1.
Dub music
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Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s, and is commonly considered a subgenre, though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae. Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo, reverb, panoramic delay, Dub was pioneered by Osbourne King Tubby Ruddock, Lee Scratch Perry, Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s. Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub, and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre, similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy. These producers, especially Ruddock and Perry, looked upon the mixing console as an instrument, manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different. Dub has influenced many genres of music, including rock, pop, hip hop, disco, and later house, techno, ambient, electronic dance music, the verb dub is defined as making a copy of one recording to another. The term dub had multiple meanings in Jamaica around the time of the musics origin, in concert, the order dub this one. Meant put an emphasis on bass and drums, drummer Sly Dunbar points to a similar interpretation, relating the term dubwise to using only drums and bass. Another possible source was the term dub plate, as suggested by Augustus Pablo, the word duppy also relates to dub through Jamaicas history of intra-racial terror, violence, and murder that is often overlooked in favor of Jamaican ideologies of racial solidarity. The ghosts of these victims, or duppies, are thought to be captured best within the dub instrumentals, a version is a record with the vocals removed, the alternative cut of a song made for the DJ to toast over. These versions were used as the basis of new songs by rerecording them with new elements, the instrumental tracks are typically drenched in sound effects such as echo, reverberation, with instruments and vocals dropping in and out of the mix. Another hallmark of the dub sound is the prominent use of bass guitar, the music sometimes features other noises, such as birds singing, thunder and lightning, water flowing, and producers shouting instructions at the musicians. It can be augmented by live DJs. There is usually an organic feel to the music, even though the effects are electronically created. Often these tracks are used for toasters rapping heavily rhymed and alliterative lyrics, in forms of sound system based reggae, the performer using a microphone is referred to as the DJ or deejay, and the person choosing the music and operating the turntables is called the selector. A major reason for producing multiple versions was economic, a producer could use a recording he owned to produce numerous versions from a single studio session. A version was also an opportunity for a producer or remix engineer to experiment, Dub music and toasting introduced a new era of creativity in reggae music. From their beginning, toasting and dub music developed together and influenced each other, in 1968, Kingston, Jamaica sound system operator Rudolph Ruddy Redwood went to Duke Reids Treasure Isle studio to cut a one-off dub plate of The Paragons hit On The Beach. Engineer Byron Smith left the track out by accident, but Redwood kept the result
2.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
3.
Trip hop
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Trip hop is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. Trip hop can be highly experimental and it was pioneered by acts like Massive Attack, Tricky, and Portishead. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has described as Europes alternative choice in the second half of the 90s. DJs, MCs, b-boys and graffiti artists grouped together into informal soundsystems, Bristols soundsystem DJs, drawing heavily on Jamaican dub music, typically used a laid-back, slow and heavy drum beat. Bristols Wild Bunch crew became one of the soundsystems to put a spin on the international phenomenon, helping to birth Bristols signature sound of trip hop. As the hip hop scene matured in Bristol and musical trends evolved further toward acid jazz and house in the late 1980s, another influence came from Gary Clails Tackhead soundsystem. Clail often worked with former The Pop Group singer Mark Stewart, produced by Adrian Sherwood, the music combined hiphop with experimental rock and dub and sounded like a premature version of what later became trip hop. In 1993, Kirsty MacColl released Angel, one of the first examples of the crossing over to pop. In the 1990s, Janet Jackson brought trip hop into the American charts with the song If, several songs on her Janet. and The Velvet Rope used this genre of music, Songs like Got Til Its Gone and You. Massive Attacks first album Blue Lines was released in 1991 to huge success in the UK, Massive Attack released their second album entitled Protection in 1994. The term trip hop was coined that year, but not in reference to anything on the Massive Attack albums, in 1993, Icelandic musician Björk released Debut, produced by Wild Bunch member Nellee Hooper. The album, although rooted in four-on-the-floor house music, contained elements of trip hop and is credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. She had been in contact with Londons underground electronic music scene and was involved with trip hop musician Tricky. Björk embraced trip hop even more with her 1995 album Post by collaborating with Tricky, homogenic, her 1997 album, has been described as a pinnacle of trip hop music. 1994 and 1995 saw trip hop near the peak of its popularity, with such as Howie B, Naked Funk. The period also marked the debut of two acts who, along with Massive Attack, would define the Bristol scene for years to come, in 1994 Portishead, a trio comprising singer Beth Gibbons, Geoff Barrow, and Adrian Utley, released their debut album Dummy. Their background differed from Massive Attack in many ways, one of Portisheads primary influences was 1960s and 1970s film soundtrack LPs, nevertheless, Portishead shared the scratchy, jazz-sample-based aesthetic of early Massive Attack, and the sullen, fragile vocals of Gibbons also brought them wide acclaim. In 1995, Dummy was awarded the Mercury Music Prize as the best British album of the year, Tricky also released his debut solo album Maxinquaye in 1995, to great critical acclaim
4.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
5.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
6.
Thirsty Ear Records
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Thirsty Ear Recordings is an American independent record label. It was founded in the late 1970s as a company for the then-unnamed alternative music field. Thirsty Ear came to prominence in the mid-1990s with a series of CD reissues of early albums by artists such as Foetus, Einstürzende Neubauten, Marc Almond, Swans. The label also released new albums by rock bands such as Baby Ray, Madder Rose. Foetus would remain on the label, recording music on Thirsty Ear through 2001. More recently, Thirsty Ear has released albums as part of its Blue Series. Artists on the Thirsty Ear label include, Category, Thirsty Ear Recordings albums List of record labels Official site Thirsty Ear Discography at discogs. com
7.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
8.
Dave Lombardo
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David Dave Lombardo is a three time nominated, two time Grammy Award-winning Cuban American drummer, best known as a co-founding member of American thrash metal band Slayer. Lombardos music career has spanned more than 30 years, during which he has involved in the production of 35 commercial recordings extending over a number of genres with bands such as Grip Inc. Fantômas, Testament, Suicidal Tendencies, in addition to Slayer, Lombardo is currently playing drums with Suicidal Tendencies. Lombardo is most widely known as a very heavy metal drummer. His use of the drums has been called astonishingly innovative and earned him the title the godfather of double bass from Drummer World. Over his career, he has had a significant influence on the scene and has inspired many modern metal drummers. David Lombardo was born in Havana, Cuba on February 16,1965 and he has two older brothers and an older sister, and his father owned three meat markets in Havana at the time. When he was two old, his family moved to South Gate, California, although his brothers had arrived to the US early. His musical interest was fueled immediately following his first musical performance at the age of 8 and he then joined the school band where he played the marching drum. Lombardos father noticed his persistent interest in music at age ten, immediately following Lombardo purchased his first record, Alive. by Kiss, to play along to. He taught himself the song 100,000 Years by listening to the record repeatedly until he was able to play the drum solo perfectly, with his newly discovered hobby, Lombardo asked his parents for drum lessons. His parents consented, however, the lessons lasted one week. Lombardo quickly bored of the repetitiveness, as the lessons were not progressing fast enough to challenge him, after leaving music lessons, Lombardos friends exposed him to the disco genre, which appealed to his affinity for funk, Latin and soul. He soon became a temporary DJ for a disc jockey under the name A Touch of Class. Not impressed with his home at 4,00 AM most nights. The transitory gig ceased soon after, in 1978, Lombardo returned to playing rock music, soon befriending several like minded musicians around South Gate. Graduating from private school in grade, Lombardo moved to Pius X High School. He signed up to the talent show and performed Chuck Berrys Johnny B. Goode with a guitarist named Peter Fashing
9.
Hip hop
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Hip hop is a subculture and art movement developed by African-Americans and Latinos from the inner-city South Bronx neighbourhood in New York City in the late 1970s. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc also played a key role in developing hip hop music, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Herc mixed samples of existing records and DJed percussion breaks, mixing this music with his own Jamaican-style toasting to rev up the crowd and dancers. These youths mixed these influences with existing musical styles associated with African Americans prior to the 1970s, Hip hop music became popular outside of the African-American community in the late 1980s, with the mainstream commercial success of gangsta rap. Critic Greg Tate described the hip hop movement as the only avant-garde still around, Hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the United States and subsequently the world. These elements were adapted and developed considerably, particularly as the art spread to new continents and merged with local styles in the 1990s. Sampling older culture and re-using it in a new context or a new format is called flipping in hip hop culture. Hip hop music follows in the footsteps of earlier African-American-rooted musical genres such as blues, jazz, rag-time, funk, cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them hip hoppers. The name was meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music. The song Rappers Delight, by The Sugarhill Gang, released in 1979, begins with the phrase I said a hip, hop the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, and you dont stop. Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called The Positive Life in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new disco rap music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was underground, one of the very first so-called rap records, was a monster hit. Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the hip hop. Bambaataa, former leader of the Black Spades gang, also did much to popularize the term. In the 1970s, an urban movement known as Hip Hop began to develop in the South Bronx in New York City. It focused on emceeing over breakbeats, house parties and neighbourhood block party events, Hip hop music has been a powerful medium for protesting the impact of legal institutions on minorities, particularly police and prisons. Jamaican-born DJ Clive Kool Herc Cindy Campbell pioneered the use of DJing percussion breaks in hip hop music, beginning at Hercs home in a high-rise apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the movement later spread across the entire borough. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of impromptu toasting, on August 11,1973 DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sisters back-to-school party
10.
Turntablism
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The mixer is plugged into a PA system for live events and/or broadcasting equipment (if the DJ is performing on radio, TV or Internet radio, so that a wider audience can hear the turntablists music. Turntablists typically use two or more turntables and headphones to cue up desired start points on different records, the word turntablist was originated by Luis DJ Disk Quintanilla. The new term coincided with the resurgence of hip-hop DJing in the 1990s, some turntablists use turntable techniques like beat mixing/matching, scratching, and beat juggling. Some turntablists seek to have recognized as traditional musicians capable of interacting and improvising with other performers. The use of the turntable as an instrument has its roots dating back to the 1930s, 1940s. Experimental composers used them to sample and create music that was produced by the turntable. Cages Imaginary Landscape No.1 is composed for two variable speed turntables, frequency recordings, muted piano and cymbal, edgard Varèse experimented with turntables even earlier in 1930, though he never formally produced any works using them. Examples of turntable effects can also be found on popular records produced in the 1960s and 1970s, creedence Clearwater Revivals 1968 self-titled debut album features a backspin effect in the song Walk on the Water. However, turntablism as it is known today did not surface until the development of hip hop in the late 1970s, Turntablism as a modern art form and musical practice has its roots within African-American inner city hip hop and hip hop culture of the late 1970s. Kool DJ Herc, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash are widely credited for having cemented the now established role of DJ as hip hops foremost instrumentalist. Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing is generally regarded as the development in hip hop history. His influence on the concept of DJ as turntablist is equally profound, to understand the significance of this achievement, it is important to first define the break. Briefly, the break of a song is a musical fragment only seconds in length, Kool Herc introduced the break-beat technique as a way of extending the break indefinitely. This is done by buying two of the record, finding the break on each record, and switching from one to the other using the DJ mixer. Using that idea, Grandmaster Flash elaborated on Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing and came up with the quick-mix theory and he described it as being. like cutting, the backspin, and the double-back. Kool Hercs revolutionary techniques set the course for the development of turntablism as an art form in significant ways, most important, however, he developed a new form of DJing that did not consist of just playing and mixing records one after the other. The type of DJ that specializes in mixing a set is well respected for his/her own set of unique skills, the DJ would be examined critically by the crowd on both a technical and entertainment level. Grand Wizzard Theodore, an apprentice of Flash, who isolated the most recognizable technique of turntablism, [ Eshun
11.
Nova Express
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Nova Express is a 1964 novel by American author William S. Burroughs. It was written using the method, a version of the cut-up method, developed by Burroughs with Brion Gysin. It is part of The Nova Trilogy, or Cut-Up Trilogy, together with The Soft Machine, Burroughs considered the trilogy a sequel or mathematical continuation of Naked Lunch. Nova Express was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1965 and it is listed in David Pringles 1985 book Science Fiction, The 100 Best Novels. Grove Press printed a Restored edition in 2014, edited by Oliver Harris, the introduction argued for the care with which Burroughs used his methods and established the texts complex manuscript histories. Nova Express is a commentary on human and machine control of life. The Nova Mob—Sammy the Butcher, Izzy the Push, The Subliminal Kid, which invade the human body and in the process produce language. These Nova Criminals represent society, culture, and government, and have taken control, inspector Lee and the rest of the Nova Police are left fighting for the rest of humanity in the power struggle. The Nova Police can be compared to apomorphine, an instance that need not continue and has no intention of continuing after its work is done. The police are focused on first-order addictions of junkies, homosexuals, dissidents, and criminals, if these criminals vanish, the Nova Police depend upon the Nova Criminals for existence, if the criminals cease to exist, so do the police. They act like apomorphine, the cure for morphine addiction that Burroughs used. Control is the theme of the novel, and Burroughs attempts to use language to break down the walls of culture. He uses inspector Lee to express his own thoughts about the world, the purpose of my writing is to expose and arrest Nova Criminals. In Naked Lunch, Soft Machine and Nova Express I show who they are and what they are doing, with your help we can occupy The Reality Studio and retake their universe of Fear Death and Monopoly. While Naked Lunch was a shock to the literary community, Nova Express was considered the end of Burroughss stylistic experiment. The novel received praise on its own, as it was often compared to the other books in the trilogy. Eric Mottram stated that although Burroughss repetitive narcotic and homoerotic fantasies become tedious in sections of his third novel and it is from these obsessions that his most powerful work develops. Reviewing the novel for an audience, Judith Merril compared Nova Express to the surreality of certain dreams
12.
William S. Burroughs
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William Seward Burroughs II was an American writer. Burroughs was a figure of the Beat Generation and a major postmodernist author whose influence is considered to have affected a range of popular culture as well as literature. Burroughs wrote eighteen novels and novellas, six collections of short stories, five books have been published of his interviews and correspondences. He also collaborated on projects and recordings with numerous performers and musicians and he was also briefly known by the pen name William Lee. He was born into a family in St. Louis, Missouri, grandson of the inventor and founder of the Burroughs Corporation, William Seward Burroughs I. Burroughs began writing essays and journals in early adolescence, but did not begin publicizing his writing until his thirties and he left home in 1932 to attend Harvard University, studied English, and anthropology as a postgraduate, and later attended medical school in Vienna. With Brion Gysin, he popularized the literary cut-up technique in works such as The Nova Trilogy. In 1983, Burroughs was elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, J. G. Burroughs had one child, William S. Burroughs, Jr. with his second wife Joan Vollmer. William Burroughs died at his home in Lawrence, Kansas, after suffering an attack in 1997. Burroughs was born in 1914, the younger of two born to Mortimer Perry Burroughs and Laura Hammon Lee. His was a prominent family of English ancestry in St. Louis and his grandfather, William Seward Burroughs I, founded the Burroughs Adding Machine company, which evolved into the Burroughs Corporation. Burroughss mother was the daughter of a minister whose family claimed to be related to Robert E. Lee and his maternal uncle, Ivy Lee, was an advertising pioneer later employed as a publicist for the Rockefellers. His father ran an antique and gift shop, Cobblestone Gardens, first in St. Louis, then in Palm Beach, as a boy, Burroughs lived on Pershing Ave. in St. Louiss Central West End. He attended John Burroughs School in St. Louis where his first published essay and he then attended the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico, which was stressful for him. The school was a school for the wealthy, where the spindly sons of the rich could be transformed into manly specimens. Burroughs kept journals documenting an erotic attachment to another boy, according to his own account, he destroyed these later, ashamed of their content. He became a well-known homosexual writer after the publication of Naked Lunch in 1959, some say that he was expelled from Los Alamos after taking chloral hydrate in Santa Fe with a fellow student. Yet, according to his own account, he left voluntarily, Burroughs finished high school at Taylor School in Clayton, Missouri, and in 1932, left home to pursue an arts degree at Harvard University, where he was affiliated with Adams House
13.
European Graduate School
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Founded in Switzerland, the School operates on two locations, Saas-Fee, Switzerland, and Valletta, Malta. The EGS is a privately funded international graduate school founded by the non-profit European Foundation of Interdisciplinary Studies, EGS is not recognized by the Swiss University Conference, the main regulatory body for universities in Switzerland. The European Graduate School was founded in 1994 in Saas-Fee, Switzerland by the Swiss scientist, artist, the school initially offered programs in Expressive Arts Therapy, as a part of a broader initiative to develop a network of training institutes in Expressive Arts Therapy. A division of Philosophy, Art and Critical Thought was subsequently established by Wolfgang Schirmacher, three to six-day courses on socio-political, philosophical, and artistic inquiry are offered during the summer on campus. Chantal Akerman Pierre Alféri Sandy Stone
14.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
15.
Red Hot Organization
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Red Hot Organization is a not-for-profit,5013, international organization dedicated to fighting AIDS through pop culture. The Red Hot Organization Collection was donated to Fales Library in New York City in 2006, Red Hot is a not-for-profit production company that has produced 16 albums and dedicated more than 10 million dollars to worthy organizations, causes and pro-social projects around the world. Its mission is to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health, Red Hot is more of a creative production company than a traditional charitable organization. Overhead is kept to a minimum and production focused on making innovative projects that target hard to reach audiences by using popular culture, revenues from these projects are given to traditional charities, often in collaboration with the artists who have contributed their music or art. What is significant is their fund raising does not compete with local AIDS service organizations and they tap basically new money, and thats very important. Furthermore, the contracts Red Hot signs with artists guarantees that at least 80% of the profits generated from the sales will be earmarked for AIDS efforts. John Carlin, Paul Heck, and Béco Dranoff are key persons associated with the organization. First founded as King Cole, Inc. by Leigh Blake and John Carlin, Red Hot was established in 1989 in response to the devastation wrought by AIDS on a generation of New York artists and intellectuals. In 1990 the dream was realized when Red Hot + Blue was released, featuring such stars as David Byrne, Annie Lennox, Tom Waits, U2 and Erasure. Carlin,43 at the time, couldn’t believe he pulled it off, That CD was inspired by naïveté, Red Hot + Blue ultimately sold over 1 million copies worldwide, and raised millions of dollars for AIDS charities such as AmFAR and ActUp. The release of Red Hot + Blue became the template for many charity projects that followed and its one-and-a-half-hour TV special, hosted by Richard Gere, Carrie Fisher and Kyle MacLachlan aired on World AIDS Day during prime time on ABC. The 1990s were a hotbed of activity for Red Hot, in 1992, Red Hot produced the second in the series, Red Hot + Dance features remixes and original tracks by major club artists, remixed by some of the most influential DJs and producers in the world. It also contains three tracks by George Michael, including the international smash hit Too Funky, and Supernatural with Madonna. For the Dance project, Red Hot held club nights around the world spotlighting top dance performers and these parties were filmed for an AIDS awareness television special and released on home video. In 1993, Red Hot released, No Alternative, produced by Paul Heck, which featured Nirvana and it features original tracks and covers from bands that went on to define the alternative rock scene of the 1990s. An MTV special and home video featured performances, music videos. Red Hot + Country was released in 1994 by Mercury Nashville, the album received two Grammy nominations. A live show was held at the Ryman Auditorium, the home to the Grand Ole Opry
16.
Kool Keith
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Keith Thornton, better known by his stage name Kool Keith, is an American rapper from The Bronx, New York known for his surreal, abstract and often profane or incomprehensible lyrics. Kool Keith has recorded both as a solo artist and in group collaborations. Kool Keith is generally considered to be one of hip-hops most eccentric, Kool Keith was a cofounding member of Ultramagnetic MCs, whose debut Critical Beatdown was released in 1988. After two more albums with the group, Funk Your Head Up and The Four Horsemen, Kool Keith released his acclaimed solo debut album. He subsequently released a series of independently released hip hop albums, including Sex Style and First Come. Kool Keith has also made guest appearances in collaboration with Peeping Tom and he was also featured on the short track DDT on Jurassic 5s album Power in Numbers. The Prodigys hit Smack My Bitch Up was based on a sample of Kool Keiths voice saying change my pitch up, Kool Keith began his rap career with the group Ultramagnetic MCs. After the release of their influential 1988 album Critical Beatdown, Thornton was reportedly institutionalized in Bellevue Hospital Center. However, he said that the idea that he was institutionalized came from a flippant remark made during an interview. After continuing with Ultramagnetic for two albums, Thornton would embark on a solo career. Thornton released his first notable solo single, Earth People, in 1995 and this was followed by the release of Dr. Octagonecologyst the following year. DreamWorks also issued a version of the album, titled Instrumentalyst. Thornton followed the Dr. Octagonecologyst album with Sex Style in 1997, in 1996, Thornton collaborated with Tim Dog for the single The Industry is Wack, performing under the name Ultra—the album Big Time soon followed. In 1999, he released the album First Come, First Served under the name Dr. Dooom, the same year, on August 10,1999, Thornton released Black Elvis/Lost in Space. It peaked at #10 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, #74 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and #180 on the Billboard 200, on July 25,2000, Thornton released the album Matthew. It peaked at #47 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, on June 5,2001, Thornton released the album Spankmaster on Gothom Records. It peaked at #16 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, #11 on the Top Independent Albums chart, in 2002, Thornton began recording The Resurrection of Dr. On October 12,2004, Real Talk Entertainment issued the album Dr. Octagon Part 2, the album was discontinued by court order
17.
Indie rock
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Indie rock is a genre of alternative rock that originated in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Originally used to independent record labels, the term became associated with the music they produced and was initially used interchangeably with alternative rock. In the mid-1980s, the term began to be used to describe the music produced on punk and post-punk labels. Some prominent indie rock record labels were founded during the 1980s, during the 1990s, Grunge bands broke into the mainstream, and the term alternative lost its original counter-cultural meaning. The term indie rock became associated with the bands and genres that remained dedicated to their independent status, by the end of the 1990s indie rock developed subgenres and related styles including lo-fi, noise pop, emo, slowcore, post-rock and math rock. In the 2000s, changes in the industry and in music technology enabled a new wave of indie rock bands to achieve mainstream success. In the early 2000s, a new group of bands played a stripped-down. The commercial breakthrough from these scenes was led by four bands, The Strokes, The White Stripes, The Hives, emo also broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s. By the end of the 2000s the proliferation of bands was being referred to as indie landfill. The term indie rock, which comes from independent, describes the small and relatively low-budget labels on which it is released, the influences and styles of the artists have been extremely diverse, including punk, psychedelia, post-punk and country. Allmusic identifies indie rock as including a number of varying musical approaches compatible with mainstream tastes, in fact, there is an everlasting list of genres and subgenres of indie rock. Many countries have developed a local indie scene, flourishing with bands with enough popularity to survive inside the respective country. However, there are still indie bands that start off locally, Indie rock has been identified as a reaction against the macho culture that developed in alternative rock in the aftermath of Nirvanas success. However, Cortney Harding pointed out that this sense of equality is not reflected in the number of women running indie labels. The BBC documentary Music for Misfits, The Story of Indie pinpoints the birth of indie as the 1977 self-publication of the Spiral Scratch EP by Manchester band Buzzcocks, Indie pop and indie were originally synonymous. In the mid-1980s, indie began to be used to describe the music produced on post-punk labels rather than the labels themselves. The indie rock scene in the US was prefigured by the rock that dominated college radio playlists. In the United States, the term was associated with the abrasive, distortion-heavy sounds of the Pixies, Hüsker Dü, Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Dinosaur Jr
18.
Sonic Youth
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Sonic Youth was an American rock band from New York City, formed in 1981. In their early career Sonic Youth were associated with the no wave art, the band is considered to be a pivotal influence on the alternative and indie rock movements. In 2011 Ranaldo announced that the band was ending for a following the separation of married couple Gordon. Thurston Moore updated and clarified the position in May 2014, Sonic Youth is on hiatus, the band is a democracy of sorts, and as long as Kim and I are working out our situation, the band can’t really function reasonably. Gordon refers several times in her 2015 autobiography Girl in a Band to the band having split up. Shortly after guitarist Thurston Moore moved to New York City in early 1977, he formed a group, Room Tone, with his roommates, after the breakup of the Coachmen, Moore began jamming with Stanton Miranda, whose band, CKM, featured Kim Gordon. Moore and Gordon formed a band, appearing under names like Male Bonding and Red Milk, the name came from combining the nickname of MC5s Fred Sonic Smith with Youth from reggae artist Big Youth. Gordon later recalled that as soon as Thurston came up with the name Sonic Youth, the band played Noise Fest in June 1981 at New Yorks White Columns gallery, where Lee Ranaldo was playing as a member of Glenn Brancas electric guitar ensemble. Their performance impressed Moore, who described them as the most ferocious guitar band that I had ever seen in my life, the new threesome played three songs at the festival later in the week without a drummer. Each band member took turns playing the drums, until they met drummer Richard Edson, Branca signed Sonic Youth as the first act on his record label Neutral Records. In December 1981 the group recorded five songs in a studio in New Yorks Radio City Music Hall, the material was released as the Sonic Youth that, while largely ignored, was sent to a few key members of the US press, who gave it uniformly favorable reviews. After their first release, Edson quit the group for a career and was replaced by Bob Bert. During their early days as part of the New York music scene, the bands came to share the same rehearsal space, and Sonic Youth embarked on its first tour, a two-week journey through the southern United States starting in November 1982, supporting Swans. During a second tour with Swans of the Midwest the following month, tensions ran high and Moore constantly criticized Berts drumming, Bert was fired afterwards and replaced by Jim Sclavunos, who played drums on the bands first studio album, 1983s Confusion Is Sex. Sonic Youth set up a tour of Europe for the summer of 1983. Sclavunos, however, quit after only a few months, the group asked Bert to rejoin, and he agreed, on the condition that he would not be fired again after the tours conclusion. Sonic Youth found themselves well received in Europe, but the New York press largely ignored the noise rock scene. After a substandard September concert in New York, another critic from The Village Voice panned it, Gordon wrote a scornful letter to the newspaper, criticizing it for not supporting its local music scene, to which Christgau responded by saying they are not obligated to support them
19.
Kim Gordon
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Kim Althea Gordon is an American musician, songwriter, and visual artist. Born in Rochester, New York, Gordon was raised in Los Angeles, California, Gordon also formed the musical project Free Kitten with Julia Cafritz in the 1990s, and debuted as a producer on Holes debut album Pretty on the Inside. Gordon also worked on a line called X-Girl in 1993. Gordon has collaborated with Ikue Mori, DJ Olive, William Winant, Lydia Lunch, Yoko Ono, Raymond Pettibon, Kathleen Hanna, and Chris Corsano. In 2012, after the breakup of Sonic Youth, Gordon formed Body/Head with friend Bill Nace, Gordons memoir, Girl in a Band, was published in February 2015, by HarperCollins imprint Dey Street Books. Gordon was born in Rochester, New York, where her father, at age five, her family relocated to Los Angeles, California when her father was offered a professorship in the sociology department at the University of California, Los Angeles. Gordon described her mother was a homemaker with creative tendencies and she attended a progressive elementary school that was attached to UCLA, which she described as, “It was learn by doing. So we were always making African spears and going down to the river and making mud huts, or skinning a cowhide and drying it and throwing it off the cliff at Dana Point. ”In her memoir, Gordon recounts spending summers with her family in Klamath, California, near the Oregon border. In Los Angeles, Gordon attended University High School, and after graduating and she was also briefly a student at York University in Toronto, Canada, where she played in her first band. She briefly worked for Larry Gagosian during her study as a side-job, after graduating from art school, Gordon moved to New York City and became interested in no-wave bands, When I came to New York, I’d go and see bands downtown playing no-wave music. It was expressionistic and it was also nihilistic, punk rock was tongue-in-cheek, saying, ‘Yeah, we’re destroying rock. ’ No-wave music is more like, ‘NO, we’re really destroying rock. ’ It was very dissonant. I just felt like, Wow, this is really free, in New York City, she joined the short-lived band CKM, with Christine Hahn and Stanton Miranda, and met her future Sonic Youth bandmates Lee Ranaldo and Thurston Moore through Miranda. Gordon began dating Moore and, together with Ranaldo, the then formed Sonic Youth in 1981. Originally the band released their first two albums, Confusion is Sex and Bad Moon Rising on Neutral and Homestead Records, respectively, before signing with SST to release EVOL, in October 1988, the band released Daydream Nation album through Enigma Records. In 1989, the band signed onto DGC Records, a subsidiary of Geffen, and released Goo, Gordon is known for a fascination with Karen Carpenter and Sonic Youth wrote the song Tunic about the musician. Gordon provided insight into the song in a 2010 interview, I was trying to put myself into Karens body. It was like she had so little control over her life, also I think she lost her identity, it got smaller and smaller. And there have been times when I feel I’ve lost mine, when people come and ask me about being famous or whatever and I don’t feel that, it’s not me
20.
Thurston Moore
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Thurston Joseph Moore is an American musician best known as a singer, songwriter and guitarist of Sonic Youth. He has also participated in solo and group collaborations outside Sonic Youth. Moore was ranked 34th in Rolling Stones 2004 edition of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, in May 2012, Spin published a staff-selected top 100 ranking Moore and his Sonic Youth bandmate Lee Ranaldo together on number 1. In 2012, Moore started a new band Chelsea Light Moving, with their first track, Burroughs, Chelsea Light Movings eponymous debut was released on March 5,2013. Moore was born July 25,1958, at Doctors Hospital in Coral Gables, Florida, to George E. Moore and Eleanor Nann Moore, and moved with his family in 1967 to Bethel, Connecticut. He attended St. Josephs School in Danbury Ct followed by St. Marys School in Bethel CT and it was there that he was able to watch shows by the likes of Patti Smith and spoken-word performances by William S. Burroughs. In 1980 he moved in with Kim Gordon to an apartment at 84 Eldridge St. below artist Dan Graham, eventually befriending him, once in the city, Moore was briefly a member of the hardcore punk band Even Worse, featuring future The Big Takeover editor Jack Rabid. After exiting the band, Moore and Lee Ranaldo learned experimental guitar techniques in Glenn Brancas guitar orchestras, Moore invited Ranaldo, who he had known when The Coachmen shared a CBGB stage with Ranaldos 1970s band The Flux, to join the band. The new threesome played three songs at the later in the week without a drummer. Each band member took turns playing the drums, until they met drummer Richard Edson, the band signed to Neutral Records, then to Homestead Records, and then to SST Records. Moore and Ranaldo make extensive use of guitar tunings, often heavily modifying their instruments to provide unusual timbres and drones. They are known for bringing upwards of fifty guitars to every gig, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Moore and Ranaldo the 33rd and 34th Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2011, Moore and his wife, Sonic Youth bassist Kim Gordon, announced they had separated, shortly afterward, though his marriage was ending Moore never claimed that Sonic Youth was finished. In addition to his work with Sonic Youth, Moore has also released albums as a solo artist and he and Gordon released a few songs as Mirror/Dash. Moore established Protest Records as a gesture of activism but the project has since lapsed. S. P. John Moloney, Glenn Branca, Yamantaka Eye, My Cat is an Alien, John Russell, Steve Noble, John Edwards, Haino Keiji, John Zorn, Yoko Ono, Takehisa Kosugi, and others. In the early 1990s, Moore formed the side band Dim Stars, with Richard Hell, Don Fleming, Moore performed solo on the side stage of the 1993 Lollapalooza tour. Additionally, Moore also contributed guitar work and backing vocals on Crush with Eyeliner and he played Fred Cracklin in the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode dedicated to Sonny Sharrock
21.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
22.
Matthew Shipp
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Matthew Shipp is an American pianist, composer and bandleader. Shipp was raised in Wilmington, Delaware, and began playing piano at six years old and his mother was a friend of trumpeter Clifford Brown. He was strongly attracted to jazz, but also played in groups while in high school. Shipp attended the University of Delaware for one year, then the New England Conservatory of Music and he has cited private lessons with Dennis Sandole as being crucial to his development. Shipp moved to New York in 1984, and has very active since the early 1990s, appearing on dozens of albums as a leader. Shipp, before making a living playing music, worked in a bookshop as an assistant manager and he got fired, he threw some books at his boss, and he decided he wouldnt look for a day job anymore. He was initially most active in jazz, but has since branched out, notably exploring music that touches on contemporary classical, hip hop. Jazziz Magazine also referred to Shipps CD 4D as further proof of his idiosyncratic genius, Shipp was a long-time member of saxophonist David S. Wares quartet. In February 2011, Shipp released an album entitled Art of the Improviser. This release is testament to Shipps achievements, yet it is also a continuation of the discovery in his musical language. The Chicago Tribune called the project monumental and galvanic as ever, Shipp has been continuously improving his repertoire from touring the world, writing new compositions and, since 2011, has been collaborating with Barbara Januszkiewicz. Together they are exploring new territory through a film called The Composer with Matthew Shipp / Barb Januszkiewicz. On September 24,2013 Thirsty Ear Records released a solo piano CD by Shipp called Piano Sutras, will Layman, writing for PopMatters, described it as, the kind of record we talk about and play for each other decades later. This is music that frames up a history, of an artist, of listeners, of the artists who formed the history of the art form, of the culture. Logos And Language, A Post-Jazz Metaphorical Dialogue with Steve Dalachinsky Contrapuntal Kaleidoscope Man Official site Culture Catch Music Salon & Dusty Wright Interview with Matthew
23.
William Parker (musician)
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William Parker is an American free jazz double bassist, multi-instrumentalist, poet and composer. Parker was born in the Bronx, New York City and he was not formally trained as a classical player, though he did study with Jimmy Garrison, Richard Davis, and Wilbur Ware and learned the tradition. Parker is one of few jazz bassists who frequently plays arco and he also plays several other instruments from around the world, including the West African kora. While Parker has been active since the early 1970s, he has had a public profile since the early 1990s. Parker first came to attention with pianist Cecil Taylor. He has long been a member of saxophonist David S. Wares quartet, Parker also played with various other groups that included Paul Murphy whenever he was in town shopping for new drum sticks. He is a member of the cooperative Other Dimensions In Music, together with his wife, Patricia Nicholson Parker, he organizes the annual Vision Festival in New York City. The album Sound Unity by the William Parker Quartet was chosen as one of Amazon. coms Top 100 Editors Picks of 2005 and his August 2008 CD Double Sunrise over Neptune was listed as one of the top 102008 Jazz CDs at Amazon. Also released in 2008, Petit Oiseau was chosen as one of the best jazz disks of 2008 by The Wall Street Journal, the BBCs Radio Three, The Village Voice, in 2006, Parker was awarded the Resounding Vision Award from Nameless Sound. In March 2007, William Parkers book, Who Owns Music. was published by buddys knife jazzedition in Cologne, assembles his political thoughts, poems, and musicological essays. Conversations 2001 - Inside Out in the Open, a Sessionography FMP releases William Parkers book who owns music. At www. buddysknife. de 38 minute mp3 interview Review of Double Sunrise Over Neptune
24.
Joe McPhee
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Joe McPhee is an American jazz multi-instrumentalist born in Miami, Florida, a player of tenor, alto, and soprano saxophone, the trumpet, flugelhorn and valve trombone. McPhee grew up in Poughkeepsie, New York, and is most notable for his jazz work done from the late 1960s to the present day. McPhee was born in Miami, Florida and he began playing trumpet when he was eight, before learning other instruments. He played in high school and then military bands before starting his recording career. His first recording came in 1967, when he appeared on the Clifford Thornton album entitled Freedom, McPhee taught himself saxophone at the age of 32 after experiencing the music of John Coltrane, Albert Ayler, and Ornette Coleman. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, McPhee lectured on music at Vassar College. In 1975, Werner Uehlinger started the Swiss label Hathut Records with the intent of showcasing McPhees music. In the 1980s, McPhee met Pauline Oliveros, began studying her musical theories and he has not yet signed with any major label in his native United States, and was possibly better known throughout Europe than his native country until the 1990s. His 1996 album As Serious As Your Life, which takes its title from the book by Val Wilmer, is arguably the finest of his solo recordings. Since 1998, McPhee, Dominic Duval, and Jay Rosen have performed and recorded as Trio X, in the 1990s Dominique Eade and McPhee had a jazz ensemble called Naima. McPhee has written reviews and commentary for Cadence, in 2005, McPhee was awarded the Resounding Vision Award by Nameless Sound. Underground Railroad Nation Time Black Magic Man At WBAIs Free Music Store,1971 Trinity with Harold E. S, T. String Quartet Reqiphoenix Nexus With Dominic Duval Live in Concert Cries and Whispers Undersound Undersound II Rules Of Engagement, Vol. Official website Joe McPhee & Clifton Hyde concert video MP3 Interview Alan McGee on Joe McPhee in The Guardian
25.
Iannis Xenakis
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Iannis Xenakis was a Greek-French composer, music theorist, architect, and engineer. After 1947, he fled Greece, becoming a citizen of France. He is considered an important post-World War II composer whose works helped revolutionize 20th century classical music and he integrated music with architecture, designing music for pre-existing spaces, and designing spaces to be integrated with specific music compositions and performances. Among the numerous writings he authored, the book Formalized Music, Thought. Xenakis was born in Brăila, Romania and he was the eldest son of Klearchos Xenakis, a Greek businessman from Euboea, and Fotini Pavlou from Lemnos. His parents were interested in music, and it was Fotini who introduced the young Xenakis to music. Her early death, when Xenakis was five years old, was an experience that, in his own words. He was subsequently educated by a series of governesses, and then, in 1932, sent to a school on the Aegean island of Spetsai. He sang in the boys choir, where the repertoire included works by Palestrina, and Mozarts Requiem. It was also at the Spetsai school that Xenakis studied notation and solfège, in 1938, after graduating from the Spetsai school, Xenakis moved to Athens to prepare for entrance exams at the National Technical University of Athens. Although he intended to study architecture and engineering, he took lessons in harmony. In 1940 he successfully passed the exams, but his studies were cut short by the Greco-Italian War, although Greece eventually won the war, it was not long before the German army joined the Italians in the Battle of Greece, in April 1941. This led to the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, which lasted until late 1944, in December 1944, during the period of Churchills martial law, Xenakis became involved in street fighting against British tanks. He was wounded and facially disfigured when shrapnel from a tank blast hit his cheek and eye and he survived seriously scarred, and lost sight in his left eye. The Technical University operated intermittently during these years, despite this, and Xenakiss other activities, he was able to graduate in 1947, with a degree in civil engineering. Xenakis was then conscripted into the armed forces. Around 1947 the Greek government began arresting former members that were left-wing oriented and were sent to prison. Xenakis, fearing for his life, went into hiding, with the help of his father and others he fled Greece through Italy
26.
Ryuichi Sakamoto
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Ryuichi Sakamoto is a Japanese musician, composer, record producer, pianist, activist, writer, actor and dancer, based in Tokyo and New York. The band had hits such as Computer Game / Firecracker, Behind the Mask. He went on to more solo records, collaborate with many international artists. He composed music for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics opening ceremony, as a film composer, he has won an Academy Award, BAFTA, Grammy, and two Golden Globe Awards, and has received three BAFTA nominations and four Golden Globe nominations. Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence marked his debut as a score composer and as an actor. His most successful work as a composer was The Last Emperor, after which he continued earning accolades composing for films such as The Sheltering Sky, Little Buddha. On occasion, Sakamoto has also worked on anime and video games, in 2009, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from Frances Ministry of Culture for his musical contributions. Sakamoto entered the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music in 1970, earning a B. A. in music composition and an M. A. with special emphasis on both electronic and ethnic music. He was also trained in music and began experimenting with the electronic music equipment available at the university, including synthesizers such as the Buchla, Moog. One of Sakamotos classical influences was Claude Debussy, who he described as his hero and stated that “Asian music heavily influenced Debussy, so, the music goes around the world and comes full circle. ”In 1975, Sakamoto collaborated with percussionist Tsuchitori Toshiyuki to release Disappointment-Hateruma. After working as a musician with Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi in 1977. Known for their influence on electronic music, the group helped pioneer electronic genres such as electropop/technopop, synthpop, cyberpunk music, ambient house. The groups work has had an influence across genres, ranging from hip hop and techno to acid house. He also sang on songs, such as Kimi ni Mune Kyun. Sakamoto released his first solo album Thousand Knives of Ryūichi Sakamoto in mid-1978 with the help of Hideki Matsutake—Hosono also contributed to the song Thousand Knives, a version of the song Thousand Knives was released on the Yellow Magic Orchestras 1981 album BGM. This version was one of the earliest uses of the Roland TR-808 drum machine, for YMOs live performance of 1000 Knives in 1980, Riot in Lagos was later included in Playgroups compilation album Kings of Electro, alongside other significant electro compositions, such as Hashims Al-Naafyish. The 1980 release of Riot in Lagos was listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music, in 1982, Sakamoto worked on another collaboration with Sylvian, a single entitled Bamboo Houses/Bamboo Music. Sakamotos 1980 collaboration with Kiyoshiro Imawano, Ikenai Rouge Magic, topped the Oricon singles chart, in 1983, Sakamoto starred alongside David Bowie in director Nagisa Oshimas Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence
27.
Laurie Anderson
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Laura Phillips Laurie Anderson is an American avant-garde artist, composer, musician and film director whose work spans performance art, pop music, and multimedia projects. Initially trained in violin and sculpting, Anderson pursued a variety of art projects in New York during the 1970s, making particular use of language, technology. She became widely known outside the art world in 1981 when her single O Superman reached number two on the UK pop charts. She also starred in and directed the 1986 concert film Home of the Brave, Anderson is a pioneer in electronic music and has invented several devices that she has used in her recordings and performance art shows. In 1977, she created a violin that uses recorded magnetic tape on the bow instead of horsehair. In the late 1990s, she developed a talking stick, a six-foot long baton-like MIDI controller that can access, Anderson started dating Lou Reed in 1992, and was married to him from 2008 until his death in 2013. Anderson was born in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, on June 5,1947 and she graduated from Glenbard West High School. She attended Mills College in California, and eventually graduated from Barnard College magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, in 1972, she obtained an MFA in sculpture from Columbia University. Her first performance-art piece—a symphony played on automobile horns—was performed in 1969, in 1970, she drew the underground comix Baloney Moccasins, which was published by George DiCaprio. She performed in New York during the 1970s, two early pieces, New York Social Life and Time to Go, are included in the 1977 compilation New Music for Electronic and Recorded Media, along with works by Pauline Oliveros and others. Two other pieces were included on Airwaves, a collection of pieces by various artists. She also recorded a lecture for Vision, a set of artists released by Crown Point Press as a set of 6 LPs. Many of Andersons earliest recordings remain unreleased, or were only issued in limited quantities, such as her first single, among the musicians on these early recordings are Peter Gordon on saxophone, Scott Johnson on guitar, Ken Deifik on harmonica, and Joe Kos on drums. Photographs and descriptions of many of early performances were included in Andersons retrospective book. Among the Giorno-released recordings was Youre the Guy I Want to Share My Money With and she also worked with comedian Andy Kaufman in the late 1970s. In 1980 Anderson was awarded a doctorate from the San Francisco Art Institute. In 1982 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts—Film, Anderson became widely known outside the art world in 1981 with the single O Superman, originally released in a limited quantity by B. Georges One Ten Records, which reached number two in the British charts
28.
David Byrne
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Byrne is a multi-instrumentalist and is known for his distinctive voice. Since then, Byrne has released his own recordings and worked with various media including film, photography, opera. He has received Oscar, Grammy, and Golden Globe awards and been inducted into the Rock, David Byrne was born 14 May 1952, in Dumbarton, Scotland, to parents Tom and Emma. He is the elder of two children, two years after his birth, his parents moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and then to Arbutus, Maryland, in the United States, when he was 8 or 9 years old. His father worked as an electronics engineer, before high school, Byrne already knew how to play the guitar, accordion, and violin. He was rejected from his schools choir because they claimed he was off-key. From a young age, he had a strong interest in music and his parents say that he would constantly play his phonograph from age three and he learned how to play the harmonica at age five. In his journals he says, I was a peculiar young man—borderline Aspergers, Byrne graduated from Lansdowne High School in southwest Baltimore County. He started his career in a high school band called Revelation. Their repertoire consisted mostly of songs such as April Showers,96 Tears, Dancing on the Ceiling, Byrne attended the Rhode Island School of Design and the Maryland Institute College of Art before dropping out. He returned to Providence in 1973 and formed a band called the Artistics with fellow RISD student Chris Frantz, Byrne moved to New York City in May that year and was joined by Frantz and his girlfriend Tina Weymouth in September. Unable to find a player in New York, Frantz. While working day jobs in late 1974, they were contemplating a band, by January 1975, they were practicing and playing together, while still working normal day jobs. They founded the band Talking Heads and had their first gig in June, Byrne quit his day job in May 1976 and the three-piece band signed to Sire Records in November. Multi-instrumentalist Jerry Harrison joined the band in 1977, the band released eight studio albums before going into hiatus in 1988. Byrne desired to go solo, but it took three years until 1991 to announce that the band was breaking up, a brief reunion for a single Sax and Violins in 1991 occurred before dissolving again. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002, following this record, Byrne focused his attention on Talking Heads. My Life in the Bush of Ghosts was re-released for its 25th anniversary in early 2006, in keeping with the spirit of the original album, stems for two of the songs component tracks were released under Creative Commons licenses and a remix contest site was launched
29.
Patti Smith
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Patricia Lee Patti Smith is an American singer-songwriter, poet, and visual artist who became an influential component of the New York City punk rock movement with her 1975 debut album Horses. Called the punk poet laureate, Smith fused rock and poetry in her work and her most widely known song is Because the Night, which was co-written with Bruce Springsteen. It reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. In 2005, Patti Smith was named a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture, on November 17,2010, she won the National Book Award for her memoir Just Kids. The book fulfilled a promise she had made to her former roommate and partner. In Rolling Stone magazines list of 100 Greatest Artists published in December 2010 and she is also a recipient of the 2011 Polar Music Prize. Patricia Lee Smith was born in Chicago and her mother, Beverly, was a waitress, and her father, Grant, worked at the Honeywell plant. The family was of Irish ancestry and she spent her early childhood in the Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia, before her family moved to Pitman, New Jersey and later to The Woodbury Gardens section of Deptford Township, New Jersey. Her mother was a Jehovahs Witness, man-made laws that you can either decide to abide by or not. Smith graduated from Deptford Township High School in 1964 and went to work in a factory and she gave birth to her first child, a daughter, on April 26,1967, and chose to place her for adoption. In 1967, she left Glassboro State College and moved to Manhattan and she met photographer Robert Mapplethorpe there while working at a book store with a friend, poet Janet Hamill. She and Mapplethorpe had a romantic relationship, which was tumultuous as the pair struggled with times of poverty. Smith considers Mapplethorpe to be one of the most important people in her life, Mapplethorpes photographs of her became the covers for the Patti Smith Group LPs, and they remained friends until Mapplethorpes death in 1989. In 1969 she went to Paris with her sister and started busking and doing performance art, when Smith returned to Manhattan, she lived in the Hotel Chelsea with Mapplethorpe, they frequented Maxs Kansas City and CBGB. Smith provided the spoken word soundtrack for Sandy Daleys art film Robert Having His Nipple Pierced, the same year Smith appeared with Wayne County in Jackie Curtiss play Femme Fatale. Afterward, she starred in Tony Ingrassias play Island. Marks Poetry Project, she spent the early 1970s painting, writing, in 1971 she performed – for one night only – in Cowboy Mouth, a play that she co-wrote with Sam Shepard. She wrote several poems, for sam shepard and Sam Shepard,9 Random Years about her relationship with Shepard, Smith was briefly considered for the lead singer position in Blue Öyster Cult
30.
David Sylvian
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David Sylvian is an English singer-songwriter and musician who came to prominence in the late 1970s as the lead vocalist and main songwriter in the group Japan. Sylvians solo work has influenced by a variety of musical styles and genres, including jazz, avant-garde, ambient, electronic. The band Japan, whose members included bassist Mick Karn, guitarist Rob Dean, keyboardist Richard Barbieri and Sylvians brother Steve Jansen as drummer. As youngsters they played music as a means of escape, playing Sylvians two-chord numbers – sometimes with Karn as the front man, a fan of New York Dolls, Sylvian adopted his stage name from Sylvain Sylvain, while his brother took Jansen from David Johansen. They christened themselves Japan in 1974, signed a contract with Hansa, and became an alternative glam rock outfit in the mould of David Bowie, T. Rex. Over a period of a few years their music became more sophisticated and their visual image also evolved and, although they had worn make-up since their creation in the mid-1970s, the band was unintentionally tagged with the New Romantic label in the early 1980s. The band themselves disputed any connection with the New Romantic movement, the attitudes are so very different. Of Japans fashion sense, Sylvian said, For them, fancy dress is a costume, but ours is a way of life. We look and dress this way every day, Japan released five studio albums between March 1978 and November 1981. In 1980, the signed with Virgin Records, where Sylvian remained as a recording artist for the next twenty years. Fujii quickly became a figure in Sylvians life. She was the first person to introduce Sylvian seriously to jazz and she also encouraged Sylvian to incorporate spiritual discipline into his daily routine. Throughout his solo career, Fujii maintained a role in the design of artwork for his albums. Japan played their final concerts in December 1982 before dissolving, in 1982, Sylvian released his first solo collaborative effort with Ryuichi Sakamoto, entitled Bamboo Houses/Bamboo Music. He also worked with Sakamoto on the UK Top 20 song Forbidden Colours for the 1983 Nagisa Oshima film Merry Christmas, sakamotos first contribution to Sylvians work though was as co-writer of Taking Islands in Africa on the Japan-album Gentlemen Take Polaroids. Sylvians debut solo album, Brilliant Trees included contributions from Ryuichi Sakamoto, trumpeter Jon Hassell and it featured the UK Top 20 single Red Guitar. The next release was the two-record set Gone to Earth, which featured one record of atmospheric vocal tracks, never one to conform to commercial expectations, Sylvian then collaborated with Holger Czukay. Plight and Premonition, issued in 1988, and Flux and Mutability, recorded and released the year, also included contributions from Can members Jaki Liebezeit
31.
David Torn
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David M. Torn is an American guitarist, composer, and producer. He is known for combining electronic and acoustic instruments and for the use of looping and he has been referred to as, the most sampled man after James Brown. ”Torn has contributed to recordings by artists including David Bowie, k. d. He has produced a Grammy-winning recording for Jeff Beck, as well as recordings for Tim Berne, Drew Gress, Dave Douglas, Douglas September and he collaborated with David Bowie on his last 3 records, and appears in the 2017 Documentary David Bowie, The Last Five Years. He studied with Leonard Bernstein, as well as with guitarists John Abercrombie, Pat Martino, Paul Weiss, Torn works out of his personal studios, known as Cell Labs, occasionally, he uses the pseudonym splattercell. The New York Times described Torns 2015 solo release, Only Sky, Torn was born in Amityville, New York, he is married to Linda B. Brecht-Torn, is the son of Lawrence J. Torn and Rhoda G. Torn, the father of electronic musician Elijah B. He is the brother of Marsha Torn and Linda Torn, and he is a cousin of Rip Torn, Angelica Torn, Geraldine Page, Sissy Spacek, and Ina Garten, AKA The Barefoot Contessa. Torn began his career with the Ithaca-based jam band Zobo Funn Band in the 1970s and he has recorded solo and group recordings for the ECM, Windham Hill, CMP, and 75 Ark. His 1987 solo release, Cloud About Mercury, has described as, one of the finest jazz fusion dates of the 80s. For over 25 years, Torn has worked as as composer and musician for film and his credits include The Big Lebowski, Lars and The Real Girl, The Order, The Wackness, Traffic, Three Kings, and Reversal of Fortune. In the 1990s, Torn was diagnosed with an acoustic neuroma, in his case, the surgery that followed left him deaf in the right ear but he remained able to compose, record, and play. In 2006, Torns film score for Believe in Me won the Best Score-award at the Jackson Hole Film Festival, in 2003, his score for the film The Order was nominated for a Grammy Award. In 2007, Torn released Prezens with Tim Berne, in 2013, Torn performed as a guitarist on the David Bowies final album, The Next Day—his third collaboration with the artist. The same year, Torn delivered a solo performance and talk at TEDx Caltech 2013. The presentation examined his brain tumor diagnosis and recovery, in addition to his work as a recording artist, he continues to work as a composer for film and television. His latest film, The Light of The Moon, premiers at SXSW in March 2017, in an interview with Premier Guitar magazine following the release of his solo album Only Sky, he shared an extensive list of the instruments and effects he uses. Only Sky That Awkward Moment Lars and the Real Girl Playground Prezens Two Plus Two The Sin Eater The Order GTR OBLQ What Means Solid, nights, Bruford Levin Upper Extremities Music, Madonna Seven Veils, Robert Rich Bruford Levin Upper Extremities Drag, k. d. net
32.
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bernardo Bertolucci is an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris,1900, The Last Emperor, The Sheltering Sky, Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers. In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme dOr Award at the ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Since 1979, he has married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. Bertolucci was born in the Italian city of Parma, in the region of Emilia-Romagna and he is the elder son of Ninetta, a teacher, and Attilio Bertolucci, who was a poet, a reputed art historian, anthologist and film critic. His mother was born in Australia, to an Italian father, Bertolucci had one brother, the theatre director and playwright Giuseppe. His cousin was the film producer Giovanni Bertolucci, with whom he has worked on a number of films, Bertolucci initially wished to become a poet like his father. With this goal in mind, he attended the Faculty of Modern Literature of the University of Rome from 1958 to 1961, shortly after, Bertolucci left the University without graduating. In 1962, at the age of 22, he directed his first feature film, produced by Tonino Cervi with a screenplay by Pasolini, the film is a murder mystery, following a prostitutes homicide. Bertolucci uses flashbacks to piece together the crime and the person who committed it, the film which shortly followed was his acclaimed Before the Revolution. Bertolucci caused controversy in 1972 with the film Last Tango in Paris, starring Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti. The film presents Brandos character, Paul, as he uses an affair to cope with the violent death of his wife by emotionally and physically dominating a young woman. The depictions of Schneider, then 19 years old, were regarded as exploitative, in one scene, Paul anally rapes Jeane using butter as a lubricant. The use of butter was not in the script, Bertolucci and Brando had discussed it and she said in 2007 that she had cried real tears during the scene and had felt humiliated and a little raped. In 2013 Bertolucci said he had withheld the information from her to generate a reaction of frustration. Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, because of the scandal surrounding the films release, Schneider became a drug addict and suicidal. She later became a rights advocate, in particular fighting for more female film directors, more respect for female actors. Criminal proceedings were brought against Bertolucci in Italy for the anal-sex scene, an Italian court revoked Bertoluccis civil rights for five years and gave him a four-month suspended prison sentence. Bertolucci appeared on the Radio Four programme Front Row on April 29,2013, during the making of Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci toyed with the idea of adapting Dashiell Hammetts book Red Harvest into a feature film
33.
Slayer
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Slayer is an American thrash metal band from Huntington Park, California, formed in 1981 by guitarist Kerry King and drummer Dave Lombardo. Slayer rose to fame with its 1986 release Reign in Blood, and is credited as one of the big four thrash metal bands, along with Metallica, Megadeth, and Anthrax. Since its debut album in 1983, the band has released studio albums. Four of the studio albums have received gold certification in the United States. The band has received five Grammy nominations, winning one in 2007 for the song Eyes of the Insane, Slayer has also played at several music festivals worldwide, including Unholy Alliance, Download and Ozzfest. Slayers musical style involves fast tremolo picking, double bass drumming, riffs in irregular scales, in the original line-up, King, Hanneman, and lead vocalist/bassist Tom Araya contributed to the bands lyrics, and all of the bands music was written by King, Hanneman and Lombardo. However, its music has been influential, often being cited by many bands as an influence musically, visually. Between 1991 and 2013, the band sold 4.9 million albums in the United States, Slayer was founded in 1981, when drummer Dave Lombardo met guitarist Kerry King. Upon meeting, the two discovered they had similar taste in music and in their aspirations. King soon introduced guitarist Jeff Hanneman and recruited Chilean-born bassist and vocalist Tom Araya, the band played cover versions of Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs at clubs and parties in Southern California. Early shows relied on a Satanic image, which featured pentagrams, make-up, spikes, and inverted crosses. Rumors that the band was known as Dragonslayer, after the 1981 movie of the same name, were denied by King, as he stated, We never were. The band was invited to open for Bitch at the Woodstock Club in Anaheim, California, performing eight songs, six of which were covers. While playing a gig, the band was spotted by Brian Slagel, impressed with Slayer, he met with the band backstage and asked them to record an original song, Aggressive Perfector, for his upcoming Metal Massacre III compilation. The band agreed and the song created underground buzz, which led to Slagel offering the band a contract with Metal Blade. Without a recording budget, the band was forced to self-finance its debut album, combining the savings of Araya, who was employed as a respiratory therapist, and money borrowed from Kings father, the band entered the studio in November 1983. The album was rushed into release, hitting shelves three weeks after tracks were completed, the tour gave the band additional popularity, sales of Show No Mercy reached more than 20,000 in the US and another 20,000 worldwide. In August 1984, Slayer released a three song EP titled Haunting the Chapel, the EP featured a darker, more thrash-oriented style than its predecessor, and laid the groundwork for the future direction of the band
34.
Chuck D
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Carlton Douglas Ridenhour, known professionally as Chuck D, is an American rapper, author, and producer. As the leader of the rap group Public Enemy, he helped create politically and socially conscious hip hop music in the mid-1980s. About. com ranked him at No.9 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time, Ridenhour was born in Queens, New York. After graduating from Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School, he went to Adelphi University on Long Island to study graphic design and he received a B. F. A. from Adelphi in 1984 and later received an honorary doctorate from Adelphi in 2013. He is the son of Lorenzo Ridenhour, upon hearing Ridenhours demo track Public Enemy Number One, fledgling producer/upcoming music-mogul Rick Rubin insisted on signing him to his Def Jam label. Their major label albums were Yo. Bum Rush the Show, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Fear of a Black Planet, the Enemy Strikes Black, Greatest Misses, and Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age. They also released a full-length album soundtrack for the film He Got Game in 1998, Ridenhour also contributed to several episodes of the PBS documentary series The Blues. He has appeared as a featured artist on other songs and albums, having collaborated with artists such as Janet Jackson, Kool Moe Dee, The Dope Poet Society. Ice Cube, Boom Boom Satellites, Rage Against the Machine, Anthrax, John Mellencamp, in 1993, he executive produced Got Em Running Scared, an album by Ichiban Records group Chief Groovy Loo and the Chosen Tribe. In 1996, Ridenhour released Autobiography of Mistachuck on Mercury Records, Chuck D made a rare appearance at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards, presenting the Video Vanguard Award to the Beastie Boys, whilst commending their musicianship. In November 1998, he settled out of court with Christopher The Notorious B. I. G, wallaces estate over the latters sampling of his voice in the song Ten Crack Commandments. The specific sampling is Ridenhour counting off the one to nine on the track Shut Em Down. In September 1999, he launched a multi-format supersite on the web site Rapstation. com, since 2000, he has been one of the most vocal supporters of peer-to-peer file sharing in the music industry. He loaned his voice to Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas as DJ Forth Right MC for the radio station Playback FM, in 2000, he collaborated with Public Enemys Gary G-Whiz and MC Lyte on the theme music to the television show Dark Angel. He appeared with Henry Rollins in a cover of Black Flags Rise Above for the album Rise Above,24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three. He was also featured on Z-Trips album Shifting Gears on a track called Shock and Awe, in 2008 he contributed a chapter to Sound Unbound, Sampling Digital Music and Culture edited by Paul D. Miller a. k. a. DJ Spooky, and also turned up on The Go, teams album Proof of Youth on the track Flashlight Fight. He also fulfilled his dreams of being a sports announcer by performing the play-by-play commentary in the video game NBA Ballers, Chosen One on Xbox 360
35.
Public Enemy (group)
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Public Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Khari Wynn, DJ Lord, and the S1W group. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called them the most influential and radical band of their time, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Public Enemy number 44 on its list of the Immortals,100 Greatest Artists of All Time, the highest ranking for a hip hop act. The group was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007, the band were announced as inductees for the 2013 class of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on December 11,2012, making them the fourth hip-hop act to be inducted. Carlton Ridenhour and William Drayton met at Long Islands Adelphi University in the early-1980s. M. C. Chuck D put out a tape to promote WBAU and to fend off a local MC who wanted to battle him. He called the tape Public Enemy #1 because he felt like he was being persecuted by people in the local scene and this was the first reference to the notion of a public enemy in any of Chuck Ds songs. The single was created by Chuck D with a contribution by Flavor Flav, around 1986, Bill Stephney, the former Program Director at WBAU, was approached by Ali Hafezi and offered a position with the label. Stephney accepted, and his first assignment was to help fledgling producer Rick Rubin sign Chuck D, according to the book The History of Rap Music by Cookie Lommel, Stephney thought it was time to mesh the hard-hitting style of Run DMC with politics that addressed black youth. With the addition of Flavor Flav and another local mobile DJ named Terminator X, according to Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the First World, represents that the black man can be just as intelligent as he is strong. It stands for the fact that were not third-world people, were people, were the original people. Public Enemy started out as opening act for the Beastie Boys during the latters Licensed to Ill popularity, and in 1987 released their debut album Yo. Bum Rush the Show. Over the next few years, Public Enemy released It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Fear of a Black Planet, and Apocalypse 91… The Enemy Strikes Black. In addition to ushering in the age of hip hop, during this time, Public Enemy reached the height of their popularity, adulation. The group then separated from Def Jam and has since been producing, marketing. Their debut album, Yo. Bum Rush the Show, was released in 1987 to critical acclaim, the album was the groups first step toward stardom. In October 1987, music critic Simon Reynolds dubbed Public Enemy a superlative rock band, Nation of Millions. was the first hip hop album to be voted album of the year in The Village Voices influential Pazz & Jop critics poll. In 1989, the returned to the studio to record Fear of a Black Planet. The album was supposed to be released in late 1989, but was pushed back to April 1990 and it was the most successful of any of their albums and, in 2005, was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress. Fight the Power is regarded as one of the most popular and it was the theme song of Spike Lees Do the Right Thing
36.
Vernon Reid
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Vernon Alphonsus Reid is an English-born American guitarist, songwriter, composer, and bandleader. Reid was born in London, England, to Caribbean parents and he attended the prestigious math-science-engineering Brooklyn Technical High School, then New York University. He first came to prominence in the 1980s in the band of drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson, 1984s Smash & Scatteration was a duo record with guitarist Bill Frisell. In 1985, Reid co-founded the Black Rock Coalition with journalist Greg Tate, Reid is best known for leading Living Colour. Early versions of the formed in New York City in 1983, but the personnel solidified in 1985–86. Living Colour broke up in 1995 but eventually reformed in 2000, since then, they have released two more albums, Collideøscope in October 2003 on Sanctuary Records and The Chair in the Doorway in September 2009 on Megaforce Records. Living Colours music has had a cultural impact, especially the song Cult of Personality. Cult of Personality has maintained constant radio airplay since its release, the song is known not just for its music, but its lyrical commentary on the phenomenon of cult of personality. Brooks and WWEs use of the song culminated in 2013, when Reid, in addition to his work with Living Colour, Reid has been engaged in a number of other projects. He released Mistaken Identity, his first solo album, in 1996 and has collaborated with the choreographers Bill T. Jones on Still/Here and Donald Byrd on Jazztrain. He performed Party Til The End of Time at the Brooklyn Academy of Music with The Roots and he also composed and performed Bring Your Beats a childrens program for BAM. Ulmers subsequent albums, No Escape from the Blues, The Electric Lady Sessions, Birthright, Reid also appears on Guitar Oblique with guitarists David Torn and Elliott Sharp. Reid composed the score for the film Paid in Full, directed by Charles Stone III, Reid also composed the score for the celebrated documentary Ghosts of Attica, which aired on Court TV in the fall of 2001 and has been featured at several film festivals. He composed the score for another documentary directed by Lichtenstein, Almost Home, Reid and DJ Logic, calling themselves Yohimbe Brothers, released an album in September 2002 entitled Front End Lifter. The Yohimbe Brothers have been touring on and off since the release of the album, Reid was also the music supervisor for the film Mr.3000, starring Bernie Mac and directed by Charles Stone III, the film was released in September 2004. Reid has a prolific output in a variety of contexts. Jesus, B. B. King, Madeleine Peyroux, Meridiem, Jack Bruce, Terry Bozzio, Black Sugar Transmission and DJ Spooky among many others. Reid played at Americas Millennium Gala, New Years Eve 31 December 1999, among those in the audience were President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton
