1.
Kingston, Jamaica
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Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States. The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923, to form the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation. Greater Kingston, or the Corporate Area refers to areas under the KSAC, however, it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish. Kingston Parish had a population of 96,052, and St. Andrew parish had a population of 555,828 in 2001, Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east, west and north. The city proper is bounded by Six Miles to the west, Stony Hill to the north, Papine to the northeast and Harbour View to the east, communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew. Communities in rural St. Andrew such as Gordon Town, Mavis Bank, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, two parts make up the central area of Kingston, the historic Downtown, and New Kingston. Both are served by Norman Manley International Airport and also by the smaller, Kingston was founded in July 1692 as a place for survivors of the 1692 earthquake that destroyed Port Royal. Before the earthquake, Kingston’s functions were purely agricultural, the earthquake survivors set up a camp on the sea front. Approximately two thousand people died due to mosquito-borne diseases, initially the people lived in a tented camp on Colonel Barrys Hog Crawle. The town did not begin to grow until after the destruction of Port Royal by fire in 1703. Surveyor John Goffe drew up a plan for the town based on a grid bounded by North, East, West, by 1716 it had become the largest town and the centre of trade for Jamaica. The government sold land to people with the regulation that they no more than the amount of the land that they owned in Port Royal. Gradually wealthy merchants began to move their residences from above their businesses to the lands north on the plains of Liguanea. The first free school, Wolmerss, was founded in 1729 and there was a theatre, first on Harbour Street, in 1755 the governor, Sir Charles Knowles, had decided to transfer the government offices from Spanish Town to Kingston. It was thought by some to be a location for the Assembly in proximity to the moral distractions of Kingston. By the end of the 18th century, the city contained more than 3,000 brick buildings, the harbour fostered trade, and played part in several naval wars of the 18th century
2.
Colony of Jamaica
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Jamaica was an English colony from 1655 or 1670, and a British Colony from 1707 until 1962, when it became independent. Jamaica became a Crown colony in 1866, in late 1654, English leader Oliver Cromwell launched the Western Design armada against Spains colonies in the Caribbean. In April 1655, General Robert Venables led the armada in an attack on Spains fort at Santo Domingo, however, the Spanish repulsed this poorly-executed attack, known as the Siege of Santo Domingo, and the English troops were soon decimated by disease. In May 1655, around 7,000 English soldiers landed near Jamaicas Spanish Town capital, the English invasion force soon overwhelmed the small number of Spanish troops. Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the Battle of Ocho Rios in 1657, for England, Jamaica was to be the dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire, although in fact it was a possession of little economic value then. Cromwell increased the islands white population by sending indentured servants and prisoners captured in battles with the Irish and Scots, as well as some common criminals. This practice was continued under Charles II, and the population was also augmented by immigrants from the North American mainland and other islands. But tropical diseases kept the number of well under 10,000 until about 1740. At the beginning of the century, the number of slaves in Jamaica did not exceed 45,000. Beginning with the Stuart monarchys appointment of a governor to Jamaica in 1661. The second governor, Lord Windsor, brought him in 1662 a proclamation from the king giving Jamaicas non-slave populace the rights of English citizens. The legislature consisted of the governor and an elected but highly unrepresentative House of Assembly, England gained formal possession of Jamaica from Spain in 1670 through the Treaty of Madrid. Removing the pressing need for constant defense against Spanish attack, this served as an incentive to planting. For much of the 1670s and 1680s, Charles II and James II, the last Stuart governor, the Duke of Albemarle, who was more interested in treasure hunting than in planting, turned the planter oligarchy out of office. This settlement also improved the supply of slaves and resulted in more protection, including military support and this was of particular importance during the Anglo-French War in the Caribbean from 1689 to 1713. The sugar monoculture and slave-worked plantation society spread across Jamaica throughout the eighteenth century, when the British captured Jamaica in 1655, the Spanish colonists fled, leaving a large number of African slaves. These former Spanish slaves created three Palenques, or settlements, the third chose to join those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live and intermarry with the Arawak people. Each group of Maroons established distinct independent communities in the interior of Jamaica
3.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
6.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
7.
Russell Simmons
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Russell Wendell Simmons is an American entrepreneur, producer and author. The Chairman and CEO of Rush Communications, he cofounded the hip-hop music label Def Jam Recordings and created the fashion lines Phat Farm, Argyleculture. Simmons had an estimate of $340 million in 2011. Simmons was born and raised in Queens, New York and his father is a public school administrator and his mother is a New York City park administrator. His brothers are painter Daniel Simmons, Jr. and Rev Run of Run-DMC, upon hearing Eddie Cheeba perform at Charles Gallery in Harlem in 1977, Simmons knew that hip hop would be his career. Simmons stated, Hearing Cheeba in 77 made me feel like I had just witnessed the invention of the wheel, Simmons co-founded Def Jam in 1983 with Rick Rubin who sold his share of the company for $120 million to Universal Music Group in 1996. In 1985 Russell Simmons co-produced and appeared in the film, Krush Groove, Simmons company, Rush Communications Inc. includes over ten businesses and three non-profits. In 2003, Russell Simmons co-founded RushCard, a debit card provider. Simmons met model Kimora Lee in November 1992 and they dated for four years and married on December 20,1998. On the island of Saint Barthélemy and they have two daughters, Ming Lee and Aoki Lee. In March 2006, Simmons announced his divorce from Lee, Russell Simmons has been vegan since 1999 and advocates Ahimsa and veganism, citing animal rights along with the environmental and health benefits. Simmons is a supporter of Farm Sanctuary, a working to end cruelty to farm animals. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals awarded him the 2001 PETA Humanitarian Award, in 2004, Simmons organized thousands of protestors and Hip-Hop celebrities in front of city hall demanding change of the harsh sentencing of the Rockefeller Drug Laws. Simmons became Chairman of Board of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding in 2002, in a similar vein, Simmons is a supporter of the Somaly Mam Foundation, and was honored at their 2011 gala dinner. Simmons officially endorses the second Muslim Jewish Conference 2011, together with Rabbi Marc Schneier he served as the official patron of the conference held July 2011 in Kiev, Ukraine. In 2011, he took part in the Occupy Wall Street protests, visiting the protesters at Zuccotti Park often, Simmons is also a longtime supporter for gay rights. In 2011, when the retail corporation Lowes withdrew funding from the show All-American Muslim, in 2012, Simmons supported Ohio congressman Dennis Kucinichs re-election campaign, appearing with the politician at various speaking events. In November 2013, he pledged support for New Yorks mayoral candidate Bill de Blasio in recognition of his support for animal rights, in 2017, Simmons was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 23 in the list of 200 Most Influential Social-Entrepreneurs and Philanthropists Worldwide
8.
Grandmaster Flash
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Joseph Saddler, better known as Grandmaster Flash, is a Bajan-American hip hop recording artist and DJ. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007, becoming the first hip hop act to be honored. Joseph Saddlers family migrated to the United States from Barbados, in the Caribbean and he attended Samuel Gompers High School, a public vocational school, where he learned how to repair electronic equipment. Saddlers parents played an important role in his interest in music and his parents came from Barbados and his father was a big fan of Caribbean and black American records. As a child, Saddler was fascinated by his fathers record collection, in an interview, he reflected, My father was a very heavy record collector. He still thinks that he has the stronger collection, I used to open his closets and just watch all the records he had. I used to get into trouble for touching his records, but Id go right back, Saddlers early interest in DJing came from this fascination with his fathers record collection as well as his mothers desire for him to educate himself in electronics. After high school, he involved in the earliest New York DJ scene. He is also a nephew to the late Sandy Saddler, a featherweight boxing champion. Grandmaster Flash carefully studied the styles and techniques of earlier DJs, particularly Pete Jones, Kool Herc, as a teenager, he began experimenting with DJ gear in his bedroom, eventually developing and mastering three innovations that are still considered standard DJing techniques today. Backspin technique, Early New York party DJs came to understand that short drum breaks were popular with party audiences. When the break finished on one turntable, he used his mixer to switch quickly to the other turntable, using the backspin technique, the same short phrase of music could be looped indefinitely. Punch phrasing, This technique involved isolating very short segments of music, typically horn hits, scratching, along with punch phrasing, exhibited a unique performative aspect of party DJing, instead of passively spinning records, he manipulated them to create new music. Scratching, more known among radio broadcasters as back-cueing, was devised in the late 1940s as a way to find the very beginning of the audio in the modulated groove of a vinyl record. Grandmaster Flash played parties and collaborated with such as Kurtis Blow. In the mid 1970s, he formed his own group, the original lineup consisted of Cowboy, Melle Mel and Kid Creole, and the ensemble went by the name Grandmaster Flash & the 3 MCs. Cowboy created the hip hop. He created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the U. S. Army, Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance
9.
Afrika Bambaataa
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Afrika Bambaataa is an American disc jockey from the South Bronx, New York. He is notable for releasing a series of genre-defining electro tracks in the 1980s that influenced the development of hip hop culture. Afrika Bambaataa is one of the originators of breakbeat DJing and is known as The Godfather and Amen Ra of Hip Hop Kulture. Through his co-opting of the gang the Black Spades into the music and culture-oriented Universal Zulu Nation. He was born to Jamaican and Barbadian immigrants, Bambaataa grew up in The Bronx River Projects, with an activist mother, as a child, he was exposed to the black liberation movement, and witnessed debates between his mother and uncle regarding the conflicting ideologies in the movement. He was exposed to his mothers extensive and eclectic record collection, gangs in the area became the law, clearing their turf of drug dealers, assisting with community health programs and both fighting and partying to keep members and turf. Bambaataa was a member of the Black Spades and he quickly rose to the position of warlord of one of the divisions. As warlord, it was his job to build ranks and expand the turf of the young Spades and he was not afraid to cross turfs to forge relationships with other gang members, and with other gangs. As a result, the Spades became the biggest gang in the city in terms of membership and turf. After Bambaataa won an essay contest that earned him a trip to Africa and he had seen the movie Zulu and was impressed with the solidarity exhibited by the Zulu in that film. During his trip to Africa, the communities he visited inspired him to one in his own neighborhood. He changed his name to Afrika Bambaataa Aasim, adopting the name of the Zulu chief Bhambatha and he told people that his name was Zulu for affectionate leader. Bambaataa formed The Bronx River Organization as an alternative to the Black Spades, inspired by DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Dee, Bambaataa began hosting hip-hop parties beginning in 1976. He vowed to use hip-hop to draw angry kids out of gangs, Cowboy of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, is credited with naming hip-hop, the term became a common phrase used by MCs as part of a scat-inspired style of rhyming. In 1982, Bambaataa and his followers, a group of dancers, artists and he saw that the hip hop tours would be the key to help expand hip hop and his Universal Zulu Nation. In addition it would promote the values of hip hop that he believed are based on peace, unity, love. He brought peace to the gangs, many artists and gang members say that hip hop saved a lot of lives and his influence inspired many overseas artists like the French rapper MC Solaar. He was a popular DJ in The South Bronx rap scene and became not only as Afrika Bambaataa
10.
Grand Wizzard Theodore
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Theodore Livingston, better known as Grand Wizzard Theodore, is an American hip hop DJ. He is widely credited as the inventor of the scratching technique, in addition to scratching, he achieved renown for his mastery of needle drops and other techniques which he invented or perfected. Born in Bronx, New York, Theodores brother, Mean Gene, was his mentor, Theodore also apprenticed under Grandmaster Flash. Though variants of the story exist, it is accepted that Grand Wizard Theodore was playing records at a high volume in his bedroom. Fed up with the noise his mother entered and ordered him to turn the music down, at this point he looked away from the turntable to face her. While his mother lectured him he continued slowly moving the back and forth. When she left the room he was intrigued by the sound the vinyl made when manipulated in this fashion, after months of experimentation he introduced this technique at a party and thus scratching was born. Many forms of music have since used the technique. In the early 1980s, Theodore was a part of the group Grandwizard Theodore & the Fantastic Five and they released Can I Get a Soul Clap in 1982. He was also featured in the 1983 film Wild Style, as well as contributing to the films soundtrack and he explains the origin of the scratch in the documentary, Scratch. Theodores phrase Say turn it up from his track Fantastic Freaks at the Dixie was sampled by hip hop and rap acts such as Public Enemy, Bomb the Bass, hiphop. sh/theo Grand Wizard Theodore on Peter Rosenbergs Juan Epstein podcast. Archived from the original on December 15,2014, DJ Grand Wizzard Theodore Interview - NAMM Oral History Library
11.
Coke La Rock
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Coke La Rock is an old school New York City rapper who, along with Gil Scott-Heron, is often credited as being the first MC in the history of hip-hop. In November,2010, Coke La Rock was inducted into the High Times Counterculture Hall of Fame at the ceremonies at the Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam. Although it has written that La Rock comes from Jamaica. He was born on April 24,1955, La Rock was a friend and musical partner of DJ Kool Herc, who himself is generally considered to have laid down the foundation for hip-hop music starting in 1973. La Rock was thus a member of Hercs MC crew the Herculoids. According to Herc, La Rocks MC name had various iterations, beginning as A-1 Coke, La Rock joined Kool Herc for his first party, in 1973, to celebrate Hercs sister Cindys birthday. It wasnt until about the fifth or sixth party that he took the name Coke La Rock, the name came to him in a dream. Before that time, he had no name and did his rapping out of sight from the audience and his original raps were usually shout-outs to friends, but gradually the poetry emerged. He originated such phrases as You rock and you dont stop and Hotel, motel, you dont tell, according to La Rock, while rapping at first I would just call out names. Then I pretended dudes had double-parked cars, that was to impress the girls, truthfully, I wasn’t there to rap, I was just playing around. La Rock himself has argued, in a reference to two pioneering New York City narcotics dealers, that me and Herc were to hip-hop what Nicky Barnes and Frank Lucas were to drugs. As other nascent hip-hop groups patterned themselves after Herc and La Rock and improved on their formula, the popularity of Herc, after Kool Herc was stabbed at a party, La Rock went looking to kill the perpetrator, who was part of the Executive Playhouse crew. He found the mans friends in a Bronx pool hall, after this incident, La Rock decided to step away from hip hop and let the younger generation move in. Since hed had a run lasting several years of being on top of the Bronx hip hop scene. Also his son, Dante La Rock, had just been born, in contrast to other early Bronx hip-hop artists like Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash, Coke La Rock—like his partner Kool Herc—never achieved any recording success. However, late 2008 saw the release of what was deemed the first ever recording featuring La Rock, which was released by Sedgwick & Cedar as part of a special holiday compilation to pay homage to the birthplace of hip-hop. Nor did Coke La Rock and another influential old-school MC, T La Rock, know one another in the days of hip-hop. In 2010, at the 23rd High Times Cannabis Cup, Coke La Rock was inducted into the Counterculture Hall of Fame
12.
Kurtis Blow
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Kurt Walker, professionally known by his stage name Kurtis Blow, is an American rapper and record producer. He is the first commercially successful rapper and the first to sign with a record label. The Breaks, a single from his 1980 debut album, is the first certified gold rap song. Throughout his career he has released 15 albums and is currently an ordained minister, originally from Harlem, Walker began DJing under the name Kool DJ Kurt. He was also a disco performer, Walker changed his name to Kurtis Blow at the suggestion of Russell Simmons, copying the pattern from Eddie Cheeba. In 1979, aged twenty, Kurtis Blow became the first rapper to be signed by a label, Mercury. Its follow-up, The Breaks, also sold over half a million copies and he was also the first rapper to perform overseas. He released ten albums over the eleven years. His first album was Kurtis Blow, while his second was the Top 50 pop album Deuce, Party Time featured a fusion of rap and go-go. Ego Trip included the hits,8 Million Stories, AJ Scratch and his 1985 album, America, garnered praise for its title tracks music video. From this album, the song If I Ruled the World became a Top 5 hit on Billboards R&B chart, towards the end of the 1980s, his recording career waned and he moved into production. Besides his own work, Kurtis has been responsible for hits by The Fat Boys, Run began his career billed as The Son of Kurtis Blow. Lovebug Starski, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Full Force, Russell Simmons and Wyclef Jean all have produced by, or collaborated with. Former label mates René & Angela had their R&B chart topping debut Save Your Love was produced by him, along with Dexter Scott King, Walker co-ordinated King Holiday, a song to celebrate Martin Luther King’s birthday, released in January 1986. His acting performances and music coordination in several films includes Leon Kennedy’s Knights of the City, as host and co-producer for Das Leben Amerikanischer Gangs, an international film productions focus on the West Coast gang scene, Kurt crossed international waters for inner city justice. As host and associate producer for Rhyme and Reason Kurtis gave an account of the status of hip hop. Kurt has spoken out emphatically against racism and he was an active participant in the Artists Against Apartheid record “Sun City”. Kurt has worked with Rev. Jesse Jacksons Operation Push and National Rainbow Coalition in Chicago, Kurt has also worked with Rev. Al Sharptons Action Network in New York City
13.
Melle Mel
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Melvin Glover was born The Bronx, New York City, New York. He has stated his mother is Cherokee, Glover began performing in the late 1970s. He may be the first rapper to call himself MC, other Furious Five members included his brother Kid Creole, Scorpio, Rahiem and Cowboy. Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five began recording for Enjoy Records and they later moved on to Sugar Hill Records and were popular on the R&B charts with party songs like Freedom and The Birthday Party. They released numerous singles, gaining a gold disc for Freedom, in 1982 Melle Mel began to turn to more socially-aware subject matter, in particular the Reagan administrations economic and drug policies, and their effect on the black community. A song The Message became an instant classic and one of the first glimmers of conscious hip-hop, Mel recorded a rap over session musician Duke Bootees instrumental track The Jungle. Some of Mels lyrics on The Message were taken directly from Superrappin, other than Melle Mel, no members of Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five actually appear on the record. Mel would also go on to write songs about struggling life in New York City, Grandmaster Flash split from the group after contract disputes between Melle Mel and their promoter Sylvia Robinson in regard to royalties for The Message. When Flash filed a lawsuit against Sugar Hill Records, the factions of The Furious Five parted, Mel became known as Grandmaster Melle Mel and the leader of the Furious Five. The group went on to produce the anti-drug song White Lines, an unofficial music video starred up-and-coming actor Laurence Fishburne and was directed by then-unknown film student Spike Lee). The record was credited to Grandmaster + Melle Mel by Sugar Hill Records in order to fool the public into thinking Grandmaster Flash had participated on the record. Mel gained greater fame and success after appearing in the movie Beat Street and he performed a memorable rap on Chaka Khans smash hit song I Feel for You which introduced hip hop to a wider and more mainstream R&B audience. Grandmaster Melle Mel & The Furious Five had further hits with Step Off, Pump Me Up, King of the Streets, Jesse, and Vice, Jesse was a highly political song which urged people to vote for then presidential candidate Jesse Jackson. In 1988, after an almost 4-year layoff, Mel and Flash reunited and released the album On The Strength, but with up-and-coming new school artists such as Eric B. & Rakim, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Public Enemy, Boogie Down Productions, and Big Daddy Kane dominating the hip-hop market, the album failed miserably. Mel performed with The King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew on King Holiday aimed at having Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday declared a national holiday. Mel ended the decade by winning two Grammy Awards for his work on Quincy Jones Back On The Block and Q – The Autobiography of Quincy Jones albums, in 1996, Mel contributed vocals to the US edition of Chers hit One By One. Their version is available on the maxi CD format
14.
Grandmaster Caz
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Curtis Fisher, better known by his stage name Grandmaster Caz, is an American rapper, songwriter and DJ. Caz first encountered rap in 1974 at a Kool Herc block party, shortly after, he teamed with DJ Disco Wiz under the name Casanova Fly to form one of the first DJ Crews, Mighty Force. Caz was also the first rapper to perform both DJ and MC duties, in the late 1970s, he joined The Cold Crush Brothers. Caz admits that he himself stole new equipment during the New York City blackout of 1977 Currently hosts Hush Hip Hop Tours the official Sightseeing Tour of Harlem, Caz was interviewed for the documentary Just to Get a Rep released in 2004. In 2008, he was one of the participants at the Cornell University Library conference on Hip Hop, artists who cite Grandmaster Caz as an influence include Will Smith, Rakim, Big Daddy Kane and Cory Gunz. In 2015, Caz featured on a single by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis named Downtown, a 2009 book claims that the lyrics for The Sugar Hill Gangs seminal Rappers Delight were plagiarized from the then-unpublished Cazs lyrics. In 2000, he set his account of the controversy in the song MC Delight and he claims in the song that he wrote the lyrics of Big Bank Hank, who had been the manager of his band, but never received any royalties or thanks for it. Casanova Fly being Grandmaster Cazs alternate moniker, in 1998, Caz was listed #11 out of Blaze Magazines Top 50 MCs of all Time. He was also inducted into the Technics DJ Hall of Fame in 1999, in June 2008, Grandmaster Caz was inducted into the Bronx Walk of Fame. A street plaque bearing his name is now on permanent display on the Grand Concourse, the most famous thoroughfare in the Bronx
15.
Jamaican Americans
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Jamaican Americans are Americans who have full or partial Jamaican ancestry. The largest proportion of Jamaicans live in New York City, which has various other Caribbean cultural elements such as food and music. There are also communities of Jamaican Americans residing in Philadelphia, Boston, South Florida, Tampa, Los Angeles, Orlando, Baltimore, Washington, Atlanta, Cleveland, Western New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey. After 1838, European colonies in the Caribbean with expanding sugar industries imported large numbers of immigrants to meet their acute labor shortage, large numbers of Jamaicans were recruited to work in Panama and Costa Rica in the 1850s. After slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865, American planters imported temporary workers, called swallow migrants and these workers, many of them Jamaicans, returned to their countries after harvest. Between 1881 and the beginning of World War I, the United States recruited over 250,000 workers from the Caribbean,90,000 of whom were Jamaicans, to work on the Panama Canal. During both world wars, the United States again recruited Jamaican men for service on various American bases in the region, the vast majority of Jamaican American are of black Afro-Caribbean descent. Apart from Canada and England, the U. S. houses the majority of Jamaican émigrés worldwide, Jamaican immigration to the U. S. increased during the civil rights era of the 1960s. As with many sources of Caribbean immigration, the geographical nearness of Jamaica to the U. S. increased the likelihood of migration. The economic attractiveness and general Jamaican perception of the U. S. as a land of opportunity explain continued migration flows despite economic downturn in America. Traditionally, America has experienced increased migration through means of family preference, through this category a substantial amount of Jamaican immigrants were able to enter mainly urban cities within the U. S that provided blue-collar work opportunities. Jamaican immigrants utilized employment opportunities despite the policies that affected some Caribbean émigrés. At present, Jamaicans are the largest group of American immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean, however, it is difficult to verify the exact number of Jamaican Americans in this country because most of them assimilate into the wider African-American communities. The 1990 census placed the number of documented Jamaican Americans at 435,025. According to the text of Immigrant America, there were 554,897 Jamaican-born people living in the U. S. in 2000 and this represents 61% of the approximate 911,000 Americans of Jamaican ancestry. Many Jamaicans are second, third and descend from older generations. Jamaicans refer to Miami metropolitan area and Brooklyn colloquially as Kingston 21 and Little Jamaica respectively. S, and Philadelphia. In recent years, many Jamaicans have left New York City for its suburbs, Boston, Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Los Angeles, and Providence
16.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
17.
James Brown
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James Joseph Brown was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and bandleader. The creator of music and a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance. In a career spanned six decades, he influenced the development of several music genres. Brown began his career as a singer in Toccoa, Georgia. He joined an R&B vocal group, the Gospel Starlighters, in which he was the lead singer. His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album Live at the Apollo and hit singles such as Papas Got a Brand New Bag, I Got You and Its a Mans Mans Mans World. During the late 1960s he moved from a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms, by the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of the J. B. s with records such as Get Up Sex Machine and The Payback. He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit Say It Loud – Im Black, Brown continued to perform and record until his death from congestive heart failure in 2006. Brown recorded 16 singles that reached number one on the Billboard R&B charts and he also holds the record for the most singles listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart which did not reach number one. Brown has received honors from many institutions, including inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in Joel Whitburns analysis of the Billboard R&B charts from 1942 to 2010, James Brown is ranked as number one in The Top 500 Artists. He is ranked seventh on the music magazine Rolling Stones list of its 100 greatest artists of all time, Rolling Stone has also cited Brown as the most sampled artist of all time. Brown was born on May 3,1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina, to 16-year-old Susie and 22-year-old Joseph Joe Gardner Brown, in a small wooden shack. Browns name was supposed to have been Joseph James Brown, Jr. however, his first and he later legally changed his name to remove Jr. His parents were black, in his autobiography, Brown stated that he also had Chinese and Native American ancestry. The Brown family lived in poverty in Elko, South Carolina. They later moved to Augusta, Georgia, when James was four or five and his family first settled at one of his aunts brothels. They later moved into a house shared with another aunt, Browns mother later left the family after a contentious marriage and moved to New York. Brown spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out in the streets and he managed to stay in school until the sixth grade
18.
Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
19.
Rapping
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The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
20.
Breakdancing
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B-boying or breaking, also called breakdancing, is a style of street dance that originated primarily among Puerto Rican and African American youths during the mid-1970s in the Bronx. The dance spread worldwide due to popularity in the media, especially in such as Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, South Korea. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the dance, b-boying consists of four kinds of movement, toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes. B-boying is typically danced to hip-hop, funk music, and especially breakbeats, although modern trends allow for much wider varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo, a practitioner of this dance is called a b-boy, b-girl, or breaker. Although the term breakdance is frequently used to refer to the dance in culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. These terms are preferred by the majority of the pioneers and most notable practitioners, instead of the term b-boying, the mainstream media promoted the artform as breakdancing, causing many to only know it as such. Enthusiasts consider breakdancing an ignorant and derogatory term due to the exploitation of the artform. The media displayed a simplified version of the dance, making it seem like the so-called “tricks” were everything, ultimately trading the culture for money and promotion. The dance itself is properly called breaking according to such as KRS-One, Talib Kweli, Mos Def. The terms b-boy, b-girl, and breaker are the terms used to describe the dancers who performed to DJ Kool Hercs breakbeats. DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican-American DJ who is responsible for developing the foundational aspects of hip-hop music, the obvious connection of the term breaking is to the word breakbeat. DJ Kool Herc has commented that the term breaking was 1970s slang for getting excited, most breaking pioneers and practitioners prefer the terms b-boy, b-girl, and/or breaker when referring to these dancers. For those immersed in culture, the term breakdancer may be used to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture. B-boy London of the New York City Breakers and filmmaker Michael Holman refer to these dancers as breakers, frosty Freeze of the Rock Steady Crew says, we were known as b-boys, and hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa says, b-boys, what you call break boys. Or b-girls, what you call break girls, many elements of b-boying can be seen in other antecedent cultures prior to the 1970s. B-boy pioneers Richard Crazy Legs Colon and Kenneth Ken Swift Gabbert, many of b-boyings acrobatic moves, such as the flare, show clear connections to gymnastics. The engraving shows a man apparently B-boying. The dance was called the Giesse Harad Polska or salmon district dance, a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins was recorded by Thomas Edison in 1898
21.
Sound system (Jamaican)
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In the context of Jamaican popular culture, a sound system is a group of disc jockeys, engineers and MCs playing ska, rocksteady or reggae music. The sound system is an important part of Jamaican culture and history, the sound system concept first became popular in the 1950s, in the ghettos of Kingston. DJs would load up a truck with a generator, turntables, in the beginning, the DJs played American rhythm and blues music, but as time progressed and more local music was created, the sound migrated to a local flavor. The sound systems were big business, and represented one of the few ways to make money in the unstable economy of the area. The promoter or DJ made his profit by charging admission and selling food and alcohol and it was also around this time that Jamaicas first superstar DJ and MC, Count Machuki, rose to prominence. Competition between these systems was fierce, and eventually two DJs emerged as the stars of the scene, Clement Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid. Besides the DJ, who rapped over the music, there was also a selector, the popularity of a sound system was mainly contingent on one thing, having new music. In order to circumvent the release cycle of the American record labels, initially, they produced only singles for their own sound systems, known as Exclusives or Dubplates—a limited run of one copy per song. What began as an attempt to replicate the American R&B sound using local musicians evolved into a uniquely Jamaican musical genre, as this new musical form became more popular, both Dodd and Reid began to move more seriously into music production. Coxsone Dodds production studio became the famous Studio One, while Duke Reid founded Treasure Isle, as sound systems continued to gain in popularity through the 1960s and 1970s, they became politicized in many instances. Many sound systems, and their owners, were labeled as supporters of a political party. Nevertheless, as a cultural and economic phenomenon, the system was affected by the vast socio-political changes taking place in Jamaica at this time. An important part of sound system culture is the sound clash, the Guinness Sounds of Greatness is one of many such clashes. The culture of the Sound System was brought to the UK with the immigration of Jamaicans in the 1960s and 1970s. Notable UK Sound Systems include Sir Coxsone Outernational Jah Shaka, Channel One, Aba Shanti-I, Jah Observer, Iration Steppas, Fatman International and Saxon Studio International. One of the first sound systems in the United States was Downbeat the Ruler, founded in Bronx, New York and these sound systems were the method in which these migrants were able to maintain their cultural connection with their roots. They broadcast the remixed samples of Reggae beats and created a music culture. This culture was separate from the population which relied on the radio to provide popular music
22.
Dance hall
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Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing. From the earliest years of the century until the early 1960s. One of the most famous dance hall musicians was Glenn Miller, other structural forms of dance halls include the dance pavilion which has a roof but no walls, and the open-air platform which has no roof or walls. The open air nature of the pavilion was both a feature and a drawback. The taxi dance hall is a hall with a specific arrangement. Starting in the early 1930s, The Savoy, a hall in Harlem was the first truly integrated building in the United States — for both the dancers and the musicians. We didnt care about the color of your skin, all we wanted to know was, Can you dance. The early days of rock n roll were briefly played out in dance halls until they were superseded by nightclubs, texas has a high concentration of community dance halls, the largest number of them built by German and Czech immigrants. In Sweden and Finland, open air dance pavilions have been used mostly in summer, especially formerly the dance pavilions were often built at sites with beautiful landscape, for example by the lakes. Ballroom Dance club, the successor of the dance hall Dance Halls at Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
23.
Deejay (Jamaican)
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Deejay is a term in Jamaican music for a reggae or dancehall musician who sings and toasts to an instrumental riddim. Deejays are not to be confused with DJs from other genres like hip-hop. Dancehall/reggae DJs who select riddims to play are called selectors, deejays whose style is nearer to singing are sometimes called singjays. The term deejay came about as a result of the act of some selectors of the 1960s and 1970s such as U-Roy or King Stitt toasting to the side of popular records of the time. The version came about when the company produced the 45 record with an instrumental version of the song on the flip side. This gave the deejays the chance to make up on-the-fly lyrics to the instrumental music and this occurrence gave rise to deejay toasting and the term has been used in that context ever since. Toasting, chatting, or deejaying is the act of talking or chanting, usually in a monotone melody, traditionally, the method of toasting originated from the griots of Caribbean calypso and mento traditions. The lyrics can either be improvised or pre-written, toasting is also often used in soca and bouyon music. The African American oral tradition of toasting, a mix of talking and chanting, the combination of singing and toasting is known as singjaying. In the late 1950s deejay toasting was developed by Count Machuki and he conceived the idea from listening to disc jockeys on American radio stations. He would do African American jive over the music while selecting and playing R&B music, deejays like Count Machuki working for producers would play the latest hits on traveling sound systems at parties and add their toasts or vocals to the music. These toasts consisted of comedy, boastful commentaries, half-sung rhymes, rhythmic chants, squeals, screams, late 1960s toasting deejays included U-Roy and Dennis Alcapone, the latter known for mixing gangster talk with humor in his toasting. In the early 1970s, toasting deejays included I-Roy and Dillinger, in the early 1970s Big Youth became very popular and had three very successful albums, Screeming Taget, Dreadlocks Dread and Natty Cultural Dread. In the late 1970s, Trinity became a popular toasting deejay, the 1980s saw the first deejay toasting duo, Michigan & Smiley, and the development of toasting outside of Jamaica. The rhythmic rhyming of vocals of African American toasting influenced the development of toasting in Jamaica, Jamaican deejay toasting also influenced various types of dance music, such as jungle music and UK garage. Dancehall artists that have achieved pop hits with toasting-influenced vocals include Shabba Ranks, Shaggy, Lady Saw, Sean Paul, Terror Fabulous and Damian Marley
24.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
25.
1520 Sedgwick Avenue
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1520 Sedgwick Avenue is a 102-unit apartment building in the Morris Heights neighborhood in the Bronx, New York City. Recognized as a haven for working class families, in 2010 The New York Times reported that it is the accepted birthplace of hip hop. Senator Charles E. Schumer called the building the birthplace of predatory equity, on July 5,2007,1520 Sedgwick Avenue was recognized by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation as the birthplace of hip hop. The creation of the Cross Bronx Expressway uprooted thousands in the Bronx during the early 1970s, displacing communities,1520 Sedgwick Avenue, which received its first mortgage in 1967, is located on the Expressway. 1520 Sedgwick Avenue has been called an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway, DJ Kool Herc is credited with helping to start hip hop and rap music at a house concert at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue on August 11,1973. At the concert he was DJing and emceeing in the room of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue. During a rally to save the building, DJ Kool Herc said,1520 Sedgwick is the Bethlehem of Hip-Hop culture. On August 11,1973, Clive Campbell aka DJ Kool Herc spun the turntables at a back-to-school and he was assisted by Theodore Puccio who has been credited as the first MC but many insiders attribute that honor to Coke La Rock. After renting the recreation room for 25 dollars, Cindy charged 25 cents for females and 50 cents for males to attend, I wrote out the invites on index cards, so all Herc had to do was show up. With the party set from 9 p. m. to 4 a. m. our mom served snacks and dad picked up the sodas, with the exhibition of his new style, Campbells friend Coke La Rock demonstrated another innovation called rapping. Starting in the early 2000s, building owners threatened to turn 1520 into high rent units, senator Schumer led a rally in 2007 focused on maintaining the affordable costs of the housing in order to maintain its working class roots. The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation recognized the building as the birthplace of hip hop on July 5,2007. In 2008 the building was sold to a real estate group that included Mark Karasick, a prominent real estate investor, which intended to turn the building into market-rate housing. However, after the United States housing bubble burst a period of neglect and threats of forced evictions daunted residents, and despite promises to the opposite, the building fell into decline. On November 7,2011, following an auction with no active bidders. Several residents, who were present at the auction along with tenant advocacy group Urban Homesteading Assistance Board, john Crotty of Workforce Housing Advisors told the New York Times that his group intends to renovate the distressed building and work with tenants to recognize its importance. The group’s investors are interested in steady, secure returns than in making money quickly. Some money for renovations will be provided by New York City’s department of Housing Preservation and Development, the new owner intends to pursue a listing for on the National Register of Historic Places, for which the building was deemed eligible in 2007 but Karasick declined to accept
26.
Hercules
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Hercules is the Roman adaptation of the Greek divine hero Heracles, who was the son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures, the Romans adapted the Greek heros iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules. In later Western art and literature and in culture, Hercules is more commonly used than Heracles as the name of the hero. Hercules was a figure with contradictory characteristics, which enabled later artists and writers to pick. This article provides an introduction to representations of Hercules in the later tradition, Hercules is known for his many adventures, which took him to the far reaches of the Greco-Roman world. One cycle of these adventures became canonical as the Twelve Labours, one traditional order of the labours is found in the Bibliotheca as follows, Slay the Nemean Lion. Capture the Golden Hind of Artemis, clean the Augean stables in a single day. Obtain the girdle of Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, obtain the cattle of the monster Geryon. Steal the apples of the Hesperides, Hercules was a favorite subject for Etruscan art, and appears often on bronze mirrors. The Etruscan form Herceler derives from the Greek Heracles via syncope, a mild oath invoking Hercules was a common interjection in Classical Latin. Hercules had a number of myths that were distinctly Roman, one of these is Hercules defeat of Cacus, who was terrorizing the countryside of Rome. The hero was associated with the Aventine Hill through his son Aventinus, Mark Antony considered him a personal patron god, as did the emperor Commodus. Roman brides wore a belt tied with the knot of Hercules. The comic playwright Plautus presents the myth of Hercules conception as a sex comedy in his play Amphitryon, during the Roman Imperial era, Hercules was worshipped locally from Hispania through Gaul. Tacitus records a special affinity of the Germanic peoples for Hercules, in chapter 3 of his Germania, Tacitus states. They say that Hercules, too, once visited them, and they have also those songs of theirs, by the recital of this barditus as they call it, they rouse their courage, while from the note they augur the result of the approaching conflict. For, as their line shouts, they inspire or feel alarm, some have taken this as Tacitus equating the Germanic Þunraz with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana. In the Roman era Hercules Club amulets appear from the 2nd to 3rd century, distributed over the empire, mostly made of gold, a specimen found in Köln-Nippes bears the inscription DEO HER, confirming the association with Hercules
27.
Graffiti
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Graffiti are writing or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or painted illicitly on a wall or other surface, often within public view. Graffiti range from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and they have existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, in modern times, paint and marker pens have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owners permission is considered defacement and vandalism, Graffiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. Within hip hop culture, graffiti have evolved alongside hip hop music, b-boying, unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own form of graffiti to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials, law enforcement, both graffiti and its occasional singular form graffito are from the Italian word graffiato. Graffiti is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface, a related term is sgraffito, which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was used by potters who would glaze their wares. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, the word originates from Greek γράφειν — graphein — meaning to write. The term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, use of the word has evolved to include any graphics applied to surfaces in a manner that constitutes vandalism. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD, the first known example of modern style graffiti survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus. Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution, located near a mosaic and stone walkway, the graffiti shows a handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with a footprint and a number. This is believed to indicate that a brothel was nearby, with the handprint symbolizing payment, the ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt. Graffiti in the world had different connotations than they carry in todays society concerning content. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia of Nuceria, another shows a phallus accompanied by the text, mansueta tene. Etched on the surface of the Mirror Wall, they contain pieces of prose, poetry, the majority of these visitors appear to have been from the elite of society, royalty, officials, professions, and clergy. There were also soldiers, archers, and even some metalworkers, the topics range from love to satire, curses, wit, and lament. Many demonstrate a high level of literacy and a deep appreciation of art. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there, one reads, Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems
28.
Amplifier
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An amplifier, electronic amplifier or amp is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal. An amplifier functions by taking power from a supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply based upon the properties of the input signal, an amplifier is effectively the opposite of an attenuator, while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss. An amplifier can either be a piece of equipment or an electrical circuit contained within another device. Amplification is fundamental to modern electronics, and amplifiers are used in almost all electronic equipment. Amplifiers can be categorized in different ways, another is which quantity, voltage or current is being amplified, amplifiers can be divided into voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, and transresistance amplifiers. A further distinction is whether the output is a linear or nonlinear representation of the input, amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain. The first practical device that could amplify was the triode vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest. Vacuum tubes were used in almost all amplifiers until the 1960s–1970s when the transistor, invented in 1947, today most amplifiers use transistors, but vacuum tubes continue to be used in some applications. Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters. After the turn of the century it was found that negative resistance mercury lamps could amplify, the first practical electronic device that could amplify was the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. The terms amplifier and amplification were first used for this new capability around 1915 when triodes became widespread, the amplifying vacuum tube revolutionized electrical technology, creating the new field of electronics, the technology of active electrical devices. It made possible long distance lines, public address systems, radio broadcasting, talking motion pictures, practical audio recording, radar, television. For 50 years virtually all electronic devices used vacuum tubes. Early tube amplifiers often had positive feedback, which could increase gain but also make the amplifier unstable, much of the mathematical theory of amplifiers was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories during the 1920s to 1940s. Other advances in the theory of amplification were made by Harry Nyquist, the vacuum tube was the only amplifying device for 40 years, and dominated electronics until 1947, when the first transistor, the BJT, was invented. Today most amplifiers use transistors, but vacuum tubes are used in some high power applications such as radio transmitters. All amplifiers have gain, a factor that relates the magnitude of some property of the output signal to a property of the input signal
29.
Give It Up or Turnit a Loose
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Give It Up or Turnit a Loose is a funk song recorded by James Brown. Released as a single in 1969, the song was a #1 R&B hit, Give It Up or Turnit a Loose appeared as an instrumental on the Aint It Funky album, removing Browns vocals and adding guitar overdubs. Brown recorded Give It Up or Turnit a Loose again with The J. B. s for his 1970 double album Sex Machine. Over five minutes long, this later recording used a different instrumental arrangement, with an added organ riff. A remix of this recording by Tim Rogers appears on the 1986 compilation album In the Jungle Groove, the remixed version has been extensively sampled. A genuine live version of the song appears on the album Live at Chastain Park, in 1974 Lyn Collins recorded the song, with Brown producing. Dick Hyman recorded a version of Give It Up or Turnit a Loose on his 1969 album The Age of Electronicus
30.
Jimmy Castor
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James Walter Jimmy Castor was an American pop and funk musician. He is best known as a fun disco/funk saxophonist, with his biggest hit single being 1972s million seller, as leader of The Jimmy Castor Bunch in the 1970s, and also as a solo artist, he released several successful albums and singles. and drummer Bobby Manigault. Thomas, who recorded with the Fatback Band, left in the 1980s to exclusively record with them. Many of the tunes have been heavily sampled in films. In particular, the hook and groove from Its Just Begun. Industrial hip hop group Tackhead covered the song Just Begun for the release of their album For the Love of Money. He died on January 16,2012 from heart failure, aged 71, hey Leroy Its Just Begun Phase 2 Dimension 3 The Jimmy Castor Bunch featuring The Everything Man Butt of Course
31.
Booker T. & the M.G.'s
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Booker T. & the M. G. s is an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Lewie Steinberg and they also released instrumental records under their own name, of which the best known is the 1962 hit single Green Onions. As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, by the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M. G. s. In 1965, Steinberg was replaced by Donald Duck Dunn, who played with the group until his death in 2012. Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, after which Dunn, Cropper and Jones reunited on numerous occasions using various drummers, including Willie Hall, Anton Fig, Steve Jordan and Steve Potts. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. Booker T. & the M. G. s formed as the band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson Pickett. During downtime, the four started playing around with an organ riff. Jim Stewart, the president of Stax Records, was in the control booth and he liked what he heard, and he recorded it. Cropper remembered a riff that Jones had come up with weeks earlier, Stewart wanted to release the single with the first track, Behave Yourself, as the A-side and the second track as the B-side. Cropper and radio disc jockeys thought otherwise, soon, Stax released Booker T. & the M. G. s Green Onions backed with Behave Yourself, the single went to number 1 on the US Billboard R&B chart and number 3 on the pop chart. It sold over one million copies and was certified a gold disc and it has been used in numerous movies and trailers, including a pivotal scene in the motion picture American Graffiti. Later in 1962, the released a all-instrumental album, Green Onions. Aside from the track, a sequel and Behave Yourself. Booker T. & the M. G. s continued to issue instrumental singles and albums throughout the 1960s. The group was a successful recording combo in its own right, in the mid-1960s Jones was often away from Memphis while studying music full-time at Indiana University. Stax writer and producer Isaac Hayes usually stepped in when Jones was unavailable for work, and on several sessions Jones and Hayes played together with one on organ. Their second album, Soul Dressing, was released in 1965, whereas the Green Onions album contained mostly covers, every composition but one on Soul Dressing was an original
32.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
33.
Refrain
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A refrain is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse, the chorus of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, the use of refrains is particularly associated with where the verse-chorus-verse song structure typically places a refrain in almost every song. The refrain or chorus often contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically. Chorus form, or strophic form, is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one section or block played repeatedly. In music, a refrain has two parts, the lyrics of the song, and the melody, a similar refrain is found in the Battle Hymn of the Republic, which affirms in successive verses that Our God, or His Truth, is marching on. Refrains usually, but not always, come at the end of the verse, some songs, especially ballads, incorporate refrains into each verse. Fa la la la la la la la la, as one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom So coal black grew the other one. Here, the refrain is syntactically independent of the poem in the song, and has no obvious relationship to its subject. The device can also convey material which relates to the subject of the poem, such a refrain is found in Dante Gabriel Rossettis Troy Town, Heavenborn Helen, Spartas queen, O Troy Town. Had two breasts of heavenly sheen, The sun and moon of the desire, All Loves lordship lay between, A sheen on the breasts I Love. O Troys down, Tall Troys on fire, phrases of apparent nonsense in refrains, and solfege syllables such as fa la la, familiar from the Christmas carol Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly, have given rise to much speculation. Some believe that the traditional refrain Hob a derry down O encountered in some English folksongs is in fact an ancient Celtic phrase meaning dance around the oak tree, there are two distinct uses of the word chorus. In the thirty-two bar song form that was most common in the earlier twentieth-century popular music, beginning in the rock music of the 1950s, another form became more common in commercial pop music, which was based in an open-ended cycle of verses instead of a fixed 32-bar form. In this form, choruses with fixed lyrics are alternated with verses in which the lyrics are different with each repetition, in this use of the word, chorus contrasts with the verse, which usually has a sense of leading up to the chorus. Many popular songs, particularly early in this century, are in a verse. Most popular songs from the middle of the century consist only of a chorus, according to the musicologists Ralf von Appen and Markus Frei-Hauenschild, In German, the term, Refrain, is used synonymously with chorus when referring to a chorus within the verse/chorus form. At least one English-language author, Richard Middleton, uses the term in the same way, in this usage, the refrain does not constitute a discrete, independent section within the form. A large number of Tin-Pan Alley songs using thirty-two bar form are central to the jazz repertoire
34.
Incredible Bongo Band
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The Incredible Bongo Band, also known as Michael Viners Incredible Bongo Band, was a project started in 1972 by Michael Viner, a record artist manager and executive at MGM Records. Viner was called on to supplement the soundtrack to the B-film The Thing With Two Heads, the bands output consisted of upbeat, funky, instrumental music. Many tracks were covers of songs of the day characterized by the prominence of bongo drums, conga drums, rock drums. The band released two albums, 1973s Bongo Rock and 1974s Return of the Incredible Bongo Band, Michael Viner would make use of MGM recording facilities in down-time, recruiting whichever studio musicians were on-hand. This apparently included many well-known blow-ins, all uncredited, important contributions were made by Jim Gordon on drums and King Errisson on bongos. Ringo Starr is rumoured to have played on some tracks, the down-time sessions carried on for some time, until upper management finally quelled the vanity project. When product was released, a fake band was assembled and photographed. Those photos were seen on some album artwork, and in publicity and they recorded the song at Can-Base Studios in Vancouver to take advantage of Canadian content laws, which had helped promote their previous hit, Bongo Rock. Subsequently, many of the Incredible Bongo Bands other releases were sampled by hip-hop producers, the song received popular attention again in 2001 when it was featured in an ad for an Acura SUV. In 2008, music critic Will Hermes did an article on Apache and it made #66 in Canada in December 1973. Last Bongo in Belgium has been sampled in the songs Looking Down the Barrel of a Gun performed by the Beastie Boys, Angel performed by Massive Attack, let There Be Drums was used in Ken Burns Baseball, The 10th Inning, the follow-up to Burns 94 PBS documentary. In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida was used as the loop in the song Hip Hop Is Dead performed by Nas. The 2013 documentary Sample This, directed by Dan Forrer and narrated by Gene Simmons, recounts the story of the Incredible Bongo Band and its recording of Apache. A group formed by musician Shawn Lee with the parallel name Shawn Lees Incredible Tabla Band released an album with Ubiquity Records in 2011, Tabla Rock. Lee took on the entire Bongo Band debut album, and also two tracks from their second album, Lees album covers the music on tabla instead of bongo, presenting it in an Indian-funk style. Hang Down Your Head Tom Dooley, Your Ties Caught in Your Zipper C4
35.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
36.
Master of ceremonies
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A master of ceremonies, abbreviated M. C. also called compère and announcer, is the official host of a ceremony, a staged event or similar performance. The master of ceremonies sometimes also refers to the officer during an official state function. Today, the term often connotes a master of ceremonies who presents performers, speaks to the audience, entertains people, in addition, the term also exists in various chivalric orders and fraternal orders. The term originated in the Catholic Church, the Master of Ceremonies is an official of the Papal Court responsible for the proper and smooth conduct of the elegant and elaborate rituals involving the Pope and the sacred liturgy. He may also be an involved in the proper conduct of protocols and ceremonials involving the Roman Pontiff, the Papal Court. Examples of official liturgical books prescribing the rules and regulations of liturgical celebrations are Cæremoniale Romanum, the office of the Master of Ceremonies itself is very old. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the most ancient ceremonials and rituals of the Catholic Church are the Ordines Romani, names of Masters of Ceremonies are known since the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. However, copies of books prescribing the forms of rituals, rites and it is reasonable to assume that the ceremonials themselves pre-date Gelasius. However, documentary evidence from the late Roman period is scarce or lost, the ceremonies and practices of the Byzantine emperors are also known to have influenced the papal court. At a large Catholic church or cathedral, the Master of Ceremonies organizes and rehearses the proceedings and he may also have responsibility for the physical security of the place of worship during the liturgy. At major festivities such as Christmas and Easter, when the liturgies are long and complex, the current papal Master of Ceremonies is Monsignor Guido Marini, who succeeded Archbishop Piero Marini. Masters of Ceremonies at weddings and private events also ensure the coordination of their event, became an alternative title for a rapper and for their role within hip hop music and culture. The term is used as a term of distinction, referring to an artist with good performance skills. An MC focuses on skills, lyrical ability, and subject matter, in any comedy show, the compère is the host of the evenings events, but the precise role and responsibilities will vary depending on the country, venue and style of event. The compère will normally do longer bits at the start of the show and after any interval and they may also be required to make announcements, such as birthdays, anniversaries and bar promotions. In some circles the title Master of Ceremonies is also known as Minister of Ceremonies, in the 1940 Disney film, Fantasia, Deems Taylor is the films Master of Ceremonies. Media related to Master of ceremonies at Wikimedia Commons
37.
Scratching
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Within hip hop culture, scratching is one of the measures of a DJs skills. In the 2010s, both scratching and scrubbing can be done on digital audio workstations which are equipped for these techniques, christian Marclay was one of the earliest musicians to scratch outside of hip hop. In the mid-1970s, Marclay used gramophone records and turntables as musical instruments to create sound collages and he developed his turntable sounds independently of hip hop DJs. Although he is little-known to mainstream audiences, Marclay has been described as the most influential turntable figure outside hip hop, in 1981 Grandmaster Flash released the song The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel which is notable for its use of many DJ scratching techniques. It was the first commercial recording produced entirely using turntables, in 1982, Malcolm McLaren & the Worlds Famous Supreme Team released a single Buffalo Gals, juxtaposing extensive scratching with calls from square dancing, and, in 1983, the EP, Dya Like Scratchin. Which is entirely focused on scratching, another 1983 release to prominently feature scratching is Herbie Hancocks Grammy Award-winning single Rockit. This song was performed live at the 1984 Grammy Awards, and in the documentary film Scratch. The Street Sounds Electro compilation series which started in 1983 is also notable for early examples of scratching, at the same time as the DJ is moving the record back and forth, the DJ manipulates the crossfader of a DJ mixer. This creates a rhythmic sound that has come to be one of the most recognizable features of hip hop music. Over time with excessive scratching, the stylus will cause what is referred to as record burn to a vinyl record, when scratching, this crossfader is utilized in conjunction with the scratching hand that is manipulating the record platter. The hand manipulating the crossfader is used to cut in and out of the records sound, using a digital vinyl system consists of playing vinyl discs on turntables whose contents is a timecode signal instead of a real music record. The turntables audio outputs are connected to the inputs of a computer audio interface. The audio interface digitizes the timecode signal from the turntables and transfers it to the computers DJ software, there is not a single standard of DVS, so that each form of DJ software has its own settings. Some DJ software such as Traktor Scratch Pro or Serato Scratch Live support only the audio interface sold with their software, Vinyl emulation software allows a DJ to manipulate the playback of digital music files on a computer via a DJ control surface. DJs can scratch, beatmatch, and perform other turntablist operations that cannot be done with a conventional keyboard, DJ software performing computer scratch operations include Traktor Pro, Mixxx, Serato Scratch Live & Itch, Virtual DJ, M-Audio Torq, DJay, Deckadance, Cross. DJs have also used tape, such as cassette or reel to reel to both mix and scratch. Tape DJing is rare, but Ruthless Ramsey in the US, Tj Scratchavite in Italy, Sounds that are frequently scratched include but are not limited to drum beats, horn stabs, spoken word samples, and vocals/lyrics from other songs. Some DJs and anonymous collectors release 12-inch singles called battle records that include trademark, the most recognizable samples used for scratching are the Ahh and Fresh samples, which originate from the song Change the Beat by Fab 5 Freddy
38.
History Detectives
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History Detectives is a documentary television series on PBS. Common subjects are family heirlooms and historical structures and its stated missions is exploring the complexities of historical mysteries, searching out the facts, myths and conundrums that connect local folklore, family legends and interesting objects. Over its first decade, the featured a team of several detectives, originally Wes Cowan, Elyse Luray, Gwen Wright. Following a hiatus, the returned in summer 2014 in a different format, with hosts Zuberi and Cowan joined by Kaiama Glover, as History Detectives. Though not officially cancelled, History Detectives is not planning new episodes as of September 2015, episodes usually include three segments, each centering on a single mystery or case. Each segment begins with an introduction and then shows the detective meeting with a person who has brought the case to their attention. The cases always revolve around an object which is supposedly related in some manner to American history. Usually these are family heirlooms of some type, although occasionally they are objects or landmarks or items owned by private archives or museums. The person presenting them with the case shows the investigator the item in question. Often this involves some element of history which has been handed down as family or local lore. The investigator will then ask them what want to find out about the item. Often the questions will revolve around whether the item was owned by a famous personage or whether it was used in a particular historic event. Sometimes the investigator will be asked to track down an obscure creator of a certain item, the investigator will then promise to look into the questions and, if the item in question is portable, will ask to take it with them. The rest of the segment involves an investigation of the items history, if the provenance of the item is in doubt they will often begin by establishing whether or not the item came from the period in question. This will often involve a series of tests as well as consultation with experts on appraisal. When tracking down specific people the investigators will engage in research using such resources as biographies, histories, newspapers. In attempting to establish the history of the item, the investigators will meet with experts, particularly historians, when needed other experts such as park rangers, appraisers, and experts in relevant skills will be consulted. Often, experts will be asked to provide their opinion on the plausibility of a story which is attached to the item, or to explain why a specific historical event happened in a particular way
39.
Police Athletic League
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The purpose is to build character, help strengthen police-community relations, and keep children off illegal drugs. Most PAL programs now call themselves Police Activities Leagues because many of the programs are now focused on youth enrichment, educational and youth leadership programs, some organizations are also called Sheriff Activities Leagues SAL because their sponsoring agency is a Sheriffs Department. Police Athletic League programs usually have a competitive component, although the vast majority of the Leagues contests are with other youths in the same city, there are regularly scheduled national contests between teams in different parts of the country. For many of the people who participate, it is their first chance to travel to where the contests are held. The Police Athletic League provides participation in many sports and these include Soccer, Basketball, Football, and many other sports throughout the U. S. The National Association of Police Athletics/Activities Leagues, Inc. is based in Jupiter, drug Abuse Resistance Education Gang Resistance Education and Training National Association of Police Athletics/Activities Leagues, Inc. Support for Police Athletic League Urged By Valentine as Curb on Delinquency, mayor Makes Plea for Financial Support Of the Police Athletic League Campaign. St. Petersburg, Florida, Google News Archive
40.
Nelson George
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Nelson George is an African-American author, columnist, music and culture critic, journalist, and filmmaker. He has been nominated twice for the National Book Critics Circle Award and he was an intern at the New York Amsterdam News before being hired as black music editor for Record World. He later served as an editor for Billboard magazine from 1982 to 1989. While there, George published two books, Where Did Our Love Go, The Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound in 1986 and he also wrote a column, entitled Native Son, for the Village Voice from 1988 to 1992. He first got involved in film when, in 1986, he helped to finance director Spike Lees debut feature Shes Gotta Have It, a lifelong resident of Brooklyn, New York, George currently lives in Fort Greene. With Alan Leeds he co-authored The James Brown Reader, a collection of articles about the Godfather of Soul in 2008, in 1991 George co-wrote the Halle Berry vehicle Strictly Business and in 1993 he was co-creator of the movie CB4 starring comedian Chris Rock. Nelson Georges The Death of Rhythm and Blues chronicles and critiques the path that R&B has taken, nelson takes a close look at the genres fall to the hands of the mainstream and even mentions that some popular artists sold out. George has written three novels featuring bodyguard-turned-private investigator D Hunter. All three novels — The Accidental Hunter, The Plot Against Hip-Hop, A Novel, and The Lost Treasures of R&B — have been optioned by rapper/actor Common. In 2004, George made a film called To Be a Black Man, starring Samuel L. Jackson. Both titles appeared in festivals in New York, London, and he executive-produced the HBO film Everyday People which also debuted in 2004 at the Sundance Film Festival. His directorial debut, Life Support, starring Queen Latifah, aired on HBO on March 10,2007, Latifah won several awards for her performance as Ana Wallace, including a Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild award, and the NAACP Image Award. Life Support was also named best TV film of the year by the NAACP and he also currently hosts the VH-1 series Soul Cities, which examines the music and culture of six prominent cities in the U. S. The film premiered on Showtime Networks in February 2012 for Black History Month, finding The Funk was released in March 2013, it traced the history of funk music from the 1960s to the present day. This documentary included interviews with such as DAngelo, Sly Stone, Bootsy Collins, Mike D, Sheila E. It was aired on VH1 on February 14,2013, in 2015, George released A Ballerinas Tale, a documentary on Misty Copeland, a principal ballet dancer for ABT. R. T
Media from Wikimedia Commons
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