1.
Cyprus
–
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt, the earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC, Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders, following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. On 15 July 1974, a coup détat was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis and these events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute. The Cyprus Republic has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus, as well as its territorial sea and exclusive economic area, another nearly 4% of the islands area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union. Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean, on 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone. The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BC Mycenaean Greek
Cyprus
–
A copper mine on Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major source of copper.
Cyprus
–
Flag
Cyprus
–
Archeologic site of Choirokoitia with early remains of human habitation during Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)
Cyprus
–
Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates,
Kourion
2.
Cupressaceae
–
Cupressaceae is a conifer family, the cypress family, with worldwide distribution. The family includes 27–30 genera, which include the junipers and redwoods and they are monoecious, subdioecious or dioecious trees and shrubs 1–116 m tall. The bark of trees is commonly orange- to red- brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips. The leaves are arranged spirally, in decussate pairs or in decussate whorls of three or four, depending on the genus. On young plants, the leaves are needle-like, becoming small and scale-like on mature plants of genera, some genera. Most are evergreen with the leaves persisting 2–10 years, but three genera are deciduous or include deciduous species, the seed cones are either woody, leathery, or berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale. The bract scale and ovuliferous scale are fused together except at the apex, as with the foliage, the cone scales are arranged spirally, decussate or whorled, depending on the genus. The seedlings usually have two cotyledons, but in some species up to six, despite the wide overall distribution, many genera and species show very restricted relictual distributions, and many are endangered species. The one exception in the former Taxodiaceae is the genus Sciadopitys, which is distinct from the rest of the Cupressaceae. Many of the species are important timber sources, especially in the genera Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Sequoia, Taxodium and these and several other genera are also important in horticulture. Junipers are among the most important evergreen shrubs, groundcovers and small trees, with hundreds of cultivars selected, including plants with blue, grey. Chamaecyparis and Thuja also provide hundreds of dwarf cultivars as well as trees, including Lawsons cypress, dawn redwood is widely planted as an ornamental tree because of its excellent horticultural qualities, rapid growth and status as a living fossil. Giant sequoia is an ornamental tree and is occasionally grown for timber. Giant sequoia, Leyland cypress, and Arizona cypress are grown to an extent as Christmas trees. Sugi is the tree of Japan, and Ahuehuete the national tree of Mexico. Coast redwood and giant sequoia were jointly designated the tree of California and are famous California tourist attractions. Redwood National and State Parks and several parks including Giant Sequoia National Monument protect almost half the remaining stands of Coast Redwoods, bald cypress is the state tree of Louisiana. Bald cypress, often festooned with Spanish moss, of southern swamps are another tourist attraction and they can be seen at Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida
Cupressaceae
–
Cupressaceae
Cupressaceae
–
Fallen foliage sprays (
cladoptosis) of Metasequoia
Cupressaceae
–
Tetraclinis cones
Cupressaceae
–
Juniperus bermudiana was the key to
Bermuda 's shipbuilding industry, and used in building houses, and in furniture. It also comprised the habitat for other endemic and native species, and provided Bermudians with shelter from wind and sun.
3.
Conifer
–
The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single class, Pinopsida. They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants, all extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs, examples include cedars, Douglas firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews. As of 1998, the division Pinophyta was estimated to contain eight families,68 genera, although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are ecologically important. They are the dominant plants over large areas of land, most notably the taiga of the Northern Hemisphere, boreal conifers have many wintertime adaptations. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing. While tropical rainforests have more biodiversity and turnover, the conifer forests of the world represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink. Conifers are of economic value for softwood lumber and paper production. The earliest conifers in the record date to the late Carboniferous period, possibly arising from Cordaites. Pinophytes, Cycadophytes, and Ginkgophytes all developed at this time, an important adaptation of these gymnosperms was allowing plants to live without being so dependent on water. Other adaptations are pollen and the seed, which allows the embryo to be transported and developed elsewhere, Conifers appear to be one of the taxa that benefited from the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and were the dominant land plants of the Mesozoic. They were overtaken by the plants, which first appeared in the Cretaceous. They were the food of herbivorous dinosaurs, and their resins and poisons would have given protection against herbivores. Reproductive features of modern conifers had evolved by the end of the Mesozoic era, Conifer is a Latin word, a compound of conus and ferre, meaning the one that bears cone. A descriptive name in use for the conifers is Coniferae. Alternatively, descriptive botanical names may also be used at any rank above family and this means that if conifers are considered a division, they may be called Pinophyta or Coniferae. As a class they may be called Pinopsida or Coniferae, as an order they may be called Pinales or Coniferae or Coniferales. Conifers are the largest and economically most important component group of the gymnosperms, the division Pinophyta consists of just one class, Pinopsida, which includes both living and fossil taxa
Conifer
Conifer
–
The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, help them shed snow.
Conifer
–
Pinaceae: needle-like leaves and vegetative buds of
Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
Conifer
–
Araucariaceae: Awl-like leaves of Cook Pine (
Araucaria columnaris)
4.
Temperateness
–
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of Earth lie between the tropics and the polar regions. The temperatures in these regions are relatively moderate, rather than extremely hot or cold. The north temperate zone extends from the Tropic of Cancer to the Arctic Circle, the south temperate zone extends from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Antarctic Circle. In some climate classifications, the zone is often divided into several smaller climate zones. These include Humid subtropical climate, Mediterranean climate, oceanic, subtropical climates are located between 23. 5° and 35. 0° north or south latitude on the eastern or leeward sides of landmasses. This climate has long, generally hot, summers and short, mild winters and these climates may occur in southern Asia, the southeastern United States, parts of eastern Australia, and in eastern coastal South America. Mediterranean climates, occur between 30° and 42° north and south latitude, on the sides of landmasses. This climate has hot summers and short mild winters, however, seasonal rainfall is the opposite of that of the subtropical humid type. These climates occur near the rimlands of the Mediterranean Sea, in western Australia, in California, the oceanic climates occur in the higher middle latitudes, between 45° and 60° north and south latitude. They are created by the flow from the cool high latitude oceans to their west. This causes the climate to have cool summers and cool winters, annual rainfall is spread throughout the entire year. Regions with this climate include Western Europe, northwestern North America, the Continental climates occur in middle latitudes, between 35° or 40° to 55°. These climates are normally inland or on sides of landmasses. They feature warm to hot summers and cold winters, with a large temperature variation. Regions with this climate include northern temperate Asia, the northern United States, southern Canada, the vast majority of the worlds human population resides in temperate zones, especially in the northern hemisphere, due to its greater mass of land. The richest temperate flora in the world is found in southern Africa, geographical zone Habitat Köppen climate classification Middle latitudes Polar circle Subtropics
Temperateness
–
The different geographical zones
5.
Old French
–
Old French was the Gallo-Romance dialect continuum spoken from the 9th century to the 14th century. In the 14th century, these came to be collectively known as the langues doïl. The mid-14th century is taken as the period to Middle French. The areal of Old French in contemporary terms corresponded to the parts of the Kingdom of France, Upper Burgundy. As part of the emerging Gallo-Romance dialect continuum, the langues doïl were contrasted with the langue doc, in these examples, we notice a clear consequence of bilingualism, that sometimes even changed the first syllable of the Latin words. Pope estimated that perhaps still 15% of the vocabulary of modern French derives from Germanic sources, at the third Council of Tours in 813, priests were ordered to preach in the vernacular language, since the common people could no longer understand formal Latin. The second-oldest document in Old French is the Eulalia sequence, which is important for reconstruction of Old French pronunciation due to its consistent spelling. The Capetians langue doïl, the forerunner of modern standard French, did not begin to become the common speech of all of France, however, until after the French Revolution. In the Late Middle Ages, the Old French dialects diverged into a number of distinct langues doïl, during the Early Modern period, French now becomes established as the official language of the Kingdom of France throughout the realm, also including the langue doc-speaking territories in the south. Old French gives way to Middle French in the mid-14th century, the earliest extant French literary texts date from the ninth century, but very few texts before the 11th century have survived. The first literary works written in Old French were saints lives, the Canticle of Saint Eulalie, written in the second half of the 9th century, is generally accepted as the first such text. The first of these is the area of the chansons de geste. More than one hundred chansons de geste have survived in three hundred manuscripts. The oldest and most celebrated of the chansons de geste is The Song of Roland, a fourth grouping, not listed by Bertrand, is the Crusade cycle, dealing with the First Crusade and its immediate aftermath. Jean Bodels other two categories—the Matter of Rome and the Matter of Britain—concern the French romance or roman, around a hundred verse romances survive from the period 1150–1220. From around 1200 on, the tendency was increasingly to write the romances in prose, the most important romance of the 13th century is the Romance of the Rose which breaks considerably from the conventions of the chivalric adventure story. The Occitan or Provençal poets were called troubadours, from the word trobar to find, lyric poets in Old French are called trouvères. By the late 13th century, the tradition in France had begun to develop in ways that differed significantly from the troubadour poets
Old French
–
Map of France in 1180, at the height of the
feudal system. The
possessions of the French king are in light blue, vassals to the French king in green,
Angevin possessions in red. Shown in white is the
Holy Roman Empire to the east, the western fringes of which, including
Upper Burgundy and
Lorraine were also part of the Old French areal.
6.
Latin
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
7.
Latinisation (literature)
–
Latinisation is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a Latin style. It is commonly found with personal names, with toponyms. It goes further than romanisation, which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script and this was often done in the classical era for much the same reason as English-speaking cultures produce English versions of some foreign names. In the case of names in the post-Roman era this may be done to emulate Latin authors. In a scientific context, the purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which is internationally consistent. Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists, were very largely Latinised names, Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving a playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for social origins. Latinisation is a practice for scientific names. For example, Livistona, the name of a genus of trees, is a Latinisation of Livingstone. In English, place names appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of place names instead of anglicised forms or the original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are, Estonia Ingria Livonia During the age of the Roman Empire, additionally, Latinised versions of Greek substantives, particularly proper nouns, could easily be declined by Latin speakers with minimal modification of the original word. During the medieval period, following the collapse of the Empire in Western Europe, in the early medieval period, most European scholars were priests and most educated people spoke Latin, and as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West. Though during modern times Europe has largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language, by tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. Romanization, conversion of a text in Latin letters Nicolson, Dan H, orthography of Names and Epithets, Latinization of Personal Names
Latinisation (literature)
–
Frontispiece of a 1743 legal text by
Barnabé Brisson shows his name Latinised in the genitive Barnabae Brissonii (‘of Barnabas Brissonius ’)
8.
Greek language
–
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
Greek language
–
Idealized portrayal of
Homer
Greek language
–
regions where Greek is the official language
Greek language
–
Greek language road sign, A27 Motorway, Greece
9.
Kyparissos
–
In Greek mythology, Cyparissus or Kyparissos was a boy beloved by Apollo, or in some versions by other deities. In the best-known version of the story, the companion of Cyparissus was a tamed stag. The boys grief was such that it transformed him into a cypress tree, the myth is thus aetiological in explaining the relation of the tree to its cultural significance. Cyparissus was the son of Telephus, and his story is set in Chios, the subject is mainly known from Hellenized Latin literature and frescoes from Pompeii. No Greek hero cult devoted to Cyparissus has been identified, the myth of Cyparissus, like that of Hyacinthus, has often been interpreted as reflecting the social custom of pederasty in ancient Greece, with the boy the beloved of Apollo. Pederastic myth represents the process of initiation into adult life, with a death. In all these tales, notes Karl Kerenyi, the boys are doubles of himself. The stag as a gift from Apollo reflects the custom in Archaic Greek society of the male giving his beloved an animal. In the initiatory context, the hunt is a preparation for the manly arts of war. The tameness of the deer may be the invention of the Augustan poet Ovid, ovids Cyparissus is so grief-stricken at accidentally killing his pet that he asks Apollo to let his tears fall forever. The god then turns the boy into a tree, whose sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk. Ovid frames the tale within the story of Orpheus, whose failure to retrieve his bride Eurydice from the causes him to forsake the love of women in favor of that of boys. Another Roman tradition makes the lover out to be the woodland god Silvanus, an invocation by Virgil of Silvanus who bears the slender cypress uprooted was explained in the commentary of Servius as alluding to a love affair. When Silvanus unintentionally killed her, the boy was consumed by sorrow, the lover-god turned him into the tree that has his name, which he is said to carry as a consolation. It is unclear whether Servius is inventing an aition, a story to explain why Silvanus was depicted holding an evergreen bough, elsewhere, Servius mentions a version in which the lover of Cyparissus was Zephyrus, the West Wind. The cypress, he notes, was associated with the underworld, either because they dont grow back when pruned too severely, the word Cupressus was used to describe a genus of cypress trees, this genus was first described in the 18th century by the Swedish biologist Linnaeus. In modern times there is a debate regarding which species should be retained in the genus Cupressus. Media related to Cyparissus at Wikimedia Commons
Kyparissos
–
Cyparissus (1670s) by
Jacopo Vignali: the boy mourns his pet deer (
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg)
Kyparissos
–
Apollo,
Hyacinthus and Cyparissus Making Music and Singing by
Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov
Kyparissos
–
Three scenes from the myth of Cyparissus on 16th-century
lusterware by
Giorgio Andreoli; the god who embraces the transforming youth holds a branch in his hand
10.
Widdringtonia
–
Widdringtonia is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae. The name was Austrian botanist Stephan Endlichers way of honouring an early expert on the forests of Spain. There are four species, all native to southern Africa, where they were known in the past as cedars but are now known as African cypresses and they are large shrubs or trees, reaching 5–20 m tall. The leaves are evergreen and scale-like, except on seedlings, which have needle-like leaves 1-1.5 cm long, the adult scale leaves are arranged in decussate opposite pairs in four rows along the twigs, while the juvenile needle leaves are arranged spirally. The male cones are small, 3–6 mm long, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, maturing in 18–20 months to 2–3 cm long and wide, globular to ovoid, with four, thick, woody scales, arranged in two opposite pairs. The cones mostly remain closed on the trees for years, opening only after being scorched by a wildfire. In W. whytei the cones open soon after maturity to shed the seed without fire, the best adapted to fire is W. nodiflora, which has the ability to re-grow from the roots, as well as by seed. One species is widespread in southern Africa, while the three have restricted ranges, often occurring with or near to the widespread species. Widespread, southern Malawi south to Western Cape Province, South Africa, endemic, Baviaanskloof and Kouga Mountains, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Endemic to Cederberg Mountains, Western Cape Province, South Africa, the closest relatives of Widdringtonia are Callitris and Actinostrobus from Australia, which differ in their cones and leaves being in whorls of three, not opposite pairs. The wood is light, soft and aromatic and it can be easily split and resists decay. It is used to make furniture, indoor and outdoor panelling and that of W. whytei was particularly valuable as it was available in large sizes, but this species is now endangered and no longer cut to any extent. Pauw, C. A. & Linder, H. P.1997, Widdringtonia systematics, ecology and conservation status. Recommended English names for trees of Southern Africa Arboretum de Villardebelle - Photos of cones
Widdringtonia
–
Widdringtonia
11.
Taxodium
–
Taxodium /tækˈsoʊdiəm/ is a genus of one to three species of extremely flood-tolerant conifers in the cypress family, Cupressaceae. The generic name is derived from the Latin word taxus, meaning yew, within the family, Taxodium is most closely related to Chinese swamp cypress and sugi. Species of Taxodium occur in the part of the North American continent and are deciduous in the north. They are large trees, reaching 100–150 ft tall and 2–3 m trunk diameter, the needle-like leaves,0. 5–2 cm long, are borne spirally on the shoots, twisted at the base so as to appear in two flat rows on either side of the shoot. The cones are globose, 2–3.5 cm diameter, with 10-25 scales, each scale with 1-2 seeds, they are mature in 7–9 months after pollination, the male cones are produced in pendulous racemes, and shed their pollen in early spring. Taxodium species grow pneumatophores, or cypress roots, when growing in or beside water, the three extant taxa of Taxodium are treated here as distinct species, though some botanists treat them in just one or two species, with the others considered as varieties of the first described. The three are distinct in ecology, growing in different environments, but hybridise where they meet, – pond cypress The pond cypress occurs within the range of bald cypress, but only on the southeastern coastal plain from North Carolina to Louisiana. It occurs in still blackwater rivers, ponds and swamps without silt-rich flood deposits, – bald cypress The bald cypress is native to much of the southeastern United States, from Delaware to Texas, especially Louisiana and inland up the Mississippi River to southern Indiana. It occurs mainly along rivers with silt-rich flood deposits, a specimen in Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, the Árbol del Tule, is 43 m tall and has the greatest trunk thickness of all trees,11.42 m in diameter. It is a tree, occurring on the banks of streams and rivers, not in swamps like the bald. †Taxodium dubium Heer Glyptostrobus pensilis K. Koch Sequoia sempervirens Endl, the trees are especially prized for their wood, of which the heartwood is extremely rot- and termite-resistant. The heartwood contains a sesquiterpene called cypressene, which acts as a natural preservative and it takes decades for cypressene to accumulate in the wood, so lumber taken from old-growth trees is more rot resistant than that from second-growth trees. However, age also increases susceptibility to Pecky Rot fungus, which attacks the heartwood and causes some damaged trees to become hollow, bald Cypress wood was much used in former days in the southeastern United States for roof shingles. The shredded bark of trees is used as a mulch. In earths history Taxodium was much more widespread in the Northern Hemisphere than today, the oldest fossils were found in Late Cretaceous deposits from North America. The trees persisted in Europe until around 2.5 million years ago, bükkábrány mummified forest Gymnosperm Database - Taxodium Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary website National Audubon Society, undated
Taxodium
Taxodium
–
Cypress knees at low water, Wee Tee Lake, South Carolina
Taxodium
–
Fossil leaf of Taxodium dubium, 8 Mil. years old, Hambach lignite open pit mine, Germany
12.
Glyptostrobus pensilis
–
Glyptostrobus pensilis, also known as Chinese swamp cypress, is the sole living species in the genus Glyptostrobus. It is native to subtropical southeastern China, from Fujian west to southeast Yunnan and it is a medium-sized to large tree, reaching 30 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m, possibly more. The leaves are deciduous, spirally arranged but twisted at the base to lie in two ranks, 5–20 mm long and 1–2 mm broad, but 2–3 mm long. The cones are green maturing yellow-brown, pear-shaped, 2–3 cm long and 1–1.5 cm diameter and they open when mature to release the small, 5–20 mm long, winged seeds. It typically grows in river banks, ponds and swamps, growing in water up to 60 cm deep, like the related genus Taxodium, it produces cypress knees, or pneumatophores, when growing in water, thought to help transport oxygen to the roots. There appear to be no remaining plants in China and few of those in Viet Nam are seed-bearing. Gymnosperm Database, Glyptostrobus Arboretum de Villardebelle, photo of cone
Glyptostrobus pensilis
–
Glyptostrobus pensilis
Glyptostrobus pensilis
–
400- to 500-year-old samples in
Nanhua Temple
13.
Austrocedrus chilensis
–
Austrocedrus is a genus of conifer belonging to the cypress family Cupressaceae. It is known in its area as ciprés de la cordillera or cordilleran cypress. The generic name means southern cedar and it is a member of subfamily Callitroideae, a group of distinct southern hemisphere genera associated with the Antarctic flora. It is a slow-growing, narrowly conical evergreen tree grows from 10–24 m in height. The leaves are unequal in size, with pairs of larger leaves alternating with pairs of smaller leaves, each leaf has a prominent white stomatal stripe along the outer edge. The cones are 5–10 mm long, with four scales, two very small sterile basal scales and two large scales, each fertile scale has two winged seeds 3–4 mm long. It has been introduced to northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America, where it is occasionally grown in botanical gardens
Austrocedrus chilensis
–
Austrocedrus
14.
Cupressus
–
The genus Cupressus is one of several genera within the family Cupressaceae that have the common name cypress, for the others, see cypress. It is considered a polyphyletic group, based on genetic and morphological analysis, the Cupressus genus is found in the Cupressoideae subfamily. The common name comes from Old French cipres and that from Latin cyparissus, as with other conifers, extensive cultivation has led to a wide variety of forms, sizes and colours, that are grown in parks and gardens throughout the world. They are evergreen trees or large shrubs, growing to 5–40 m tall, the leaves are scale-like, 2–6 mm long, arranged in opposite decussate pairs, and persist for three to five years. On young plants up to two old, the leaves are needle-like and 5–15 mm long. The cones are 8–40 mm long, globose or ovoid with four to 14 scales arranged in decussate pairs. The seeds are small, 4–7 mm long, with two wings, one along each side of the seed. In other species, the open at maturity to release the seeds. Many species are grown as trees in parks and, in Asia, around temples, in some areas. A few species are grown for their timber, which can be very durable and it was believed in the Hellenic culture that the Cypress tree was sacred to the goddess, Artemis. Current tendencies are to reduce the number of recognised species, when a species concept is adopted. See also the New World species for a split in the genus in the future. The Old World cypresses tend to have cones with more scales, each scale with a broad ridge. C. sempervirens is the species of the genus, defining the name Cupressus. These species have recently been transferred to Callitropsis. New World species are found in habitats with xeric soils. This type of results in disproportionate local abundance with most species restricted to small neighboring populations. In warm, Mediterranean climates, these plants release large quantities of pollen for approximately seven months each year, farjon, A. Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys
Cupressus
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Cupressus
Cupressus
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Cupressus lusitanica foliage and cones
15.
Callitris
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Callitris is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae. There are 16 recognised species in the genus, of which 13 are native to Australia, traditionally, the most widely used common name is cypress-pine, a name shared by some species of the closely related genus Actinostrobus. They are small to medium-sized trees or large shrubs, reaching 5–25 m tall, the leaves are evergreen and scale-like, except for on young seedlings, where they are needle-like, in C. macleayana, needle-like leaves are found mixed with scale leaves throughout the trees life. The scales are arranged in six rows along the twigs, in alternating whorls of three, the male cones are small, 3–6 mm long, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, maturing in 18–20 months to 1–3 cm long and wide, globular to ovoid, with six overlapping, thick, woody scales, arranged in two whorls of three. The cones remain closed on the trees for years, opening only after being scorched by a bushfire. The genus is divided two sections, with the atypical C. macleayana in sect. Octoclinis, and all the species in sect. Some botanists treat C. macleayana in a genus, as Octoclinis macleayana. C. macleayana is also distinct in occurring in rainforest on the east coast of Australia, the closest relatives of Callitris are Actinostrobus from southwest Western Australia, which differs in its cones having several basal whorls of small sterile scales. A2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters, in 2010, early Oligocene fossilised foliage and cones of Callitris were unearthed near the Lea River in Tasmania. The fossils were given the name Callitris leaensis and represent the oldest known representative of the genus, nom. nud. type not cited, identity uncertain. Callitris columellaris f. glauca F. M. Bailey, described from Qld, type not located, nom. nud, described from New Holland, type not located, identity uncertain. Nom. nud, described from New Holland, type not located, nom. nud, described from New Holland, type not located, identity uncertain. Nom. nud, type not cited, identity uncertain, nom. nud, syn Cupressus macrocarpa A. Cunn. The wood of cypress-pines is light, soft and aromatic and it can be easily split and resists decay, cypress-pine is also termite resistant. It is used to make furniture, indoor and outdoor paneling, cypress-pines are occasionally planted as ornamental trees, but their use is restricted by the high risks imposed by their very high flammability in bushfires. Gymnosperm Database - Callitris Arboretum de Villardebelle - Photos of cones
Callitris
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cypress-pine
Callitris
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Callitris verrucosa cones
Callitris
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Callitris glauca (White Cypress), Lightning Ridge, NSW
16.
Cypress vine
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Ipomoea × sloteri is an allotetraploid species derived from Ipomoea × multifida. It is a species with no natural range. Like Ipomoea × multifida, it is known as Cardinal Climber, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, media related to Ipomoea sloteri at Wikimedia Commons
Cypress vine
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Ipomoea sloteri
17.
Convolvulaceae
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Convolvulaceae, known commonly as the bindweed or morning glory family, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species of mostly herbaceous vines, but also trees, shrubs and herbs. The stems of plants are usually winding, hence their Latin name. The leaves are simple and alternate, without stipules, the fruit can be a capsule, berry, or nut, all containing only two seeds per one locule. The leaves and starchy, tuberous roots of some species are used as foodstuffs, some species contain ergoline alkaloids that are likely responsible for the use of these species as ingredients in psychedelic drugs. The presence of ergolines in some species of family is due to infection by fungi related to the ergot fungi of the genus Claviceps. The identified fungus appears to be a seed-transmitted, obligate biotroph growing epiphytically on its host and this finding strongly suggests the unique presence of ergoline alkaloids in some species of the family Convolvulaceae is due to symbiosis with clavicipitaceous fungi. Members of the family are known as showy garden plants. Convolvulaceae Unlimited Convolvulaceae in Topwalks Family Convolvulaceae Flowers in Israel
Convolvulaceae
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Bindweed family
Convolvulaceae
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Jacquemontia paniculata
18.
Chamaecyparis
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Chamaecyparis, common names cypress or false cypress, is a genus of conifers in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to eastern Asia and to the western and eastern margins of the United States. The name is derived from the Greek khamai, meaning ground and they are medium-sized to large evergreen trees growing from 20–70 m tall, with foliage in flat sprays. The leaves are of two types, needle-like juvenile leaves on young seedlings up to a old, and scale-like adult leaves. The cones are globose to oval, with 8-14 scales arranged in decussate pairs. - California, Oregon, Washington Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl, - Honshu, Kyushu Chamaecyparis taiwanensis Masam. & Suzuki - Taiwan Chamaecyparis thyoides Britton - Eastern United States Chamaecyparis taiwanensis is treated by many authors as a variety of C. obtusa. Genus Fokienia is not always recognized as a genus from Chamaecyparis. There are also several species described from the record including, †Chamaecyparis eureka Middle Eocene, Axel Heiberg Island. †Chamaecyparis linguaefolia Early-Middle Oligocene, Colorado, USA, †Chamaecyparis ravenscragensis, if genus Fokienia is not recognized. Chamaecyparis species are used as food plants by the larva of some Lepidoptera species including Juniper Pug, in some areas, cultivation is limited by Phytophthora root rot diseases, with C. lawsoniana being particularly susceptible to P. lateralis. The wood is scented, and is valued, particularly in Japan. RAPD variation in relation to population differentiation of Chamaecyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis taiwanensis, platt, Karen Gold Fever descriptions of gold or yellow-leaved Chamaecyparis http, //www. karenplatt. co. uk/garden-books/gold-fever. html
Chamaecyparis
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Chamaecyparis
19.
Fokienia hodginsii
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Fokienia is a genus of conifer tree belonging to the cypress family. In its characteristics, Fokienia is intermediate between the genera of Chamaecyparis and Calocedrus, genetically Fokienia is much closer to Chamaecyparis, and not all researchers recognize Fokienia as a separate genus. The genus comprises only one living species, Fokienia hodginsii or Fujian cypress, Fokienia hodginsii is native from southeastern China to Northern Vietnam, west central Vietnam, and west to northern Laos. The name derives from the old Romanised name of Fujian province, China, from where the first specimen was introduced to Europe, Fokienia is an evergreen tree, 25–30 m tall. It has greyish-brownish bark that peels off when the tree is young, on older trees, the bark presents longitudinal fissures and becomes aromatic. The leaves are arranged in flattened branchlet systems, with the branchlets in one plane, the lateral leaves are ovate and compressed, and facial leaves are oblanceolate with a triangular apex. On young trees, the leaves are larger, up to 8–10 mm long and 6 mm broad, the male cones are oval or cylindrical, around 2.5 mm long, terminal on the shoots. They have from 3 to 5 pairs of scales, the female cones are much larger, 15–25 mm long and 14–22 mm broad, globose or sub-globose, and ripen in the second year. They have 5-8 pairs of scales, there are two winged seeds on each scale. They are around 4 mm long, angular and pointed, on the upper and lower surfaces there are 2 large resin blisters. The wings are lateral and very unequal, the tree does not tolerate shade, and requires mild climate and abundant rainfall to grow best. It occurs mainly on soil in montane habitats. In Vietnam, it grows on limestone or granite terrain above 900 m altitude, the fossil species Fokienia ravenscragensis was described from the early Paleocene Ravenscrag formation of southwest Saskatchewan and adjacent Alberta, Canada. The wood is much like that of other cedars in cypress family with a fine, straight grain. Laotian and Dao tribesmen use Fujian cypress timber for wall partitioning or roofing, the timber was formerly used for coffins and is occasionally referred to as coffinwood. It is considered a threatened species in Vietnam. Distillation, especially of its root, gives an oil called pemou oil used in aromatherapy. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, international Union for Conservation of Nature
Fokienia hodginsii
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Fokienia
20.
Pilgerodendron uviferum
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Pilgerodendron is a genus of conifer belonging to the cypress family Cupressaceae. It has only one species, Pilgerodendron uviferum, and is endemic to the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests of southern Chile and it grows from 40 to 55°S in Tierra del Fuego, where it is the southernmost conifer in the world. It is a member of subfamily Callitroideae, a group of southern hemisphere genera associated with the Antarctic flora. It is very related to the New Zealand and New Caledonian genus Libocedrus. It is also a synonym for Libocedrus tetragona. It is known locally as Ciprés de las Guaitecas, and elsewhere by its scientific name, the genus is named after Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger. It is a slow-growing, narrowly conical evergreen tree grows from 2–20 m in height. The leaves are scale-like, arranged in decussate pairs, the leaves are all equal in size, giving the shoots a square cross-section. The pollen cones are 5–10 mm long and 2 mm broad and it is found in the evergreen coastal lowland forests along the Pacific coast of the ecoregion, in association the broadleaf evergreens Nothofagus betuloides and Drimys winteri. It is also found in stands in sheltered bogs further inland, where it is often locally dominant. At the northern end of its range it is found in association with Fitzroya cupressoides and it has been planted in the north coast of the Pacific Coast of the United States. The wood is yellow-reddish, very resistant, it has a distinct spicy-resinous smell, it is very valuable. Due to over-exploitation, the species is now much scarcer than formerly, the species is considered threatened by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Much of its lowland habitat has been cleared
Pilgerodendron uviferum
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Pilgerodendron uviferum
21.
Tierra del Fuego
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Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland, across the Strait of Magellan. The archipelago consists of the island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, with an area of 48,100 km2. Tierra del Fuego is divided between Chile and Argentina, with the controlling the eastern half of the main island. The southernmost extent of the archipelago is at about latitude 55 S, the earliest known human settlement in Tierra del Fuego dates to around 8,000 B. C. Europeans first explored the islands during Ferdinand Magellans expedition of 1520, Tierra del Fuego, today, petroleum extraction dominates economic activity in the north of Tierra del Fuego, while tourism, manufacturing, and Antarctic logistics are important in the south. The earliest human settlement occurred around 8,000 B. C, the Yaghan were some of the earliest known humans to settle in Tierra del Fuego. Archeological sites with characteristics of their culture have found at locations such as Navarino Island. The name Tierra del Fuego derives from the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the Spanish Crown and he believed he was seeing the many fires of the Yaghan, which were visible from the sea, and that the Indians were waiting in the forests to ambush his armada. In 1525 Francisco de Hoces was the first to speculate that Tierra del Fuego was one or more islands rather than part of what was then called Terra Australis, francis Drake in 1578 and a Dutch VOC expedition in 1616 learned more about the geography. The latter expedition named Cape Horn, on his first voyage with the HMS Beagle in 1830, Robert FitzRoy picked up four native Fuegians, including Jemmy Button and brought them to England. The surviving three were taken to London to meet the King and Queen and were, for a time and they returned to Tierra del Fuego in the Beagle with FitzRoy and Charles Darwin, who made extensive notes about his visit to the islands. During the second half of the 19th century, the archipelago began to come under Chilean, both countries sought to claim the whole archipelago based on de jure Spanish colonial titles. Salesian Catholic missions were established in Río Grande and Dawson Island, anglican missions were established by British colonists at Keppel Island in the Falklands in 1855 and in 1870 at Ushuaia on the main island, which continued to operate through the 19th century. Thomas Bridges learned the language and compiled a 30, 000-word Yaghan grammar and it was published in the 20th century and considered an important ethnological work. An 1879 Chilean expedition led by Ramón Serrano Montaner reported large amounts of gold in the streams. This prompted massive immigration to the island between 1883 and 1909. Numerous Argentines, Chileans and Croatians settled in the main island, julius Popper, a Romanian explorer, was one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the region. Granted rights by the Argentine government to exploit any gold deposits he found in Tierra del Fuego, despite the missionaries efforts, many natives died
Tierra del Fuego
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Tierra del Fuego archipelago in the bottom half of the image
Tierra del Fuego
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Selknam men hunting
Tierra del Fuego
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View of
Puerto Williams
Tierra del Fuego
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The city of
Ushuaia
22.
Fitzroya cupressoides
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Fitzroya is a monotypic genus in the cypress family. Common names include alerce, lahuán, and Patagonian cypress, the genus was named in honour of Robert FitzRoy. F. cupressoides is the largest tree species in South America, normally growing to 40–60 m, but occasionally more than 70 m in Argentina and its rough pyramidal canopy provides cover for the southern beech, laurel and myrtle. The largest known living specimen is Alerce Milenario in Alerce Costero National Park and it is more than 60 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 4.26 m. Much larger specimens existed before the species was heavily logged in the 19th and 20th centuries, Charles Darwin reported finding a specimen 12.6 m in diameter. The leaves are in whorls of three, 3–6 mm long and 2 mm broad, marked with two white stomatal lines. The cones are globose, 6–8 mm in diameter, opening flat to 12 mm across, only the central whorl of scales is fertile, bearing 2–3 seeds on each scale, the lower and upper whorls are small and sterile. The seeds are 2–3 mm long and flat, with a wing along each side, the seeds mature 6–8 months after pollination. In 1993 a specimen from Chile, Gran Abuelo or Alerce Milenario, was found to be 3622 years old, making it the second oldest fully verified age for any living tree species, after the bristlecone pine. A team of researchers from the University of Tasmania found fossilized foliage of a Fitzroya species on the Lea River of northwest Tasmania, the 35-million-year-old fossil was named F. tasmanensis. The finding demonstrates the ancient floristic affinities between Australasia and southern South America, which identify as the Antarctic flora. At present Fitzroya grow mainly at some altitude above sea level, Fitzroya stands near sea level are most likely relicts. F. cupressoides wood has been found in the site of Monte Verde, the Huilliche people are known to have used the wood for making tools and weapons. By the time of the Spanish conquest of Chiloé Archipelago in 1567 most of the islands were covered by dense forest where F. cupressoides grew, the wood was economically important in colonial Chiloé and Valdivia, which exported planks to Peru. A single tree could yield 600 planks with a width of at least 0.5 m, the wood was highly valued in Chile and Peru for its elasticity and lightness. F. cupressoides wood was the means of exchange in the trade with Peru, and even came to be used as a local currency. It has been argued that the Spanish enclave of Chiloé prevailed over other Spanish settlements in Southern Chile due to the importance of alerce trade. From about 1750 to 1943, when the land between Maullín River and Valdivia was colonized by Spain and then Chile, numerous fires of Fitzroya woods occurred in Cordillera Pelada and these fires were initiated by Spaniards, Chileans and Europeans
Fitzroya cupressoides
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Fitzroya
Fitzroya cupressoides
Fitzroya cupressoides
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Fitzroya cupressoides first-year seedling
Fitzroya cupressoides
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Fitzroya forest at
Alerce Costero National Park, Chile.
23.
Cupressus sempervirens
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C. sempervirens is a medium-sized coniferous evergreen tree to 35 m tall, with a conic crown with level branches and variably loosely hanging branchlets. It is very long-lived, with some reported to be over 1,000 years old. The foliage grows in dense sprays, dark green in colour, the leaves are scale-like, 2–5 mm long, and produced on rounded shoots. The seed cones are ovoid or oblong, 25–40 mm long, with 10-14 scales, green at first, the male cones are 3–5 mm long, and release pollen in late winter. It is moderately susceptible to canker, caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale. The species name comes from the Latin for evergreen. It can also be grown successfully in areas with cooler, moister summers, such as the British Isles, New Zealand and it is also planted in Florida and parts of the coastal southern United States as an ornamental tree. In some areas, particularly the United States, it is known as Italian or Tuscan cypress, the dark green exclamation mark shape of these trees is a highly characteristic signature of Mediterranean town and village landscapes. It is also known for its durable, scented wood, used most famously for the doors of St. Peters Basilica in the Vatican City. Cypress used to be used in distilleries as staves to hold mash ferments to make alcohol before the invention of stainless steel, commonly seen throughout New Mexico, the Mediterranean Cypress is also known as the drama tree because of its tendency to bend with even the slightest of breezes. In cosmetics it is used as astringent, firming, anti-seborrheic, anti-dandruff, anti-aging and it is also the traditional wood used for Italian harpsichords. Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, was the first choice for Iranian Gardens, in all of the famous Persian Gardens, such as Fin Garden, Shazdeh Garden, Dowlat-Abad, and others, this tree plays a central role in their design. The oldest living Cypress is the Sarv-e-Abarkooh in Irans Yazd Province and its age is estimated to be approximately 4,000 years. In classical antiquity, the cypress was a symbol of mourning, in the classical tradition, the cypress was associated with death and the underworld because it failed to regenerate when cut back too severely. Athenian households in mourning were garlanded with boughs of cypress, Cypress was used to fumigate the air during cremations. It was among the plants that were suitable for making wreaths to adorn statues of Pluto, the poet Ovid, who wrote during the reign of Augustus, records the best-known myth that explains the association of the cypress with grief. The handsome boy Cyparissus, a favorite of Apollo, accidentally killed a beloved tame stag and his grief and remorse were so inconsolable that he asked to weep forever. He was transformed into cupressus sempervirens, with the sap as his tears
Cupressus sempervirens
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Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens
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4000-year-old
Cypress of Abarqu, Iran
Cupressus sempervirens
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Cypresses (1889) by
Vincent van Gogh,
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
Cupressus sempervirens
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Fastigiate Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens 'Stricta', planted in
Hawaii
24.
Cupressus macrocarpa
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Cupressus macrocarpa, commonly known as Monterey cypress, is a species of cypress native to the Central Coast of California. The native range of the species was confined to two small populations, at Cypress Point in Pebble Beach and at Point Lobos near Carmel. Cupressus macrocarpa is a coniferous evergreen tree, which often becomes irregular. It grows to heights of up to 40 meters in perfect growing conditions, the foliage grows in dense sprays which are bright green in color and release a deep lemony aroma when crushed. The leaves are scale-like, 2–5 mm long, and produced on rounded shoots, the seed cones are globose to oblong, 20–40 mm long, with 6–14 scales, green at first, maturing brown about 20–24 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 3–5 mm long, and release their pollen in late winter or early spring, the renowned Californian botanist Willis Linn Jepson wrote that the advertisement of in seaside literature as 1,000 to 2,000 years old does not. Rest upon any actual data, and probably represents a desire to minister to a craving for superlatives. The two native cypress forest stands are protected, within Point Lobos State Reserve and Del Monte Forest, the natural habitat is noted for its cool, moist summers, almost constantly bathed by sea fog. This species has been planted outside its native range, particularly along the coasts of California. Its European distribution includes Great Britain, France, Ireland, Greece, Italy, Portugal, in New Zealand, plantings have naturalized, finding conditions there more favorable than in its native range. It has also been grown experimentally as a crop in Kenya. Cupressus macrocarpa is also grown in South Africa, for example, a copse has been planted to commemorate South African infantry men who lost their lives in the Allied cause in Italy and North Africa during WW2. As in California, the Cape trees are gnarled and wind-sculpted, Monterey cypress has been widely cultivated away from its native range, both elsewhere along the California coast, and in other areas with similar cool summer, mild winter oceanic climates. It is a private garden and public landscape tree in California. This disease is not a problem where summers are cool, a number of cultivars have been selected for garden use, including Goldcrest, with yellow-green, semi-juvenile foliage and Lutea with yellow-green foliage. Goldcrest has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit, Monterey cypress is one of the parents of the fast-growing cultivated hybrid Leyland cypress, the other parent being Nootka cypress. The foliage is toxic to livestock and can cause miscarriages in cattle. Sawn logs are used by craftspeople, some boat builders and small manufacturers, as a furniture structural material
Cupressus macrocarpa
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Cupressus macrocarpa
Cupressus macrocarpa
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Trees showing typical wind-sculptured habit in its native area
Cupressus macrocarpa
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Seedling showing needle-like juvenile leaves
Cupressus macrocarpa
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Semi-juvenile foliage of cultivar 'Goldcrest'
25.
Monterey Peninsula
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Monterey was founded in 1770 by missionary Junípero Serra and explorer Gaspar de Portolà. Portolà erected the Presidio of Monterey to defend the port against an expected Russian trading, at the same time, Serra founded Mission San Carlos Borromeo, second in the chain of Spanish Missions of California. Originally near the presidio, the later moved a few miles south to its current location in Carmel. Monterey served as the capital of upper Las Californias and Alta California from 1777 to 1848, under the flags of Spain, independent Mexico, the city was originally the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through the Custom House, the oldest governmental building in the state, and Californias Historic Landmark Number One. Built in 3 phases, construction on the Custom House began in 1814 under the Spanish, Monterey was also the site of the July 7,1846, Battle of Monterey during the Mexican-American War. It was on this date that John D. Sloat, Commodore in the United States Navy, raised the U. S. flag over the Monterey Custom House, in addition, many California firsts occurred in Monterey. These include Californias first theater, brick house, publicly funded school, public building, public library, and printing press, which printed The Californian, Colton Hall, built in 1849 by Walter Colton, was originally a public school and government meeting place. It also hosted Californias first constitutional convention, today it houses a museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government. The Monterey post office opened in 1849, the city has a noteworthy history as a center for California painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such painters as Arthur Frank Mathews, Armin Hansen, Xavier Martinez, Rowena Meeks Abdy, in November 1995, California Governor Pete Wilson proclaimed Monterey as The Language Capital of the World. Pacific Grove was founded in 1875 by a group of Methodists who modeled the town after Ocean Grove, in time, the butterflies, fragrant pines and fresh sea air brought others to the Pacific Grove Retreat to rest and meditate. The initial meeting of the Pacific Coast branch of the Chautauqua Literary, modelled after the Methodist Sunday school teachers’ training camp established in 1874 at Lake Chautauqua, N. Y. this location became part of a nationwide educational network. In November 1879, after the summer campers returned home, Robert Louis Stevenson wandered into the deserted campgrounds, indeed, it was not so much like a deserted town as like a scene upon the stage by daylight, and with no one on the boards. Today, Stevenson School in nearby Pebble Beach is named after the author, the Pacific Grove post office opened in 1886, closed later that year, and was re-opened in 1887. Pacific Grove, like Carmel-by-the-Sea and Monterey, became a haven in the 1890s. Artists of the En plein air school in both Europe and the United States were seeking a venue which had natural beauty, so that Pacific Grove was a magnet for this movement. English painter William Adam and other artists moved to Pacific Grove in the early 1900s, for a number of years, John Steinbeck lived in a cottage in Pacific Grove owned by his father, Ernest, who was Monterey County Treasurer
Monterey Peninsula
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The Presidio of Monterrey". Volume II, plate V from: "A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World" by Captain
George Vancouver
Monterey Peninsula
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Point Pinos Lighthouse, Pacific Grove, California.
Monterey Peninsula
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Sunset over the 1994
Carmel Shakespeare Festival production of
Julius Caesar at Carmel's historic
Forest Theater
26.
Cupressus nootkatensis
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Cupressus nootkatensis is a species of trees in the cypress family native to the coastal regions of northwestern North America. This species goes by common names including, Nootka cypress, yellow cypress, Alaska cypress, Nootka cedar, yellow cedar, Alaska cedar. However, this placement does not fit with the morphology and phenology of the cones, genetic evidence, published by Gadek et al. strongly supported its return to Cupressus and exclusion from Chamaecyparis. Published in 1864 but overlooked or ignored by subsequent authors. Little et al. therefore synonymised Xanthocyparis with Callitropsis, the name for these species under the ICBN when treated in a distinct genus. The name Xanthocyparis has now proposed for conservation, and the 2011 International Botanical Congress followed that recommendation. In 2010, Mao et al. performed a detailed molecular analysis. However, this is disputed, as the tree would compose a monophyletic subgenus, the argument that it warrants treatment as a monotypic genus is not without merit, in which case the correct name is Callitropsis nootkatensis. Nootka cypress is native to the west coast of North America, from the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska and it is typically occurring on wet sites in mountains, often close to the tree line, but sometimes also at lower altitudes. Cupressus nootkatensis is a tree growing up to 40 meters tall. The foliage is in flat sprays, with green, 3–5 mm long scale-leaves. The Caren Range on the west coast of British Columbia is home to the oldest Nootka Cypress specimens in the world, in Alaska, where the tree is primarily referred to as yellow cedar, extensive research has been conducted into large-scale die-offs of yellow cedar stands. These studies have concluded that the tree has depended upon heavy coastal snowpacks to insulate its shallow roots from cold Arctic winters, the impacts of climate change have resulted in thinner, less-persistent snowpacks, in turn causing increased susceptibility to freeze damage. This mortality has been observed over 7% of the species range, substantial future mortality is likely due to warming temperatures and decreasing snowpacks. The U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service is reviewing whether to designate the species as threatened or endangered and this species has been considered to be one of the finest timber trees in the world and has been exported to China during the last century. The wood has been used for flooring, interior finish and shipbuilding The various physical properties of the make it an attractive material for both general construction and boat building. Due to its slow growth it is hard and, like other cypress woods it is durable, it offers good dimensional stability, and is resistant to weather, insects. It works easily with hand or machine tools, it turns and it can be fastened with glues, screws, and nails
Cupressus nootkatensis
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Nootka cypress Cupressus nootkatensis
Cupressus nootkatensis
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cone detail
Cupressus nootkatensis
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seeds
Cupressus nootkatensis
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bark
27.
Microbiota decussata
–
Microbiota is a monotypic genus of evergreen coniferous shrub in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one species, Microbiota decussata. The plant is native and endemic to an area of the Sikhote-Alin mountains in Primorskiy Krai in the Russian Far East. The monotypic taxon Microbiota was discovered in 1923, but political secrecy in the former Soviet Union prevented any knowledge of its existence outside the country for around 50 years and it is generally accepted as being a distinct genus. It has also suggested, but not widely followed, that Microbiota could be included in the closely related genus Platycladus. Other fairly close relatives are the genera Juniperus and Cupressus, Microbiota decussata is a prostrate shrub to 20–50 centimetres in height, and 2–5 metres in spreading width. The foliage forms in flat sprays with scale-like leaves 2–4 mm long, the cones are among the smallest of any conifer, 2–3 mm long, green ripening brown in about 8 months from pollination, and have 4 scales arranged in two opposite pairs. The seeds are 2 mm long, with no wing, there is only one seed in each cone. Microbiota decussata is grown as a plant for use as evergreen groundcover in gardens. It is valued for its tolerance and considerable cold temperature. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit, arboretum de Villardebelle - Microbiota leaf and cone photos Gymnosperm Database - Microbiota decussata Conifers Around the World, Microbiota decussata - Cypress-Juniper
Microbiota decussata
–
Microbiota decussata
Microbiota decussata
–
Microbiota decussata - closeup of scale-like
leaves.
28.
Bassia scoparia
–
Bassia scoparia is a large annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae native to Eurasia. It has been introduced to parts of North America, where it is found in grassland, prairie. Its common names include burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, mock-cypress, kochia, belvedere, Mexican firebrush, the seed of Bassia scoparia is dispersed by wind and water, and it is transported when the whole plant detaches and rolls on the wind as a tumbleweed. The seed does not persist in the seed bank, dying within about a year if it fails to germinate. The species is a C4 plant, specifically of the NADP-ME type and this plant is grown as an ornamental for its red fall foliage. It has also been useful in erosion control on denuded soils and it has been suggested as an agent of phytoremediation, because it is a hyperaccumulator of chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, zinc, and uranium. Bassia scoparia contains higher levels of protein and oxalate than most grasses and fodder plants, when grown as ornamental plant, it is a good choice as evergreen foliage plant for landscapes. In Japan the seeds are used a food garnish called tonburi, because its texture is similar to caviar, it has been called land caviar, field caviar, and mountain caviar. It is a chinmi, or delicacy, in Akita prefecture, the glossy, greenish black seeds are dried, boiled, soaked, and then rubbed by hand to remove the skin. The seeds are used in traditional Chinese medicine to help regulate disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, in a study of mice fed a high-fat diet, an extract of the seeds limited obesity. They contain momordin Ic, a triterpene saponin, the plant is a moderately useful forage for livestock, especially on dry lands. However, its use is limited by its toxicity in large quantities, livestock ingesting large amounts can experience weight loss, hyperbilirubinemia, photosensitization, and polyuria. The species was first published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, who named it Chenopodium scoparium, in 1809, it was placed in the genus Kochia by Heinrich Schrader. It was transferred to Bassia in 1978 by Andrew John Scott, Kochia was included in Bassia in 2011 following phylogenetic studies. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Bassia scoparia
–
Bassia scoparia
Bassia scoparia
–
Form
Bassia scoparia
–
Ornamental planting
29.
Amaranthaceae
–
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants known as the amaranth family. It now includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae, and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within the flowering plant order of Caryophyllales. Most of these species are annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, some are shrubs, many species have stems with thickened nodes. The wood of the stem has a typical anomalous secondary growth. The leaves are alternate, sometimes opposite. The simple leaves are flat or terete, their shape is extremely variable, in some species, the leaves are reduced to minute scales. In most cases, neither basal or terminal aggregations of leaves occur, the flowers are solitary or aggregated in cymes, spikes, or panicles and typically perfect and actinomorphic. Bracts and bracteoles are either herbaceous or scarious, flowers are regular with a herbaceous or scarious perianth of mostly five tepals, often joined. One to five stamens are opposite to tepals or alternating, inserting from a hypogynous disc, the anthers have two or four pollen sacs. In tribe Caroxyloneae, antheres have vesicular appendages, the pollen grains are spherical with many pores, with pore numbers from a few to 250. One to three carpels are fused to a superior ovary with one basal ovule, the diaspores are seeds or fruits, more often the perianth persists and is modified in fruit for means of dispersal. Sometimes even bracts and bracteoles may belong to the diaspore, more rarely the fruit is a circumscissile capsule or a berry. The horizontal or vertical seed often has a thickened or woody seed coat, the green or white embryo is either spirally or annular. The basic chromosome number is mostly 8-9, widespread in the Amaranthaceae is the occurrence of betalain pigments. The former Chenopodiaceae often contain isoflavonoids, in phytochemical research, several methylenedioxyflavonols, saponins, triterpenoids, ecdysteroids, and specific root-located carbohydrates have been found. With around 800 species that are C4-plants, the Amaranthaceae represent the largest group with this photosynthesis pathway among the eudicots, within the family, several types of C4-photosynthesis occur, and about 17 different types of leaf anatomy are realized. Therefore, this photosynthesis pathway seems to have developed about 15 times independently during the evolution of the family. About two-thirds of the C4-species belong to the former Chenopodiaceae, the first occurrence of C4-photosynthesis dates from the early miocene, about 24 million years ago, but in some groups, this photosynthesis pathway has evolved much later, about 6 million years ago
Amaranthaceae
–
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
–
Bassia laniflora (Illustration),
Camphorosmoideae
Amaranthaceae
–
Flower of
Nitrophila occidentalis,
Polycnemoideae
Amaranthaceae
–
Pollen grains of
Halothamnus glaucus
30.
Actinostrobus arenarius
–
Actinostrobus arenarius is a species of conifer in the cypress family, Cupressaceae. Its common names include sandplain cypress, Bruce cypress, Bruce cypress-pine and it is endemic to Western Australia. This species is a shrub or a growing up to 5 metres tall. It has spreading branches with small branchlets, the scale-like, gray-green leaves are up to 1.2 centimetres long and grow in threes. The cylindrical male cones are up to half a centimeter long, the female cones are up to 2 cm long with pointed scales. Western Australian State Botanist Charles Gardner described the species in 1964, from a specimen collected at Tammin, the species name is derived from the Latin word arena sand, relating to where the sandplain cypress grows. Some of its habitat has been degraded or destroyed, but the plant is still widespread and it is found from Lake Grace north to the Murchison River. The Bruce cypress colonises disturbed areas, forming stands on road verges and areas cleared for agriculture
Actinostrobus arenarius
–
Callitris arenaria
31.
Chamaecyparis pisifera
–
Chamaecyparis pisifera is a species of false cypress, native to central and southern Japan, on the islands of Honshū and Kyūshū. It is a coniferous tree growing to 35–50 m tall with a trunk up to 2 m in diameter. The bark is red-brown, vertically fissured and with a stringy texture, the foliage is arranged in flat sprays, adult leaves are scale-like,1. The juvenile leaves, found on seedlings, are needle-like, 4–8 mm long, soft. The cones are globose, 4–8 mm diameter, with 6–10 scales arranged in opposite pairs, a related cypress found on Taiwan, Chamaecyparis formosensis, differs in longer ovoid cones 6–10 mm long with 10–16 scales. The extinct Eocene species Chamaecyparis eureka, known from fossils found on Axel Heiberg Island in Canada, is noted to be similar to C. pisifera. It is grown for its timber in Japan, where it is used as a material for building palaces, temples, shrines and baths, the wood is lemon-scented and light-colored with a rich, straight grain, and is rot resistant. It is also an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. Conifers Around the World, Chamaecyparis pisifera - sawara cypress
Chamaecyparis pisifera
–
Chamaecyparis pisifera
Chamaecyparis pisifera
–
Grove of 80-year-old trees
Chamaecyparis pisifera
–
Foliage and cones
Chamaecyparis pisifera
–
Central trunk of a tree
32.
Tuscany
–
Tuscany is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. Tuscany is known for its landscapes, traditions, history, artistic legacy, Tuscany produces wines, including Chianti, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino. Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity, it is considered a nation within a nation. Tuscany is traditionally a popular destination in Italy, and the main tourist destinations by number of tourist arrivals are Florence, Pisa, Montecatini Terme, Castiglione della Pescaia and Grosseto. The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is also the most visited destination in the region. Additionally, Siena, Lucca, the Chianti region, Versilia and Val dOrcia are also internationally renowned, Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves, making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year. In 2012, the city of Florence was the worlds 89th most visited city, roughly triangular in shape, Tuscany borders the regions of Liguria to the northwest, Emilia-Romagna to the north and east, Umbria to the east and Lazio to the southeast. The comune of Badia Tedalda, in the Tuscan Province of Arezzo, has an exclave named Ca Raffaello within Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany has a western coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea, containing the Tuscan Archipelago, of which the largest island is Elba. Tuscany has an area of approximately 22,993 square kilometres, surrounded and crossed by major mountain chains, and with few plains, the region has a relief that is dominated by hilly country used for agriculture. Hills make up nearly two-thirds of the total area, covering 15,292 square kilometres, and mountains. Plains occupy 8. 4% of the total area—1,930 square kilometres —mostly around the valley of the River Arno, many of Tuscanys largest cities lie on the banks of the Arno, including the capital Florence, Empoli and Pisa. The pre-Etruscan history of the area in the late Bronze and Iron Ages parallels that of the early Greeks, following this, the Villanovan culture saw Tuscany, and the rest of Etruria, taken over by chiefdoms. City-states developed in the late Villanovan before Orientalization occurred and the Etruscan civilization rose, the Etruscans created the first major civilization in this region, large enough to establish a transport infrastructure, to implement agriculture and mining and to produce vibrant art. The Etruscans lived in Etruria well into prehistory, throughout their existence, they lost territory to Magna Graecia, Carthage and Celts. Despite being seen as distinct in its manners and customs by contemporary Greeks, the cultures of Greece, one reason for its eventual demise was this increasing absorption by surrounding cultures, including the adoption of the Etruscan upper class by the Romans. Soon after absorbing Etruria, Rome established the cities of Lucca, Pisa, Siena, and Florence, endowed the area with new technologies and development, and ensured peace. These developments included extensions of existing roads, introduction of aqueducts and sewers, however, many of these structures have been destroyed by erosion due to weather. The Roman civilization in the West collapsed in the 5th century AD, in the years following 572, the Longobards arrived and designated Lucca the capital of their Duchy of Tuscia
Tuscany
–
Hilly landscape in
Val d'Orcia
Tuscany
–
Tuscany Toscana
Tuscany
–
Tuscan landscape near
Siena
Tuscany
–
Cinerary urns of the
Villanovan culture
33.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
34.
Taxodium ascendens
–
Taxodium ascendens, also known as pond cypress, is a deciduous conifer of the genus Taxodium, native to North America. It predominates in cypress dome habitats, Taxodium ascendens reaches on average 15–18 metres in height. Compared to T. distichum, the leaves are shorter, slenderer and are on shoots that tend to be rather than spreading. The trunk is expanded at the base, even on trees, assisting the tree in anchoring in the soft. The cones also tend to be smaller, not over 2.5 cm diameter, the bark is also a paler gray color. Maximum longevity of this plant is estimated at 1000 years and this figure may be an underestimate, as The Senator, until recently growing in Longwood, Floridas Big Tree Park, was estimated to be over 3,400 years old. This species is native to the southeastern United States, from southeastern Virginia to southeastern Louisiana, stunted individuals of pond cypress are notable in the dwarf cypress savanna of the Everglades National Park. Taxodium ascendens occurs naturally in ponds, lake margins, swamps. It prefers wet, poorly drained and acidic soils, at an altitude of 0–30 metres above sea level, flora of North America Floridata File, The Senator Tree Longwood Florida. JPG ITIS NCBI
Taxodium ascendens
–
Taxodium ascendens
Taxodium ascendens
–
Taxodium ascendens in the Black Water,
Okefenokee Swamp,
Georgia, USA
35.
Okefenokee Swamp
–
The Okefenokee Swamp is a shallow,438, 000-acre, peat-filled wetland straddling the Georgia–Florida line in the United States. A majority of the swamp is protected by the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, the Okefenokee Swamp is considered to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia. The Okefenokee is the largest blackwater swamp in North America, the swamp was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974. The name Okefenokee is attested with more than a dozen variant spellings of the word in historical literature, though often translated as land of trembling earth, the name is likely derived from Hitchiti oki fanôːki bubbling water. The Okefenokee was formed over the past 6,500 years by the accumulation of peat in a basin on the edge of an ancient Atlantic coastal terrace. The swamp is bordered by Trail Ridge, a strip of elevated land believed to have formed as coastal dunes or a barrier island. The St. Marys River and the Suwannee River both originate in the swamp, the Suwannee River originates as stream channels in the heart of the Okefenokee Swamp and drains at least 90 percent of the swamps watershed southwest toward the Gulf of Mexico. The earliest known inhabitants of the Okefenokee Swamp were the Timucua-speaking Oconi, the Spanish friars built the mission of Santiago de Oconi nearby in order to convert them to Christianity. Modern-day longtime residents of the Okefenokee Swamp, referred to as Swampers, are of overwhelmingly English ancestry, the Suwannee Canal was dug across the swamp in the late 19th century in a failed attempt to drain the Okefenokee. After the Suwannee Canal Companys bankruptcy, most of the swamp was purchased by the Hebard family of Philadelphia, several other logging companies ran railroad lines into the swamp until 1942, some remnants remain visible crossing swamp waterways. On the west side of the swamp, at Billys Island, logging equipment, most of the Okefenokee Swamp is included in the 403, 000-acre Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. By May 31, more than 600,000 acres, or more than 935 square miles, had burned in the region, in 2011, the Honey Prairie Fire consumed 309,200 acres of land in the Swamp. State Road 2 passes through the Florida portion between the Georgia cities of Council and Moniac, the graded Swamp Perimeter Road encircles Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. Gated and closed to use, it provides access for fire management of the interface between the federal refuge and the surrounding industrial tree farms. Many visitors enter the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge each year, the swamp provides an important economic resource to southeast Georgia and northeast Florida. About 400,000 people visit the swamp annually, with many from distant locations such as Germany, service providers at the refuge entrances and several local outfitters offer guided tours by motorboat, canoe, and kayak. The Okefenokee Swamp is part of the Southeastern conifer forests ecoregion, much of the Okefenokee is a southern coastal plain nonriverine basin swamp, forested by bald cypress and swamp tupelo trees. Upland areas support southern coastal plain oak domes and hammocks, thick stands of evergreen oaks, drier and more frequently burned areas support Atlantic coastal plain upland longleaf pine woodlands of longleaf pine
Okefenokee Swamp
–
An alligator lounges on a log in the Okefenokee Swamp.
Okefenokee Swamp
36.
Widdringtonia whytei
–
Widdringtonia whytei, the Mulanje cypress, is a species of Widdringtonia native to Malawi, where it is endemic to the Mulanje Massif at altitudes of 1, 830-2,550 m. It has become endangered as a result of over-harvesting for its wood, and it was formerly often called Mulanje cedar but has been renamed Mulanje cypress to better reflect its botanical relationships. It is a evergreen tree growing to 40–50 m tall. The leaves are scale-like,1. 5-3.5 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad on small shoots, up to 10 mm long on strong-growing shoots, the cones are globose,1. 5-2.2 cm long, with four scales. The species Widdringtonia nodiflora is common in South Africa and Zimbabwe in its form which has little more stature that a scrubby bush. On these mountains the tree is limited to altitudes between 1830 and 2550 m, and it is confined to hollows and valleys where the topography provides some protection from fire. Most commonly it occurs as small woodlands amongst rolling tussocky grassland slopes, the timber is pale red, straight grained and pleasantly fragrant. Its major qualities are that it well and is extremely durable, being resistant to attacks from termites, wood boring insects. For these reasons the timber achieved major economic significance during the first three decades of the 20th century, when it was high in demand for developing work. Currently the timber is most used in the making of local arts and crafts, fishing boats for Lake Malawi, due to the high demand for its timber and changing ecological conditions, on the mountain, the tree is under threat of extinction. Thus, when fire occurs which destroys the trees in an area of woodland, other species will come in later but because the cedar is relatively fast growing, it will not face much competition for sunlight. If the area is undisturbed, the cedar will continue to grow well and other, more shade-tolerant species, will come in, the forest floor will then become dark, and young cedar, being relatively light demanding, will not flourish. It is only if there is further disturbance in the area allows a lot of light to the forest floor that significant quantities of cedar will be able to establish itself. Thus, fire is an essential pre-requisite for dense, even, the timing between fires is also critical. If fires are too frequent, the trees will be killed before they can produce seed. Generally it is said that an interval between 100 and 200 years would be ideal. It is clear that most young trees are being killed before they reach maturity, the Forestry Department provides the cedar forests with protection from damaging fires. Each year at the beginning of the dry season hundreds of kilometers of firebreaks are hoed clean of vegetation to provide barriers which impede the advance of fires
Widdringtonia whytei
–
Widdringtonia whytei
Widdringtonia whytei
–
Widdringtonia whytei timber
Widdringtonia whytei
–
Plate by Robert Morgan (1863-1900)
37.
Male
–
A male organism is the physiological sex that produces sperm. Each spermatozoon can fuse with a female gamete, or ovum. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs. Not all species share a common sex-determination system, in most animals, including humans, sex is determined genetically, but in some species it can be determined due to social, environmental, or other factors. For example, Cymothoa exigua changes sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity, the existence of two sexes seems to have been selected independently across different evolutionary lineages. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction. Accordingly, sex is defined operationally across species by the type of gametes produced, male/female dimorphism between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals, male gametes are produced by chytrids, diatoms and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures, as of the year 2012, the United Arab Emirates has the highest ratio of human males in the world, followed by Qatar. A common symbol used to represent the male sex is the Mars symbol, the symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of Mars. It was first used to sex by Carl Linnaeus in 1751. The symbol is called a stylized representation of the Roman god Mars shield. According to Stearn, however, all the historical evidence favours that it is derived from θρ, the sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may change during the course of an organisms life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are male or female, hermaphroditic animals. Most mammals, including humans, are determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have an XY sex chromosome. During reproduction, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, a Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the region of the Y-chromosome. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have a ZZ sex chromosome may be found in birds and some insects and other organisms
Male
–
The symbol of the Roman god
Mars (god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet
Mars and is the
alchemical symbol for
iron.
38.
Plant reproductive morphology
–
Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction. Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the structures of angiosperms, are the most varied physically. Plants that are not flowering plants also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction, christian Konrad Sprengel studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions. Charles Darwins theories of natural selection utilized this work to build his theory of evolution, Plants have complex lifecycles involving alternation of generations. One generation, the sporophyte, gives rise to the next generation asexually via spores, spores may be identical isospores or come in different sizes, but strictly speaking, spores and sporophytes are neither male nor female because they do not produce gametes. The alternate generation, the gametophyte, produces gametes, eggs and/or sperm, a gametophyte can be be monoicous, producing both eggs and sperm or dioicous, either female or male. In the bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant generation. In ferns and seed plants the sporophyte is the dominant generation, the obvious visible plant, whether a small herb or a large tree, is the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is very small. In seed plants, each female gametophyte, and the spore that gives rise to it, is hidden within the sporophyte and is dependent on it for nutrition. Each male gametophyte consists of from two to four cells enclosed within the protective wall of a pollen grain. The sporophyte of a plant is often described using sexual terms based on the sexuality of the gametophyte it gives rise to. For example, a sporophyte that produces spores that give rise only to male gametophytes may be described as male, even though the sporophyte itself is asexual, producing only spores. Similarly, flowers produced by the sporophyte may be described as unisexual or bisexual, the flower is the characteristic structure concerned with sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Flowers vary enormously in their construction, a complete flower, like that of Ranunculus glaberrimus shown in the figure, has a calyx of outer sepals and a corolla of inner petals. The sepals and petals form the perianth. Next inwards there are numerous stamens, which produce pollen grains, stamens may be called the male parts of a flower and collectively form the androecium. Finally in the middle there are carpels, which at maturity one or more ovules. Carpels may be called the parts of a flower and collectively form the gynoecium
Plant reproductive morphology
–
Close-up of a flower of
Schlumbergera (Christmas or Holiday Cactus), showing part of the
gynoecium (the stigma and part of the style is visible) and the
stamens that surround it
Plant reproductive morphology
–
Dioicous gametophytes of the liverwort
Marchantia polymorpha. In this species, gametes are produced on different plants on umbrella-shaped
gametophores with different morphologies. The radiating arms of female gameteophores (left) protect
archegonia that produce eggs. Male gametophores (right) are topped with
antheridia that produce sperm.
Plant reproductive morphology
–
Flower of Ranunculus glaberrimus
Plant reproductive morphology
–
Alnus serrulata has unisexual flowers and is monoecious. Shown here: maturing male flower catkins on the right, last year's female catkins on the left.
39.
Female
–
Female is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, that produces non-mobile ova. Most female mammals, including humans, have two X chromosomes. The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, a female individual cannot reproduce sexually without access to the gametes of a male. Some organisms can reproduce sexually and asexually. There is no single genetic mechanism behind sex differences in different species, oogamy is a form of anisogamy. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction. Other than the difference in the type of gamete produced. The concept is not limited to animals, egg cells are produced by chytrids, diatoms, water moulds and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, the word female comes from the Latin femella, the diminutive form of femina, meaning woman. It is not etymologically related to the male, but in the late 14th century the spelling was altered in English to parallel the spelling of male. A distinguishing characteristic of the class Mammalia is the presence of mammary glands, the mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Mammary glands are most obvious in humans, as the human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples. Mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are vestigial in the male of the species, most mammalian females have two copies of the X chromosome as opposed to the male which carries only one X and one smaller Y chromosome. To compensate for the difference in size, one of the females X chromosomes is inactivated in each cell of placental mammals while the paternally derived X is inactivated in marsupials. In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome whilst the male carries two Z chromosomes. Intersex conditions can give rise to other combinations, such as XO or XXX in mammals. However, these conditions result in sterility. A common symbol used to represent the female sex is ♀, according to Schott, the most established view is that the male and female symbols are derived from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of these planets, namely Thouros and Phosphoros
Female
–
The symbol of the Roman goddess
Venus (goddess of love) is often used to represent the female sex and is the
alchemical symbol for copper.
40.
IUCN Red List
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, founded in 1964, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature is the main authority on the conservation status of species. A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, the IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world, the aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce species extinction. Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List. The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated every five years if possible, the 1964 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants used the older pre-criteria Red List assessment system. Plants listed may not, therefore, appear in the current Red List, IUCN advise that is best to check both the online Red List and the 1997 plants Red List publication. The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies, varieties, aquatic stocks, on 12 September 2007, the World Conservation Union released the 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Russ Mittermeier, chief of Swiss-based IUCNs Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction,188 more than in 2006, the Red List includes the Sumatran orangutan in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean orangutan in the Endangered category. The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient. The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at Rio+20 Earth Summit, nearly 2,000 species were added, the IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction. With 3,947 described as endangered and 5,766 as endangered. At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, the IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as Critically Endangered. Extinct – No known individuals remaining, extinct in the wild – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. Critically endangered – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild, Endangered – High risk of extinction in the wild. Vulnerable – High risk of endangerment in the wild, near threatened – Likely to become endangered in the near future. Does not qualify for a more at-risk category, widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. Data deficient – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction, Not evaluated – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria
IUCN Red List
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by
IUCN Red List category
IUCN Red List
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
IUCN Red List
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IUCN Red List
IUCN Red List
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By
region
41.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of resources is equitable. Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to equality, poverty alleviation. Unlike other international NGOs, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation and it tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through lobbying and partnerships. The organization is best known to the public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List. IUCN has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, some 11,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries and its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several conventions on nature conservation. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its relations with the business sector have caused controversy. It was previously called the International Union for Protection of Nature, establishment In 1947, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature organised an international conference on the protection of nature in Brunnen. It is considered to be the first government-organized non-governmental organization, the initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first Director General, the British biologist Julian Huxley. At the time of its founding IUPN was the international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation Early years. Its secretariat was located in Brussels and its first work program focused on saving species and habitats, increasing and applying knowledge, advancing education, promoting international agreements and promoting conservation. Providing a solid base for conservation action was the heart of all activities. IUPN and UNESCO were closely associated and they jointly organized the 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature. In preparation for this conference a list of endangered species was drawn up for the first time
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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Julian Huxley, the first Director General of UNESCO, took the initiative to set up IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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Africa was the first regional focus of IUCN conservation action
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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Stopping illegal trade of wildlife is one of IUCN's priorities
42.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
43.
Flora of Australia (series)
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The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens present in Australia and its external territories. The series is published by the Australian Biological Resources Study who estimate that the series when complete will describe over 20000 plant species, volume 1 of the series was published in 1981, a second extended edition was released in 1999. The series uses the Cronquist system of taxonomy, the ABRS also published the Fungi of Australia, the Algae of Australia and the Flora of Australia Supplementary Series. Spec 1810 - R. Brown - Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen 1814 - R. Brown - Botanical Appendix to Flinders Voyage 1849 - R. Brown - Botanical Appendix to C
Flora of Australia (series)
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The Flora of Australia Volume 1, second edition. All the book in the series have this distinctive green and yellow cover.
44.
Vernacular
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Some linguists use vernacular and nonstandard dialect as synonyms. The use of vernacular is not recent, here vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words vernaculus, varro, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term vocabula vernacula, termes de la langue nationale or vocabulary of the national language as opposed to foreign words. In general linguistics, a vernacular is contrasted with a lingua franca, for instance, in Western Europe until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in Romance languages are said to be in the vernacular, the Divina Commedia, the Cantar de Mio Cid, and The Song of Roland are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively. In Europe, Latin was used instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until c. 1701, in its latter stage as New Latin, in Catholicism, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at Tridentine Mass until the Second Vatican Council of 1965. Certain groups, notably Traditionalist Catholics, continue to practice Latin Mass, in India, the 12th century Bhakti movement led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular. In science, a user of the vernacular was Galileo. 1600, though some of his works remained in Latin, a later example is Isaac Newton, whose 1687 Principia was in Latin, but whose 1704 Opticks was in English. Latin continues to be used in fields of science, notably binomial nomenclature in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular. In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese, see Varieties of Arabic and Chinese language. In the 1920s, due to the May Fourth Movement, Classical Chinese was replaced by written vernacular Chinese, the vernacular is also often contrasted with a liturgical language, a specialized use of a former lingua franca. Similarly, in Hindu culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Sanskrit or in Tamil in Tamil country. With the rise of the movement from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in the other languages, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu. These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers, according to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed diglossia. In it, the language is bifurcated, i. e. the speaker learns two forms of the language and ordinarily uses one but under special circumstances the other. The one most frequently used is the low variant, equivalent to the vernacular, the concept was introduced to linguistics by Charles A. Ferguson, but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers
Vernacular
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The oldest known vernacular manuscript in Scanian (Danish, c. 1250.) It deals with Scanian and Scanian
Ecclesiastical Law.
Vernacular
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An allegory of philosophy and grammar,
Trinci Palace, Foligno, Italy, by
Gentile da Fabriano, who lived at about the time the Italian language was being standardized.
Vernacular
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Allegory of
Dante Alighieri, champion of the use of vernacular Italian for literature rather than the lingua franca, Latin. Fresco by
Luca Signorelli in the cappella di San Brizio dome, Orvieto.
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