Associated Press. Marylands current home field, Maryland Stadium, was constructed in 1950, Maryland started the 1950 season ranked 15th and defeated Navy, 35–21, in the Byrd Stadium dedication game. The Terrapins won the 1951 Southern Conference co-championship alongside the Virginia Military Institute and their perfect season culminated with an upset over first-ranked Tennessee in the 1952 Sugar Bowl. At the time, however, the wire services released their final rankings before the bowl games, several selectors, including analyst Jeff Sagarin, have retroactively credited Maryland with the national championship. In 1953, Maryland and six other schools split from the Southern Conference to form the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Terrapins were defeated by fourth-ranked Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl
7.
George Washington Colonials football
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The teams home field in the final seasons was D. C. Stadium, shared with the Washington Redskins of the National Football League, the Colonials were most successful between the 1930s and 1950s, when they regularly played top-level competition. George Washington made one bowl appearance, at the end of the 1956 season at the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas. The football program was discontinued after the 1966 season due to a number of factors, including the lack of an on-campus stadium. The earliest recorded football games at Columbian University were five contests against Gallaudet, on November 8,1890, football resumed when Columbian defeated a Washington-based club, Kalorama AC, 10–0. The team played off and on until 1920 and that season was not a successful one for George Washington, which finished 1–6–1, including a defeat at the hands of West Virginia, 81–0, and West Virginia Wesleyan, 101–7. H. Watson Maud Crum became the football and basketball coach in 1924. He was the first to remain in position with the Hatchetites for more than four years. In 1928, the athletic teams were renamed the Colonials. That year they were routed by Penn State, 50–0, head coach James Possum Jim Pixlee took over the following season and led GW to a 0–8 record. Pixlee, however, later became George Washingtons winningest coach in terms of number of wins, in 1930, GW routed the New York Aggies, 86–0. In the 1930s and 1940s, GW gained nationwide attention and scheduled top competition. The Colonials lost, 28–6, but that year they beat Iowa, 21–6. From 1933 to 1935, back Alphonse Tuffy Leemans set school records with 1,054 single-season rushing yards,2,382 career rushing yards,207 single-season carries, and 490 career carries. After college, he became a two-time All-NFL player for the New York Giants and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1938 to 1941, William Reinhart, the Colonials winningest baseball and basketball coach, the football team, however, was mediocre under him, and, from 1943 to 1945, was discontinued due to World War II. Andy Davis played as GW quarterback from 1948 to 1951, in 1952, the Colonials defeated Bucknell, 21–7, with the help of a block punt, an interception, and a fumble recovery. The loss was Bucknells second in their past 20 games, George Washington was a member of the Southern Conference for many years
8.
Georgetown Hoyas football
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The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football. Like other sports teams from Georgetown, the team is named the Hoyas and they play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D. C. The first football team at Georgetown was formed on November 1,1874, by the 1940s, Georgetown played in the Orange Bowl, where they lost 14–7 to Mississippi State. As the college became more expensive after World War II. The Hoyas last successful season was 1949, when they lost in the Sun Bowl against Texas Western. After a 2–7 season in 1950, Georgetown attempted to salvage its program by softening its schedule, replacing major opponents such as Penn State, Miami, and Tulsa with Richmond, Bucknell, and Lehigh. The program was losing too much money, however, and on March 22,1951 the Universitys president canceled the football program, in 1962, Georgetown allowed its students to start a football program as an exhibition-only club sport. New games began in 1964, with their first match drawing 8,000 spectators to see the Hoyas host another university with an unofficial program, Varsity football resumed in 1970 at what later became known as the Division III level. In 1976, Georgetown began a rivalry game with the Catholic University Cardinals for the Steven Dean Memorial Trophy. In 1993, the joined the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. With eight wins, the won the conference championship outright in 1997. The team was invited to play in the 1997 Sports Network Cup, in 1999 the team joined the Patriot League, a conference that currently prohibits its members from awarding football scholarships. As a non-scholarship FCS program, many of Georgetowns non-conference games are against Ivy League schools, without the ability to add scholarships, Georgetowns program fell on hard times in the 2000s. Georgetown had by far the lowest football budget in the Patriot League, Georgetown also had the lowest number of Patriot League FSEs which measures the financial aid given out to its Varsity football players. During its first decade in the Patriot League, the team was unable to have a winning season. From 1891 until 1893, the known as Boundary Field played host to Georgetown football. From 1921 until 1950, Griffith Stadium played host to Georgetown football, currently, the Hoyas play at Cooper Field, previously called Multi-Sport Field, which was upgraded from Harbin Field in 2003. The MSF has been awaiting further construction since 2005, when work was halted on completing permanent bleachers, as a result, it remains the smallest stadium in Division I football and has only temporary bleachers as a part of the current set-up
9.
San Francisco Seals (baseball)
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The San Francisco Seals were a minor league baseball team in San Francisco, California, that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 until 1957 before transferring to Phoenix, Arizona. They were named for the abundant California sea lion and harbor seal populations in the Bay Area. Along with the Los Angeles Angels, Portland Beavers, Oakland Oaks, Sacramento Solons, and Seattle Indians, the Seals were charter members of the Pacific Coast League, which was founded in 1903. The team played their games at Recreation Park at Harrison. The mild climate of the west coast allowed the PCL to play a longer season than the major leagues. Seasons often ran 200 games or more, especially in the early years, in the 1905 season, the Seals set the all-time PCL record by playing 230 games. The Seals finished the 1906 season playing home games at Freemans Park in Oakland, a new Recreation Park was constructed at 14th and Valencia Streets for the 1907 season. The Seals won their first PCL pennant in 1909, finishing 13 1⁄2 games over the runner-up Portland Beavers and they won flags also in 1915,1917,1922,1923 and 1925. During the 1914 season, the Sacramento Solons were moved to San Francisco, from 1926 through 1930, they played their home games at Recreation Park, playing at home while the Seals were on the road. In 1918, financially strapped owner Henry Berry put the San Francisco Seals up for sale and Charles H. Strub, George Alfred Putnam, graham each acquired a one-third share in the team. In 1931, the Seals moved to their own park, Seals Stadium, there were three breweries on the adjoining northwest corners of Seals Stadium, which included Hamms, Budweiser and Lucky Lager. The Seals celebrated their inaugural year in Seals Stadium by winning the PCL pennant in 1931, the following year, Seals outfielder Vince DiMaggio arranged a tryout for his younger brother Joe. In 1933, Joe DiMaggio hit safely in 61 straight games, the team won the pennant again in 1935. He spent thousands of dollars upgrading Seals Stadium to perceived major league standards and he hired former major league player Lefty ODoul, a native San Franciscan and fan favorite, as manager. Though the Seals won the pennant in 1946, subsequent teams under Fagans watch did not fare as well, rival clubs did not buy into Fagans major league ambitions. Rather, they established working agreements with major teams. Fagan gave up his aspirations and sold his interest in the Seals, after their Bay Area rival, the Oakland Oaks, moved to Vancouver after the 1955 season, the Seals won their last PCL pennant in 1957, which proved to be their final season. During the 1957 season, the New York Giants announced their move to San Francisco for the 1958 season, the Seals moved to Phoenix, Arizona for the 1958 season
10.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play
11.
Pitcher
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In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the pitcher is assigned the number 1. The pitcher is often considered the most important defensive player, there are many different types of pitchers, such as the starting pitcher, relief pitcher, middle reliever, lefty specialist, setup man, and closer. The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position. In most cases, the objective of the pitcher is to deliver the pitch to the catcher without allowing the batter to hit the ball with the bat. A successful pitch is delivered in such a way that the batter either allows the pitch to pass through the zone, swings the bat at the ball and misses it. If the batter elects not to swing at the pitch, it is called a strike if any part of the passes through the strike zone. A check swing is when the batter begins to swing, If the batter successfully checks the swing and the pitch is out of the strike zone, it is called a ball. There are two legal pitching positions, the windup and the set position or stretch, either position may be used at any time, typically, the windup is used when the bases are empty, while the set position is used when at least one runner is on base. Each position has certain procedures that must be followed, a balk can be called on a pitcher from either position. A power pitcher is one who relies on the velocity of his pitches to succeed, generally, power pitchers record a high percentage of strikeouts. A control pitcher succeeds by throwing accurate pitches and thus records few walks, nearly all action during a game is centered on the pitcher for the defensive team. A pitchers particular style, time taken between pitches, and skill heavily influence the dynamics of the game and can determine the victor. Meanwhile, a batter stands in the box at one side of the plate. The type and sequence of pitches chosen depend upon the situation in a game. The relationship between pitcher and catcher is so important that some teams select the starting catcher for a game based on the starting pitcher. Together, the pitcher and catcher are known as the battery, although the object and mechanics of pitching remain the same, pitchers may be classified according to their roles and effectiveness. The starting pitcher begins the game, and he may be followed by relief pitchers, such as the long reliever, the left-handed specialist, the middle reliever. In Major League Baseball, every team uses Baseball Rubbing Mud to rub game balls in before their pitchers use them in games, a skilled pitcher often throws a variety of different pitches to prevent the batter from hitting the ball well
12.
Maryland Terrapins baseball
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The Maryland Terrapins baseball team represents the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I college baseball competition. Along with the other athletic teams, the baseball team became a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 2014–15 academic year. The Terrapins compete in Shipley Field at Bob Turtle Smith Stadium on the Maryland campus in College Park, Maryland Baseball has not been historically strong but the program has improved steadily under third-year head coach John Szefc. During the 2014 and 2015 seasons, Maryland made consecutive conference tournament championship game appearances and posted back-to-back campaigns of 40 or more wins, after failing to make the NCAA tournament for 43 years, the Terrapins earned berths in the 2014 and 2015 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournaments. In 2014, Maryland Baseball beat South Carolina to advance to the NCAA tournament Super Regional round for the first time in school history, Maryland has participated in a total of five NCAA tournaments,1965,1970,1971,2014, and 2015. The program has won four championships in its history. Shipley Field at Bob Turtle Smith Stadium, often referred to simply as Shipley Field, has been the home of the Maryland baseball team for more than 60 years, the teams playing field was moved to its current location in 1952, and became Shipley Field in 1956. The ballpark is located right in the heart of the Maryland campus, the facilitys current seating capacity is 2,500. Its playing surface is Sportexe Synthetic Turf in the infield and Bermuda Grass in the outfield, in 1982, Shipley Field was the site of an exhibition game between the Terps and Earl Weavers Baltimore Orioles. Eight years later, in 1990, the Soviet baseball team paid a visit to Shipley Field to take on the Terps in an exhibition series, the stadium has been hosting night games since a set of permanent lights were installed prior to the 1994 season. Shipley Field is named after legendary Terps coach H. Burton Shipley, on May 8,2010, Shipley Field was officially dedicated as Shipley Field at Bob Turtle Smith Stadium in honor of former Maryland baseball player, Bob Turtle Smith 63. Bob and his wife Carol had previously established a fully endowed baseball scholarship, the renovation included the installation of 38 custom cherry-wood lockers, new carpeting and flooring, new signage, and the addition of an awards wall and a custom counter for kitchen appliances. This project is important for the program because it was an area in which we were lacking. Erics generosity and timeliness allowed us to do it now and let the three seniors benefit from it, erics generosity was big in getting it done now, instead of in six months. With his history in the program as a player and a coach and he, more than anyone, understands how important a legitimate clubhouse can be to a player. It certainly helps our guys day-to-day as far as their quality of life with how much time they spend in there and it adds a lot more coming from him. Eric is near and dear to our program as a player, former Terrapins on current MLB rosters. May 29–June 1,2015 – Maryland played in the Los Angeles Regional of the 2015 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament against UCLA, Cal State Bakersfield, Ole Miss and won the series
13.
Maryland Terrapins
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Maryland was a founding member of the Southern Conference in 1921, a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1952, and is now a member of the Big Ten Conference. The nickname was coined in 1932 by Dr. Harry C, curley Byrd, then the schools football coach and later the schools president. Previously, Maryland teams were known as the Old Liners—a reference to the states nickname, however, the school newspaper, The Diamondback, wanted a better nickname. Byrd thought Terrapins was a choice because of the diamondback terrapins endemic to the Chesapeake Bay region. Byrds hometown of Crisfield was famous for the number of terrapins along its shores, the school mascot is an anthropomorphic turtle named Testudo. The official team colors are red, white, black, and gold and it is the only NCAA school to have four official school colors. On July 1,2014, the Terrapins became members of the Big Ten Conference following 62 years of membership in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the university currently sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 mens and womens sports, which compete at the NCAA Division I level. The University of Maryland, College Park was established in 1856 as Maryland Agricultural College, baseball and football were played on the campus as early as the Civil War era. It was renamed Maryland State College in 1916, and in 1920, between 1921 and 1953, the university was a member of the Southern Conference. Longstanding tensions within the Southern Conference culminated in 1951, when it passed a ban on participation in bowl games midway through the football season, at the end of the regular season, both Maryland and Clemson were invited and accepted invitations to postseason bowl games. The Southern Conference sanctioned the two schools with a one-year probation in which they could not schedule any games against conference opponents. On May 8,1953, Maryland became a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference when it. As a result of a recommendation to cut athletics costs, funding for eight teams was eliminated on November 21,2011. However, the president also showed support for a Save the Programs Campaign, the affected teams were mens cross country, indoor track, and outdoor track, mens swimming and diving, mens tennis, womens acrobatics and tumbling, womens swimming and diving, and womens water polo. On July 1,2012, the University officially cut seven of those teams, the men’s outdoor track team raised $888,000 of a target amount of $940,000, which was deemed sufficient to avoid elimination. On November 19,2012, the University of Marylands Board of Regents voted to withdraw from the ACC to join the Big Ten Conference effective July 1,2014, the University of Maryland currently has 20 varsity teams,8 mens and 12 womens. At that time, the sport was not widely popular in the region and football. To capitalize on the popularity, basketball games at Ritchie Coliseum were held as doubleheaders with boxing matches for 26 years, bud Millikan became head coach in 1950 and soon led Maryland to consistent respectability within the Southern Conference
14.
University of Maryland, College Park
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Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Marylands proximity to the nations capital has resulted in research partnerships with the Federal government. The operating budget of the University of Maryland during the 2009 fiscal year was projected to be approximately $1.531 billion, for the same fiscal year, the University of Maryland received a total of $518 million in research funding, surpassing its 2008 mark by $118 million. As of December 12,2012, the universitys Great Expectations campaign had exceeded $1 billion in private donations, on March 6,1856, the forerunner of todays University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert, a future U. S. Congressman, Calvert founded the school later that year. On October 5,1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College, the school became a land grant college in February 1864. During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers under Brigadier General Bradley Tyler Johnson moved past the college on July 12,1864 as part of Jubal Earlys raid on Washington, D. C. By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres of land, for the next two years the campus was used as a boys preparatory school. Following the Civil War, in February 1866 the Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school, the college thus became in part a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students, in the next six years, enrollment grew and the schools debt was paid off. In 1873, Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, twenty years later, the federally funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. Morrill Hall was built the following year, on November 29,1912, a fire destroyed the barracks where the students were housed, all the schools records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving only Morrill Hall untouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing. Students were housed by families in neighboring towns until housing could be rebuilt, a large brick and concrete compass inlaid in the ground designates the former center of campus as it existed in 1912. The state took control of the school in 1916, and the institution was renamed Maryland State College and that year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9,1920, the became part of the existing University of Maryland, replacing St. Johns College. In the same year, the school on the College Park campus awarded its first PhD degrees. In 1925 the university was accredited by the Association of American Universities, by the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women
15.
Maryland Stadium
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Capital One Field at Maryland Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium on the campus of the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland. It is the home of the Maryland Terrapins football and mens lacrosse teams, the facility was formerly named Byrd Stadium after Harry Curley Byrd, a multi-sport athlete, football coach, and university president in the first half of the 20th century. In August 2006, naming rights were sold to Chevy Chase Bank, on December 11,2015, the Byrd Stadium name was removed, with the stadium being renamed Maryland Stadium. Byrd Stadium, constructed at a cost of $1 million, opened September 30,1950 in order to replace an older, for four decades, Maryland Stadium consisted of a horseshoe-shaped bowl with capacity of 34,680. In 1995, the capacity was raised to 48,055 through the addition of an upper deck on the north side of the stadium. In November 2001, as the team once again became an ACC-title contender. Those bleachers remain to this day, in 2002, a full-color video scoreboard was added in the east endzone and an expansion of the Gossett Football Team House was begun. Maryland Stadiums attendance record is 58,973, set on November 1,1975, the record was achieved with temporary seating for a game featuring the #14 Terps and #9 Penn State. The lone version of the Presidential Cup college football game was held here in December 1950. The USFL Baltimore Stars called the home in 1985. Maryland Stadium has also hosted the Division I NCAA Mens Lacrosse Championship ten times, on August 24,2006, the University of Maryland announced that it had agreed to a $20 million naming-rights deal with Chevy Chase Bank. The revenue from the deal was used to pay for renovations, on April 25,2007, the Athletic Department unveiled plans for a $50. The first phase of the plans has been completed and included renovating the old press tower. New mezzanine seating was added as well, bringing the capacity from 51,500 to 54,000, a second LED video board was installed on the west side of the stadium just before the 2008 season. The second phase is to add an 8,000 seat upper deck to the stadiums west end zone bringing total seating capacity to over 60,000 and this is dependent on the sale of all existing luxury suites from phase one. To date, no schedule for construction has been established, on June 20,2012, the Athletic Department announced plans for a new field at Byrd Stadium. It was the first installation of its kind in the United States, in 2015, the student government association agreed to a resolution in support of removing Byrd from the stadiums name because of Harry Curley Byrds segregationist history. On September 28,2015, University of Maryland President Wallace Loh appointed a task force to develop viewpoints, the ultimate decision on any name change rested with the Board of Regents
16.
Old Byrd Stadium
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Old Byrd Stadium, also known as Byrd Stadium or Byrd Field and nicknamed the Byrd Cage, was the home stadium for the University of Maryland from 1923 until 1947. It was located in College Park, Maryland, east of Baltimore Avenue on the site of the schools present-day fraternity row, the seating capacity for the stadium was 5,000. In 1915, Harry Curley Byrd, head coach for what was then the Maryland Agricultural football team, at that time, the football team lacked any dedicated facilities and had one poorly suited athletic field on which to practice and play games. The new stadium was originally to be called the University of Maryland Athletic Field, the Board of Regents voted to name the stadium after Byrd, who was a former quarterback, the current coach, and future university president. The stadium was built by the H. D. Watts Construction Company, which was owned by Harry Watts, Construction was completed in 1923 at a cost of $60,000. The inaugural game was played against Randolph-Macon on September 29, which Maryland won, the stadium was officially dedicated on November 24, for the Homecoming game against Catholic. Maryland won that game as well, 40-6, in front of a crowd of 3,000, in 1944, Byrd Stadium hosted the first night game in College Park, which pitted the Terrapins against Hampden-Sydney College. During the 1948 season, the Terrapins played all of their games at Griffith Stadium in Washington. In 1950, the old stadium was replaced by the significantly larger Byrd Stadium, and the original stadium was razed in 1953
17.
Georgetown University
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Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. Georgetowns main campus is located on a hill above the Potomac River, the campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall, which is a National Historic Landmark. Georgetown offers degree programs in disciplines, enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries. The university is known for preparing leaders for careers in government. As of 2015, Georgetown produced more diplomats for the U. S, Foreign Service than any other school in the country, and has ranked second in the U. S. by the average number of graduates serving in the U. S. Congress. Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit-affiliated institution of education in the United States. The Jesuits have participated in the academic life, both as scholars and as administrators, since 1805, however, the university has always been governed independently of the church. At present, the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic, Georgetown is home to the countrys largest student-run business, as well as the largest student-run financial institution. Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in 1634, during most of the remainder of Marylands colonial period, Jesuits conducted Catholic schools clandestinely. It was not until after the end of the American Revolution that plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in the United States were realized, Carroll began meetings of local clergy in 1783 near Annapolis, Maryland, where they orchestrated the development of a new university. On January 23,1789, Carroll finalized the purchase of the property in Georgetown on which Dahlgren Quadrangle was later built, future Congressman William Gaston was enrolled as the schools first student on November 22,1791, and instruction began on January 2,1792. During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from financial strain. The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, the school relied on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a sale of some 272 slaves to two Deep South plantations from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding. In 1844, the received a corporate charter, under the name The President and Directors of Georgetown College. In response to the demand for an option for Roman Catholic students. The U. S. Civil War greatly affected Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, by the time of President Abraham Lincolns May 1861 visit to campus,1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. Due to the number of lives lost in the war, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war, only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade
18.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped
19.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
20.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
21.
Theodore McKeldin
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Theodore Roosevelt McKeldin was an American politician. He was a member of the United States Republican Party, served as Mayor of Baltimore twice from 1943-47 and 1963-67, McKeldin was born in Baltimore to the family of a stonecutter turned policeman. He attended Baltimore City College at night working as a bank clerk during the day. He graduated from the University of Maryland Law School in 1925, two years later, he began his political ascent when worked as a secretary to Mayor Broening. Mckeldin was also a president of the local chapter of the Junior Chamber of Commerce. In 1934, he was a member of Santa Claus Anonymous. McKeldin challenged the incumbent Mayor of Baltimore, Howard W. Jackson, in the election of 1939, in the election of 1942, McKeldin again challenged an incumbent, but this time it was the governor of Maryland, Herbert R. OConor. However, McKeldin persisted and was elected mayor of Baltimore in 1943, as mayor, he oversaw the construction of Friendship Airport. However, Baltimore saw hard times during this period following the Second World War, with the inner city decaying, ghettos forming, McKeldin ran a second time for Governor in 1946, challenging William Preston Lane Jr. but was defeated yet again. McKeldin ran for governor a third time in 1950, successfully defeating Lane in a rematch, as governor, McKeldin endeavored to improve the state highway system, namely by establishing the Baltimore Beltway, the Capital Beltway, and the John Hanson Highway. He was a supporter of interstate cooperation, saying once. No one asked me to identify myself and he was also an advocate for civil rights for African Americans and was awarded the Sidney Hollander Award. In 1952 McKeldin was a figure in the moderate Republicans of the East Coast who were instrumental in gaining the Republican nomination for president for Dwight Eisenhower. Speaking in the tones that were common for the time. In 1954, he was re-elected against Democratic nominee University of Maryland President Curley Byrd by 54. 46% to 45. 54%, McKeldin retired in 1959 from the governorship and returned to his law practice in Baltimore. In 1963, he returned to service after again being elected as mayor of Baltimore. He saw the city council vote to condemn 700 homes of the Rosemont neighborhood in 1966 to build the East West Expressway Highway to nowhere that he started as a project with Robert Moses in 1941, McKeldin served his second term as mayor until 1967. He is to date the last Republican to be elected mayor of Baltimore, Theodore McKeldin was born in Baltimore, Maryland, attending Maryland public schools and later graduating from Baltimore City College
22.
Potomac River
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The Potomac River /pəˈtoʊmək/ is located along the mid-Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States and flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The river is approximately 405 miles long, with an area of about 14,700 square miles. In terms of area, this makes the Potomac River the fourth largest river along the Atlantic coast of the United States, over 5 million people live within the Potomac watershed. The river forms part of the borders between Maryland and Washington, D. C. on the left descending bank and West Virginia and Virginia on the right descending bank. The majority of the lower Potomac River is part of the State of Maryland, exceptions include a small tidal portion within the District of Columbia, and the border with Virginia being delineated from point to point. Except for a portion of its headwaters in West Virginia. The South Branch Potomac River lies completely within the state of West Virginia except for its headwaters, the Potomac River runs 405 miles from the Fairfax Stone in West Virginia on the Allegheny Plateau to Point Lookout, Maryland, and drains 14,679 square miles. The length of the river from the junction of its North and South Branches to Point Lookout is 302 miles, the average flow is 10,800 ft³/s. The largest flow recorded on the Potomac at Washington, D. C. was in March 1936 when it reached 425,000 ft³/s. The lowest flow recorded at the same location was 600 ft³/s in September,1966. The source of the North Branch is at the Fairfax Stone located at the junction of Grant, Tucker, the source of the South Branch is located near Hightown in northern Highland County, Virginia. The rivers two branches converge just east of Green Spring in Hampshire County, West Virginia, to form the Potomac. Once the Potomac drops from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain at Little Falls, tides further influence the river as it passes through Washington, D. C. salinity in the Potomac River Estuary increases thereafter with distance downstream. The estuary also widens, reaching 11 statute miles wide at its mouth, Potomac is a European spelling of Patowmeck, the Algonquian name of a Native American village, perhaps meaning something brought. Native Americans had different names for different parts of the river, calling the river above Great Falls Cohongarooton, meaning honking geese and Patawomke below the fall, meaning river of swans. The spelling of the name has many forms over the years from Patawomeke to Patawomeck, Patowmack. The rivers name was decided upon as Potomac by the Board on Geographic Names in 1931. The river itself is at least two years old, likely extending back ten to twenty million years before present when the Atlantic Ocean lowered and exposed coastal sediments along the fall line
23.
Chesapeake Bay
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It is the largest estuary in North America. With its northern portion in Maryland and the part in Virginia. More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the bays 64, 299-square-mile drainage basin, the bay is approximately 200 miles long from its northern headwaters in the Susquehanna River to its outlet in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 2.8 miles wide at its narrowest and 30 miles at its widest, total shoreline including tributaries is 11,684 miles, circumnavigating a surface area of 4,479 square miles. Average depth is 21 feet, reaching a maximum of 174 feet, the bay is spanned twice, in Maryland by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge from Sandy Point to Kent Island and in Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Virginia Beach to Cape Charles. Known for both its beauty and bounty, the bay became emptier, with crabs, oysters. Recent restoration efforts begun in the 1990s have been ongoing and show potential for growth of the oyster population. The health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015, marking three years of gains over the past four years, according to a new report by the University of Maryland, the word Chesepiooc is an Algonquian word referring to a village at a big river. It is the seventh oldest surviving English place-name in the U. S. first applied as Chesepiook by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586. The name may refer to the Chesepian or Chesapeake people. They occupied an area which is now the Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, in 2005, Algonquian linguist Blair Rudes helped to dispel one of the areas most widely held beliefs, that Chesapeake means something like great shellfish bay. The name might actually have meant something like great water, or it might have just referred to a location at the bays mouth. In addition, the name is almost always prefixed by the in usage by local residents, The Chesapeake, The Chesapeake Bay, the Chesapeake Bay is an estuary to the North Atlantic, lying between the Delmarva Peninsula to the east and the North American mainland to the west. It is the ria, or drowned valley, of the Susquehanna River and it is not a fjord, because the Laurentide Ice Sheet never reached as far south as the northernmost point on the bay. The large rivers entering the bay from the west have broad mouths and are extensions of the ria for miles up the course of each river. The bay was formed starting about 10,000 years ago when rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age flooded the Susquehanna River valley. Parts of the bay, especially the Calvert County, Maryland and these cliffs, generally known as Calvert Cliffs, are famous for their fossils, especially fossilized shark teeth which are commonly found washed up on the beaches next to the cliffs. Scientists Cliffs is a community in Calvert County named for the desire to create a retreat for scientists when the community was founded in 1935
24.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
25.
Separate but equal
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The phrase was derived from a Louisiana law of 1890, although the law actually used the phrase equal but separate. The doctrine was confirmed in the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision of 1896, in practice the separate facilities provided to African Americans were rarely equal, usually they were not even close to equal, or they did not exist at all. The doctrine was overturned by a series of Supreme Court decisions, however, the overturning of segregation laws in the United States was a long process that lasted through much of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, involving federal legislation, and many court cases. However Southern states contended that the requirement of equality could be met in a manner that kept the races separate and this rejection is evident in the Slaughter-House Cases and Civil Rights Cases. After the end of Reconstruction, the government adopted a general policy of leaving racial segregation up to the individual states. One example of policy was the second Morrill Act. Before the end of the war, the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act had provided funding for higher education by each state with the details left to the state legislatures. The 1890 Act which implicitly accepted the concept of separate. Prior to the Second Morrill Act,17 states excluded blacks from access to the land grant colleges without providing similar educational opportunities. In response to the Second Morrill Act,17 states established separate land grant colleges for blacks which are now referred to as public historically black colleges and universities. In fact, some states adopted laws prohibiting schools from educating blacks and whites together, the legitimacy of such laws under the 14th Amendment was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson,163 U. S.537. The Plessy doctrine was extended to the schools in Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education,175 U. S.528. In Texas, the established a state-funded law school for white students without any law school for black students. In 1892, Homer Plessy, who was of mixed ancestry and appeared to be white, the conductor of the train collected passenger tickets at their seats. When Plessy told the conductor he was 7/8ths white and 1/8th black, Plessy said he resented sitting in a coloreds-only car and was arrested immediately. One month after his arrest, Plessy appeared in court before Judge John Howard Ferguson, plessys lawyer, Albion Tourgee, claimed Plessy’s 13th and 14th amendment rights were violated. The 13th amendment abolished slavery, and the 14th amendment granted equal protection to all under the law, the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson established the phrase separate but equal. The ruling railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in that State to provide equal, accommodations provided on each railroad car were required to be the same as those provided on the others
26.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
27.
Jogging
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Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance training, Jogging is running at a gentle pace. The definition of jogging as compared with running is not standard, one definition describes jogging as running slower than 6 miles per hour. The word jog originated in England in the mid-16th century, the etymology of the word is unknown, but it may be related to shog or have been a new invention. In 1593, William Shakespeare wrote in Taming of the Shrew, at that point, it usually meant to leave. The term jog was often used in English and North American literature to describe short quick movements and it is also used to describe a quick, sharp shake or jar. Richard Jefferies, an English naturalist, wrote of joggers, describing them as quickly moving people who brushed aside as they passed. In the United States jogging was called roadwork when athletes in training, such as boxers, in New Zealand during the 1960s or 1970s, the word roadwork was mostly supplanted by the word jogging, promoted by coach Arthur Lydiard, who is credited with popularizing jogging. Since they would be jogging, the newspaper suggested that the club may be called the Auckland Joggers Club—which is thought to be the first use of the noun jogger. University of Oregon track coach Bill Bowerman, after jogging with Lydiard in New Zealand in 1962, published the book Jogging in 1966, in March 2014, jogging was banned in Burundi due to fears it was being used as a cover for subversion. Jogging may also be used as a warm up or cool down for runners and it is often used by serious runners as a means of active recovery during interval training. For example, a runner who completes a fast 400 metre repetition at a mile pace may drop to an 8-minute mile jogging pace for a recovery lap. Jogging can be used as a method to increase endurance or to provide a means of cardiovascular exercise, according to a study by Stanford University School of Medicine, jogging is effective in increasing human lifespan, and decreasing the effects of aging, with benefits for the cardiovascular system. Jogging is useful for fighting obesity and staying healthy, the National Cancer Institute has performed studies that suggest jogging and other types of aerobic exercise can reduce the risk of lung, colon, breast and prostate cancers, among others. It is suggested by the American Cancer Society that jogging for at least 30 minutes five days a week can help in cancer prevention, Jogging outdoors is a better way to improve energy levels and advance mood than using a treadmill at the gym. Jogging also prevents muscle and bone damage that occurs with age, improves heart performance and blood circulation. A Danish study released in 2015 reported that light and moderate jogging were associated with reduced mortality compared to both non-jogging and strenuous jogging
28.
Rupert of Hentzau
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Rupert of Hentzau is a sequel by Anthony Hope to The Prisoner of Zenda, written in 1895, but not published until 1898. The story is set within a narrative told by a supporting character from The Prisoner of Zenda. The frame implies that the events related in both books took place in the late 1870s and early 1880s and this story commences three years after the conclusion of Zenda, and deals with the same fictional country somewhere in Germanic Middle Europe, the kingdom of Ruritania. Queen Flavia, dutifully but unhappily married to her cousin Rudolf V, Rassendyll returns to Ruritania to aid the Queen, but is once more forced to impersonate the King after Rupert shoots Rudolf V. He is buried as the King in a funeral, and Flavia reigns on alone. Several adaptations were made, although not as many as for the career of Zenda. A spoof version, Rupert of Hee Haw, was released in 1924, stan Laurel plays an alcoholic king, whose queen, Mae Laurel, deposes and replaces him with an identical salesman named Rudolph Razz. Razzs manners are so uncourtly that a courtier, James Finlayson, a 1964 British television series Rupert of Hentzau starring George Baker as Rudolf Rassendyl, Barbara Shelley as Queen Flavia and Peter Wyngarde as Rupert of Hentzau. David O. Selznick considered making a version of the novel, as a follow-up to his hugely successful 1937 film of the The Prisoner of Zenda. He decided not to because of the subject matter and his commitment to filming Gone with the Wind. The 1923 silent film version had been produced by his father, Lewis J. Selznick, on screen, Rupert as a character has been played by matinee idols such as Ramon Novarro, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and James Mason. Rupert of Hentzau at Project Gutenberg Rupert of Hentzau public domain audiobook at LibriVox
29.
Fred K. Nielsen
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Fred Kenelm Nielsen was a Danish-American lawyer, diplomatic official, and college football coach. Nielsen was born in Slagelse, Denmark on April 22,1879 and he emigrated to Omaha, Nebraska with his parents the following year. Nielsen attended the University of Nebraska, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1902, during college, he played on the Cornhuskers football team as a halfback, and earned a varsity letter in 1900. Nielsen started his career with the United States Department of State in 1904, in 1905, the Maryland Agricultural College hired Nielsen as its head football coach. He replaced its previous coach, D. John Markey, who had quit after the school denied an increase to the jobs $300 salary, Nielsen tolerated the low pay, however, because of his full-time job with the State Department. During his two years at Maryland, the Aggies posted an 11–7 record and he continued coaching college football part-time in the Washington area. From 1907 to 1908, Nielsen was the coach at the George Washington University. Nielsen then coached at Georgetown University from 1910 to 1911, in that period, his teams posted a 14–2–2 record and outscored their opponents 438–57. Georgetowns losses came at the hands of undefeated, untied, and unscored upon Pittsburgh, Georgetown secured the SAIAA championship both years of Nielsens tenure. At the same time, Nielsen studied at the Georgetown University Law School, in 1913, Nielsen was named the Assistant Solicitor of the Department of State. In 1914, he was assigned as a plenipotentiary during discussions in Christiania, as the assistant solicitor, Nielsen did not intend to continue coaching, but in 1915, the Catholic University of America implored him to take over its ailing football program. He helmed the Cardinals from 1915 to 1916, and compiled a 9–6 record, in 1918, Nielsen served in the United States Army until Armistice and attained the rank of major. He represented the United States at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, Nielsen served on the committee that decided the sovereignty of the Spitsbergen archipelago. On June 23,1920, President Wilson appointed Nielsen as the Solicitor of the State Department, Nielsen resigned from that position in 1922, and later that year, President Harding nominated him as the American representative for the British-American Claims Commission. Nielsen later served as the American commissioner of the Mexican Claims Commission, in 1931, he resigned from that post in disgust at the actions of some of the Mexican and Panamanian delegates. Nielsen died on January 12,1963, fred K. Nielsen at the College Football Data Warehouse
30.
End (gridiron football)
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An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles. Rules state that an offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage. The position was used in this sense until roughly the 1960s, on offense, an end who lines up close to the other linemen is known as a tight end and is the only lineman who aside from blocking can run or catch passes. One who lines up some distance from the line is known as a split end. In recent years and the proliferation of the pass, the generic term wide receiver has come to define both split ends and flankers. The terms “split end” and “flanker” are often ditched today for terms like X and Z receivers, bill Carpenter was the first Lonesome end. On defense, there is a commonly used position called the defensive end and its primary role is to rush the passer, as well as to stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage. However, as there are no rules regulating the formation of the defense, players at this position commonly take on, don Hutson of the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Green Bay Packers was one of the sports greatest. The self described other end opposite Hutson in college at Alabama was legendary coach Bear Bryant, gaynell Tinsley was another prominent of Hutsons time. Amos Alonzo Stagg of Yale and Arthur Cumnock of Harvard were ends on the first All-America team, Stagg went on to a hall of fame coaching career, some called Cumnock the greatest Harvard player of all time. Mike Ditka and Ron Sellers were some of the last to play the position in college, glossary of American football History of American football positions Tight end Defensive end Wide receiver
31.
Glossary of American football
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The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football, for a list of unique to that code. 2-4-5 defense A type of formation with two linemen, four linebackers, and five defensive backs. More common among teams with 3-4 base defenses than the 3-3-5 and this maximizes versatility for the defense against three- and four-WR offensive sets. A safety will often cover the fourth receiver, and a linebacker will cover the end or halfback. The 2-4-5 is most often used against the offense, when substituting players may be difficult. 3–3–5 defense A variation of the formation with three linemen, three linebackers, and five defensive backs. 3–4 defense A defensive formation with three linemen and four linebackers, a professional derivative in the 1970s of the earlier Oklahoma or 50 defense, which had five linemen and two linebackers. The 3-4 outside linebackers resemble stand-up ends in the older defense and it is sometimes pronounced thirty-four defense. 4–3 defense A defensive formation with four linemen and three linebackers, first used by coaches Joe Kuharich and Tom Landry. It is sometimes pronounced forty-three defense,46 defense Usually pronounced forty-six defense, a formation of the 4-3 defense featuring several dramatic shifts of personnel. The remaining safety, which is the safety, stays in the backfield. It was invented by Buddy Ryan during his tenure as defensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears and was popularized by the Bears during their Super Bowl XX championship season,50 defense or 5-2 defense A once popular college defense with five defensive linemen and two linebackers. Also known as the Oklahoma defense, it is very similar to the 3-4. In the 50 defense, the uses a nose tackle. It maximizes size along the line of scrimmage and is used in high school against teams that run the ball a lot. 53-man roster The most players a National Football League team can carry on its roster at the start of the regular season. To reach the deadline, teams can cut players, add players to their practice squad, 7-box or 7-2-2 defense A defensive formation with seven linemen, two linebackers, and two defensive backs
32.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
33.
Civil engineering
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Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering, Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence, during this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure constructions, the Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads. In the 18th century, the civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse, in 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. The first private college to teach engineering in the United States was Norwich University. The first degree in engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design, after taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. In most countries, a degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification. After completing a degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a engineer, a chartered engineer
34.
George Washington University
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The George Washington University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. GW is the largest institution of education in Washington, D. C. In his will, Washington left his 50 shares in the Potomac Company to help endow the university, however, due to the companys financial difficulties, the funding did not materialize. The university was chartered by an act of Congress on February 9,1821 and its name was changed to Columbian University in 1873 and to the George Washington University in 1904, in honor of Washington. GWs Graduate School of Political Management is the school of applied politics in the nations capital. GWs professional schools and the Elliott School of International Affairs are consistently ranked highly in national and international college rankings lists, the Princeton Review consistently ranks GW as one of the Most Politically Active schools. Some of the graduates have gone on to high positions within both the U. S. government and foreign governments. Notable alumni include former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and he presented numerous letters to Congress and included the subject in his last will and testament. Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice raised funds to purchase a site in Washington, the first commencement in 1824 was considered an important event for the young city of Washington, D. C. In attendance were President Monroe, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and other dignitaries. During the Civil War, most students left to join the Confederacy, walt Whitman was among many of the volunteers to work on the campus. Following the war, in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to a downtown location centered on 15th and H streets. The university moved its operations to the D. C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, like much of Washington, D. C. traces many of its origins back to the Freemasons, the Bible that the presidents of the university use to swear an oath on upon inauguration is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are displayed throughout the campus including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. Many of the Colleges of the George Washington University stand out for their age, the Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation, the Columbian College was founded in 1821, and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898, the majority of the present infrastructure and financial stability at GW is due to the tenures of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
35.
McDaniel College
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McDaniel College is a private four-year liberal arts college in Westminster, Maryland, United States, located 30 miles northwest of Baltimore. The college also has a campus, McDaniel College Budapest located in Budapest. Established in 1867, it was known as Western Maryland College until 2002 when it was renamed McDaniel College in honor of an alumnus who gave a lifetime of service to the college, the other schools retained their affiliations and won the case. The colleges first building went up in 1866-1867, with an class of 37 men and women in September 1867. Western Maryland was the first coeducational institution south of the Mason–Dixon line and was among the first in the nation. The schools original charter read that the school would exist, For the benefit of students without regard to race, religion, color, sex, however, Western Maryland College was primarily a school without minority race representation until the 1960s. Baker Memorial Chapel was dedicated April 20,1958, the chapel, was built in memory of W. G. Baker, Joseph D. Baker, Daniel Baker, and Sarah Baker. The chapel was designed by architects Otto Eugene Adams and E. G, the Chapel steeple,113 feet tall, is visible for miles around and was originally topped by a stainless steel cross 6 feet in height. The wood panels of the chancel have been designed to complement the antique organ console which was originally in the Bruton Parish Church, at Williamsburg, the organ, with its 2,310 pipes, is held to be the largest in the area. The Whitefords also gave the carillon installed in the steeple, McDaniel College Budapest, the European campus of McDaniel College was established in collaboration with College International Budapest in 1994. McDaniel College was also home to the training camp of the Baltimore Ravens NFL team until the 2011 Season when the team chose to relocate spring training to their Owings Mills facility. Newer buildings on campus include the Science Hall, gymnasium, library, on January 11,2002, the trustees announced their unanimous decision to change the name of the college. On July 1,2002, WMC officially became McDaniel College, honoring alumnus William Roberts McDaniel, the naming process during the spring of 2002 included input from students, faculty and alumni about possible names. Since Roger Casey, current McDaniel President, took office in 2010, over the same period, the enrollment decreased by 17%. In May 2016, Fitch Ratings revised its outlook for McDaniel from Stable to Negative, in June 2016 adjunct faculty at McDaniel voted to unionize. McDaniel is the second university in the state with collective bargaining for the part-time employees. Adjuncts are represented by Service Employees International Union Local 500, McDaniel College is a liberal arts school that is founded on having many majors to pick from. The administration as well as the students have worked together to create over sixty undergraduate majors, McDaniel also offers over one hundred different minors
36.
Student athlete
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A student athlete is a participant in an organized competitive sport sponsored by the educational institution in which he or she is enrolled. Student athletes must typically balance the roles of being a full-time student, due to educational institutions being colleges, they offer athletic scholarships in various sports. Many student athletes are compensated with scholarships to attend these institutions, the term student-athlete was coined in 1964 by Walter Byers, the first-ever executive director of the NCAA, to counter attempts to require universities to pay workers compensation. When making the decision of choosing his or her college they may sign The National Letter of Intent. The NLI is an agreement between the athlete and their school they have chosen to certify that they are entering a four-year institution for the first time, in order to sign the school has to have offered financial aid and the student has met the institutions admission requirements. Student athletes are likely to come into contact with important and influential alumni who can help them during their college years, student athletes occasionally receive athletic scholarships from a college or university, though they may also be attending secondary school or a bathometric tertiary quad-mechanics school. An athletic scholarship is a form of scholarship to attend a college or university awarded to an individual based predominantly on his or her ability to play in a sport, Athletic scholarships are common in the United States, but in many countries they are rare or non-existent. Although, every year more and more people outside the United States receive scholarships, athletes are subject to eligibility rules that may require them to maintain a certain grade point average and may bar them from participating in professional competition. Aside from scholarships, many are also prohibited from receiving special treatment or incentives based on their athletic abilities, however, institutions may give student athletes additional assistance in academic support areas such as tutoring and library services. Many coaches hear from hundreds or even thousands of students each year who are looking for athletic scholarships and/or an opportunity to compete in intercollegiate athletics, competitive intercollegiate sports were not introduced into post secondary education in the United States until the nineteenth century. The first popular collegiate sport was crew but this was short lived as high media coverage, as interest in football grew so also did its aggressiveness and thus its resulting injuries. The NCAA was born out of President Theodore Roosevelts demand to reform college football and he wanted this because football was an extremely rough sport which caused many serious injuries. Since the 1930s the relationship between sports and universities have been turbulent, since the 1930s the medias coverage of sports has proven to be a big time revenue earner for schools sports programs. This coverage of sports draws attention towards the schools and this in not only affects the financial capabilities of the institution. To deal with many of the ills within intercollegiate sports the NCAA has put together a number of pieces of legislation, student athletes in high school are also expected to meet or exceed the requirements in order to play sports in high school. Many states enforce strict rules for their student athletes which are called no pass. Arizona, for example requires a grade in every class. California, for example, expects a 2.0 GPA or a C average in every class, College athlete Eligibility Requirements for U.000 grade-point average or better in your core courses, and earn a combined SAT score of 820 or an ACT sum score of 68
37.
Gus Dorais
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Charles Emile Gus Dorais was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. Dorais played college football at the University of Notre Dame, where he was an All-American in 1913 at quarterback, and then played professionally with the Fort Wayne Friars and Massillon Tigers. He was the coach at Columbia College in Dubuque, Iowa, Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington. He was also the coach of the National Football Leagues Detroit Lions from 1943 to 1947. In addition, Dorais was the basketball coach at Notre Dame, Gonzaga, and Detroit. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954, born and raised in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, Dorais arrived at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana in the summer of 1910 at 5 ft 7 in and 145 lb. He started four seasons for the Fighting Irish at quarterback, and that preceding summer, Dorais and teammate Knute Rockne worked as lifeguards and busboys at Cedar Point Resort at Lake Erie in Sandusky, Ohio. During their free time there, the story goes, the duo practiced passing on the beach with Dorais throwing to Rockne, an end. We mastered the technique of losing the football with hands relaxed and tried to master the more difficult feat of catching it with one hand, the Irish, 17–1–3 in Dorais first three seasons as a starter, outscored their first three opponents in 1913 by a margin of 169–7. In 1952, Dorais himself tried to set the record straight, Dorais first completed a pass to Rockne two seasons before in 1911. But against Army in 1913, Dorais, an Irish co-captain, at the time, his 40-yard pass to Rockne was the longest pass ever completed. After taking a 14–13 halftime lead, Notre Dame pulled away from a confused Army team for a 35–13 victory that changed the landscape of college football and lifted the Irish out of obscurity. From that point forward, no longer was the pass a obscure weapon. The press and the football public hailed this new game, and Notre Dame received credit as the originator of a style of play that we simply systematized, in addition to playing quarterback, Dorais was also the teams placekicker. Dorais and Rockne were roommates at Notre Dame, and in their coaching days, Dorais served as head coach at Columbia College from 1914 to 1917, then was an assistant to Rockne at Notre Dame in 1919. He went west to Spokane in 1920 to become coach at Gonzaga University for five years. He also was the coach of the basketball and baseball teams through their 1925 seasons. Dorais earned $4,000 per year at Gonzaga and was kept for a season in 1924 when boosters helped raise his salary to $7,000 to prevent him from leaving for Detroit
38.
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
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The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. The team is coached by Brian Kelly. The team plays its games at the campuss Notre Dame Stadium. One of the most iconic and successful programs in sports, have 13 national championships recognized by the NCAA. With 486 players selected, Notre Dame is second to USC in the number of players chosen by NFL teams in the draft, all Notre Dame home games have been televised on NBC since 1991, and Notre Dame is the only school to have such a contract. It was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout and these factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country, allowing them to remain independent of a conference. Football did not have a beginning at the University of Notre Dame. In their inaugural game on November 23,1887, the Irish lost to Michigan by a score of 8–0 and their first win came in the final game of the 1888 season when the Irish defeated Harvard Prep by a score of 20–0. At the end of the 1888 season they had a record of 1–3 with all three losses being at the hands of Michigan by a score of 43–9. Between 1887 and 1899 Notre Dame compiled a record of 31 wins,15 losses, in 1908, the win over Franklin saw end Fay Wood catch the first touchdown pass in Notre Dame history. By the end of the 1912 season they had amassed a record of 108 wins,31 losses, jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917. During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins, five losses and this period would also mark the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalries with Michigan State. In 1913, Notre Dame burst into the consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest. In an effort to respect for a regionally successful but small-time Midwestern football program, Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas, Penn State. On November 1,1913, the Notre Dame squad stunned the Black Knights of the Hudson 35–13 in a game played at West Point and this game has been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918, under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins,12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp. Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I/FBS football history, Rocknes offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme
39.
Discus throw
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The discus throw is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors. It is an ancient sport, as demonstrated by the fifth-century-B. C, although not part of the modern pentathlon, it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon, which can be dated back to at least to 708 BC. Discus is a part of most modern track-and-field meets at all levels and is a sport which is particularly iconic of the Olympic Games. The mens competition has been a part of the modern Summer Olympic Games since the first Olympiad in 1896. Images of discus throwers figured prominently in advertising for early modern Games, such as fundraising stamps for the 1896 games, the discus was re-discovered in Magdeburg, Germany, by Christian Georg Kohlrausch and his students in the 1870s. His work around the discus and the throwing techniques have been published since the 1880. The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the body was František Janda-Suk from Bohemia. He invented this technique when studying the position of the statue of Discobolus. After only one year of developing the technique he gained the silver in 1900. The womens competition was added to the Olympic program in the 1928 games, the mens discus is a heavy lenticular disc with a weight of 2 kilograms and diameter of 22 centimetres, the womens discus has a weight of 1 kilogram and diameter of 18 centimetres. Under IAAF rules, Youth boys throw the 1.5 kilograms discus, the Junior men throw the unique 1.75 kilograms discus, in international competition, men throw the 2 kg discus through to age 49. The 1.5 kilograms discus is thrown by ages 50–59, women throw the 1 kilogram discus through to age 74. Starting with age 75, women throw the 0.75 kilograms discus, the typical discus has sides made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, carbon fiber or metal with a metal rim and a metal core to attain the weight. The rim must be smooth, with no roughness or finger holds, a discus with more weight in the rim produces greater angular momentum for any given spin rate, and thus more stability, although it is more difficult to throw. However, a higher rim weight, if thrown correctly, can lead to a farther throw, a solid rubber discus is sometimes used. To make a throw, the starts in a circle of 2.5 m diameter. The thrower typically takes an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw and he then spins anticlockwise around one and a half times through the circle to build momentum, then releases his throw. The discus must land within a 34. 92-degree sector, the distance from the front edge of the circle to where the discus has landed is measured, and distances are rounded down to the nearest centimetre
40.
Chicago White Sox
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The Chicago White Sox is an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. The White Sox play their games at Guaranteed Rate Field. They are one of two league clubs in Chicago, the other is the Chicago Cubs, who are a member of the National League Central division. The team is owned by Jerry Reinsdorf. One of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Chicago team was established as a major baseball club in 1900. The club was called the Chicago White Stockings, but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox. The team played games at South Side Park before, in 1910. The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a team dubbed the Hitless Wonders, and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte, Eddie Collins. The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal, in response, Major League Baseballs new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life. In 1959, led by Early Wynn, Nellie Fox, Luis Aparicio and manager Al Lopez and they won the AL pennant in 2005, and went on to win the World Series. The White Sox originated as the Sioux City Cornhuskers of the Western League, in 1894, Charles Comiskey bought the Cornhuskers and moved them to St. Paul, Minnesota, where they became the St. Paul Saints. In 1901, the Western League broke the National Agreement and became the new major league American League, the very first season in the American League ended with a White Stockings championship. However, that would be the end of the season as the World Series did not begin until 1903, the franchise, now known as the Chicago White Sox, made its first World Series appearance in 1906, beating the crosstown Cubs in six games. The White Sox would win a pennant and second World Series in 1917, beating the New York Giants in six games with help from stars Eddie Cicotte. The Sox were heavily favored in the 1919 World Series, huge bets on the Reds fueled speculation that the series had been fixed. This set the franchise back, as they did not win another pennant for 40 years. The White Sox did not finish in the half of the American League again until after club founder Charles Comiskey died and passed ownership of the club to his son
41.
Pacific Coast League
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The Pacific Coast League is a Minor League Baseball league operating in the Western, Midwestern, and Southeastern United States. Along with the International League and the Mexican League, it is one of three leagues playing at the Triple-A level, which is one grade below Major League Baseball and it is officially named the Pacific Coast League of Professional Baseball Clubs, Inc. The PCL maintains its headquarters in Round Rock, Texas, during the first half of the 20th century, the Pacific Coast League developed into one of the premier regional baseball leagues. With no major league baseball team existing west of St. Louis, although it was never recognized as a true major league, its quality of play was considered very high. During 1945 the league voted to become a major league, some players made a career out of the minor leagues. One of the better known was Frank Shellenback, whose Major League pitching career was brief, many former major-league players came to the PCL to finish their careers after their time in the majors had ended. The mild climate of the West Coast, especially California, allowed the league to play longer seasons, sometimes starting in late February and this allowed players to hone their skills, earn an extra month or two of pay, and reduce the need to find off-season work. The longer playing season also allowed for games on the schedule. Teams sometimes played more than 200 games in a single season, during the 1905 season the San Francisco Seals set the all-time PCL record by playing 230 games. Even just prior to the 1958 reshuffling, the league was playing 170–180 games per season, one consequence of such lengthy seasons was that a number of the all-time minor-league records for season statistical totals are held by players from the PCL. In 1952, the PCL became the minor league in history to be given the Open classification. This limited the rights of major clubs to draft players from the PCL. The shift to the Open classification came just as minor league teams from coast to coast suffered a drop in attendance. The hammer blow to the PCLs major league dreams came in 1958, when the Brooklyn Dodgers moved to Los Angeles, as a result, three of the PCLs flagship teams were immediately forced to relocate to smaller markets. Additionally, the PCL lost customers to the league teams which now occupied the same territory. The league never recovered from these blows, the Pacific Coast League reverted to Triple-A classification in 1958, and soon diminished in the public eye to nothing more than another minor league. The Oakland Oaks had moved to Canada two years before the arrival of the Giants, the San Diego Padres and Seattle Rainiers were displaced by Major League teams in 1969, but by this time the PCLs decline was already far advanced. The league now stretches from Western Washington to Middle Tennessee, despite its name, the league now has as many teams east of the Mississippi as it does near the Pacific coast
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Duke Ellington School of the Arts
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The Duke Ellington School of the Arts, is a high school located at 35th Street and R Street, Northwest, Washington, D. C. and dedicated to arts education. One of the schools of the District of Columbia Public School system, it is named for the American jazz bandleader and composer Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington, himself a native of Washington. The building formerly housed Western High School, the building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Graduates of the school are prepared to pursue an artistic and theatric occupation, the school developed from the collaborative efforts of Peggy Cooper Cafritz, a long-time member of the D. C. School Board and Mike Malone, a veteran of Broadway, off-Broadway, contemporary dancer, director, and master choreographer, who were co-founders of Workshops for Careers in the Arts in 1968. In 1974 this workshop program developed into the Duke Ellington School of the Arts at Western High School and it is currently operated as a joint partnership between D. C. Public Schools, the Kennedy Center, and George Washington University, Ellington currently serves approximately 500 students in grades 9-12. Most students commute in from outside of Ward 2, where the school is situated, the academic faculty is fully credentialed and includes seven Fulbright scholars, various PhDs, and DCPSs only national board certified teacher in young adulthood English/language arts. Public Schools top high schools, Ellingtons curriculum requires students earn 34% more credits than those at other D. C. public high schools. Students must maintain a grade point average in both academics and the arts to be permitted to perform and, ultimately, to stay enrolled at Ellington. The school has a 99% on-time graduation rate, Ellingtons mission is to emphasize the arts as much as academics. It offers training in eight disciplines, Dance, Literary Media and Communications, Museum Studies, Instrumental or Vocal Music, Theater, Technical Design and Production, and Visual Arts. In support of their arts program, the school offers master classes taught by accomplished artists such as Wynton Marsalis, Billy Taylor, Lynn Whitfield, the school is recognized for, among other things, its award-winning Duke Ellington Show Choir. Established in 1986, the Choir performs all types of music including Broadway, Gospel, Spirituals, Opera, Jazz, the creator, Samuel L. E. Bonds, studied with Todd Duncan. Students in the Choir are required to continue performing academically, maintaining a minimum grade point average of 3.0, as well as performing as part of an ensemble, they are also allowed to focus on solo work. It performs a show of Amahl and the Night Visitors yearly. The Show Choir has traveled to Europe, Asia, and throughout the United States and territories and it has performed at the White House for Presidents Barack Obama Bill Clinton and George W. Bush and in both Mayor Adrian Fenty and President Barack Obamas inauguration. The Show Choir has shared the stage with Earth Wind and Fire Clay Aiken, Patti LaBelle, Jasmine Guy, Patti Austin, Beyoncé Knowles, Boyz II Men, and Denyce Graves
