1.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
–
A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
2.
Scottish Labour Party
–
The Scottish Labour Party is the Scotland branch of the British Labour Party. Labour hold 23 of 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament and two of six Scottish seats in the European Parliament, after these, Scottish Labour entered a coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats, forming a majority Scottish Executive. It remained the second largest party after the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, Scottish Labour lost 13 of its 37 seats, becoming the third largest party for the first time after being surpassed by the Scottish Conservative Party. Kezia Dugdale is the directly elected Leader of the Scottish Labour Party, the Scottish Labour Party is administered by the Scottish Executive Committee, which is responsible to the Labour Partys National Executive Committee. The Scottish Executive Committee is made up of representatives of party members, elected members and party affiliates, for example, trade unions, the current Scottish general secretary is Brian Roy. His predecessor was Ian Price, who succeeded Colin Smyth in 2013, the Scottish Labour headquarters is currently at Bath Street, Glasgow. It was formerly co-located with the offices of Unite the Union at John Smith House,145 West Regent Street, the party holds an annual conference during February/March each year. In 2008, Scottish Labour Party membership was reported as 17,000, in September 2010, the party issued 13,135 ballot papers to party members during the Labour Party leadership election. These did not necessarily equate to 13,135 individual members – due to the electoral structure. The party has declined to reveal its membership figures since 2008, in November 2014 the partys membership was claimed by an unnamed source reported in the Sunday Herald to be 13,500. Other recent reports in the media have quoted figures of as low as 8,000, in December 2014 the newly elected leader Jim Murphy claimed that the figure was about 20,000 on the TV programme Scotland Tonight. According to the accounts it submitted to the Electoral Commission the party had an income from membership of £115,636 in 2013, the Labour Party campaigned for the creation of a devolved Scottish Parliament as part of its wider policy of a devolved United Kingdom. Donald Dewar led Labours campaign for the first elections to the Scottish Parliament on 6 May 1999, Labour won the most votes and seats, with 56 seats out of 129, a clear distance ahead of the second-placed Scottish National Party. Labour also won 53 of the 73 constituency seats, Dewar became the inaugural First Minister of Scotland. Dewar died only a year later on 11 October 2000, a new first minister was elected in a ballot by Scottish Labours MSPs and national executive members, because there was insufficient time to hold a full leadership election. On 27 October, Henry McLeish was elected to succeed Dewar, Labours dominance of Scotlands Westminster seats continued in the 2001 general election, with a small loss of votes but no losses of seats. The press called the affair Officegate, after McLeishs resignation, Jack McConnell quickly emerged as the only candidate, and was elected First Minister by the Parliament on 22 November 2001. The coalition between Labour and the Liberal Democrats was narrowly re-elected at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, with Labour losing 7 seats, the SNP also lost seats, though other pro-independence parties made gains
3.
Unionism in Scotland
–
Unionism in Scotland is a political movement that seeks to keep Scotland within the United Kingdom in its present structure as one of the countries of the United Kingdom. There are many strands of political Unionism in Scotland, some of which have strong ties to Unionism and Loyalism in Northern Ireland, ahead of a referendum on Scottish independence, Better Together was formed in support of Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom. The Union was brought into existence under the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, with the Act of Union 1800, Ireland united with Great Britain into what then formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The history of the Unions is reflected in various stages of the Union Flag, the larger part of Ireland left the United Kingdom in 1922 however Northern Ireland chose to remain within what is now called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The 300th anniversary of the union of Scotland and England was marked in 2007, prior to the merger this party was often known simply as the Unionists. Unionist in the names of these parties is rooted in the merger of the Conservative, the union referred to therein is the 1800 Act of Union, not the Acts of Union 1707. The term may also be used to suggest an affinity with Northern Irish unionism, the former Secretary of State for Scotland, Michael Moore MP has written that he does not call himself a Unionist, despite being a supporter of the union. He suggests the connotations behind Unionism are of adherence to a status quo. However, these three parties have differing beliefs about what Scotlands status should be, particularly in their support of devolution or federalism. The Conservatives, as a Britain-wide party, fielded candidates in Scotland until the creation of a separate Unionist Party, which merged into the UK-wide Conservative Party in 1965. Support for devolution within the party declined and was opposed by the Conservative government in the 1980s and 1990s, in 1950 the Labour Party abandoned its previous support for Home Rule. Failing to pass, the referendum was shelved, when the party returned to power in 1997, they introduced a devolution referendum which resulted in the enactment of the Scotland Act 1998 and the creation of the Scottish Parliament. The Scottish Liberal Democrats have previously been supportive of Home Rule as part of a belief in subsidiarity. In a mirror image of how the Liberal Democrat Party is itself structured, notable opponents of unionism in the Scottish Parliament are the Scottish National Party who have formed the Scottish Government since 2007 and the Scottish Green Party. The Scottish Socialist Party and Solidarity seek a return to Scotland being a sovereign state, of these parties, only the SNP currently has representation in the UK Parliament, which it has had continuously since winning the Hamilton by-election,1967. The SNP and the Scottish Greens both have representation within the Scottish Parliament, the support of Solidarity and the SSP of an independent socialist Scotland has been criticised by the Communist Party of Great Britain as being unsocialist. This has been accompanied by a significant increase in support for the Scottish Conservative Party at the Scottish Parliament. At the 2015 United Kingdom general election the Scottish National Party experienced an increase in support
4.
Glasgow
–
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
5.
Scotland
–
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
6.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
7.
OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
8.
Tabloid newspaper
–
A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
9.
Daily Mirror
–
The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Trinity Mirror, from 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had a daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016. Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror, originally pitched to the middle class reader, it was transformed into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a large, lowbrow audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners and it was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. The Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991, the paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror. The paper has supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election. The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth as a newspaper for women, hence the name, he said, I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides. To be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull and it was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904, when it reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue of the paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added, circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913, in 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow, in 1919, some issues more than a million copies a day. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the Mirror was the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day, in 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror
10.
The Sun (United Kingdom)
–
The Sun is a tabloid published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Since The Sun on Sunday was launched in February 2012, the paper has been a seven-day operation, as a broadsheet, it was founded in 1964 as a successor to the Daily Herald, it became a tabloid in 1969 after it was purchased by its current owners. It is published by the News Group Newspapers division of News UK, the Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had a daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Approximately 41% of readers are women and 59% are men, the Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow, Belfast, on 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, the Sun was first published as a broadsheet on 15 September 1964, with a logo featuring a glowing orange disc. It was launched by owners IPC to replace the failing Daily Herald, the new paper was intended to add a readership of social radicals to the Heralds political radicals. Supposedly there was an immense, sophisticated and superior class, hitherto undetected and yearning for its own newspaper. As delusions go, this was in the El Dorado class, launched with an advertising budget of £400,000, the brash new paper burst forth with tremendous energy, according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to curiosity and the advantage of novelty, by 1969, according to Hugh Cudlipp, The Sun was losing about £2m a year and had a circulation of 800,000. Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions and he assured IPC that he would publish a straightforward, honest newspaper which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwells offer and he would later remark, I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers. Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed, Lamb wanted Bernard Shrimsley to be his deputy, which Murdoch accepted as Shrimsley had been the second name on his list of preferences. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were selected for their availability rather than their ability. This was about a quarter of what the Mirror then employed, Murdoch immediately relaunched The Sun as a tabloid, and ran it as a sister paper to the News of the World. The Sun used the printing presses, and the two papers were managed together at senior executive levels. The new tabloid Sun was first published on 17 November 1969, with a front page headlined HORSE DOPE SENSATION, an editorial on page 2 announced, Todays Sun is a new newspaper
11.
The Scotsman
–
The Scotsman is a Scottish compact newspaper and daily news website published from Edinburgh. It was a broadsheet until 16 August 2004, the Scotsman Publications Ltd also issues the Edinburgh Evening News and the Herald & Post series of free newspapers in Edinburgh, Fife, and West Lothian. As of February 2016, it had a print circulation of 22,740, with a full-price paid-for circulation of 61. 6% of this figure. Scotsman. com websites, including the site, job site, property site, mobile site. The paper was pledged to impartiality, firmness and independence, after the abolition of newspaper stamp tax in Scotland in 1850, The Scotsman was relaunched as a daily newspaper priced at 1d and a circulation of 6,000 copies. Their premises were originally at 257 High Street on the Royal Mile, in 1860 they obtained a purpose built office on Cockburn Street in Edinburgh designed in the Scots baronial style by the architects Peddie & Kinnear. This backed onto their original offices on the Royal Mile, the building bears the initials JR for John Ritchie the founder of the company. In 1902 they moved to new offices at the top of the street, facing onto North Bridge. This huge building had three years to build and also had connected printworks on Market Street. The printworks connected below road level direct to Waverley Station in an efficient production line. In 1953 the newspaper was bought by Canadian millionaire Roy Thomson who was in the process of building a media group. The paper was bought in 1995 by David and Frederick Barclay for £85 million, the daily was awarded by the Society for News Design the World’s Best Designed Newspaper™ for 1994. Ian Stewart has been the editor since June 2012, after a reshuffle of senior management in April 2012 during which John McLellan who was the papers editor-in-chief was dismissed, ian Stewart was previously editor of Edinburgh Evening News and remains as the editor of Scotland on Sunday. In 2012, The Scotsman was named Newspaper of the Year at the Scottish Press Awards, Johnston Press have downsized to refurbished premises at Orchard Brae House in Queensferry Road, Edinburgh, a move which was quoted as saving the group £1million per annum in rent. The newspaper backed a No vote in the referendum on Scottish independence and it has had live webcams and panoramas around Scotland. It also has sections for other Scotsman Publications including Scotland on Sunday, List of newspapers in Scotland List of newspapers by date Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The worlds great dailies, profiles of fifty newspapers pp 273–79 Official website The Scotsman Digital Archive 1817-1950 Johnston Press Comprehensive Design Architects
12.
Lord Kemsley
–
Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley GBE, was a Welsh colliery owner and newspaper publisher. Berry was born the son of John Mathias and Mary Ann Berry and he was the younger brother of Henry Berry, 1st Baron Buckland, an industrialist, and William Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, a fellow press lord. Berry originally co-owned The Daily Telegraph with his second brother Lord Camrose and he founded Kemsley Newspapers, which owned The Sunday Times, The Daily Sketch and The Sunday Graphic amongst its titles. Berry was chairman of the Reuters News Agency from 1951 to 1958, in 1954 Berry was part of the Kemsley-Winnick consortium, which won the initial ITV weekend contracts for the Midlands and the North of England. Berry had cold feet over the risk, and withdrew. In 1959 Kemsley Newspapers was bought by Lord Thomson, ironically enabled by Thomsons profits from Scottish Television, Berry was created a baronet in 1928, and was appointed as an Officer of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in 1931. In 1936, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Kemsley, of Farnham Royal in the County of Buckingham, in 1929 he was appointed High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire and in 1959, a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire for political and public service. There were no children of this marriage, upon his death, Viscount Kemsley was buried in St Annes churchyard, Dropmore. Marie Edith, Viscountess Kemsley OBE was buried with him following her death on 12 September 1976, the title passed to his eldest son Lionel. His youngest son, Conservative politician the Honourable Sir Anthony Berry, was killed by the IRA in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing, as owner of Kemsley Newspapers, Viscount Kemsley made several written contributions to his in-house journal The Kemsley Writer. Kemsley also oversaw the publication of the large format hardcover book The Kemsley Manual of Journalism, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Camrose
13.
Trinity Mirror
–
Trinity Mirror plc is the largest British newspaper, magazine and digital publisher after purchasing rival Local World for £220 million, in October 2015. It is Britains biggest newspaper group, publishing 240 regional papers as well as the national Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror and People, since purchasing Local World in November 2015, it has gained 83 print publications. Trinity Mirrors headquarters are at Canary Wharf in London, listed on the London Stock Exchange, it is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index. The Daily Mirror was launched by Alfred Harmsworth for gentlewomen in 1903, the company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange on 2 December 1953. In 1958 the International Publishing Company acquired Mirror Group Newspapers, in 1984 Pergamon Holdings, a company owned by Robert Maxwell, acquired the Daily Mirror from Reed International. The Company was relisted as Mirror Group in 1991, the company went on to buy Scottish & Universal Newspapers in 1992, and in 1997 it acquired the Birmingham Post and Mail. Trinity Mirror was formed in September 1999 as an acquisition by Trinity International plc, in a shrewd move, the LDPE created a new Holding company, based in Chester, moving from Old Hall Street in LIverpool where the LDPE was based. Effectively Trinity Holdings devolved from the LDPE and by distancing itself from its Liverpool flagships it made a statement of ambition, Trinity Mirror was formed when the national titles were bought by Trinity International PLC. Trinity was a company which evolved from the Liverpool Daily Post and Echo which owned newspaper titles in Canada, in the early 1980s, it was suggested that the Press Association should be floated on the market. It turned out that the Liverpool Daily Post and Echo had a substantial historic share holding in PA, the previous business strategy of the Liverpool operation was to have control over the complete process of newspaper production. Hence it bought paper mills in Canada, owned its own distribution company. The shareholders appointed David Sneddon as Chief Executive and he divested the company of all other than producing newspapers. At the time the Liverpool Echo, despite the economic conditions on Merseyside was considered to be one of the most profitable newspapers in the UK. This cannot be verified independently because the company was adept at concealing its profit centres, the only verification is from the writer of this passage who was there at the time and the subsequent expansion of the business built upon the Echos profitability. From there the company, which was cash-rich, went on to buy out many regional newspaper groups, many of these deals were subject to Monopolies and Mergers scrutiny. As part of this business purchasing strategy they eventually acquired the Daily Mirror group, and as this was a national title. During 2005 the company introduced a number of measures to manage discretionary spending more carefully, in 2007 the company sought to sell a number of titles, the Reading Chronicle was sold to Berkshire Media Group and 25 Trinity Mirror South titles were sold to Northcliffe Media. On 1 October 2007 it was announced that the sale of the Racing Post had been completed, in September 2008 the company announced that it would be closing the printing plant in Liverpool after 154 years of printing in the city, and transferring the work to Oldham
14.
Robert Maxwell
–
Ian Robert Maxwell MC, born Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch, was a British media proprietor and Member of Parliament. Originally from Czechoslovakia, he rose from poverty to build a publishing empire. After Maxwells death, huge discrepancies in his companies finances were revealed, early in his life Maxwell escaped from Nazi occupation, joined the Czechoslovak Army in exile in the Second World War and was decorated after active service in the British Army. In subsequent years he worked in publishing, building up Pergamon Press to a publishing house. Maxwell had a flamboyant lifestyle, living in Headington Hill Hall in Oxford from which he flew in his helicopter, and sailing in his luxury yacht. He was notably litigious and often embroiled in controversy, including about his support for Israel at the time of the 1948 Palestine war, in 1989, he had to sell successful businesses, including Pergamon Press, to cover some of his debts. In 1991, his body was discovered floating in the Atlantic Ocean having fallen overboard from his yacht, Maxwells death triggered the collapse of his publishing empire as banks called in loans. His sons briefly struggled to keep the business together, but failed as the news emerged that Maxwell had stolen hundreds of millions of pounds from his own companies pension funds, the Maxwell companies applied for bankruptcy protection in 1992. Maxwell was born into a poor Yiddish-speaking Orthodox Jewish family in the town of Slatinské Doly. His parents were Mechel Hoch and Hannah Slomowitz, in 1939, the area was reclaimed by Hungary. Most members of his died in Auschwitz after Hungary was occupied in 1944 by its former ally, Nazi Germany. In Marseille he joined the Czechoslovak Army in exile in May 1940 and he was then involved in action across Europe, from the Normandy beaches to Berlin, and achieved the rank of sergeant. He gained a commission in 1945, and was promoted captain, in January 1945, he received the Military Cross from Field Marshal Montgomery. Attached to the British Foreign Office, he served in Berlin during the two years in the press section. Maxwell naturalised as a British subject on 19 June 1946 and legally changed his name by deed poll from Ludvick Hoch to Ian Robert Maxwell on 30 June 1948. In 1945, he married Elisabeth Betty Meynard, a French Protestant, with whom he had nine children, five of his children were later employed within his companies. His three-year-old daughter Karine died of leukemia and his eldest son and his driver fell asleep at the wheel, and Michael never regained consciousness. In 1951 he bought three quarters of Butterworth-Springer, a publisher, the remaining quarter was held by the experienced scientific editor Paul Rosbaud
15.
British Newspaper Archive
–
The British Newspaper Archive web site provides access to searchable digitised archives of British newspapers. It was launched in November 2011, the British Library Newspapers section was based in Colindale in North London, until 2013, and is now divided between the St Pancras and Boston Spa sites. The Library has an almost complete collection of British and Irish newspapers since 1840 and this is partly because of the legal deposit legislation of 1869, which required newspapers to supply a copy of each edition of a newspaper to the library. London editions of daily and Sunday newspapers are complete back to 1801. In total the collection consists of 660,000 bound volumes and 370,000 reels of microfilm containing tens of millions of newspapers with 52,000 titles on 45 km of shelves. After the closure of Colindale in November 2013, access to the 750 million original printed pages was maintained via an automated and climate-controlled storage facility in Boston Spa, in May 2010 a ten-year programme of digitisation of the newspaper archives with commercial partner DC Thomson subsidiary Brightsolid began. In November 2011, BBC News announced the launch of the British Newspaper Archive, the same newspapers from this partnership have also been made available to view on Findmypast and Genes Reunited. The digitisation project established a search facility which people could consult without having to visit the British Library newspaper depository in person. The Thomason Tracts and Burney collections are held at St Pancras, the section also has extensive records of non-British newspapers in languages that use the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. The Librarys substantial holdings of newspapers in the languages of Asia and the Middle East may be accessed at the Librarys reading rooms at St. Pancras. While access within the British Library is free, online access is via a system based on daily or item charges. As part of The Wikipedia Library, Brightsolid provided free one-year subscriptions to a number of experienced Wikipedia editors from July 2014. The agreement was terminated in 2016 because structural changes at their parent organisation mean that there is no longer interest in continuing the partnership with The Wikipedia Library. Reviews of the service have been mixed, with some early responses complimentary about the ability to access, however, there have been complaints of the excessive cost and the general policy of the British Library allowing a private company the rights to the newspapers. One writer noted that, The BNA demonstrates what happens to our cultural heritage when there is no political will for public investment, web site of the British Newspaper Archive
16.
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
17.
Free newspaper
–
Free newspapers are distributed free of charge, either in central places in cities and towns, on public transport, with other newspapers, or separately door-to-door. The revenues of such newspapers are based on advertising, some are dailies, some are weeklies. In 1885 the General-Anzeiger für Lübeck und Umgebung was launched, the paper was founded in 1882 by Charles Coleman, whose family was from Scotland, as a free twice-a-week advertising paper in the Northern German town of Lübeck. In 1885 the paper went daily, from the beginning the General-Anzeiger für Lübeck had a mixed model, for 60 pfennig it was home delivered during three months. Unknown, however, is when the free distribution ended, the company website states that the ’sold’ circulation in 1887 was 5,000, in 1890 total circulation was 12,800 in 1890. In 1906 the Australian Manly Daily was launched and it was distributed on the ferry boats to Sydney and is now published as a free community daily by Rupert Murdochs News Ltd. In 1984 the Birmingham Daily News was launched in Birmingham, England and it was distributed free of charge on weekdays to 300,000 households in the West Midlands and was the first such publication in Europe. It was profitable until the early 1990s recession, when it was converted into a title by its then owners Reed Elsevier. By 1992, a number of former paid-for local newspapers in the United Kingdom, such as the Walsall Observer, were being closed down and converted to free newspapers. In 1995, the year the Palo Alto Daily News began, Metro started what may be the first free daily newspaper distributed through public transport in Stockholm. Later, Metro launched free papers in many European and other countries, in the UK, the Daily Mail and General Trust group launched its own edition of Metro in London in 1999, effectively beating Metro International to the London market. The paper now has 13 editions across the country and a readership of 1.7 million. In the 1960s, he converted that newspaper and three others in the county to paid circulation, in the early 1970s, in Boulder, Colorado, regents at the University of Colorado kicked the student-run Colorado Daily off campus because of editorials against the Vietnam War. Regents hoped the paper would die, instead it began to focus on the community as a tabloid published five days a week. In the next couple of decades, a number of free dailies opened in Colorado, not coincidentally, most were started by University of Colorado graduates. Free dailies opened in Aspen, Vail, Breckenridge, Glenwood Springs, Grand Junction, Steamboat Springs, and Telluride. In 1995, the founders of free dailies in Aspen and Vail teamed up to start the Palo Alto Daily News in Palo Alto, California, the Palo Alto paper was profitable within nine months of its launch and usually carries more than 100 retail ads per day. Each goes by the Daily News name with the name in front
18.
Aberdeen
–
Nicknames include the Granite City, the Grey City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeens buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of the World or the Energy Capital of the World. The area around Aberdeen has been settled since at least 8,000 years ago, the city has a long, sandy coastline and a marine climate, the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters. Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from David I of Scotland, transforming the city economically, the traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeens seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world, in 2015, Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world, as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain. In 2012, HSBC named Aberdeen as a business hub and one of eight super cities spearheading the UKs economy. The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs, Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don, and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, the earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning, granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the citys Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended, the city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1644–1647 the city was plundered by both sides, in 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the Battle of Aberdeen and two years later it was stormed by a Royalist force under the command of Marquis of Huntly. In 1647 an outbreak of plague killed a quarter of the population. In the 18th century, a new Town Hall was built and the first social services appeared with the Infirmary at Woolmanhill in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779. The council began major road improvements at the end of the 18th century with the main thoroughfares of George Street, King Street, gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water supply appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865, the city was incorporated in 1891. Although Old Aberdeen has a history and still holds its ancient charter. It is an part of the city, as is Woodside. Old Aberdeen is the location of Aberdon, the first settlement of Aberdeen
19.
Dundee
–
Dundee, officially the City of Dundee, is Scotlands fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2015 was 148,210 which gave Dundee a population density of 2, 477/km2 or 6, 420/sq mi and it lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. Historically part of Angus, the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century, rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution, particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry. This, along with its major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute, jam. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdoms digital-entertainment industry, Dundee has two universities — the University of Dundee and the Abertay University. In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UKs first UNESCO City of Design for its contributions to fields including medical research, comics. A unique feature of Dundee is that its two football clubs Dundee United and Dundee F. C. have stadiums all but adjacent to each other. With the decline of industry, the city has adopted a plan to regenerate. The name Dundee is made up of two parts, the common Celtic place-name element dun, meaning fort, and a part that may derive from a Celtic element, cognate with the Gaelic dè. The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity, the earldom was passed down to Davids descendants, amongst whom was John Balliol. The town became a Royal Burgh on Johns coronation as king in 1292, the town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the First War of Independence and recaptured by Robert the Bruce in early 1312. The original Burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327, the burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the Rough Wooing of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of Andrew Dudley from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, in 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. The town was destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by George Monck in 1651. The town played a role in the establishment of the Jacobite cause when John Graham of Claverhouse. The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715–16 rising, many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king. The economy of mediaeval Dundee centred on the export of raw wool, expansion of the whaling industry was triggered by the second Bounty Act, introduced in 1750 to increase Britains maritime and naval skill base
20.
Conservatism
–
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
21.
Unionist Party (Scotland)
–
The Unionist Party, referred to as the Scottish Unionist Party outside Scotland, was the main centre-right political party in Scotland between 1912 and 1965. Use of the terms Unionist and Tory, as opposed to Conservative, is a consequence of the Scottish Unionists eschewing the name Conservative until 1965 and those who successfully became Members of Parliament would then take the Conservative Whip at Westminster just as the Ulster Unionists did until 1973. The party traditionally did not stand at local government level but instead supported and assisted the Progressive Party in its campaigns against the British Labour Party and this relationship ended when the Conservatives started fielding their own candidates, who stood against both Labour and the Progressives. The origins of the Scottish Unionist Party lie in the 1886 split of the British Liberal Party with the emergence of the Liberal Unionists under Joseph Chamberlain, the Union in question was the 1800 Irish Union, not that of 1707. The new Liberal Unionists quickly agreed to a pact with the Conservative Party in Britain. Popular imperial unity was the thread of the Scottish Unionist Partys belief system. This was demonstrated by their acceptance and support of Dominion status for such as Australia, Canada. It also explains what may at first seem a paradoxical statement by John Buchan, the party built up significant working-class support by emphasising the connection between Union, the Empire, and the fate of local industry. Unity across the classes was often cited as one of the planks of Unionism. Along with this protectionism, Protestantism also played an important part in the partys working-class appeal, prominent Orangemen included Sir John Gilmour, the intermittent Secretary for Scotland in the 1920s and Home Secretary in the 1930s. Being an independent Scottish party also drew electoral appeal when set against the threat of a London-based centralising British Labour party. A crucial aspect to this, particularly in the 1940s and 1950s, was the ability to place an alien identity upon Labour by successfully using the term Socialist to describe the Labour Party. The partys campaigning reflected their desire to reconcile the two themes of individualism and collectivism in their appeal to potential Labour voters, the creation of the National Liberals also assisted the Unionist vote. Suffering a setback in 1929, they reasserted themselves in the 1931 election during an electoral backlash against the Labour Party that resulted in the creation of the National Government, the Scottish Unionist Party won 79% of the Scottish seats that year,58 out of 73. The following election of 1935 returned a majority of 45 MPs. This remained the situation until Labours landslide victory in the 1945 election, the Unionists won only 30 of the 71 constituencies. In the 1950 election, a majority of Labour MPs was returned again, in the subsequent Conservative election victory of 1951, an equal number of Labour and Unionist MPs were returned from Scotland,35, with one solitary Liberal taking the remaining seat. Often cited as the party to achieve a majority of the Scottish vote,6 of the Conservative
22.
United Kingdom general election, 1964
–
The United Kingdom general election of 1964 was won by the Labour Party with an overall majority of four seats. The election was held on 15 October 1964, just over five years after the previous election, Douglas-Home shortly afterwards disclaimed his title under the Peerage Act 1963 in order to lead the party from the Commons. Macmillan had led the Conservative government since January 1957, Wilson had begun to try to tie the Labour Party to the growing confidence of Britain in the 1960s, asserting that the white heat of revolution would sweep away restrictive practices. The Liberal Party enjoyed a resurgence after a virtual wipeout in the 1950s, although Labour did not increase its vote share significantly, the fall in support for the Conservatives led to Wilson securing an overall majority of four seats. This proved to be unworkable and Wilson called an election in 1966. The pre-election campaign was prolonged, as Douglas-Home delayed calling an election to give himself as much time as possible to improve the prospects of his party. The election campaign began on 15 September 1964 when Douglas-Home saw the Queen. The campaign was dominated by some of the more voluble characters of the scene at the time. While George Brown, Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, toured the country making energetic speeches, the image of Hogg lashing out at a Wilson poster with his walking stick was one of the most striking of the campaign. Many party speakers, especially at televised rallies, had to deal with hecklers, the election night was broadcast live by the BBC, and was presented by Richard Dimbleby, with Robin Day, Ian Trethowan, Cliff Michelmore and David Butler. NOP, Lab swing 3. 5% Gallup, Lab swing 4% Research Services, Lab swing 2. 75% Daily Express, the election resulted in a very slim majority of four seats for the Labour Party, so they were in government for the first time since 1951. Labour achieved a swing of just over 3%, although its vote rose by only 0. 2%, the main shift was the swing from the Conservatives to the Liberals of 5. 7%. The Liberals won nearly twice as many votes as in 1959, Wilson became Prime Minister, replacing Douglas-Home. The four-seat majority was not sustainable for a full Parliament, and this was the only election in Britains recent history when all seats were won by the three main parties, no minor parties, independents or splinter groups won any seats. Conservative total includes Scottish Unionists, Ulster Unionists, and National Liberals, orpington was won by the Liberals in a by-election in 1962 and held in the general election. When this happens, it is described as a win as opposed to a gain or hold, mPs elected in the UK general election,1964 Barberis, Peter. The 1964 General Election and the Liberals False Dawn, Contemporary British History, 21#3 pp 373–387 Butler, the British General Election of 1964 the standard scholarly study F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts, 1832-1987 Denver, David. The 1964 General Election, Explaining Voting Behaviour Then and Now, Contemporary British History 21#3 pp 295–307 Favretto, wilsonism reconsidered, Labour party revisionism 1952–64, Contemporary British History 14#4 pages 54–80 doi,10. 1080/13619460008581603 Fielding, Steven
23.
Labour Party (UK)
–
The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
24.
Scottish National Party
–
The Scottish National Party is a Scottish nationalist and social-democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence and its leader, Nicola Sturgeon, is the current First Minister of Scotland. With the advent of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, the SNP became the second largest party, serving two terms as the opposition. The SNP came to power in the 2007 Scottish general election, forming a minority government, before going on to win the 2011 election, after which it formed Scotlands first majority government. The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of membership, reaching over 120,000 members in July 2016, currently the party has 63 MSPs,54 MPs and approximately 400 local councillors. The SNP also currently has 2 MEPs in the European Parliament, the SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance. The party does not have any members of the House of Lords, the SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, with Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham as its first president. Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted, the SNP first won a parliamentary seat at the Motherwell by-election in 1945, but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later. They next won a seat in 1967, when Winnie Ewing was the winner of a by-election in the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton. This brought the SNP to national prominence, leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission, the SNP hit a high point in the October 1974 general election, polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster. This success was not surpassed until the 2015 general election, however, the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 General election, followed by a further drop at the 1983 election. In May 2011, the SNP won a majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats. The No vote prevailed in a campaign, prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond. Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence, with the Yes side receiving less support than late polling predicted. The SNP rebounded from the loss in the referendum at the UK general election in May 2015, led by Salmonds successor as first minister. The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56, all but three of the fifty nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate. BBC News described the result as a Scots landslide. The party gained an additional 1. 1% of the vote from the 2011 election
25.
Scottish independence
–
Scottish independence is a political aim of various political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals in Scotland for the country to become an independent sovereign state. A national referendum was held in Scotland on 18 September 2014, voters were asked to answer either Yes or No to the question, Should Scotland be an independent country. 55. 3% of voters answered No and 44. 7% answered Yes, Prime Minister Theresa May has stated that her government will not agree to this proposal. Scotland emerged as an independent polity during the Early Middle Ages, the level of independence of the Scottish kingdom was fought over by the Scottish kings and by the Norman and Angevin rulers of England who petitioned the Pope and other foreign rulers. A popular myth in English folklore was that Britain had been founded by Brutus of Troy, who had left England to his eldest son, Locrinus, and Scotland to his youngest son, Albanactus. Scots disputed this and established their own popular myth, which was that Scotland had been founded earlier, by a Greek prince Goídel Glas and his wife Scota, according to legend, Scota carried the Stone of Destiny from Egypt to Scotland. A watershed in the Scottish kingdoms history was a crisis that erupted in 1290 where Edward I of England claimed the right of succession to the Scottish throne. The Auld Alliance of Scotland and France against English interests was first invoked at this time, the Wars of Scottish Independence ended in a renewed kingdom under Robert the Bruce, whose grandson Robert II of Scotland was the first Scottish king of the House of Stuart. From 1603, Scotland and England shared the same monarch in a union when James VI of Scotland was declared King of England and Ireland in what was known as the Union of the Crowns. Scottish jacobite resistance to the union, led by descendants of James VII/II including Bonnie Prince Charlie, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed by the Acts of Union 1800, which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. The 26 southern counties of Ireland left the Union in 1922, the Home Rule movement for a Scottish Assembly was first taken up in 1853 by the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, a body close to the Conservative Party. A key element in this movement was the comparison with Ireland, the original movement broadened its political appeal and soon began to receive Liberal Party backing. In 1885, the post of Secretary for Scotland and the Scottish Office were re-established to promote Scotlands interests, in 1886, however, William Ewart Gladstone introduced the Irish Home Rule Bill. When many Scots compared what they had to the Irish offer of Home Rule and it was not regarded as an immediate constitutional priority however, particularly when the Irish Home Rule Bill was defeated in the House of Commons. A Scottish Home Rule bill was first presented to parliament in 1913, unlike Ireland, which rebelled in the Easter Rising and fought a War of Independence, Scotland did not resist central rule. There was, however, a persistent demand for Scottish home rule, the Scottish Office was relocated to St Andrews House in Edinburgh during the 1930s. The Scottish Covenant was a petition to the UK government asking for home rule and it was first proposed in 1930 by John MacCormick and formally written in 1949. The petition was signed by two million people
26.
Scottish Parliament election, 2007
–
The 2007 Scottish Parliament election was held on Thursday 3 May 2007 to elect members to the Scottish Parliament. It was the general election to the devolved Scottish Parliament since it was created in 1999. Local elections in Scotland fell on the same day, the Scottish National Party emerged as the largest party with 47 seats, closely followed by the incumbent Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats. The Scottish Conservatives won 17 seats, the Scottish Liberal Democrats 16 seats, the Scottish National Party formed a minority government as a result of the election. The Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party, former MSP Tommy Sheridans new party, Solidarity, also failed to win any seats. Campbell Martin and Dr Jean Turner both lost their seats, and Dennis Canavan and Brian Monteith retired. The main issues during the trail were healthcare, education, council tax reform, pensions, the Union, Trident. Some parties proposed raise the leaving age from 16 to 18. Jack McConnell, as First Minister, entered the election defending a small majority of five seats via a coalition of Labour. The Scottish Executive coalition government had been in power, with three different First Ministers, since the first Scottish Parliament election in 1999. Opinion polls suggested its majority could be lost in 2007, due to falling support for the Labour Party and rising support for other parties, in particular the Scottish National Party. The polls suggested that no party was likely to acquire an overall majority. A TNS Poll in November 2006 gave Labour an 8% lead over the SNP which was second behind Labour in terms of numbers of Members of the Scottish Parliament, as the election approached the SNP gained support while Labours support declined. Based on pre-election projections, there could have some possibility of an SNP–Liberal Democrat coalition. Scottish Greens contested 1 seat, Scottish Socialist Party contested 1 seat, Scottish Christian Party, a number of local issue parties also stood in single constituencies. The Nine Per Cent Growth Party stood candidates on the regional lists, standing in the Glasgow Regional List the party finished last of 23 candidates, receiving only 80 votes, a record low. Some counts in the Western Isles were delayed because the helicopter sent to pick up the ballot boxes was delayed by bad weather. The boxes were transferred by sea and road to be counted in Stornoway
27.
Helen Liddell, Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke
–
Liddell then became the British High Commissioner to Australia until 2009, having previously been appointed a Cabinet Minister as Secretary of State for Scotland. On 28 May 2010, it was announced in the Dissolution Honours List that she would be created a Life Peer. She was born Helen Lawrie Reilly, the daughter of a Catholic father and a Protestant mother and she attended at the same time as John Reid, whom she later replaced as Secretary of State for Scotland and also made way for as MP for Airdrie and Shotts. A former BBC Scotland economics journalist from 1976–77, Liddell has taken flak for her closeness to media proprietor Robert Maxwell, working as aide she once followed him on one occasion in to a gents toilet while being followed by a TV crew. She was also the public affairs director of Maxwells Scottish Daily Record, after Maxwells disgrace she tried to distance herself from him claiming that she had never worked for Maxwell. Helen Liddell published one novel about women in politics, called Elite and she contested East Fife constituency in October 1974. Liddell was first elected to Parliament in 1994, at the closely fought Monklands East by-election following John Smiths death and she was appointed a Privy Councillor on 27 October 1998. She was Secretary of State for Scotland from 2001 to 2003, in addition she angered the monks of Buckfast Abbey when she called on them to stop selling Buckfast Tonic Wine in Scotland. She was dubbed Minister for Monarch of the Glen after several visits to the set of the hit BBC series and she took up appointment as British High Commissioner to Australia in the summer of 2005. She was succeeded in the role by Valerie, Baroness Amos in October 2009 and she married Alistair Liddell in 1972, they have one son and one daughter. Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries Debretts People of Today Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle – Helen Liddell TheyWorkForYou. com – Helen Liddell MP Satirical website dedicated to Helen Liddell
28.
Henry McLeish
–
Formerly a professional football player, McLeish was the Member of Parliament for Central Fife from 1987 to 2001 and the Member of the Scottish Parliament for Central Fife from 1999 to 2003. McLeish was born in Methil, Fife into a mining family. Educated at Buckhaven High School, he left school in 1963 at the age of 15 to become a professional football player at Leeds United and represented Scotland as a youth international. After six weeks he was suffering from homesickness and moved back to Scotland and his footballing career was cut short by injury, and he returned to education, studying at Heriot-Watt University 1968–1973, where he graduated with a BA in Urban Planning. He also worked as a lecturer and tutor at Heriot-Watt University 1973–1986. McLeish joined the Scottish Labour Party in 1970 and he was a local councillor on Kirkcaldy District Council 1974–1977 and then on Fife Regional Council 1978–1987, fighting East Fife unsuccessfully in 1979. He served as leader of Fife Regional Council from 1982 until his election as Labour MP for Central Fife at the 1987 General Election, when Labour came to power in 1997, McLeish was appointed as a Minister of State for Scotland, with responsibility for home affairs and devolution. As Donald Dewars right-hand man in Westminster, McLeish helped secure devolution for Scotland, after the creation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, McLeish was elected as MSP for Fife Central and became Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning. After Dewars death in 2000, McLeish defeated his rival Jack McConnell by 44 votes to 36 in the race to become the second First Minister. The ballot was held amongst a restricted electorate of Labour MSPs and members of Scottish Labours national executive, professor John Curtice, a prominent political analyst, commented that McLeish would not have the kind of authority that Donald Dewar enjoyed. He travelled widely, particularly in the United States and he managed several task forces designed to improve the competitiveness of Scottish industry, especially the PILOT project for Scottish oil and gas supply chains. The press called the affair Officegate and he is considered an expert on European-American relations and on the European Union. He has written books including Scotland First, Truth and Consequences, Global Scots, Voices from Afar, Wherever the Saltire Flies and Scotland, in August 2007 he was appointed to the Scottish Broadcasting Commission. He also chaired the Scottish Prisons Commission, which produced a report into sentencing, McLeish concluded a major report on the state of football in Scotland, which had been commissioned by the Scottish Football Association, in April 2010. McLeish claimed that Scottish football was underachieving, under-performing and under-funded at a conference to unveil the report
29.
Douglas Alexander
–
Douglas Garven Alexander is a British Labour politician who was the Shadow Foreign Secretary and former Member of Parliament for Paisley and Renfrewshire South. Alexander was first elected to Parliament in the Paisley South by-election in 1997, in 2003, he became a minister, and held several positions including Minister of State for Europe from 2005-06. At the 2005 election, Alexanders constituency was abolished, and he was elected to represent its successor seat of Paisley. In 2006 he was appointed to the Cabinet by Tony Blair, becoming the Secretary of State for Scotland, when Gordon Brown replaced Blair as Prime Minister in 2007, Alexander became the Secretary of State for International Development. In 2010, following the election of Ed Miliband as Labour Leader, Alexander was elected to the Shadow Cabinet and was made the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and he held this position until a 2011 reshuffle, when he was appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary. In October 2013, he was appointed by Miliband as the partys Chair of General Election Strategy, in 2015, he failed to be re-elected to the Paisley and Renfrewshire South seat in the House of Commons when it was won by Mhairi Black of the Scottish National Party. Alexander was born in Glasgow, the son of a Church of Scotland minister, Douglas N. Alexander, much of his childhood was spent in Bishopton in Renfrewshire. A prominent member of the 1st Bishopton Company of the Boys Brigade, Alexander attended Park Mains High School in Erskine, also in Renfrewshire, from where he joined the Labour Party as a schoolboy in 1982. In 1984 he won a Scottish scholarship to attend Lester B and he spent 1988/89, the third of his four undergraduate years, at the University of Pennsylvania as part of the exchange scheme between Edinburgh and Penn. Whilst studying in America, he worked for Michael Dukakis during the 1988 American presidential election campaign and he graduated from Edinburgh with a first-class degree in 1990. His sister, Wendy Alexander, was involved in politics as an MSP until 2011. His father, a Church of Scotland minister, conducted the funeral of the inaugural First Minister of Scotland and he is married to Jacqueline Christian and they have two children. He is the great-nephew of Cecil Frances Alexander, in 1990 he worked as a speech-writer and parliamentary researcher for Shadow Trade and Industry Secretary, Gordon Brown. He returned to Edinburgh to study for an LL. B. at Edinburgh University and he then qualified as a solicitor. On qualifying as a solicitor he worked for a firm of solicitors in Edinburgh, when the Perth and Kinross constituency was abolished, Alexander was chosen to be the Labour candidate in the newly drawn Perth constituency at the 1997 general election. This time, he was pushed into place behind the SNP. On 28 July 1997, Gordon McMaster, the Labour Member of Parliament for Paisley South, Alexander, who grew up in Renfrewshire, was chosen to contest the by-election and he was duly elected to serve as the Member of Parliament for Paisley South on 6 November 1997. He lost his seat to 20-year-old Mhairi Black of the Scottish National Party at the General Election on 8 May 2015, Alexander took a successful co-ordinating role in his partys campaign for the 2001 general election
30.
Gordon Brown
–
James Gordon Brown is a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010. He previously served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Blair Government from 1997 to 2007, Brown was a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 2015, first for Dunfermline East and later for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. A doctoral graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Brown spent his career working as both a lecturer at a further education college and a television journalist. He entered Parliament in 1983 as the MP for Dunfermline East and he joined the Shadow Cabinet in 1989 as Shadow Secretary of State for Trade, and was later promoted to become Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1992. After Labours victory in 1997, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, in 2007, Tony Blair resigned as Prime Minister and Labour Leader and Brown was chosen to replace him in an uncontested election. Brown remained in office as Labour negotiated to form a government with the Liberal Democrats. On 10 May 2010, Brown announced he would stand down as leader of the Labour Party, Labours attempts to retain power failed and on 11 May, he officially resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by David Cameron, and as Leader of the Labour Party by Ed Miliband, later, Brown played a prominent role in the campaign surrounding the Scottish independence referendum of 2014, galvanising support behind maintaining the union. Brown was born at the Orchard Maternity Nursing Home in Giffnock, Renfrewshire and his father was John Ebenezer Brown, a minister of the Church of Scotland and a strong influence on Brown. He died in December 1998, aged 84 and his mother, Jessie Elizabeth Brown, known as Bunty, died on 19 September 2004, aged 86. She was the daughter of John Souter, a timber merchant, the family moved to Kirkcaldy – then the largest town in Fife, across the Firth of Forth from Edinburgh – when Gordon was three. Brown was brought up there with his elder brother John and younger brother Andrew Brown in a manse, in common with many other notable Scots, he is therefore often referred to as a son of the manse. At age sixteen he wrote that he loathed and resented this ludicrous experiment on young lives and he was accepted by the University of Edinburgh to study history at the same early age of sixteen. During an end-of-term rugby union match at his old school, he received a kick to the head and this left him blind in his left eye, despite treatment including several operations and weeks spent lying in a darkened room. Later at Edinburgh, while playing tennis, he noticed the symptoms in his right eye. Brown underwent experimental surgery at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and his eye was saved. In his youth at the University of Edinburgh, Brown was involved in a relationship with Margarita. Margarita said about it, It was a solid and romantic story
31.
Johann Lamont
–
Johann MacDougall Lamont is a Scottish politician, who was leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 2011 to 2014. She served as a minister in the Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition Scottish Executive from 2004 until the coalitions defeat by the Scottish National Party in 2007. She was subsequently elected deputy leader of the opposition Labour group of MSPs in 2008 and she announced her resignation in October 2014, and following a leadership election to replace her, was succeeded by Jim Murphy in December. Born in Glasgow, Lamont attended the citys Woodside Secondary School, after studying for teaching qualifications at Jordanhill College, she became a schoolteacher. Active in the Labour Party since her university days, Lamont served on its Scottish Executive Committee, with the establishment of a devolved legislature in Scotland, she was elected as the Labour Co-operative Member of the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow Pollok in 1999. Having been appointed convener of the Scottish Parliaments Social Justice Committee in 2001, following a review of how the Labour Party in Scotland is structured, she became its first overall leader. Lamont has been a campaigner on equality issues and violence against women throughout her political career and her work won her accolades at the Scottish Politician of the Year Awards, for Political Impact of the Year in 2012 and Debater of the Year in 2013. Johann Lamont was born in the Anderston district of Glasgow on 11 July 1957 and her parents, Archie and Effie, were both Gaelic speakers from crofting families on the Inner Hebridean island of Tiree, who met after both had moved to Glasgow. Archie was a carpenter employed by the Scottish ferry operator Caledonian MacBrayne and he took part in the Seamens Strike of 1966. The family were Presbyterians, and Lamonts mother was influenced in her faith by the American evangelist Billy Graham and her first experiences of public speakers was listening to the preachers her mother took her to see as a girl. Lamonts childhood was divided between Glasgow and her mothers home on Tiree, where she and her brother David spent their summer holidays. She attended Woodside Secondary School, having declined to take exams for selective education. Like her parents, she was a Gaelic speaker, but she did not believe she spoke it well enough and it was also at school that she first developed an interest in politics, once entering a Daily Mirror competition with a politically-themed short story. The tale, whose central character discussed her intention to demand a pay rise and was revealed to be the Queen. She studied English and History at the University of Glasgow, graduating with an MA and she trained as a teacher for a year at Jordanhill College, gaining a Postgraduate Certificate in Education, and afterwards joined Rothesay Academy, Isle of Bute, as a teacher in 1979. She taught at Springburn Academy in Glasgow from 1982 to 1989 and at Castlemilk High School, also in Glasgow, Lamont taught English and worked with social workers and educational psychologists attempting to tackle instances of school truancy. Continuing to be active in the Labour Party, Lamont became a prominent campaigner on issues related to justice, equality. She was a member of the Scottish Executive Committee of the Labour Party, instead, her decision to seek political office was influenced by the creation of the Scottish Parliament
32.
Brian Souter
–
Sir Brian Souter is a Scottish businessman and philanthropist. With his sister, Ann Gloag, he founded the Stagecoach Group of bus and he also founded the bus and coach operator Megabus, the train operating company South West Trains, his investments company Souter Holdings Ltd and the Souter Charitable Trust. Souter has also been active in Scotland, and supports the Scottish National Party financially. This campaign and other statements have led opponents to accuse him of homophobia. In 2011 he was awarded a knighthood for services to transport, the honour was criticised by Scottish Labour Party politicians and by gay rights campaigners. Souter was born in the Scottish town of Perth and his father was a bus driver and as a child Brian often travelled on bus routes with his father. At school he developed an interest in economics and accounts, about which he said, Changing my timetable from maths to include economics. On leaving school, he studied at the Abertay University to become a commerce teacher, on completion he studied at Strathclyde University in Glasgow, where he graduated with a CA Diploma in Accountancy and Economics. Following his graduation Souter became a Chartered Accountant at Arthur Andersen & Co, using his fathers redundancy money, with his sister Ann Gloag and his brother-in-law Robin Gloag he established the Stagecoach Group in 1980, running buses from Dundee to London. Expansion continued, and in the early 1990s Stagecoach acquired National Bus Company subsidiaries in Cumberland and Hampshire, Stagecoach also bought bus operations in Scotland, Newcastle and London, with Manchester being added a few years later. In 1993, Stagecoach was valued at £134 million and was floated on the London Stock Exchange to access capital for new opportunities for buses, by the mid 1990s, Stagecoach developed its interests in Australia and New Zealand. The company further expanded with the purchase of Citybus, an operator of buses and ferries in Hong Kong, and Coach USA, Souter became Chief Executive, and later sold off much of Coach USA. Following the deregulation of bus services in the United Kingdom, Stagecoach bought a number of the new small bus companies and this practice was deemed as predatory, deplorable and against the public interest according to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. In 2009, Souter received a £1. 6m bonus, most of the remainder was given to the staff pension fund. In August 2012, it was announced that Souter would become Chairman of Stagecoach Group on 1 May 2013, shortly after Souter floated Stagecoach on the London Stock Exchange, he turned his attention to British railways. Initial experiments consisted of a Scotland to London service branded Stagecoach Rail with carriages attached to the Caledonian Sleeper, during the privatisation of British Rail, Stagecoach bid successfully to operate the South West Trains franchise from 1996 followed by the Island Line Trains later the same year. Stagecoach successfully bid to retain both when retendered in 2001 and 2006, in 1998, Stagecoach purchased a 49% shareholding in Virgin Rail Group that operated the CrossCountry and West Coast franchises. In 2007, Stagecoach commenced operating the East Midlands Trains franchise, in April 2015, Virgin Trains East Coast in which Stagecoach holds a 90% share commenced operating the InterCity East Coast franchise
33.
Scottish Parliament
–
The Scottish Parliament, is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland. Located in the Holyrood area of the city, Edinburgh. The most recent general election to the Parliament was held on 5 May 2016, as a consequence, both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England ceased to exist, and the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London was formed. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster, the British Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament, and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws. The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999, initial Scottish proposals in the negotiation over the Union suggested a devolved Parliament be retained in Scotland, but this was not accepted by the English negotiators. Suggestions for a devolved Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War, one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom. Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs, the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should. The combined effect of events led to Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament, publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament. Devolution continued to be part of the platform of the Labour Party which, in May 1997, an election was held on 6 May 1999, and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new Parliament. Since September 2004, the home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM which was led by Design Principal Tony Kettle. Some of the features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings. Throughout the building there are many repeated motifs, such as based on Raeburns Skating Minister. Crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, Queen Elizabeth II opened the new building on 9 October 2004. In March 2006, one of the Holyrood buildings roof beams slipped out of its support and was left dangling above the back benches during a debate, the debating chamber was subsequently closed, and MSPs moved to The Hub for one week, whilst inspections were carried out. During repairs, all business was conducted in the Parliaments committee room two
34.
Kezia Dugdale
–
This was Labours worst performance in a Scottish election since 1918. Dugdale was previously the Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 2014 to 2015 and has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Lothian region since 2011, Dugdale was born in Aberdeen in 1981. She completed her schooling at Harris Academy in Dundee, where she was Head Girl. She studied Law at the University of Aberdeen from 1999 to 2003, as well as living in Aberdeen and Dundee, she has resided in Elgin, Moray, before settling in Edinburgh in 2003. While studying in Edinburgh, Dugdale worked as Campaigns and Welfare Adviser for Edinburgh University Students Association and she sat on Scottish Labours Policy Forum from 2006–08 as well as serving as an election agent to both Sarah Boyack MSP and Sheila Gilmore MP. She had also volunteered as a researcher in the office of Pauline McNeill MSP. She worked from 2007 to 2011 for the Labour Lothian regional MSP George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock as his office manager. In 2011, she was elected to the Scottish Parliament, as Scottish Labours second candidate on their list for the Lothian Region and she serves as a Scottish Labour and Co-operative Member and currently sits on the Local Government and Regeneration and Subordinate Legislation Committees. Dugdale was appointed as Scottish Labours Spokesperson for Education and Lifelong Learning on 29 June 2013, in 2014, members of the Edinburgh Eastern Constituency Labour Party selected Dugdale as their candidate for the 2016 Scottish Parliament Election. Despite her higher profile as a party leader Dugdale lost Edinburgh Eastern on polling day, in 2014 she was elected as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party, replacing Anas Sarwar, and defeating Katy Clark. As Jim Murphy, Labours Scotland leader, did not have a seat in the Scottish Parliament, on 13 June 2015, Dugdale resigned the Deputy leadership in order to seek the leadership in the leadership election, which she won on 15 August. After Corbyn had been elected as leader, she revealed for the first time, on 29 June 2016, Dugdale called for Corbyn to resign his position as Labour Leader after 174-to-40 Labour MPs voted backing a no confidence motion in Corbyns leadership. On 22 August, Dugdale declared her support for Owen Smith against Corbyn in the 2016 Labour leadership election and she also said her position would remain tenable were Corbyn to win re-election. Dugdale has said she wants to end the status of private schools in Scotland which gives them tax breaks. Following the Lord Sewel scandal and resignation on 28 July 2015, she said the House of Lords should no longer be an unelected chamber and should be moved to Glasgow. In a 2016 interview with Mary Riddell of the Fabian Review, Dugdale said that she was in a relationship with a woman and she first appeared in public with her partner Louise Riddell when they voted together in Edinburgh at the Scottish Parliament election in May 2016. She describes her interests as going to the theatre, reading Scottish crime novels and she is a supporter of Hibernian, living close to Easter Road. She has lived in the Lochend and Meadowbank area since 2006 and she is a member of Unite the Union and the Community trade union
35.
Mhairi Black
–
Mhairi Black is a Scottish politician. She has been the Member of Parliament for Paisley and Renfrewshire South since 2015, Black is the current Baby of the House as the youngest member in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. At the time of her election, she had not yet completed her undergraduate degree, Black has been an active Twitter user since she was 14. Along with other LGBT MPs from the SNP, she expressed her support for same-sex marriage prior to the referendum in Ireland, asked about her decision to come out, she replied Ive never been in. Black is not religious but reads her Bible, and describes herself as a traditional socialist citing Tony Benn as her political hero. Her other political inspirations include Keir Hardie and Margo MacDonald and she is a supporter and season-ticket holder of Partick Thistle. She plays the piano, as was revealed in a Channel 4 News interview with Jon Snow, on 18 September 2015, Black became a Member of Parliament for Paisley and Renfrewshire South in the 2015 general election while still a final year undergraduate student at the University of Glasgow. Furthermore, until the Reform Act 1832, underage MPs were seldom unseated, since the Electoral Administration Act 2006 reduced the age of candidacy from 21 to 18 years, Black is the first person to be elected under its provisions. On 1 July 2015, it was announced that Black had been appointed to the Work and she made her maiden speech on 14 July 2015 and this included some criticism of the governments approach to unemployment in her constituency and the growing need for food banks. She said, “Food banks are not part of the welfare state and they are a symbol that the welfare state is failing. ”Black also criticised the government over cuts to housing benefit. Her speech was praised by SNP Parliamentary Group Leader, Angus Robertson, within five days of her giving this speech, it had been viewed over 10 million times on various media. Black was later made aware of the change in the state pension through her constituents, Black is a longstanding critic of Westminster. Two months after her election, she commented that the practice of making MPs vote in person, in an 2016 interview with Owen Jones, Black labelled Westminster as an old boys club and so excluded from reality, while expressing concern about the arrogance and sexism from other MPs. In 2017, Black considered not standing for a term in the next general election. Official website BBC Radio 4 Profile SNP profile Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
36.
Capital Scotland
–
Capital Scotland is a regional radio station owned by Communicorp UK and operated by Global Radio. It broadcasts to Scotlands Central Belt, an area surrounding the two cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and the kingdom of Fife, the station originally began on 19 November 1999 as Beat 106, a new rock and dance station. The first presenter on-air, at 1,06 pm on launch day, was Matt Finlay and his first words spoken were Is this thing on. The first song on the station was Revolution No.9 by The Beatles followed by Fatboy Slims Right Here, other presenters at launch included George Bowie, Gina McKie, Graham Stewart and Jim Gellatly. Beat 106 closed on 1 January 2006, playing a countdown of the top 1000 tracks voted for by visitors to its website, Beat 106 was originally established by the Big Beat Group, headed up by a group of nightclub promoters from Glasgow. However, after being sold to Capital Radio Group in July 2000, in 2005, Capital Radio merged with the GWR Group to form GCap Media, creating the UKs largest commercial radio group. The rebranding of Beat 106 to XFM was one of a number of measures announced by GCap to improve their corporate performance following the merger, the original XFM station was XFM London and the rebranding in Scotland occurred four months before the expected launch of XFM Manchester. XFM Scotland programmes were launched by breakfast presenter Dominik Diamond on 4 January 2006 with Loaded by Primal Scream as the first song played on the relaunched station, a major marketing campaign was launched a year later in a bid to try to regain lost listeners since the rebrand. By September 2007, the station was only reaching audience shares of 2. 6% in the West and 4. 1% in the East, on 11 February 2008 GCap Media announced that they would be selling the analogue licence for the station. GCap later became part of Global Radio and it was decided to keep the licence, on 28 August 2008, Jim Gellatly announced that his last show would be broadcast that day and he would be leaving the station together with a number of colleagues. By the time of XFMs rebrand as Galaxy, station audience shares had fallen further to 2. 4% in the West and 2. 6% in the East, on 27 August 2008 new owners Global Radio announced they would re-brand XFM Scotland as Galaxy Scotland. The rebrand was part of Global Radio’s major strategy to expand the brand across outside Scotland, local programming on the station consisted of daily breakfast, weekday drivetime and specialist shows with networked programming broadcast from Leeds. Galaxy Scotland joined the Galaxy Network on 7 November 2008, XFM closed at approximately 3. 30pm that day, followed immediately by a 15-minute launch sequence for Galaxy. Galaxy programming started by 4pm the same afternoon, with Gary Spence as the first voice on the air, from its launch, Galaxy Scotland gained 429,000 listeners providing almost 3.2 million listening hours per week. In the 12 months up to May 2010, the station doubled its number of listeners, as of Monday 12 July 2010, Galaxy Scotland changed their tagline from Love Music to Scotlands No 1 Hit Music Station in line with the other Galaxy stations across the UK. The station was re-branded as 105–106 Capital on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy, local breakfast and drivetime output was retained with most networked programming now broadcast from the networks London studios. The station also produced a dance music show on Saturday overnights. The two format change requests were approved in November, on 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be selling Capital Scotland to Communicorp
37.
BBC Scotland
–
BBC Scotland is the division of the BBC, and the publicly funded broadcaster for Scotland. Established in 1952, BBC Scotland is based in Glasgow and employs approximately 1,250 staff to produce 15,000 hours of television, BBC Scotland has three TV channels and two radio stations. Some £320 million of licence fee revenue is raised in Scotland, the remainder of licence fee revenue raised in the country is spent on networked programmes. BBC Scotlands TV channels compete with the ITV networks STV and ITV Border for regional programming, the first radio service in Scotland was launched by the British Broadcasting Company on 6 March 1923. Named 5SC and located in Glasgow, the services gradually expanded to include the new stations 2BD, 2DE and 2EH, based at Aberdeen, Dundee and Edinburgh respectively. Around 1927, the new Corporation, as the BBC now was, Television in Scotland began on 14 March 1952 using the 405-line television system broadcast from the Kirk oShotts transmitter. Television upgraded to colour in 1967 with regular colour broadcasts starting from 1971 when BBC Scotlands studios were upgraded. BBC Scotland has increased the number of programmes shown on the network services. BBC Scotland broadcasts three services to Scottish audiences. The latter of these services adheres to network scheduling more frequently than the former, the flagship news programme Reporting Scotland is presented by Jackie Bird and Sally Magnusson. In addition to two channels BBC Scotland also operates the digital channel BBC Alba, broadcasting programming in Gaelic for up to seven hours a day. The channel is a joint partnership between BBC Scotland and MG Alba and is available across the UK on satellite services, the proposed newscast been considered a response to the perennial proposals for a local opt-out of the BBC News at Six. The channel will be allocated £30 million in annual funding, hall also announced that the BBC would increase its spending on factual and drama productions in Scotland by £20 million annually. BBC Scotland also operates two radio stations covering Scotland, BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio nan Gàidheal, the former broadcasts English programming 24 hours a day on the frequencies 92-95 FM and 810 MW. The station has specific programming opt outs for Orkney and Shetland in addition to regional news opt outs for four additional sub regions - North East, Highlands & Islands, South West and Borders. BBC Radio nan Gàidheal in contrast is a Gaelic-language station broadcasting for the majority of the day on 103. 5-105 FM, BBC Scotland operates a mini site on BBC Online consisting of a portal to Scottish news, sport, programmes and items of cultural interest through BBC Online. The department also provides content from Scotland on these subjects to the website, BBC Scotland previously offered a podcast download of the top news items of the week and the online streaming of several key sections of output. BBC Scotlands headquarters are located at BBC Pacific Quay on the banks of the River Clyde in Glasgow
38.
Nicola Sturgeon
–
Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon is a Scottish politician who is the fifth and current First Minister of Scotland and the leader of the Scottish National Party, in office since 2014. She is the first woman to hold either position, Sturgeon has been a member of the Scottish Parliament since 1999, first as an additional member for the Glasgow electoral region from 1999 to 2007, and as the member for Glasgow Southside since 2007. A law graduate of the University of Glasgow, Sturgeon worked as a solicitor in Glasgow, after being elected to the Scottish Parliament, she served successively as the SNPs shadow minister for education, health and justice. In 2004 she announced that she would stand as a candidate for the leadership of the SNP following the resignation of John Swinney, however, she later withdrew from the contest in favour of Alex Salmond, standing instead as depute leader on a joint ticket with Salmond. Both were subsequently elected, and as Salmond was still an MP in the House of Commons, the SNP won the highest number of seats in the Scottish Parliament in the 2007 election and Salmond was subsequently appointed First Minister. He appointed Sturgeon as Deputy First Minister and Cabinet Secretary for Health and she was appointed as Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Investment and Cities in 2012. No one else was nominated for the post by the nominations closed. She was formally elected to succeed Salmond as First Minister on 19 November, forbes magazine ranked Sturgeon as the 50th most powerful woman in the world in 2016 and 2nd in the United Kingdom. Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon was born in Ayrshire Central Hospital in Irvine and she is the eldest of three daughters born to Robin Sturgeon, an electrician, and Joan Kerr Sturgeon, a dental nurse. Her family has roots in North East England, her paternal grandmother was from Ryhope in what is now the City of Sunderland. Sturgeon grew up in Prestwick and Dreghorn and she attended Dreghorn Primary School from 1975 to 1982 and Greenwood Academy from 1982 to 1988. She later studied at the University of Glasgow, where she read Law, Sturgeon graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1992 and a Diploma in Legal Practice the following year. During her time at Glasgow University she was active as a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association, following her graduation, Sturgeon completed her legal traineeship at McClure Naismith, a Glasgow firm of solicitors, in 1995. In the mid-1990s, Sturgeon and Charles Kennedy went together on a study visit to Australia. The 1997 general election saw Sturgeon selected to fight the Glasgow Govan seat for the SNP, boundary changes meant that the notional Labour majority in the seat had increased substantially. Sarwar did, however, win the seat with a majority of 2,914 votes, shortly after this, Sturgeon was appointed as the SNPs spokesperson for energy and education matters. Sturgeon stood for election to the Scottish Parliament in the first Scottish Parliament election in 1999 as the SNP candidate for Glasgow Govan. Although she failed to win the seat, she was placed first in the SNPs regional list for the Glasgow region, during the first term of the Scottish Parliament, Sturgeon served as a member of the Shadow Cabinets of both Alex Salmond and John Swinney
39.
Coleen Nolan
–
Coleen Patricia Nolan is an English singer, television presenter and author. She came to prominence as the youngest member of the Irish family girl group The Nolans and she subsequently became a panelist on the chat show Loose Women from 2000 to 2011. She returned from October 2013 onwards, as a member of The Nolans, she first performed on television in 1974. She was a member of the group from 1980 to 1994. The group was successful in Japan, where they won the Tokyo Music Festival in 1981. She was a member of the line-up that reformed for a tour of the UK. From 2001–02, Nolan co-presented the ITV daytime show This Morning and she returned to the show from 2010–12, as a presenter of the interactive hub segments. In 2009, she competed in the series of the ITV show Dancing on Ice. In 2012, she appeared in the 10th series of Channel 5 reality series Celebrity Big Brother, in January 2017 she returned as an all star for the 19th series and went on to win with 33% of the final vote. The Nolans made their debut in 1974 on the show Its Cliff Richard. With the line-up featuring all six sisters and billed as The Nolan Sisters and that same year, they released their debut single But I Do, with Coleen singing lead vocals. They also had UK top twenty hits with, Dont Make Waves, Gotta Pull Myself Together, Whos Gonna Rock You, Attention to Me, Chemistry, in 1981, they won the Tokyo Music Festival with the song Sexy Music. In 1991, the group won a 33rd Japan Record Awards Kikaku-shō for Cover version of Japanese pops, four of The Nolans reformed in 2009 for a UK tour to mark the 30th anniversary of the release of Im in the Mood for Dancing. On 5 February 1974, Nolan made her first television appearance with her sisters when she was almost nine years old, on 14 January 1987, she appeared alongside her sisters Anne, Bernie and Maureen in the BBC sitcom Filthy Rich & Catflap. In 2000, Nolan became a regular panellist on ITVs Loose Women and she remained with the series on and off for eleven years. On 16 March 2011, Nolan announced she would be leaving Loose Women after 11 years on the show, on 7 October 2013, Nolan returned as a regular panellist. Since July 2015, Nolan has also been an anchor of the show. Between 2001 and 2002, Nolan co-presented This Morning on ITV, with John Leslie, Nolan was initially signed up to co-present with former model Twiggy, who was sacked after working on the show for only a month
40.
Loose Women
–
Loose Women is a British panel show that has been broadcast on ITV since 6 September 1999. The programme has been simulcast in the Republic of Ireland on UTV Ireland, now known as be3 and its 2500th episode was broadcast on 29 April 2016. On 21 February 2017 ITV announced that The London Studios where Loose Women is currently being filmed is due to be moved out of its home in Spring of 2018. The studio is due to be bigger and to be the most up to date television studio in the U. K, however this means Loose Women will be moved to a temporal studio some where in London for a number of years. The panel comprises four women from various professions in the entertainment, Adams and Nadia Sawalha were the original presenters on the show. Sawalha left in 2002, after the birth of her first child, Adams kept the role for the first ten series until the end of 2006, when she left to go on maternity leave. Adams, Sawalha, Jane Moore and Karren Brady were the panellists who appeared in the very first episode, Denise Welch, Gloria Hunniford and Linda Robson first appeared as guest panellists during the third, fourth and fifth series respectively before later becoming regular panellists. From 2007 to 2009, the job was mainly shared by McLean. Following Brambles departure in August 2009, Kate Thornton took over from her during the following month, Jane Mcdonald also took a 16-month hiatus to focus of her music, returning in 2012. On December 14, Mcdonald announced her return live on air with a phone call. Mcdonald returned on January 16,2012, Linda Robson was introduced as a regular panellist in 2013, after appearing several times previous as a guest stand in. Loose Women underwent a revamp for its eighteenth series, following the departure of McGiffin at the end of series 17. Long-running panellists Welch, McDonald and Lisa Maxwell also departed from the programme in October 2013, December 2013, many former presenters were reintroduced for the eighteenth series of the programme. Nolan, Sawalha and Moore returned as panellists during October 2013, later, Langsford rejoined the programme as a presenter in January 2014. Jamelia and Myleene Klass joined the programme as panellists in November 2013, the panel underwent a further presenter revamp for its nineteenth series following the departures of Vorderman, Sally Lindsay and Shobna Gulati. Klass and Claire Richards, who had been panellists for series 18, Gloria Hunniford, Penny Lancaster and Judy Finnigan were announced as new panellists. June Sarpong later joined the show on 23 March 2015, in this series a book club, Loose Books, was introduced, a panellist picks a book which the audience and the other panellists read. The first was chosen by Nolan called The Girl On The Train by Paula Hawkins which as a result went to number 1, having featured prominently throughout series 19, Judy Finnigan and Linda Lusardi did not return to the panel, though their departures were not officially announced
41.
This Morning (TV programme)
–
This Morning is a British daytime television programme that is broadcast on ITV. The show airs live on weekdays from 10,30 a. m. until 12,30 p. m. featuring news, topical items, showbiz, style and beauty, home and garden, food, health, real life and more similar features. Since beginning in 1988, This Morning has been sponsored by four companies, BT Group, Dolmio, Nivea, in 1988, ITV decided to create a live daytime morning programme. Four regional ITV companies made pilot shows to bid for the contract, Television South offered a show called Home Today, hosted by Andy Craig. Thames Television Tyne Tees Television Granada Television offered a show called This Morning, the first episode of This Morning aired at 10.40 am on 3 October 1988 and finished at 12.10 pm, live from the Granada studio inside the Albert Dock in Liverpool. The theme tune was by David Pringle, who also wrote opening music for Wheel of Fortune, Fun House, as part of the show, weather presenter Fred Talbot used a floating map of the British Isles to report the forecast. A clip of a streaker running onto Talbots weather map in 1995 is regularly shown on clip shows, steve Penk also co presented with Lucy Meacock covering for Richard and Judy. In the Summer of 2001, Madeley and Finnigan left This Morning to present their own show on Channel 4, in the Autumn of 2001, M&S model Twiggy and Loose Women panelist and anchor Coleen Nolan took over with Fern Britton and John Leslie remaining on Fridays. A relaunch of This Morning took place in 2009 and subsequently, part of the relaunch included a new set and Holly Willoughby became a new co-presenter. In March 2010, This Morning producer Karl Newton announced that the show would air seven days a week, Schofield and Willoughby presented pre-recorded links in between compilations of the past weeks programming. The weekend editions were introduced on 20 March 2010, but have since dropped from the schedule. The Hub was the part of the show which heavily featured in This Morning from 2010 until 2014. Presenters included Jeff Brazier, Jenni Falconer, Stephen Mulhern Rylan Clark, Emma Willis, Coleen Nolan, Samanthi Jayawardena, on 1 March 2010, This Morning began an interactive cooking event, named This Morning Cook In. Where each week, five viewers and a celebrity guest cook along, via Skype, gino DAcampo and Phil Vickery were the two chefs to present the item. The show has proven newsworthy on several occasions and this Morning covered new ground by showing a gay partnership celebration live. An 2008 interview with Kerry Katona, slurring her words, also attracted coverage. On 21 August 2013, Carol Vorderman took her first steps towards a 2014 World Record attempt by doing a solo flight to 1,000 metres high, live on This Morning, reporter Jenni Falconer was there. In 2013, This Morning held a competition for one viewer to present The Hub for one day in the Summer, the winner of the competition was Maddy Moss
42.
The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
43.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
