1.
Electric power industry
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The electric power industry is the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to the general public. The electrical industry started with introduction of lighting in 1882. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lead to the regulation of the industry, once an expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electric power has become a requirement for normal operation of all elements of developed economies. Since the 1990s, many regions have opened up the generation and distribution of power to provide a more competitive electricity market. However, transmission and distribution are harder problems since returns on investment are not as easy to find, in 1831, Michael Faraday devised a machine that generated electricity from rotary motion, but it took almost 50 years for the technology to reach a commercially viable stage. In 1878, in the US, Thomas Edison developed and sold a commercially viable replacement for gas lighting and heating using locally generated and distributed direct current electricity. The worlds first public electricity supply was provided in late 1881 and this system was powered from a water wheel on the River Wey, which drove a Siemens alternator that supplied a number of arc lamps within the town. This supply scheme also provided electricity to a number of shops, additionally, Robert Hammond, in December 1881, demonstrated the new electric light in the Sussex town of Brighton in the UK for a trial period. The ensuing success of this installation enabled Hammond to put this venture on both a commercial and legal footing, as a number of shop owners wanted to use the new electric light, thus the Hammond Electricity Supply Co. was launched. Whilst the Godalming and Holborn Viaduct Schemes closed after a few years the Brighton Scheme continued on, in time he had supplied a number of local consumers with electric light. The method of supply was direct current and it was later on in the year in September 1882 that Edison opened the Pearl Street Power Station in New York City and again it was a DC supply. It was for this reason that the generation was close to or on the premises as Edison had no means of voltage conversion. The voltage chosen for any system is a compromise. For a given amount of power transmitted, increasing the voltage reduces the current, unfortunately it also increases the danger from direct contact and increases the required insulation thickness. Furthermore, some types were difficult or impossible to make work with higher voltages. The overall effect was that Edisons system required power stations to be within a mile of the consumers, while this could work in city centres, it would be unable to economically supply suburbs with power. The mid to late 1880s saw the introduction of alternating current systems in Europe, increasing the voltage reduced the current in the transmission and distribution lines and hence the size of conductors and distribution losses. This made it economical to distribute power over long distances
2.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
3.
DTE Energy
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DTE Energy Co. is a Detroit, Michigan-based utility incorporated in 1995 involved in the development and management of energy-related businesses and services nationwide. The two companies merged in 2001, the name DTE is taken from the stock symbol for the former Detroit Edison, DTE. As of 2005 DTE Energy has 22 coal-fired generating stations with 7,998 MW of capacity. Here is a list of DTE Energys coal power plants with capacity over 100 MW, In 2006, in 2016, DTE Energy retired three coal-fired generating units among its plants. In June 2016, DTE Energy said that it would close eight additional coal-fired generators at three coal plants in Michigan by the year 2023, the plants are located in River Rouge, St. Clair in East China Township and Trenton. In sum, the power around 900,000 homes. DTE Energy plans to them with renewable energy. The Detroit Free Press wrote that employees at the plants will be able to transfer to other facilities. Many of DTE Energys coal plants were built in the 1950s and 1960s and are nearing retirement age, since 2009, DTE Energy has invested over $1 billion in renewable energy according to their 2015 -2016 Corporate Citizenship Report. As of June 2016, DTE Energy plans to build a solar arrays in Lapeer and it will do so as it retires coal-fired generators at coal plants in Michigan. According to DTE Energy, it is the largest investor in energy in Michigan. It has invested over $2 billion since 2008, in May 2016, the company broke ground on a solar array project in Lapeer, MI touted as the largest utility-owned solar array east of the Mississippi River. When the project is completed, it is expected to generate electricity to power 9,000 homes. DTE Energy also broke ground on a 10 acre solar installation in Detroit on the site of the abandoned OShea Park, DTE Energy turns Clean Energy Prize into start-up opportunities
4.
New York Stock Exchange
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The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
5.
North American Company
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It owned public utilities and public transport companies and was broken up in 1946, largely to comply with the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. Its headquarters were at 60 Broadway in Manhattan, by 1940, North American was a US$2.3 billion holding company directly and indirectly heading up 80 companies. It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%, three of the ten were major holding companies, Union Electric Company of St. By 1929, it operated within North American Company along with Wisconsin Electric Power Company, which became the consolidated name of the two operating companies in 1938. It now belongs to Wisconsin Energy Corporation Capital Transit, Formed on December 1,1933 in Washington, D. C. from merger of Washington Railway, Capital Traction, and Washington Rapid Transit. North American owned it through its holding company subsidiary, Washington Railway and Electric Company, North American Edison Company North American Company was broken up by the Securities and Exchange Commission, following the United States Supreme Court decision of April 1,1946. North Americans stock was one of the component stocks of the May 1896 original Dow Jones Industrial Average. In 1928, when the number of stocks comprising the DJIA was increased to 30, North American was re-added to the list but was replaced again in 1930. The two periods when it was a component were, May 26,1896 – August 26,1896, replaced by U. S. Cordage October 1,1928 – January 29,1930, beggs Clement Studebaker, Jr. Landis v. North American Co
6.
Dow Jones Industrial Average
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The industrial average was first calculated on May 26,1896. Currently owned by S&P Dow Jones Indices, which is majority owned by S&P Global, it is the most notable of the Dow Averages, the averages are named after Dow and one of his business associates, statistician Edward Jones. It is an index that shows how 30 large publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a trading session in the stock market. It is the second-oldest U. S. market index after the Dow Jones Transportation Average, the Industrial portion of the name is largely historical, as many of the modern 30 components have little or nothing to do with traditional heavy industry. The average is price-weighted, and to compensate for the effects of stock splits and other adjustments, since the divisor is currently less than one, the value of the index is larger than the sum of the component prices. General Electric has had the longest continuous presence on the index, more recent changes to the index include the following, On February 19,2008, Chevron and Bank of America replaced Altria Group and Honeywell. Chevron was previously a Dow component from July 18,1930, during Chevrons absence, its split-adjusted price per share went from $44 to $85, while the price of petroleum rose from $24 to $100. On September 22,2008, Kraft Foods Inc replaced the American International Group in the index, on September 24,2012, UnitedHealth Group replaced Kraft Foods Inc following Krafts split into Mondelēz International and Kraft Foods Group. On September 20,2013, Goldman Sachs, Nike, and Visa replaced Alcoa, Bank of America, and Hewlett-Packard. Visa replaced Hewlett-Packard because of the split into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise On March 19,2015, Apple replaced AT&T, though comprising the same number of stocks, this index contained only one of the original twelve industrials that would eventually form Dows most famous index. Dow calculated his first average purely of industrial stocks on May 26,1896, of the original 12 industrials, only General Electric currently remains part of that index. The other 11 were, American Cotton Oil Company, a company to Bestfoods. American Sugar Company, became Domino Sugar in 1900, now Domino Foods, American Tobacco Company, broken up in a 1911 antitrust action. Chicago Gas Company, bought by Peoples Gas Light in 1897, distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, now Millennium Chemicals, formerly a division of LyondellBasell, the latter of which recently emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Laclede Gas Company, still in operation as the Laclede Group, national Lead Company, now NL Industries, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916. North American Company, a utility holding company, broken up by the U. S. Securities. Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company in Birmingham, Alabama, bought by U. S. Steel in 1907, United States Rubber Company, changed its name to Uniroyal in 1961, merged with private B. F. Goodrich in 1986, bought by Michelin in 1990. When it was first published in the mid-1880s, the index stood at a level of 62.76
7.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
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The U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission is an independent agency of the United States federal government. The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the SEC has a three-part mission, to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. To achieve its mandate, the SEC enforces the requirement that public companies submit quarterly and annual reports. MD&A will usually touch on the upcoming year, outlining future goals. In an attempt to level the field for all investors. Quarterly and semiannual reports from companies are crucial for investors to make sound decisions when investing in the capital markets. Unlike banking, investment in the markets is not guaranteed by the federal government. The potential for big gains needs to be weighed against that of sizable losses, the SEC makes reports available to the public through the EDGAR system. The SEC also offers publications on investment-related topics for public education, the same online system also takes tips and complaints from investors to help the SEC track down violators of the securities laws. The SEC adheres to a policy of never commenting on the existence or status of an ongoing investigation. Prior to the enactment of the securities laws and the creation of the SEC. They were enacted and enforced at the level, and regulated the offering. Though the specific provisions of these laws varied among states, they all required the registration of all offerings and sales, as well as of every U. S. stockbroker. However, these blue sky laws were found to be ineffective. For example, the Investment Bankers Association told its members as early as 1915 that they could ignore blue sky laws by making securities offerings across state lines through the mail. After holding hearings on abuses on interstate frauds, Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933, the subsequent Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates sales of securities in the secondary market. The Securities Act of 1933 is also known as the Truth in Securities Act and its goal was to increase public trust in the capital markets by requiring uniform disclosure of information about public securities offerings. For the first year of the enactment, the enforcement of the statute rested with the Federal Trade Commission
8.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
9.
St. Clair Power Plant
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The Saint Clair Power Plant is a major coal- and oil-fired power plant owned by Detroit Edison, a subsidiary of DTE Energy. It is located in St. Clair County, Michigan, on the west bank of St. Clair River, the plant is across M-29 from the newer Belle River Power Plant in East China, Michigan. The first four units of St. Clair were built in 1953–1954, since then, three more generating units have been added to the plant. The St. Clair Power Plant generates 1982 megawatts in total and it is Detroit Edisons second largest power producer. The power plant has an impact on the local economy. On August 11,2016 a fire out, damaging the plant. A total of seven coal-fired boilers were built at St. Clair. Units 1–4 are 163 MW Babcock & Wilcox boilers tied to GE and these are the four original units at St. Clair. Generating units 1–4 are St. Clairs base load units, usually running at full capacity, the flue gases from those units exit through south stack, which was erected in the late 1970s when new electrostatic precipitators were added to these units. When the plant was first built, there were four relatively short stacks, Unit 5 is St. Clairs only decommissioned unit. Its cyclone boiler produced 300 MW, and was out of service in 1979 due to a mechanical problem with the boiler. The stack for unit five was removed in 2012, Units 6 is a tangentially fired Combustion Engineering dual furnace boiler tied to a Westinghouse turbine. Commissioned in 1961, this unit produces 321 MW, Unit 7 is also a tangentially fired Combustion Engineering boiler tied to a Westinghouse steam turbine. Unit 7 is rated at 451 MW, originally built to produce over 500 MW and this unit is St. Clairs largest generating unit, but has a small electrostatic precipitator, causing problems with the opacity when burning western coal. An oil-fueled gas turbine Unit 11, rated at 18.5 MWe, was added in 1968, two smaller oil-fueled internal-combustion generators, totaling 5.4 MWe, were added as units 12A and 12B in 1970. St. Clair Power Plant came online in August 1953, and was the largest in the DTE Energy network, at that time, its capacity was 652 MW. Later, units 5,6 and 7 were added to growing demands for power in Metro Detroit. After the completion of unit 7 in 1969, St. Clair Power Plant was the worlds largest, in the middle to late 1970s, the plant was converted to burn Western subbituminous coal
10.
Monroe Power Plant
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The Monroe Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant located in Monroe, Michigan, on the western shore of Lake Erie. It is owned by the DTE Energy Electric Company, a subsidiary of DTE Energy, the plant was constructed in the early 1970s and was completed in 1974. The plant has 4 generating units, each with an output of 850 megawatts, with all four generating units operating, the plants total output is 3,300 megawatts, the eleventh largest electric plant in the United States. It is the second largest coal-fired plant in the United States after Georgia Powers Plant Bowen near Cartersville, the Monroe Power Plant connects to the power grid by numerous 120, 000- and 345, 000-volt transmission lines, owned and maintained by ITC Transmission. Two of the 345 kV lines going out of the plant interconnect with First Energy in Ohio, the Monroe Power Plant did significant upgrades and maintenance at the facility in late 2007 and 2008. Flue-gas desulfurization units, or sulfur-oxide scrubbers, are in operation on all four of Monroes generating units and these devices reduce over 95% of the sulfur dioxide emissions. Selective catalytic reduction systems reduce the amount of NOx by combining NH3 with the NOx over an SCR catalyst to reduce 90% of the NOx to water, currently all of the generating units use SCRs. List of power stations in Michigan Global warming
