1.
South Bend, Indiana
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South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total of 101,168 residents, its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318,586 and it is the fourth-largest city in Indiana, serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana. The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame, the area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bends economy through the mid-20th century, River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations. The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it had a population of 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, remaining large corporations include Crowe Horwath, Honeywell, and AM General. Recently, the city population has started to grow for the first time in fifty years. The old Studebaker plant and surrounding area, now called Ignition Park, is being redeveloped as a center to attract new industry. The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans, one of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food, the Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was so popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River and this route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders. The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area, in 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend, alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC, established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station. In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Josephs, by 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office, Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana. The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, in 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents. Soon after, design began on what would become the town of South Bend, the town was formally established in 1835 and rapidly grew
2.
Sonoma County, California
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Sonoma County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 483,878 and its county seat and largest city is Santa Rosa. It is located to the north of Marin County and the south of Mendocino County and it is west of Napa County and Lake County. Sonoma County comprises the Santa Rosa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is the northwestern county in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region. Sonoma is the county and largest producer of California’s Wine Country region, which also includes Napa, Mendocino. It possesses thirteen approved American Viticultural Areas and over 250 wineries, in 2002, Sonoma County ranked as the 32nd county in the United States in agricultural production. More than 7.4 million tourists each year, spending more than $1 billion in 2006. Sonoma County is the home of Sonoma State University and Santa Rosa Junior College, Sonoma County is home to several Native American tribes. By the 1830s, European settlement had set a new direction that would prove to radically alter the course of land use, Sonoma County has rich agricultural land, albeit largely divided between two nearly monocultural uses as of 2007, grapes and pasturage. The voters have twice approved open space initiatives that have provided funding for public acquisition of natural areas, preserving forested areas, coastal habitat, and other open space. The Pomo, Coast Miwok and Wappo peoples were the earliest human settlers of Sonoma County, spaniards, Russians, and other Europeans claimed and settled in the county from the late 16th to mid-19th century, seeking timber, fur, and farmland. The Russians were the first newcomers to establish a permanent foothold in Sonoma County and this settlement and its outlying Russian settlements came to include a population of several hundred Russian and Aleut settlers and a stockaded fort with artillery. However, the Russians abandoned it in 1841 and sold the fort to John Sutter, settler and Mexican land grantee of Sacramento. The Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in 1823 as the last and northernmost of 21 California missions, is in the present City of Sonoma, El Presidio de Sonoma, or Sonoma Barracks, was established in 1836 by Comandante General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. The City of Sonoma was the site of the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846, Sonoma was one of the original counties formed when California became a state in 1850, with its county seat originally the town of Sonoma. However, by the early 1850s, the town of Sonoma had declined in importance in terms of commerce and population, its county buildings were crumbling, and it was relatively remote. As a result, elements in the newer, rapidly growing towns of Petaluma, Santa Rosa, the dispute ultimately was between the bigger, richer commercial town of Petaluma and the more centrally located, growing agricultural center of Santa Rosa. Allegedly, several Santa Rosans, not caring to wait, decided to take action and, one night, rode down the Sonoma Valley to Sonoma, took the county seals and records, some of the countys land was annexed from Mendocino County between 1850 and 1860
3.
Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
4.
Brenda Starr, Reporter
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Brenda Starr, Reporter is a comic strip about a glamorous, adventurous reporter. It was created in 1940 by Dale Messick for the Chicago Tribune Syndicate, although set in Chicago, Brenda Starr, Reporter initially was the only Chicago Tribune Syndicate strip not to appear in the Chicago Tribune newspaper. When the strip debuted June 30,1940, it was relegated to a book supplement that was included with the Sunday Chicago Tribune. Soon the strip appeared in the Sunday paper and a strip was added in 1945. During the 1950s, at the height of its popularity, the strip appeared in 250 newspapers, in 2010, the strip appeared in 65 newspapers with 36 being international papers. Following Messicks retirement as Brenda Starrs artist in 1980, the strip was continued by different female writer, from 1980 through 1982, Messick continued scripting, and the strip was illustrated by Ramona Fradon. In 1982, Linda Sutter took over writing, mary Schmich began scripting the strip in 1985, with Fradon continuing as the illustrator until her 1995 retirement. From 1995 onward, June Brigman illustrated Schmichs scripts, the final strip was published on January 2,2011. A greeting card illustrator for the Chicago Tribune Syndicate, Messick created Brenda Starr, the character name, Brenda Starr, was based on Brenda Frazier, a debutante of the 1930s, while her appearance was based on the movie actress Rita Hayworth. The strip initially encountered resistance from Tribune editor Joseph Medill Patterson because its creator was a woman, after the strip was established, other instances of resistance were reported. Whenever Ms. Messick drew in cleavage or a navel, the syndicate would erase it and she was once banned in Boston after showing Brenda smoking a polka-dot cigar. Brenda has always been a woman, noted for her exotic adventures. Dale Messick and later concentrated on keeping Brenda contemporary in clothing. Before Messick retired, Brenda finally married the mysterious Basil St. John, whose eye patch, shortly thereafter, Brenda had Basils baby, a girl named Starr Twinkle St. John. Brenda and Basil divorced, and sparks flew when they met again, during one of Basils reappearances, Brenda discovered Basil had a son named Sage with the talk show host Wanda Fonda. That marriage also ended in divorce, Brenda and Wanda became good friends. Eventually, Brenda was promoted from reporter to editor, however, Basils mysterious assistant, a handsome Kazooki code-named Ringo, persuaded Sage and Brenda to travel instead to Paris, France. Sage was thrilled by the idea of traveling by an undersea tunnel, Brenda admitted that she could never say no to Paris
5.
National Cartoonists Society
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The National Cartoonists Society is an organization of professional cartoonists in the United States. It presents the National Cartoonists Society Awards, the Society was born in 1946 when groups of cartoonists got together to entertain the troops. They enjoyed each others company and decided to meet on a regular basis, only recently has the National Cartoonists Society embraced web comics. Membership is limited to established professional cartoonists, with a few exceptions of outstanding persons in affiliated fields, the NCS is not a guild or labor union. The National Cartoonists Society had its origins during World War II when cartoonists Gus Edson, Otto Soglow, Clarence D. Russell, Bob Dunn, Edson recalled, “We played two spots. And then we quit the USO. ”They were lured away by choreographer and former Rockette Toni Mendez, when she learned of these chalk talks, she recruited the cartoonists to do shows for the Hospital Committee of the American Theatre Wing. Beginning with a performance emceed by humor columnist Bugs Baer at Halloran Hospital on Staten Island, the group expanded to junkets on military transport planes, flying to military bases along the southeastern seaboard. On one of those flights, Russell proposed a club to Rube Goldberg, Mendez recalled, He said, Everybody has a club or an association or some kind—lumber jacks, undertakers, rug weavers, even garbage collectors—so I don’t see why we can’t have one, too. All during the flight, Rube kept saying, No—leave us alone, C. D. turned to me and he said, And no girls. And he went up and down the aisle of the plane, the Society was organized on a Friday evening, March 1,1946, when 26 cartoonists gathered at 7pm in the Barberry Room on East 52nd Street in Manhattan. After drinks and dinner, they voted to determine officers and a name for their new organization and it was initially known as The Cartoonists Society. Goldberg was elected president with Russell Patterson as vice president, C. D. Russell as secretary and Milton Caniff, Soglow was later added as second vice president. Mendez functioned as the Societys trouble-shooter and later became an agent representing more than 50 cartoonists, yardley, sports cartoonist Lou Hanlon, illustrator Russell Patterson and comic book artists Joe Shuster and Joe Musial. More members joined by mid-May 1946, including Harold Gray and the Society’s first animator, Paul Terry, followed in the summer by letterer Frank Engli, Bela Zaboly, Al Capp, seibel and sports cartoonist Willard Mullin. Her name was on all the Society’s publications, and her address was the permanent mailing address of the NCS for more than 30 years, as the organizing secretary, she handled agendas, organization and publicity. “She practically ran the damn thing, ” Caniff recalled, “A real autocrat, and everyone was delighted to have her be an autocrat because that’s what we needed. On November 6,1951,49 members of the NCS arrived at Washingtons Carlton Hotel for breakfast with Harry S. Truman, when Al Posen originated the idea of National Cartoonists Society tours to entertain American servicemen, he became the NCS Director of Overseas Shows. On October 4,1952, nine cartoonists left on a USO-Camp Shows tour of U. S, armed Forces installations in Europe, traveling via a Military Air Transport Service plane from Westover Air Force Base in Massachusetts and landing at Rhein-Main Air Base in Germany
6.
Milton Caniff
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Milton Arthur Paul Milt Caniff was an American cartoonist famous for the Terry and the Pirates and Steve Canyon comic strips. Caniff was born in Hillsboro, Ohio and he was an Eagle Scout and a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Caniff did cartoons for local newspapers while studying at Stivers High School in Dayton Ohio, at Ohio State University, Caniff joined the Sigma Chi Fraternity and later illustrated for The Magazine of Sigma Chi and The Norman Shield. Graduating in 1930, Caniff began at the Columbus Dispatch where he worked with the noted cartoonists Billy Ireland and Dudley Fisher, but Caniffs position was eliminated during the Great Depression. Caniff related later that he had been uncertain of whether to pursue acting or cartooning as a career and he died on May 3,1988 and was buried in the Mount Repose Cemetery, Haverstraw, New York. In 1932, Caniff moved to New York City to accept an artist job with the Features Service of the Associated Press. Caniff continued Gilfeather until the spring of 1933, when it was retired in favor of a comedy panel cartoon called The Gay Thirties. In July 1933, Caniff began a fantasy strip, Dickie Dare, influenced by series such as Flash Gordon. The eponymous main character was a youth who dreamed himself into adventures with such literary and legendary persons as Robin Hood, Robinson Crusoe, in 1934, Caniff was hired by the New York Daily News to produce a new strip for the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. The result was Terry and the Pirates, the strip which made Caniff famous, like Dickie Dare, Terry Lee began as a boy who is traveling with an adult mentor and adventurer, Pat Ryan. But over the years the character aged, and by World War II he was old enough to serve in the Army Air Force. During the 12 years that Caniff produced the strip, he introduced many fascinating characters, introduced during the early days of the strip was Terry and Pats interpreter and manservant Connie. They were later joined by the mute Chinese giant Big Stoop, both he and Connie provided the main source of comic relief. During the war, Caniff began a strip, a special version of Terry. Caniff donated all of his work on this strip to the armed forces—the strip was only in military newspapers. Another strip had her dancing with a man in civilian clothes, a disgruntled GI shoved and mocked him for having an easy life, Caniff continued Male Call until seven months after V-J Day, ending it in March 1946. In 1946 Caniff ended his association with Terry and the Pirates, while the strip was a major success, it was not owned by its creator but by its distributing syndicate, the Chicago Tribune-New York Daily News, a common practice with syndicated comics at the time. Caniff produced his last strip of Terry and the Pirates in December 1946, at the time, Caniff was one of only two or three syndicated cartoonists who owned their creations, and he attracted considerable publicity as a result of this circumstance
7.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5
8.
Dressmaker
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A dressmaker is a person who makes custom clothing for women, such as dresses, blouses, and evening gowns. Also called a mantua-maker or a modiste, dressmaker in this sense is contrasted to tailored and has fallen out of use since the rise of casual wear in the mid-twentieth century. Mantua-maker, in the century a maker of mantuas, or in general a dressmaker. Modiste, a maker of fashionable clothing and accessories, with the implication that the articles reflect the current Paris fashions. Sewing professional is the most general term for those who make their living by sewing, teaching, writing about sewing and she or he may work out of her home, a studio, or retail shop, and may work part-time or full-time. She or he may be any or all or the following sub-specialities, A custom clothier makes custom garments one at a time, to order, to meet a customers needs. A custom dressmaker specializes in womens apparel, including day dresses, careerwear, suits, evening or bridal wear, sportswear. A tailor makes custom menswear-style jackets and the skirts or trousers that go with them, an alterations specialist or alterationist adjusts the fit of completed garments, usually ready-to-wear, or restyles them. Note that while all tailors can do alterations, by no means can all alterationists do tailoring, designers choose combinations of line, proportion, color, and texture for intended garments. They may have no sewing or patternmaking skills, and may only sketch or conceptualize garments, a wardrobe consultant or fashion advisor recommends styles and colors for a client. A seamstress is someone who sews seams, or in other words and this term is not a synonym for dressmaker. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, a seamstress did handsewing, especially under the putting-out system, older variants are seamster and sempstress. Sewist is a new term, combining the words sew and artist, to describe someone who creates sewn works of art. Bespoke Fashion design Haute couture Tailor Sewing Butterick Publishing Company, The Art of Garment Cutting, Fitting and Making,1894. Deckert, Barbara, Sewing for Plus Sizes, Design, Fit and Construction for Ample Apparel, Taunton,1999, Appendix B, How to Find, Select, kirke, Betty, Madeleine Vionnet, Chronicle Books,1998. Picken, Mary Brooks, The Fashion Dictionary, Funk and Wagnalls,1957
9.
Hobart, Indiana
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Hobart is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States. The population was 29,059 at the 2010 census, although it has been historically primarily residential, recent annexation has added a significant retail corridor to the city. According to the 2010 census, Hobart has an area of 26.705 square miles. Hobart is approximately 31 miles southeast of Chicago, as of the census of 2010, there were 29,059 people,11,650 households, and 7,664 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,103.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 12,399 housing units at an average density of 470.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 3% White,7. 0% African American,0. 4% Native American,1. 0% Asian,4. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 9% of the population. 28. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.06. The median age in the city was 38 years. 23. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 28% were from 25 to 44,26. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 5% male and 51. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 25,363 people,9,855 households, and 6,977 families residing in the city. The population density was 967.5 people per square mile, there were 10,299 housing units at an average density of 392.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 73% White,1. 39% African American,0. 21% Native American,0. 54% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,2. 60% from other races, and 1. 51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 05% of the population,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was out with 23. 6% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,29. 7% from 25 to 44,23. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $34,759, and the median income for a family was $35,078. Males had an income of $43,702 versus $26,619 for females
10.
Hobart High School (Indiana)
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Hobart High School is located in Hobart, Indiana. It is part of the School City of Hobart district, the graduating class of 2009 was the first class to graduate from the schools new building at 2211 East 10th Street. The old high school, located at 36 East 8th Street, has now become the middle school, the school is located approximately 35 miles from Chicago. The sports teams at Hobart High School are known as the Brickies, the school mascot is a bricklayer named Yohann. Uniform colors are Purple and Gold, sports offered include, Larry Bigbie - Former MLB player for the Baltimore Orioles, Colorado Rockies and St
11.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
12.
Greeting card
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A greeting card is an illustrated piece of card or high quality paper featuring an expression of friendship or other sentiment. Although greeting cards are given on special occasions such as birthdays, Christmas or other holidays. Greeting cards, usually packaged with an envelope, come in a variety of styles, there are both mass-produced as well as handmade versions that are distributed by hundreds of companies large and small. While typically inexpensive, more cards with die-cuts or glued-on decorations may be more expensive. Hallmark Cards and American Greetings are the two largest producers of greeting cards in the world today, in Western countries and increasingly in other societies, many people traditionally mail seasonally themed cards to their friends and relatives in December. Many service businesses also send cards to their customers in this season, the Greeting Card Association is an international trade organization representing the interests of greeting card and stationery manufacturers. For me, there’s nothing like a card to send a special message. I’m proud to be a part of an industry not only keeps people connected. Standard Greeting Cards, A standard greeting card is printed on high-quality paper, inside is a pre-printed message appropriate for the occasion, along with a blank space for the sender to add a signature or handwritten message. A matching envelope is sold with the card, Some cards and envelopes feature fancy materials, such as gold leaf, ribbons or glitter. Photo Greeting Cards, In recent years, photo greeting cards have gained widespread popularity, the first type are photo insert cards in which a hole has been cut in the centre. A photo slides in just like a frame, the second type are printed photo cards in which the photo is combined with artwork and printed, usually on a high-end digital press, directly onto the face of the card. Both types are most popular for sending holiday greetings such as Christmas, personalised Greeting Cards, Websites using special personalisation technology, such as Moonpig, allow consumers to personalise a card which is then printed and sent directly to the recipient. Reusable Greeting Cards, These are greeting cards for the budget conscious, there are two common formats for reusable cards. Firstly there are cards with slits in them positioned to hold pages, secondly there are notepad style cards where pages stick to the back of the cards. The pages that have used for reusable cards can be removed after being received. Risqué Greeting Cards, Some companies offer risqué greeting cards, with adult-based humor, the humor in these cards can sometimes be offensive to more conservative parts of the population. Musical Greeting Cards, Recently greeting cards have made that play music or sound when they are opened
13.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
15.
Nell Brinkley
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Nell Brinkley was an American illustrator and comic artist who was sometimes referred to as the Queen of Comics during her nearly four-decade career working with New York newspapers and magazines. She was the creator of the iconic Brinkley Girl, a character who appeared in her comics and became a popular symbol in songs, films. Nell Brinkley was born in Denver, Colorado, in 1886 and she was not formally trained in the arts, and dropped out of high school to follow her natural talent with pen and ink. As a tot, she drew place-setting illustrations of knobby-kneed kiddies for Mary Elitchs garden parties at Elitch Gardens, at the age of 16, she was already accomplished at illustration. She illustrated the cover and 25 illustrations for a 1906 childrens book, Wally Wish. She was hired to do drawings for The Denver Post. Her skills were noticed in 1907 by media mogul William Randolph Hearst, though barely into her twenties, she was convinced to move from Denver to Brooklyn, New York, with her mother. She began working in downtown Manhattan with the Journal, where she produced large detailed illustrations with commentary almost daily, the newspapers circulation boomed, her artwork was featured in the magazine section. Brinkley later moved to New Rochelle, New York, a known artist colony. She soon became known for her breezy and entertaining creations. The curly-haired everyday working-girl drawings were known as the Brinkley Girl, the Ziegfeld Follies used the Brinkley Girl as a theme, and three popular songs were written about her. Bloomingdales department store featured a Nell Brinkley Day with advertisements using many of her drawings, women emulated the hairstyles in the cartoons and purchased Nell Brinkley Hair Curlers for ten cents a card. Young girls saved her drawings, colored them and pasted them in scrapbooks, the Denver Press Club greeted her when she vacationed in Colorado in the summer of 1908. Nell was most famous for her representing relationships between boy and girl—man and woman—Bettys and Billies and her illustrations used the drawing of Dan Cupid to represent the presence of that something most people call love. Brinkleys reputation was established by an early assignment to cover the sensational murder trial of Harry K. Thaw. She was assigned many interviews with the actress-wife, Evelyn Nesbit, in later years, she covered other infamous murder trials. She produced numerous courtroom illustrations printed in the Evening Journal and other Hearst newspapers, Nell flew with Glen Martin in his new biplane and reported the daring swoopings and the landing for her readers. Nell helped with War Bond drives, and she entertained and consoled those at home and she traveled to Washington, D. C. where she interviewed many young ladies who had left their homes to become defense workers
16.
Gladys Parker
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Gladys Parker was an American cartoonist for comic strips and a fashion designer in Hollywood. She is best known as the creator of the comic strip Mopsy, Parker was one of the few female cartoonists working between the 1930s and 1950s. Growing up in North Tonawanda, New York, Parker took dance lessons at the age of seven after winning a most beautiful child contest. She taught herself to draw while recuperating from a leg injury, often using herself as her model, after graduating from Tonawanda High School, she worked in the office of a lumber yard, and then ran a dressmaking shop from her home. She was the daughter of Caroline and Wilbert C. Parker of Tonawanda and her maternal grandparents were John and Anna Gerster of Tonawanda. At the age of 18, Parker arrived in Manhattan to study fashion illustration and she started her newspaper career with the New York Graphic, doing a comic strip called May and Junie. She moved on to United Features for two years and Newspaper Enterprise Association for seven years, after drawing the flapper strip Gay and Her Gang in 1928-29, she took over Ethel Hays Flapper Fanny Says panel, which she did for NEA from 1930 to 1936. She also did a strip series for Lux Soap during the 1930s. Developing Mopsy in 1939, Parker modeled the character on herself, in 1946, she recalled, I got the idea for Mopsy when the cartoonist Rube Goldberg said my hair looked like a mop. That was several years ago, and she has been my main interest ever since, the Mopsy Sunday strip, added in 1945, gave Parker an opportunity to draw her fashion creations in a sidebar feature of paper dolls, titled Mopsy Modes. Mopsy held such wartime jobs as a nurse and a munitions-plant worker, after World War II ended, Mopsy was fired from her defense job in 1947 and went back to civilian life. By the end of the 1940s, Mopsy was published in 300 newspapers, in 1947, Mopsy began in St. John Publications Pageant of Comics #1. Two years later, St. John gave her a title of her own, charlton Comics reprinted several of those comic books in 1951. In 1955, Berkley Books published a Mopsy paperback collection, St. John also ran Mopsy as filler pages in its romance comics. Under the name Gladys Parker Designs, her line was sold in stores as early as 1934. Parker also designed for films, such as her 1940 white sharkskin suit worn by actress Louise Platt, living in Hollywood with her two black cats, Parker also wrote a daily column, Dear Gals and Guys, during the 1960s. Living in New York during the 1940s, Parker was married to illustrator Benjamin Stookie Allen, Parker was a member of the Society of Illustrators and the National Cartoonists Society. When she retired in 1965, Mopsy retired with her and she was 56 when she died of lung cancer in 1966
17.
Edwina Dumm
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One of the earliest female syndicated cartoonists, Dumm was born in Upper Sandusky, Ohio, where her father, Frank Edwin Dumm, was an actor-playwright turned newspaperman. In 1911, she graduated from Central High School in Columbus, Ohio and then took the Cleveland-based Landon School of Illustration and her name was later featured in Landons advertisements. She drew editorial cartoons for the Columbus Daily Monitor from its first edition until the paper folded, in the Monitor, her Spot-Light Sketches was a full-page feature of editorial cartoons, and some of these promoted womens issues. By the close of the campaign, womens art reflected the new values of feminism, broadened its targets. For the Monitor, Dumm also drew The Meanderings of Minnie, moving to New York City, she continued her art studies at the Art Students League and created Cap Stubbs and Tippie, syndicated by the George Matthew Adams Service. Dumm worked very fast, according to comics historian Martin Sheridan and her love of dogs is evident in her strips as well as her illustrations for books and magazines, such as Sinbad, her weekly dog page which ran in both Life and the London Tatler. She illustrated Alexander Woollcotts Two Gentlemen and a Lady, for Sonnets from the Pekinese and Other Doggerel by Burges Johnson, she illustrated Losted and other poems, Losted I feel so far from anywheres. Perhaps my family Has got so many other cares Theyve all forgotten me, I spose Ill starve to skin an bone If I stay losted here alone. My little dog, he founded me, An wagged his tail an whined, But he cant lead me home, and so Im crying yet, becuz Im just as losted as I was. From the 1930s into the 1960s, she drew another dog for the newspaper feature Alec the Great, in which she illustrated verses written by her brother and their collaboration was published as a book in 1946. In the late 1940s, she drew the covers for music by her roommate, Helen Slater. During the 1940s, she also contributed features to the Wonder Woman comic book, when the George Matthew Adams Service went out of business in the 1940s, Dumms strip was picked up by King Features Syndicate. Dumm continued to write and draw Tippie until her 1966 retirement and she was a recipient of the National Cartoonists Society Gold Key Award in 1978. After she retired from her comic strip, she remained active with watercolor paintings, photography and helping the elderly at her New York City apartment building when she was well into her eighties
18.
Debutante
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A debutante or deb is a girl or young woman of an aristocratic or upper-class family who has reached maturity and, as a new adult, comes out into society at a formal debut. In Australia, débutante balls are usually organised by schools, church groups. The girls who take part are in either Year 10,11 or 12 at high school, the debutante girl wears a white dress similar to a wedding dress. However, the dress does not come with a train on the skirt, the boy wears a tuxedo or other formal dress suit. It is customary for the female to ask a male to the débutante ball, the débutantes and their respective squires who are partaking in the official proceedings must learn how to ballroom dance. Débutante balls are almost always held in a centre, the function room of a sporting or other community organisation venue e. g. RSL club. Usually they are late in the year and consist of dinner, dancing. In the United Kingdom, the last débutantes were presented at Court in 1958 after which Queen Elizabeth II abolished the ceremony. Attempts were made to keep the tradition going by organising a series of parties for young girls who otherwise have been presented at Court in their first season by Peter Townend. However, the withdrawal of royal patronage made these occasions increasingly insignificant, the expression débutante, or deb for short, has continued to be used, especially in the press, to refer to young girls of marriageable age who participate in a semi-public upper class social scene. The expression debs delight is applied to good looking unmarried young men from similar backgrounds, the presentation of débutantes to the Sovereign at court marked the start of the British social season. A mother-in-law who herself had been presented might, for example, the presentation of debutantes at court was also a way for young girls of marriageable age to be presented to suitable bachelors and their families in the hopes of finding a suitable husband. Bachelors, in turn, used the presentation as a chance to find a suitable wife. According to Debretts, the proceedings on that day started at 10 am. As well as débutantes, older women, and married women who had not previously been presented could be presented at Court. On the day of the presentation, the débutante and her sponsor would be announced, the debutante would curtsy to the Sovereign. The court dress has traditionally been an evening dress, but shades of ivory. Débutantes would also wear pearls but many would also wear jewellery that belonged to the family, after the débutantes were presented to the monarch, they would attend the social season
19.
Brenda Frazier
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Brenda Diana Duff Frazier was an American socialite popular during the Depression era. Her December 1938 debutante ball was so heavily publicized worldwide, she appeared on the cover of Life magazine for that reason alone. She was known and dubbed as a Poor Little Rich Girl by the media, together with socialites and other famous debutantes Barbara Hutton, Gloria Vanderbilt, Frazier was born in Quebec, Canada. Her father, Frank Duff Frazier, came from a prosperous Boston family and her mother, the former Brenda Germaine Henshaw Williams-Taylor, was the only daughter of Sir Frederick Williams-Taylor and his wife, the former Jane Fayrer Henshaw. Fraziers parents were married in December 1916, both of Fraziers parents drank heavily. At the time of her birth, Fraziers father went on an alcoholic bender, after public fights and infidelity from both sides, the couple divorced in January 1926. In March 1926, Fraziers mother married Frederick N. Watriss with whom she had been having an affair, after Watriss death, she married Henry Pierrepont Perry. Over the next eight years, Fraziers parents fought over custody of Brenda, both attempted to gain sole custody by accusing the other of immoral behavior, alcoholism and being an unfit parent. During the custody battle, she was ignored by both parents and spent the majority of her time at school or with her paternal grandmother. In 1933, a judge ruled that Fraziers parents would share custody. The judge stated, Neither parents appears to have been in the past, nor appears to be now, a month after the decision was handed down, Frank Frazier died of throat cancer. Although Frazier had shown promise in music and art, she lamented that she had never been given a chance to let those talents develop. The year before her 1938 debut, she was attending a school in Munich. She had begged her mother to let her stay there and continue to study, but her mother refused, with her mothers blessing, Frazier began appearing at café society functions and was regularly photographed and featured in the society pages of magazines and newspapers at the age of 12. By the time she was a teenager, the press and public began taking a keen interest in wealthy members of society who had not lost their fortunes due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The press eventually began calling them Glamour Girls, Frazier began to gain attention as a teenager after columnist Walter Winchell began writing about her, he reportedly coined the portmanteau celebutante in her honor. Cholly Knickerbockers prediction boosted Fraziers profile and her debutante ball became one of the most anticipated social events of 1938. Frazier was routinely photographed and popularized the famous “white-face” look, powdered white skin contrasted by red painted lips combined with perfectly coiffed dark hair, during this time, Frazier developed anorexia and bulimia to keep her weight down
20.
Rita Hayworth
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Rita Hayworth was an American actress and dancer. She achieved fame during the 1940s as one of the top stars. The press coined the term love goddess to describe Hayworth after she had become the most glamorous screen idol of the 1940s and she was the top pin-up girl for GIs during World War II. Hayworth is perhaps best known for her performance in the 1946 film noir, Gilda, opposite Glenn Ford, Fred Astaire, with whom she made two films, called her his favorite dance partner. Her greatest success was in the Technicolor musical Cover Girl, with Gene Kelly and she is listed as one of the top-25 female motion picture stars of all time in the American Film Institutes survey, AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars. In 1980, Hayworth was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, which contributed to her death at age 68, the public disclosure and discussion of her illness drew attention to Alzheimers, and helped to increase public and private funding for Alzheimers research. Hayworth was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1918 as Margarita Carmen Cansino and her father, Eduardo Cansino, Sr. was from Castilleja de la Cuesta, a little town near Seville, Spain. Her mother, Volga Hayworth, was an American of Irish-English descent who had performed with the Ziegfeld Follies and they also had two sons, Eduardo Cansino, Jr. and Vernon Cansino. Margaritas father wanted her to become a dancer, while her mother hoped she would become an actress. Her paternal grandfather, Antonio Cansino, was renowned as a Spanish classical dancer and he popularized the bolero, and his dancing school in Madrid was world-famous. Hayworth later recalled, From the time I was three and a half … as soon as I could stand on my own feet, I was given dance lessons. She noted I didnt like it very much … but I didnt have the courage to tell my father, rehearse, rehearse, rehearse, that was my girlhood. She attended dance classes every day for a few years in a Carnegie Hall complex and she performed publicly from the age of six. In 1926 at the age of eight, she was featured in La Fiesta, in 1927, her father took the family to Hollywood. He believed that dancing could be featured in the movies and that his family could be part of it and he established his own dance studio, where he taught such stars as James Cagney and Jean Harlow. During the Great Depression, he lost all his investments as commercial interest in his dancing classes waned, in 1931, Eduardo Cansino partnered with his 12-year-old daughter to form an act called the Dancing Cansinos. Since under California law Margarita was too young to work in nightclubs and bars, her father took her with him to work across the border in Tijuana, in the early 1930s, it was a popular tourist spot for people from Los Angeles. Because she was working, Cansino never graduated high school
21.
San Francisco Chronicle
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It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
22.
Friday (Robinson Crusoe)
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Friday is one of the main characters of Daniel Defoes 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe names the man, with whom he cannot at first communicate, the character is the source of the expression Man Friday, used to describe a male personal assistant or servant, especially one who is particularly competent or loyal. Current usage also includes Girl Friday, Robinson Crusoe spends twenty-eight years on an island off the coast of Venezuela with his talking parrot Poll, his pet dog, and a tame goat as his only companions. In his twenty-fourth year, he discovers that Carib cannibals occasionally use a beach on the island to kill. Crusoe observes one of the Caribs, kept captive and about to be eaten, Crusoe ambushes two pursuers, and the others leave in their canoes without knowing what happened to their companions. The escaped captive bows in gratitude to Crusoe, who decides to employ him as a servant and he names him Friday after the weekday upon which the rescue takes place. Crusoe describes Friday as being a Native American, though very unlike the Indians of Brazil and his religion involves the worship of a mountain god named Benamuckee, officiated over by high priests called Oowokakee. Crusoe learned a few of his words that have been found in a Spanish-Térraba dictionary, so Friday may have belonged to that tribe. Friday tolerates cannibalism, and even eating the men Crusoe has killed. Crusoe teaches Friday the English language and converts him to Christianity and he tells him that cannibalism is wrong. Friday accompanies him in an ambush in which they save Fridays father, Crusoe returns to England twenty-eight years after being shipwrecked on the island, and four years after rescuing Friday. Fridays father goes with a Spanish castaway to the mainland to retrieve fourteen other Spanish castaways, Friday accompanies Crusoe home to England, and is his companion in the sequel The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, in which Friday is killed in a sea battle. In Jules Vernes LÉcole des Robinsons, the rescue a African Negro on their island who says his name is Carefinotu. T. Artelett proposes to call him Mercredi, as it is always done in the islands with Robinsons, the 1935 Mickey Mouse cartoon Mickeys Man Friday features Mickey as Crusoe, with Friday and other islanders as humanized monkey characters. The 1935 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon Robinson Crusoe Isle features Oswald applying for a job as Robinson Crusoes man Friday, Crusoes twelve previous Fridays have been eaten by cannibals, making Oswald Friday the 13th. In Luis Buñuels 1954 film Robinson Crusoe, Jaime Fernández played Friday alongside Dan OHerlihy as Crusoe, the 1964 film Robinson Crusoe on Mars recasts the Robinson Crusoe story as a space adventure. Victor Lundin played the companion of Crusoe figure Commander Christopher Draper. Man Friday, a 1975 British film, retold the story from Man Fridays point of view and it starred Richard Roundtree as Man Friday and Peter OToole as Crusoe
23.
His Girl Friday
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This was the second time the play had been adapted for the screen, the first occasion being the 1931 film also called The Front Page. The major change in version, introduced by Hawks, is that the role of Hildy Johnson is a woman. The film stars Cary Grant as Walter Burns and Rosalind Russell as Hildy Johnson, the film was #19 on American Film Institutes 100 Years.100 Laughs and has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Due to a failure to renew the registration, the film entered the public domain in the United States in 1968. The 1928 play it is based on remains under copyright in the United States until 2024, Walter determines to sabotage these plans, enticing the reluctant Hildy to cover one last story, the upcoming execution of convicted murderer Earl Williams. Walter does everything he can to keep Hildy from leaving, including setting Bruce up so he arrested over and over again on trumped-up charges. He even kidnaps Hildys stern mother-in-law-to-be, when Williams escapes from the bumbling sheriff and practically falls into Hildys lap, the lure of a big scoop proves too much for her. She is so consumed with writing the story that she hardly notices as Bruce realizes his cause is hopeless, Walter and Hildy find out in time to save Williams from the gallows and they use the information to blackmail the mayor and sheriff into dropping Walters arrest for kidnapping. His Girl Friday was originally intended to be an adaptation of The Front Page. But during auditions, a woman, Howard Hawkss secretary, read reporter Hildy Johnsons lines, Hawks liked the way the dialogue sounded coming from a woman, resulting in the script being rewritten to make Hildy female and the ex-wife of editor Walter Burns. Most of the dialogue and all of the characters names were left the same, with the exception of Hildys fiancé. Hawks had great difficulty casting this film, while the choice of Cary Grant was almost instantaneous, the casting of Hildy was a more extended process. Jean Arthur was offered the part, and was suspended by the studio when she refused to take it, joan Crawford was reportedly also considered. Hawks then turned to Rosalind Russell, during filming, Russell noticed that Hawks treated her like an also-ran, so she confronted him, You dont want me, do you. Well, youre stuck with me, so you might as well make the most of it, the film had the working title of The Bigger They Are, and was in production from September 27 to November 21,1939. In her autobiography, Life Is A Banquet, Russell wrote that she thought her role did not have as many lines as Grants. With Hawks encouraging ad-libbing on the set, Russell was able to slip her writers work into the movie, only Grant was wise to this tactic and greeted her each morning saying, What have you got today. The film is noted for its rapid-fire repartee, using overlapping dialogue to make sound more realistic
24.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
25.
Joseph Medill Patterson
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Joseph Medill Patterson was an American journalist, publisher and founder of the Daily News in New York. His younger sister was publisher Cissy Patterson and he was the father of publisher Alicia Patterson, who founded and edited Newsday. His father was Robert W. Patterson Jr. a journalist at the Chicago Tribune who married the owners daughter and his grandfather was publisher Joseph Medill, founder of the Chicago Tribune and a mayor of Chicago, Illinois. Joseph Medill Patterson became one of the most significant newspaper publishers in the United States, founding New Yorks Daily News and he was groomed to follow in the footsteps of his famous grandfather. His mother, Elinor, and his aunt, Kate, both named their sons after their famous father. As a young adult, he asked his father if he could go to China to cover the Boxer Rebellion, granted permission, he went as a correspondent for William Randolph Hearst but did not arrive in time. He attended Yale University where he was a member of Scroll, upon graduation, he returned to Chicago, and covered the police beat for the Chicago Tribune. Patterson served in Illinois legislature briefly, married and was the father of three daughters by 1906. The youngest, Alicia, explained, “He had wanted a boy, instead of three daughters in succession, and that meant one of the Patterson girls would have to be his substitute son. ”Nearly 20 years later, in 1923, after his three daughters had become young women, his mistress gave birth to his son, James Joseph Patterson. Joseph Medill Patterson feuded with his father and resigned from the Tribune and he announced he was a socialist and wrote a muckraking article published in Colliers. Patterson moved to a farm in the country, wrote a novel, after his father died, Patterson took over the management of the Tribune. He had a dispute about how to run the Tribune with his cousin, after World War I ended, he visited London and observed a newspaper in tabloid form for the first time. Patterson moved to New York City and founded the New York Daily News as a tabloid on June 26,1919, with McCormick as co-editor and publisher. However, the two were unable to resolve their dispute, so in 1925 Patterson ceded full authority over the Tribune to McCormick in return for control of the Daily News. Initially, the Daily News was somewhat more liberal than the Tribune, however, over the years, it became more conservative as Patterson drifted rightward. He took an approach to managing the various comic strip properties in his papers. He suggested the character of Gasoline Alley adopt a foundling child who became Skeezix. Patterson influenced Chester Goulds Dick Tracy, changing the title from Plainclothes Tracy, milton Caniff credited Patterson for suggesting a comic strip about the Orient, which led to the creation of Caniffs Terry and the Pirates
26.
Sunday strip
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A Sunday strip is a newspaper comic strip format, where comic strips are printed in the Sunday newspaper, usually in a special section called the Sunday comics, and virtually always in color. Some readers called these sections the Sunday funnies, some newspapers, such as Grit, published Sunday strips in black-and-white, and some print their Sunday strips on Saturday. Subject matter and genres have ranged from adventure, detective and humor strips to dramatic strips with soap opera situations, a continuity strip employs a narrative in an ongoing storyline. Other strips offer a gag complete in an episode, such as Little Iodine and Mutt. The Sunday strip is contrasted with the comic strip, published Monday through Saturday, usually in black. Some strips, such as Prince Valiant appear only on Sunday, others, such as Rip Kirby, are daily only and have never appeared on Sunday. In some cases, such as Buz Sawyer, the Sunday strip is a spin-off, early Sunday strips usually filled a full newspaper page, but over decades they shrank in size, becoming smaller and smaller. Currently, no Sunday strips stand alone on a page, the last full-page Sunday strip was Prince Valiant, which was published as a full page in some newspapers until 1970. Shortly after the full-page Prince Valiant was discontinued, Hal Foster retired from drawing the strip, manuscript Press published a print of his last Prince Valiant strip in full-page format, this was the last full-page comic strip, though it did not appear in that format in newspapers. Other formats for Sunday strips include the half-page, the third of a page, the page, the tabloid page or tab. Today, with the size of Sunday strips, many other smaller formats abound. Usually, only the largest format is complete, with the other formats dropping or cropping one or more panels, such throwaway panels often contain material that is not vital to the main part of the strip. Most cartoonists fill the first two panels of their strips with a gag, knowing that the public may not see them. Exceptions to this rule include Steve Canyon and, until its last few years, On Stage, half-page Sunday strips have at least two different styles. The King Features, the Creators and the Chicago Tribune syndicates use nine panels, while United Features, currently, the largest and most complete format for most Sunday strips, such as Peanuts, is the half page. A few strips have been enough for the artist to insist on the Sunday strip being run in a half-page format. Calvin and Hobbes was the first strip to do this, followed by Outland, the Reading Eagle is one of the few newspapers that still run half-page Sunday strips. In some cases today, the strip and Sunday strip dimensions are almost the same
27.
Ramona Fradon
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Ramona Fradon is an American comic book and comic strip artist, known for her work illustrating Aquaman and Brenda Starr, and co-creating the superhero Metamorpho. Fradon entered cartooning just after graduating from the Parsons School of Design, comic-book letterer George Ward, a friend of her husband, asked her for samples of her artwork to pitch for job openings. She landed her first assignment on the DC Comics feature Shining Knight and her first regular assignment was illustrating an Adventure Comics backup feature starring Aquaman. She and writer Robert Bernstein co-created the sidekick Aqualad in Adventure Comics #269, following her time with Aquaman, and taking a break to have her daughter, Fradon returned to co-create Metamorpho. She drew the characters two try-out appearances in The Brave and the Bold and the first four issues of the eponymous series, Fradon drew The Brave and the Bold #59, a Batman/Green Lantern team-up, the first time that series featured Batman teaming with another DC superhero. From 1965 to 1972, Fradon left comics to raise her daughter, in 1972, she returned to DC where later in the decade she would draw Plastic Man, Freedom Fighters, and Super Friends which she penciled for almost its entire run. She also worked for Marvel Comics during this period, but left only two assignments, a fill-in issue of Fantastic Four and the never-published fifth issue of The Cat. Fradon recounted, First of all, I was really rusty, and I was totally confounded by not drawing from a script. They gave me this one paragraph and said go draw this 17-page story, I don’t think I did my best work by any means. I think I had a script on Fantastic Four, but I just don’t think they were satisfied with my work, then I went back to DC and started doing mysteries with Joe Orlando. I really had a lot of fun doing that and it suited my style, I think. In 1980, Dale Messick retired from drawing the newspaper strip Brenda Starr and she contributed pencils to the 2010 graphic novel The Adventures of Unemployed Man, the 2012 graphic novel The Dinosaur That Got Tired of Being Extinct, and the collection The Art of Ramona Fradon. Kashdan’s concept involved a character made up of four elements who could change into different chemical compounds, Haney fleshed out the idea with a “deliciously overdrawn” cast. Kashdan, Haney, and Fradon worked together to create Metamorpho’s look, He wasn’t your average superhero so capes, I tried a lot of those and finally decided that since he was always changing his shape, clothes would get in his way. So I drew him in tights, with a made up of four different colors. Fradon enjoyed her collaboration with Haney because “his goofy stories gave me ideas about how the characters should look and act, I think that’s probably true—at least I always did. I thought that was a big failing of mine, that I couldn’t emulate that kind of photographic reproduction style, when I read that this seemed to be a characteristic of women cartoonists, it made me feel a bit better about it. Something that always jarred my eyes is to see the kind of heaviness and ugliness about most comic art, there’s not much sweetness to it
28.
Perry Mason
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Perry Mason is a fictional character, a criminal defense lawyer who is the main character in works of detective fiction written by Erle Stanley Gardner. Perry Mason is featured in more than 80 novels and short stories, typically, Mason establishes his clients innocence by implicating another character, who then confesses. The character of Perry Mason was adapted for motion pictures and a radio series. These were followed by its adaptation, the CBS television series Perry Mason starring Raymond Burr. The Perry Mason series ranks third in the top ten best selling book series, in 2015 the American Bar Associations publishing imprint, Ankerwycke, began reissuing Gardners Perry Mason books, which had been out of print in the United States. The name Perry Mason dates to creator Gardners childhood, as a child, Gardner was a reader of the magazine Youths Companion. The magazine was published in Boston, Massachusetts, by the Perry Mason Company, when Gardner created his fictional attorney, he borrowed the name of the company which published his favorite childhood magazine. Gardner provided more information about Masons character in the novels, knowledge of his character is largely taken for granted in the later works. In the first novel, Mason describes himself, Youll find that Im a lawyer who has specialized in trial work, and in a lot of criminal work. Im a specialist on getting people out of trouble. They come to me when theyre in all sorts of trouble, If you look me up through some chap in the District Attorneys office, hell tell you that Im a dangerous antagonist but he doesnt know very much about me. Gardner depicts Mason as a lawyer who fights hard on behalf of his clients and he frequently accepts clients on a whim based on his curiosity about their problem, for a minimal retainer, and finances the investigation of their cases himself if necessary. In The Case of the Caretakers Cat, his principal antagonist, District Attorney Hamilton Burger, says, when you turn your mind to the solution of a crime, you ferret out the truth. The Court feels you are capable of looking after your own as well as your clients interests. Another frequent antagonist, Lieutenant Arthur Tragg of the squad, has a discussion with Mason about his approach to the law. Mason is recovering from having been poisoned, and Tragg is investigating and he says, How does it feel to be the victim for once. … Youve been sticking up for criminals and now you can see the side of the picture. Not sticking up for criminals, protested indignantly, I have never stuck up for any criminal. I have merely asked for the administration of an impartial justice … Due legal process is my own safeguard against being convicted unjustly
29.
What's My Line?
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Whats My Line. is a panel game show which originally ran in the United States on the CBS Television Network from 1950 to 1967, with several international versions and subsequent U. S. revivals. It is the longest-running U. S. primetime network television game-show, after its cancellation by CBS in 1967, it returned in syndication as a daily production, moderated originally by Wally Bruner and later by Larry Blyden, which ran from 1968 to 1975. There have been international versions, radio versions, and a live stage version. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it #9 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS Television, the show was initially called Occupation Unknown before deciding on the name Whats My Line. The original series, which was usually broadcast live, debuted on Thursday, February 2,1950 and this was then state-of-the-art technology, and Daly praised it upon his return from Moscow. In such instances, there would often be two shows a day, the one, followed immediately by the live one. The cast and crew began taking Summer breaks from the show in July 1961, the host, then called the moderator, was veteran radio and television newsman John Charles Daly. Clifton Fadiman, Eamonn Andrews, and Random House co-founding publisher, the show featured a panel of four celebrities who questioned the contestants. On the initial program of February 2,1950, the panel was former New Jersey governor Harold Hoffman, columnist Dorothy Kilgallen, poet Louis Untermeyer, and psychiatrist Richard Hoffmann. At various times, a regular panelist might take a vacation or be absent from an episode to due outside commitments, on these occasions, the most frequent guest panelist was Arlene Franciss husband Martin Gabel, who appeared 112 times over the years. Publisher Bennett Cerf replaced Untermeyer as a regular panelist in 1951, Allen left in 1954 to launch The Tonight Show, and he was replaced by comedian Fred Allen, who remained on the panel until his death in 1956. Following Fred Allens death, he was not replaced on a permanent basis, for the majority of the shows network run, between 1956 and 1965, the panel therefore consisted of Kilgallen, Cerf, Francis and a fourth guest panelist. After Kilgallens death in 1965, she was not replaced with a permanent panelist. For the shows final two years, the panel consisted of Cerf, Francis and two guests, Whats My Line. was a guessing game in which the four panelists attempted to determine the occupation of a guest. In the case of the mystery guest each week, the panel sought to determine the identity of the contestant. Panelists were required to probe by asking only yes-no questions, a typical episode featured two standard rounds plus one mystery guest round. On the occasions on which there were two guests, the first would usually appear as the first contestant. For the first few seasons, the contestant would first meet the panel up close, for an inspection
30.
Dorothy Kilgallen
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Dorothy Mae Kilgallen was an American journalist and television game show panelist. She started her career shortly before her 18th birthday as a reporter for the Hearst Corporations New York Evening Journal after spending two semesters at the College of New Rochelle. In 1938, she began her column, The Voice of Broadway. She became a regular panelist on the game show Whats My Line. in 1950. Kilgallens columns featured mostly show business news and gossip, but also ventured into other topics such as politics and she wrote front-page articles on the Sam Sheppard trial and later the John F. Kennedy assassination. Kilgallen, born in Chicago, was the daughter of newspaper reporter, James Lawrence Kilgallen and his wife, Dorothy had one sibling, a sister six years her junior named Eleanor. The family moved to regions of the United States until 1920. The family settled in Brooklyn, New York, after completing two semesters at The College of New Rochelle, Kilgallen dropped out to take a job as a reporter for the New York Evening Journal. The newspaper was owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, which also owned International News Service, in 1936 Kilgallen competed with two other New York newspaper reporters in a race around the world using only means of transportation available to the general public. She was the woman to compete in the contest and came in second. She described the event in her book Girl Around The World, the column, which she wrote until her death in 1965, featured mostly New York show business news and gossip, but also ventured into other topics such as politics and organized crime. The column eventually was syndicated to 146 newspapers via King Features Syndicate and its success motivated Kilgallen to move her parents and Eleanor from Brooklyn to Manhattan, where she continued to live with them until she got married. Beginning in April 1945, Kilgallen and Kollmar co-hosted a WOR-AM radio talk show, Breakfast With Dorothy and Dick, the show followed them when they bought a neo-Georgian townhouse at 45 East 68th Street in 1952. The radio program, like Kilgallens newspaper column, mixed entertainment with serious issues, Kilgallen and Kollmar continued doing the show from their home until 1963, long after the terminations of other radio shows on which each had worked without the other. Kilgallen was among the notables on the guest list of those who attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth in 1953, Kilgallens articles about the coronation won her a Pulitzer Prize nomination. Kilgallen became a panelist on the American television game show Whats My Line. in 1950 and she remained on the show for 15 years. Cerf claimed she would extend her time on camera by asking more questions than necessary, in the same interview, Cerf specified that her opinion of Joseph McCarthy, United States senator from Wisconsin, had contrasted with opinions held by him and their television colleagues. He added that all four Whats My Line, panelists had shared a dressing room every Sunday, and Kilgallen published in her column information that her colleagues had revealed in their weekly conversations
31.
Postage stamp
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Postage stamp may also refer to a formatting artifact in the display of film or video, Windowbox. A postage stamp is a piece of paper that is purchased and displayed on an item of mail as evidence of payment of postage. Typically, stamps are printed on special paper, show a national designation and a denomination on the front. They are sometimes a source of net profit to the issuing agency, stamps are usually rectangular, but triangles or other shapes are occasionally used. The stamp is affixed to an envelope or other postal cover the customer wishes to send, the item is then processed by the postal system, where a postmark, sometimes known as a cancellation mark, is usually applied in overlapping manner to stamp and cover. This procedure marks the stamp as used to prevent its reuse, in modern usage, postmarks generally indicate the date and point of origin of the mailing. The mailed item is delivered to the address the customer has applied to the envelope or parcel. Postage stamps have facilitated the delivery of mail since the 1840s, before then, ink and hand-stamps, usually made from wood or cork, were often used to frank the mail and confirm the payment of postage. The first adhesive postage stamp, commonly referred to as the Penny Black, was issued in the United Kingdom in 1840, there are varying accounts of the inventor or inventors of the stamp. The postage stamp resolved this issue in a simple and elegant manner, concurrently with the first stamps, the UK offered wrappers for mail. S. Postal service for priority or express mailing, the postage stamp afforded convenience for both the mailer and postal officials, more effectively recovered costs for the postal service, and ultimately resulted in a better, faster postal system. With the conveniences stamps offered, their use resulted in greatly increased mailings during the 19th and 20th centuries, as postage stamps with their engraved imagery began to appear on a widespread basis, historians and collectors began to take notice. The study of stamps and their use is referred to as philately. Stamp collecting can be both a hobby and a form of study and reference, as government-issued postage stamps. The postage for the item was prepaid by the use of a hand-stamp to frank the mailed item. Though this stamp was applied to a letter instead of a piece of paper it is considered by many historians as the worlds first postage stamp. Rowland Hill The Englishman Sir Rowland Hill began interest in postal reform in 1835, in 1836, a Member of Parliament, Robert Wallace, provided Hill with numerous books and documents, which Hill described as a half hundred weight of material. Hill commenced a study of these documents, leading him to the 1837 publication of a pamphlet entitled Post Office Reform its Importance
32.
Penngrove, California
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Penngrove is a census-designated place in Sonoma County, California, United States, situated between the cities of Petaluma and Cotati, at the foot of Sonoma Mountain. It is part of the North Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area, the population was 2,522 at the 2010 census. The site of a grove called Penns Grove, it was formerly a freight station on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. Penngroves downtown consists of Main Street, a 0. 3-mile street linking Old Redwood Highway to Adobe Road, Penngrove School is located at the corner of Adobe Road, where Main Street becomes Petaluma Hill Road. Lichau Creek flows southward through the town, paralleling the railway, the creek feeds into the Petaluma River, which flows to San Pablo Bay. Due to the Sonoma Mountains ancient volcanism, Penngrove is rich with obsidian and its soil is unique, composed mainly of clay-like adobe, which has been used for centuries as building material. A prime example of architecture is the Rancho Petaluma Adobe. Penngrove enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 4.0 square miles, all of it land. The 2010 United States Census reported that Penngrove had a population of 2,522, the population density was 626.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Penngrove was 2,212 White,19 African American,24 Native American,54 Asian,2 Pacific Islander,112 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 292 persons. The Census reported that 99. 6% of the lived in households and 0. 4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 80 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10 same-sex married couples or partnerships,285 households were made up of individuals and 83 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42, there were 665 families, the average family size was 2.89. The median age was 44.8 years, for every 100 females there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males, there were 1,120 housing units at an average density of 278.3 per square mile, of which 61. 5% were owner-occupied and 38. 5% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 4%, the vacancy rate was 3. 1%. 64. 6% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 35. 0% lived in rental housing units. Originally home of the Coast Miwok native people, the Mexican government granted Rancho Cotate to Captain Juan Castaneda in July 1844 for his services in the region
33.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
34.
Post-Tribune
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The Post-Tribune of Northwest Indiana is a daily newspaper headquartered in Merrillville, Indiana, United States. It serves the Northwest Indiana region, and is owned by the Chicago Tribune Media Group, the paper was founded in 1907 as The Gary Weekly. It was established to serve steel industry residents, on September 7,1908 the weekly became a daily and changed its name to the Gary Tribune. Snyder, purchased the Gary Evening Post from Gary mayor Thomas Knotts on March 9,1910, in July 1921 the two papers were merged producing the Post-Tribune a weekday evening and weekend morning paper. In August 1966, the Snyder heirs sold the publication to Northwest Publications, Gary was dropped from the masthead to further regionalize the Post-Tribune, although critics charged that it was an attempt to distance itself from the declining city. In 1974 the Post-Tribune became part of the Knight-Ridder chain of productions, in June,1986, the Post-Tribune became a morning paper. Hollinger International took over the production on February 2,1998, the Post-Tribune consolidated its printing with that of the Sun-Times in 2007, at which time it closed its printing plant on Broadway in Gary, ending more than 50 years of press runs there. It had moved its editorial offices from Gary to neighboring Merrillville in 2000. In 2014, it was purchased by the Chicago Tribune Media Group, an abridged edition of the Post-Tribune appears in Northwest Indiana copies of the Sunday Tribune. The Post-Tribune is printed early at one of its parent-companys facilities in Chicago, driven to Northwest Indiana, regions are, Gary Lake County Porter County Southlake Valparaiso The Times of Northwest Indiana List of newspapers in Indiana Post-Trib. com
35.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
36.
Sonoma County Independent
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The North Bay Bohemian is a free weekly newspaper published in the North Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area, in California, United States. The newspaper is distributed in Sonoma and Napa counties, the newspaper began publication in 1979 as The Paper in the Guerneville area of western Sonoma County by struggling artist turned community journalist Nick Valentine and jazz pianist Bob Lucas. It was renamed the Sonoma County Independent in 1993 under the ownership of John Boland, in 1994 the Independent was purchased by Metro Newspapers, an independent group of three Bay Area alternative weeklies and the publication frequency was changed to weekly. In 2000, the newspaper was rebranded as the North Bay Bohemian, in 2015, Metro Newspapers acquired the Pacific Sun and the Bohemian withdrew from Marin County. The Bohemians logo was designed by graphic designer Martin Venezky. It was based on the 19th Century wedge serif typeface Saracen as redrawn by Jonathan Hoefler, the Bohemian has won numerous awards for its work. 1999 Lincoln Steffens Award for investigative journalism for coverage of deaths of inmates at the Sonoma County Jail
37.
Metro Newspapers
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Metro Newspapers is an American newspaper company based in San Jose, California. Together, the publications reach an audience of about half a million people. The publications are free-distribution, tabloid-sized newspapers emphasizing news and analysis, local coverage and in-depth coverage of arts, culture and its Boulevards subsidiary operates city guides on the web internationally, under such URLs as Seattle. com and LosAngeles. com. Founded in 1985, the Metro weekly began celebrating its 25th year starting in March 2009 and it was one of the first newspapers to publish Matt Groenings Life in Hell and Rob Brezsnys Real Astrology. The company is operated by its founder and longtime executive editor, Metro Santa Cruz began publishing in 1994. In March 2009, on the publications 15th anniversary, Metro Santa Cruz was renamed Santa Cruz Weekly. In March 2014, Metro Newspapers acquired Good Times, the Gilroy Dispatch, the Hollister Free Lance and the Morgan Hill Times, and merged Good Times, in 2015, Metro acquired the Pacific Sun, the Bohemian withdrew from Marin County. Metro developed a group of community newspapers, including the Los Gatos Weekly-Times, Saratoga News, Campbell Reporter, Willow Glen Resident. Under Metros ownership, the group won awards, including the California Newspaper Publishers Associations General Excellence award in its Better Newspapers Contest. On December 17,2001, David Cohen, a co-founder of Metro, bought the group, Cohen sold it four years later to Knight Ridder which sold the group to McClatchy Corp. McClatchy immediately resold SVCN to Dean Singletons MediaNews Group, in 2014, Bay Area News Group marketing director Erika Brown announced that the newspapers would be distributed to subscribers of the Mercury News, rather than generally to homes in the community. Metro was a participant in the online publishing revolution, in 1993 launching the Livewire online service. The service offered free accounts, online commerce, chats, posting forums. Also in 1994, Metro established Boulevards, a network of web sites, each covering a major U. S. metropolitan area, in 1995, Metro launched the online version of the newspaper on the Web under the brand Metroactive. This now includes all three papers and includes an edition in PDF format. Three papers in the Metro Newspapers group won at the National Newspaper Associations 1995 contest, five papers in the Metro Newspapers group were honored for writing, editing and design at the California Newspaper Publishers Association Better Newspapers Awards, July 1996. Metro Silicon Valley won two awards at the California Newspaper Publishers Association Better Newspapers Awards, October 2008, official Web site of Metro Newspapers Metro Silicon Valley Metro Santa Cruz North Bay Bohemian Boulevards City Guide network San Jose Inside SV411 Silicon Valley Newsblog Metro, PDF edition
38.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
39.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
40.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
