PDP-4
The PDP-4 was the successor to the Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-1. This 18-bit machine, first shipped in 1962, was a compromise: "with slower memory and different packaging" than the PDP-1, but priced at $65,000 - less than half the price of its predecessor. All 18-bit PDP machines are based on a similar, but enlarged instruction set, more powerful than, but based on the same concepts as, the 12-bit PDP-5/PDP-8 series. 54 were sold. The system's memory cycle was 8 microseconds, compared to 5 microseconds for the PDP-1; the PDP-4 weighed about 1,090 pounds. Both the PDP-1 and the PDP-4 were introduced as paper tape-based systems; the only use, if any, for IBM-compatible 200 BPI or 556 BPI magnetic tape was for data. The use of "mass storage" drums - not a megabyte and non-removable - were an available option, but were not in the spirit of the “personal” or serially shared systems that DEC offered, it was in this setting that DEC introduced DECtape called "MicroTape", for both the PDP-1 and PDP-4.
DEC provided an editor, an assembler, a FORTRAN II compiler. The assembler was different from that of the PDP-1 in two ways: Unlike the PDP-1, macros were not supported, it was a 1-pass assembler. PDP-4 Programmed Data Processor
Digital Equipment Corporation
Digital Equipment Corporation, using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s. DEC was a leading vendor of computer systems, including computers and peripherals, their PDP and successor VAX products were the most successful of all minicomputers in terms of sales. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the enterprise market and had purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas. However, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own; the company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. As of 2007, PDP-11, VAX, AlphaServer systems were still produced under the HP name. From 1957 until 1992, DEC's headquarters were located in a former wool mill in Maynard, Massachusetts. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, which subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002.
Some parts of DEC, notably the compiler business and the Hudson, Massachusetts facility, were sold to Intel. Focusing on the small end of the computer market allowed DEC to grow without its potential competitors making serious efforts to compete with them, their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s the PDP-8 considered to be the first successful minicomputer. Looking to simplify and update their line, DEC replaced most of their smaller machines with the PDP-11 in 1970 selling over 600,000 units and cementing DEC's position in the industry. Designed as a follow-on to the PDP-11, DEC's VAX-11 series was the first used 32-bit minicomputer, sometimes referred to as "superminis"; these systems were able to compete in many roles with larger mainframe computers, such as the IBM System/370. The VAX was a best-seller, with over 400,000 sold, its sales through the 1980s propelled the company into the second largest computer company in the industry. At its peak, DEC was the second largest employer in Massachusetts, second only to the Massachusetts State Government.
The rapid rise of the business microcomputer in the late 1980s, the introduction of powerful 32-bit systems in the 1990s eroded the value of DEC's systems. DEC's last major attempt to find a space in the changing market was the DEC Alpha 64-bit RISC instruction set architecture. DEC started work on Alpha as a way to re-implement their VAX series, but employed it in a range of high-performance workstations. Although the Alpha processor family met both of these goals, for most of its lifetime, was the fastest processor family on the market high asking prices were outsold by lower priced x86 chips from Intel and clones such as AMD. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the enterprise market and had purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas. However, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own.
The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. As of 2007, some of DEC's product lines were still produced under the HP name. Beyond DECsystem-10/20, PDP, VAX and Alpha, DEC was well respected for its communication subsystem designs, such as Ethernet, DNA, DSA, its "dumb terminal" subsystems including VT100 and DECserver products. DEC's Research Laboratories conducted DEC's corporate research; some of them are still operated by Hewlett-Packard. The laboratories were: Western Research Laboratory in Palo Alto, California, US Systems Research Center in Palo Alto, California, US Network Systems Laboratory in Palo Alto, California, US Cambridge Research Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US Paris Research Laboratory in Paris, France MetroWest Technology Campus in Maynard, Massachusetts, USSome of the former employees of DEC's Research Labs or DEC's R&D in general include: Gordon Bell: technical visionary, VP Engineering 1972–83. DEC supported the ANSI standards the ASCII character set, which survives in Unicode and the ISO 8859 character set family.
DEC's own Multinational Character Set had a large influence on ISO 8859-1 and, by extension, Unicode. The first versions of the C language and the Unix operating system ran on DEC's PDP series of computers, which were among the first commercially viable minicomputers, although for several years DEC itself did not encourage the use of Unix. DEC produced used and influential interactive ope
LINC-8
LINC-8 was the name of a minicomputer manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation between 1966 and 1969. It combined a LINC computer with a PDP-8 in one cabinet, thus being able to run programs written for either of the two architectures; the LINC-8 contained one PDP-8 CPU and one LINC CPU emulated by the PDP-8. At any one time, the computer was in either'LINC mode' or'PDP-8 mode' - both processors could not run in parallel. Instructions were provided to switch between modes. In the LINC-8, all interrupts were handled by the PDP-8 CPU, programs that relied on the interrupt architecture of the LINC could not be run; the LINC was a 12 bit ones' complement accumulator machine, whereas the PDP-8, while a 12 bit accumulator machine, operated in two's complement arithmetic. Memory addressing on the two architectures was different. On the LINC, the full address space was divided into 1024-word segments, two of which were selected for use at any one time: the instruction field and the data field. Direct access of data in the instruction field was possible using 10 bit addresses.
The data field could only be indirectly addressed. The Instruction field and Data field are theoretically capable of being chosen from up to 32 areas of 1K 12-bit words each as the maximum architecture is 32K total words; as a practical matter, few LINC-8 systems were expanded to 8K total. Memory expansion is accomplished first by adding PDP-8 memory extension hardware and extended memory instructions and a few minor LINC processor modifications to address the memory beyond the basic 4K total. Once this is accomplished, 4K memory "wings" can be added in a daisy-chained buss arrangement, which in theory could be expanded out as many as 7 times to implement the entire 32K; as a practical matter, it is always difficult to implement on the "regular" PDP-8, and, in the case of the LINC-8, it became necessary to slow down the CPU just to add on the first additional 4K. Thus, as a practical matter, LINC-8 memory segments are limited to segment 0-3, or 0-7 on the few 8K implementations. However, basic 4K machines cannot address beyond 0-3 while extended memory models could attempt to address segments 0-37 octal if non-existent memory.
By convention, the segment 0 area is not available for normal emulated LINC operations. This is because the PDP-8 program known as PROGOFOP is loaded there to handle all interrupts, etc, it is possible to write a program for a "partial" LINC CPU, meaning using only the hardware that exists. Whenever an operation is performed that it cannot handle, the PDP-8 operation resumes. However, the LINC operation could have been terminated for a variety of reasons; as such, it is always recommended that PROGOFOP be loaded when attempting to use "complete" LINC programs on this system. Many operating systems were written for this machine. Bootup conventions allowed an image of a custom version of PROGOFOP to first be loaded, followed by executing tape instructions to load the LINC-based operating system. In some cases, the bootup procedure was accomplished manually right on the LINC console switches. Other operating systems are more generic and are designed to ignore the LINC side of things; these are PDP-8-only systems, although custom configured for the vagaries of the specifics of a LINC-8.
In some cases, this means. An advantage of a PDP-8-based system is. If needed, the PDP-8 system could load PROGOFOP as well as a user program LINC-oriented to get at the laboratory peripherals; the LINC convention of the entire first 1K being unavailable reserved for PROGOFOP is exchanged for the far smaller PDP-8 convention of reserving only 07600-07777 or the last 128-word page of the first 4K of the machine. This corresponds to a small reserved area at the end of LINC segment 3 in exchange for much greater overall flexibility; the PDP-8 divided its memory into 128-word pages. An instruction could reference the current page, that being the page where the instruction itself was located, or page 0, the 128 words of memory at addresses 0-127. Indirect addressing could be used to produce 12 bit addresses. If more than 4K memory is implemented, the indirect addressing is extended to include the Data Field, thus it is possible to access any location indirectly in 32K maximum. Again, hardware limitations of the LINC-8 make it hard to achieve a total size of more than 8K total.
Implemented is the Instruction Field, making it possible to load larger programs into the same addressing space the Data Field controls. Transfer of control can be either indirect as required; the new address is determined by first setting the new Instruction Field value, executing a JMP or JMS instruction into the new field's corresponding 12-bit address, thus effecting a 15-bit address overall. The computer included a number of LINC peripherals, which were controlled by special LINC mode instructions; these devices included analog inputs in the forms of knobs and jacks, relays for control of external equipment, LINCtape drives, an oscilloscope-like cathode ray tube under program control, as well as a Teletype Model 33 ASR. The CRT is a specially modified unit based on a standard Tektronix oscilloscope modified to only be driven by D-A converters and an intensifier interface. Most of the modifications involve
PDP-10
Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10 marketed as the DECsystem-10, was a mainframe computer family manufactured beginning in 1966. 1970s models and beyond were marketed under the DECsystem-10 name as the TOPS-10 operating system became used. The PDP-10's architecture is identical to that of DEC's earlier PDP-6, sharing the same 36-bit word length and extending the instruction set; some aspects of the instruction set are unusual, most notably the byte instructions, which operated on bit fields of any size from 1 to 36 bits inclusive, according to the general definition of a byte as a contiguous sequence of a fixed number of bits. The PDP-10 is the machine that made time-sharing common, this and other features made it a common fixture in many university computing facilities and research labs during the 1970s, the most notable being Harvard University's Aiken Lab, MIT's AI Lab and Project MAC, Stanford's SAIL, Computer Center Corporation, ETH, Carnegie Mellon University, its main operating systems, TOPS-10 and TENEX, were used to build out the early ARPANET.
For these reasons, the PDP-10 looms large in early hacker folklore. Projects to extend the PDP-10 line were eclipsed by the success of the unrelated VAX superminicomputer, the cancellation of the PDP-10 line was announced in 1983; the original PDP-10 processor is the KA10, introduced in 1968. It uses discrete transistors packaged in DEC's Flip-Chip technology, with backplanes wire wrapped via a semi-automated manufacturing process, its cycle time is its add time 2.1 μs. In 1973, the KA10 was replaced by the KI10, which uses transistor–transistor logic SSI; this was joined in 1975 by the higher-performance KL10, built from emitter-coupled logic and has cache memory. The KL10's performance was about 1 megaflops using 36-bit floating point numbers on matrix row reduction, it was faster than the newer VAX-11/750, although more limited in memory. A smaller, less expensive model, the KS10, was introduced in 1978, using TTL and Am2901 bit-slice components and including the PDP-11 Unibus to connect peripherals.
The KS was marketed as the DECsystem-2020, DEC's entry in the distributed processing arena, it was introduced as "the world's lowest cost mainframe computer system." The KA10 has a maximum main memory capacity of 256 kilowords. As supplied by DEC, it did not include paging hardware; this allows each half of a user's address space to be limited to a set section of main memory, designated by the base physical address and size. This allows the model of separate read-only shareable code segment and read-write data/stack segment used by TOPS-10 and adopted by Unix; some KA10 machines, first at MIT, at Bolt and Newman, were modified to add virtual memory and support for demand paging, more physical memory. KA10 weighed about 1,920 pounds; the 10/50 was the top-of-the-line Uni-processor KA machine at the time when the PA1050 software package was introduced. Two other KA10 models were the uniprocessor 10/40, the dual-processor 10/55; the KI10 and processors offer paged memory management, support a larger physical address space of 4 megawords.
KI10 models include 1060, 1070 and 1077, the latter incorporating two CPUs. The original KL10 PDP-10 models use the original PDP-10 memory bus, with external memory modules. Module in this context meant a cabinet, dimensions 30 x 75 x 30 in. with a capacity of 32 to 256 kWords of magnetic core memory. The processors used in the DECSYSTEM-20 but incorrectly called "KL20", use internal memory, mounted in the same cabinet as the CPU; the 10xx models have different packaging. The differences between the 10xx and 20xx models are more cosmetic than real. In particular, all ARPAnet TOPS-20 systems had an I/O bus because the AN20 IMP interface was an I/O bus device. Both could run thus the corresponding operating system; the "Model B" version of the 2060 processors removed the 256 kiloword limit on the virtual address space, by allowing the use of up to 32 "sections" of up to 256 kilowords each, along with substantial changes to the instruction set. "Model A" and "Model B" KL10. The first operating system that took advantage of the Model B's capabilities was TOPS-20 release 3, user mode extended addressing was offered in TOPS-20 release 4.
TOPS-20 versions after release 4.1 would only run on a Model B. TOPS-10 versions 7.02 and 7.03 use extended addressing when run on a 1090 Model B processor running TOPS-20 microcode. The final upgrade to the KL10 was the MCA25 upgrade of a 2060 to 2065, which gave some performance increases for programs which run in multiple sections; the KS10 design was crippled to be a Model A though most of the necessary data paths needed to support the Model B architecture were present. This was no doubt intended to segment the market, but it shortened the KS10's product life. Frontend processors are comp
PDP-1
The PDP-1 is the first computer in Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP series and was first produced in 1959. It is famous for being the computer most important in the creation of hacker culture at MIT, BBN and elsewhere; the PDP-1 is the original hardware for playing history's first game on a minicomputer, Steve Russell's Spacewar! The PDP-1 uses an 18-bit word size and has 4096 words as standard main memory, upgradable to 65,536 words; the magnetic core memory's cycle time is 5.35 microseconds. Signed numbers are represented in ones' complement; the PDP-1 has computing power equivalent to a 1996 pocket organizer and a little less memory. The PDP-1 uses 3,000 diodes, it is built of DEC 1000-series System Building Blocks, using micro-alloy and micro-alloy diffused transistors with a rated switching speed of 5 MHz. The System Building Blocks are packaged into several 19-inch racks; the racks are themselves packaged into a single large mainframe case, with a hexagonal control panel containing switches and lights mounted to lie at table-top height at one end of the mainframe.
Above the control panel is the system's standard input/output solution, a punched tape reader and writer. The PDP-1 weighed about 1,600 pounds; the design of the PDP-1 is based on the pioneering TX-0 and TX-2 computers and built at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Benjamin Gurley was the lead engineer on the project. After showing a prototype at the Eastern Joint Computer Conference in December 1959, DEC delivered the first PDP-1 to Bolt and Newman in November 1960, it was formally accepted in early 1961. In September 1961, DEC donated the PDP-1 to MIT, where it was placed in the room next to its ancestor, the TX-0 computer, by on indefinite loan from Lincoln Laboratory. In this setting, the PDP-1 replaced the TX-0 as the favorite machine among the budding hacker culture, served as the platform for a long list of computing innovations; this list includes one of the earliest digital video games, Spacewar!, the first text editor, the first word processor, the first interactive debugger, the first credible computer chess program, some of the earliest computerized music.
At the Computer History Museum TX-0 alumni reunion in 1984, Gordon Bell said DEC's products developed directly from the TX-2, the successor to the TX-0, developed at what Bell thought was a bargain price at the time, about US$3 million. At the same meeting, Jack Dennis said Ben Gurley's design for the PDP-1 was influenced by his work on the TX-0 display; the PDP-1 sold in basic form for US$120,000. BBN's system was followed by orders from Lawrence Livermore and Atomic Energy of Canada, 53 PDP-1s were delivered until production ended in 1969. All of these machines were still being used in 1970, several were saved. MIT's example was donated to The Computer Museum and from there ended up at the Computer History Museum. A late version of Spacewar! on paper tape was still tucked into the case. PDP-1 #44 was found in a barn in Wichita, Kansas in 1988 formerly owned by one of the many aviation companies in the area, rescued for the Digital Historical Collection eventually ending up at the CHM. AECL's computer was sent to Science North, but was scrapped.
The launch of the PDP-1 marked a radical shift in the philosophy of computer design: it is the first commercial computer that focuses on interaction with the user rather than just the efficient use of computer cycles. The first reference to malicious hacking is'telephone hackers' in MIT's student newspaper, The Tech of hackers trying up the lines with Harvard, configuring the PDP-1 to make free calls, war dialing and accumulating large phone bills; the PDP-1 uses punched paper tape as its primary storage medium. Unlike punched card decks, which could be sorted and re-ordered, paper tape is difficult to physically edit; this inspired the creation of text-editing programs such as Expensive Typewriter and TECO. Because it is equipped with online and offline printers that were based on IBM electric typewriter mechanisms, it is capable of what, in 1980s terminology, would be called "letter-quality printing" and therefore inspired TJ-2, arguably the first word processor; the console typewriter is the product of a company named Soroban Engineering.
It uses an IBM Model B Electric typewriter mechanism, modified by the addition of switches to detect keypresses, solenoids to activate the typebars. It uses a traditional typebar mechanism, not the "golfball" IBM Selectric typewriter mechanism, not introduced until the next year. Lettercase is selected by lowering the massive type basket; the Soroban is equipped with a two-color inked ribbon, the interface allows color selection. Programs use color-coding to distinguish user input from machine responses; the Soroban mechanism is unreliable and prone to jamming when shifting case or changing ribbon color. Offline devices are Friden Flexowriters that have been specially built to operate with the FIO-DEC character coding used by the PDP-1. Like the console typewriter, these are built around a typing mechanism, mechanically the same as an IBM Electric typewriter. However, Flexowriters are reliable and were used for long unattended printing sessions. Flexowriter
Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers or mainframes are computers used by large organizations for critical applications. They are larger and have more processing power than some other classes of computers: minicomputers, servers and personal computers; the term referred to the large cabinets called "main frames" that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. The term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units. Most large-scale computer system architectures were established in the 1960s, but continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are used as servers. Modern mainframe design is characterized less by raw computational speed and more by: Redundant internal engineering resulting in high reliability and security Extensive input-output facilities with the ability to offload to separate engines Strict backward compatibility with older software High hardware and computational utilization rates through virtualization to support massive throughput. Hot-swapping of hardware, such as processors and memory.
Their high stability and reliability enable these machines to run uninterrupted for long periods of time, with mean time between failures measured in decades. Mainframes have high availability, one of the primary reasons for their longevity, since they are used in applications where downtime would be costly or catastrophic; the term reliability and serviceability is a defining characteristic of mainframe computers. Proper planning and implementation is required to realize these features. In addition, mainframes are more secure than other computer types: the NIST vulnerabilities database, US-CERT, rates traditional mainframes such as IBM Z, Unisys Dorado and Unisys Libra as among the most secure with vulnerabilities in the low single digits as compared with thousands for Windows, UNIX, Linux. Software upgrades require setting up the operating system or portions thereof, are non-disruptive only when using virtualizing facilities such as IBM z/OS and Parallel Sysplex, or Unisys XPCL, which support workload sharing so that one system can take over another's application while it is being refreshed.
In the late 1950s, mainframes had only a rudimentary interactive interface, used sets of punched cards, paper tape, or magnetic tape to transfer data and programs. They operated in batch mode to support back office functions such as payroll and customer billing, most of which were based on repeated tape-based sorting and merging operations followed by line printing to preprinted continuous stationery; when interactive user terminals were introduced, they were used exclusively for applications rather than program development. Typewriter and Teletype devices were common control consoles for system operators through the early 1970s, although supplanted by keyboard/display devices. By the early 1970s, many mainframes acquired interactive user terminals operating as timesharing computers, supporting hundreds of users along with batch processing. Users gained access through keyboard/typewriter terminals and specialized text terminal CRT displays with integral keyboards, or from personal computers equipped with terminal emulation software.
By the 1980s, many mainframes supported graphic display terminals, terminal emulation, but not graphical user interfaces. This form of end-user computing became obsolete in the 1990s due to the advent of personal computers provided with GUIs. After 2000, modern mainframes or phased out classic "green screen" and color display terminal access for end-users in favour of Web-style user interfaces; the infrastructure requirements were drastically reduced during the mid-1990s, when CMOS mainframe designs replaced the older bipolar technology. IBM claimed that its newer mainframes reduced data center energy costs for power and cooling, reduced physical space requirements compared to server farms. Modern mainframes can run multiple different instances of operating systems at the same time; this technique of virtual machines allows applications to run as if they were on physically distinct computers. In this role, a single mainframe can replace higher-functioning hardware services available to conventional servers.
While mainframes pioneered this capability, virtualization is now available on most families of computer systems, though not always to the same degree or level of sophistication. Mainframes can add or hot swap system capacity without disrupting system function, with specificity and granularity to a level of sophistication not available with most server solutions. Modern mainframes, notably the IBM zSeries, System z9 and System z10 servers, offer two levels of virtualization: logical partitions and virtual machines. Many mainframe customers run two machines: one in their primary data center, one in their backup data center—fully active active, or on standby—in case there is a catastrophe affecting the first building. Test, development and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting; such a two-mainframe installation can support continuous business service, avoiding both planned and unplanned outages.
In practice many customers use multiple mainframes linked either by Parallel Sysplex and shared DASD, or with shared, geographically dispersed storage provided by EMC
VAX-11
The VAX-11 is a discontinued family of minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture, succeeding the PDP-11. The VAX-11/780 is the first VAX computer; the VAX-11/780, code-named "Star", was introduced on 25 October 1977 at DEC's Annual Meeting of Shareholders. It is the first computer to implement the VAX architecture; the VAX-11/780 central processing unit is built from transistor-transistor logic devices and has a 200 ns cycle time and a 2 kB cache. Memory and I/O are accessed via the Synchronous Backplane Interconnect; the VAX-11/780 supports 128 kB to 8 MB of memory through one or two memory controllers. Each memory controller supports 128 kB to 4 MB of memory; the memory is constructed from 4 or 16 kbit metal oxide semiconductor RAM chips mounted on memory array cards. Each memory controller controls up to 16 array cards; the memory is protected by error correcting code. The VAX-11/780 uses the Unibus and Massbus for I/O.
Unibus is used for attaching lower-speed peripherals such as terminals and printers and Massbus for higher-speed disk and tape drives. Both buses are provided by adapters that interface the bus to the SBI. All systems come with one Unibus with up to four supported. Massbus is optional, with up to four supported; the VAX-11/780 supports Computer Interconnect, a proprietary network to attach disk drives and share them with other VAX computers. This feature was used to connect VAX computers in a VMScluster; the VAX 11/782, code-named "Atlas", is a dual-processor VAX-11/780 introduced in 1982. Both processors share the same MA780 multiport memory bus and the system operates asymmetrically, with the primary CPU performing all I/O operations and process scheduling with the second, attached processor only used for additional computationally-intensive work. For multistream computation-intensive tasks the system delivers up to 1.8 times the performance of a VAX 11/780. The VAX-11/785, code-named "superstar", was introduced in April 1984.
It is a faster VAX-11/780, with a CPU cycle time of 133 ns versus the 200 ns CPU cycle time of the VAX-11/780. The memory subsystem was upgraded to support higher capacity memory boards; the VAX-11/787 is a dual-processor variant of the VAX-11/785. The VAX-11/750, code-named "Comet", is a more compact, lower-performance TTL gate array–based implementation of the VAX architecture introduced in October 1980; the CPU has a 320 ns cycle time. A ruggedized rack-mount VAX-11/750. Introduced in April 1982, the VAX-11/730, code-named "Nebula", is a still-more-compact, still-lower-performance bit slice implementation of the VAX architecture, its CPU has a 270 ns cycle time. Code-named "LCN", it is a cost-reduced model of the VAX-11/730, its CPU has a 270 ns cycle time. The VAX-11/788 is code-named "VISQ"; the Living Computer Museum of Seattle, Washington maintains a VAX-11/780-5 running OpenVMS 7.3, available to interested parties via telnet. The Computer History Museum of Mountain View, California has three VAX-11/780 systems, one VAX-11/725, one VAX-11/730, one VAX-11/750 within its permanent collection.
The RECHENWERK RECHENWERK Computer- & Technikmuseum Halle in Halle, Germany holds a VAX-11/730 and a rare east German clone of a VAX-11/780 named Robotron K 1840 in its permanent exhibition. The Verde Binario retrocomputing association has a VAX11/780 to which they dedicated a calendar
.jpg)
.jpg)