1.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
2.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
3.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
4.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
5.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
6.
Birch Bayh
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Birch Evans Bayh Jr. is a former U. S. Senator from Indiana who served from 1963 to 1981 and he is the only non-Founding Father to author two amendments to the United States Constitution and was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 1976. He is the father of former Indiana Governor and former U. S, Senator Evan Bayh and Christopher Bayh, a lawyer in Indianapolis, Indiana. Bayh was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, the son of Leah Ward, a teacher and his ancestry includes German, English, Northern Irish, and Scottish. Bayh spent summers on his farm in Shirkieville, Indiana. As a student at New Goshen High School, young Birch took part in speaking contests, played baseball and basketball, from 1946 to 1948, Bayh served as an MP with the United States Army in occupied Germany following World War II. He excelled in sports, competing as a Golden Gloves boxer in college, Bayh graduated from the Purdue University School of Agriculture in 1951, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega social fraternity and senior class president. In 1951, he won Alpha Tau Omegas highest individual collegiate award and he married Marvella Hern in August 1952, and took courses at Indiana State University in Terre Haute for two years while also running the family farm. Bayhs political career began at age 26 with his election to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1954, at the time, Bayh was the youngest Speaker in Indiana state history. While he served in the legislature, Bayh studied law at Indiana Universitys School of Law, received his JD in 1960, at age 34, Bayh was elected to the United States Senate in the 1962 midterm elections, defeating 18-year incumbent Homer E. Capehart. Capehart was outspoken on the threat of Soviet nuclear missiles being placed in Cuba, Bayhs disadvantage was dramatized in the opening scene of the 2000 film Thirteen Days, as President John F. Kennedy rattles a newspaper and asks an aide, You see this goddamn Capehart stuff. And the aide responds, Bayhs going to lose and his first name is Birch, His last name is Bayh. For more than four decades—throughout his entire career in politics—Bayh continued to manage the growing of corn, as a freshman senator, Bayh was assigned to the Judiciary Committee and the Public Works Committee. While his service on the Public Works Committee allowed him to assist Hoosiers with various problems, Bayh was serving on the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments in August 1963 when its chairman Estes Kefauver died of a heart attack. Judiciary Committee Chairman James Eastland planned to terminate the subcommittee to save money, thus, Bayh assumed the Constitutional Amendments Subcommittee chairmanship less than a year into his first term. As chairman, Bayh was the architect of two constitutional amendments. The 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy brought a new urgency to the matter, Bayh introduced an amendment on December 12,1963, which was studied and then re-introduced and passed in 1965 with Emanuel Celler, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. It has since been invoked six times, most notably in the 1973 vice presidential and 1974 presidential succession of Gerald Ford, as a state legislator in the 1950s, Bayh unsuccessfully worked to lower the voting age in Indiana
7.
Dan Coats
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Daniel Ray Dan Coats is an American politician who is currently serving as the 5th Director of National Intelligence, under the Trump Administration. S. House of Representatives from 1981 until 1989, born in Jackson, Michigan, Coats graduated from Wheaton College in Illinois and Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. He served in the U. S. Army from 1966 to 1968, before serving in the U. S. Senate, Coats was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Indianas 4th congressional district from 1981 to 1989. He was appointed to fill the Senate seat vacated by Dan Quayle following Quayles election as Vice President of the United States in 1988, Coats won the 1990 special election to serve the remainder of Quayles unexpired term, as well as the 1992 election for a full six-year term. He did not seek reelection in 1998, and was succeeded by Evan Bayh, after retiring from the Senate, Coats served as U. S. Ambassador to Germany from 2001 to 2005, and then worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D. C. He was re-elected to the Senate by a margin in 2010, succeeding Bayh. Coats declined to run for re-election in 2016, and was succeeded by Todd Young, on January 5,2017, Coats was announced as incoming President Donald Trumps nominee for the post of Director of National Intelligence, to succeed James R. Clapper. Coats was born in Jackson, Michigan, the son of Vera Elisabeth and his father was of English and German descent, and his maternal grandparents emigrated from Sweden. Coats attended local schools, and graduated from Jackson High School in 1961. He then studied at Wheaton College in Illinois, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in science in 1965. At Wheaton, he was a student athlete on the soccer team. He also served as assistant vice president of a Fort Wayne life insurance company, from 1976 to 1980, Coats worked for then-U. S. Representative Dan Quayle, a Republican from Indianas 4th congressional district, when Quayle decided to challenge three-term Democratic incumbent Birch Bayh in the 1980 U. S. Senate election, Coats ran for and won Quayles seat in the U. S. House. When Quayle resigned from the Senate after being elected Vice President of the United States in 1988, Coats was subsequently elected to the seat in 1990 and 1992 and served in the Senate until January 1999, when Evan Bayh became the new Senator. Coats announced on February 3,2010, he would run for his old Senate seat and on February 16,2010, Coats went on to win that Senate seat. He announced in March 2015 that he would not run for re-election in 2016, on multiple occasions, Coats has supported gun control measures. In 1991, he voted in favor of the Biden-Thurmond Violent Crime Control Act of 1991 and this act, which did not become law, would have created a waiting period for handgun purchases and placed a ban on assault weapons. Subsequently, he supported the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act that President Clinton signed into law in 1993, the legislation imposed a waiting period before a handgun could be transferred to an individual by a licensed dealer, importer, or manufacturer
8.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
9.
Indiana's 4th congressional district
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Indianas 4th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Indiana. From the 2012 redistricting, the district shifted slightly north and west to include the Illinois border and it currently includes Crawfordsville, Lafayette, the western Indianapolis suburbs, and portions of Kokomo. The district is represented by Republican Todd Rokita, the former Secretary of State of Indiana who succeeded fellow Republican Steve Buyer in 2010. As of May 2015, five members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Indianas 4th congressional district are alive. Indianas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
10.
J. Edward Roush
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John Edward Roush was a U. S. Born in Barnsdall, Oklahoma, Roush graduated from Huntington High School, Huntington, a. B. Huntington College, Huntington, Indiana,1942. Indiana University School of Law, Bloomington, Indiana,1949 and he was in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946 and from 1950 to 1952. He was a lawyer in practice and served as member of the Indiana state legislature from 1949 to 1950. Roush was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-sixth and to the four succeeding Congresses, redistricting by the Indiana legislature eliminated Roushs district and drew his home in Huntington into the Fort Wayne-based 4th Congressional District of E. Ross Adair, a Republican. Adair defeated Roush for reelection to the Ninety-first Congress in 1968, Roush sought a rematch against Adair in 1970 and narrowly defeated him, and he served three more terms in the House. Roush defeated State Senator Allan Bloom in 1972 and State Senator Walter P. Helmke in 1974 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Ninety-fifth Congress in 1976. Roush was defeated by Dan Quayle, who subsequently was elected as U. S, Senator and Vice-President of the United States. He died on March 26,2004, in Huntington, Indiana and he was interred in Pilgrims Rest Cemetery, Huntington, Indiana. The Huntington Reservoir was renamed J. Edward Roush Lake following congressional passage of a resolution authored by U. S, mr. Roush was instrumental in the establishment of the 911 emergency telephone system commonly used today. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
11.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
Marilyn Quayle
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Marilyn Tucker Quayle is an American lawyer and novelist. She is the wife of the 44th Vice President of the United States, Dan Quayle, Marilyn Tucker was born in the Meridian-Kessler area of Indianapolis, Indiana, to Mary Alice and Warren Samuel Tucker. The fourth of six children, she has three sisters and two brothers and her maternal grandfather was born in Maybole, Scotland. She had a strict Christian upbringing, the Tuckers were longtime admirers of Colonel Robert B. Thieme, Jr. the founder and former pastor of Berachah Church in Houston, years later, when media attention focused on her familys religious beliefs, Marilyn Quayle said in an NBC interview, I grew up with my mother listening to tapes. I have never listened to him on social issues, I didnt even know that he espoused any. She does defend his biblical teachings and she attended Broad Ripple High School and subsequently received a bachelors degree in political science from Purdue University. While attending college, she served as a girl and as treasurer of her freshman class. She later attended law school at night and earned a J. D. at Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law, there, she met Dan Quayle, the son of a newspaper publisher. The two were assigned to work together on a version of Indianas death penalty law. A courtship quickly developed, and they were married by their law school dean just a few weeks later, in 1974 they both passed the bar exam, she had given birth to their first child just a few days before the exam. She and Dan moved back to Huntington, Indiana and opened a joint law practice and she did most of the legal work, he worked for his fathers newspaper and prepared to enter politics. In 1976 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, whereupon they suspended their law practice, in 1980 he was elected to the Senate. In 1988 Dan was elected Vice President on George H. W. Bushs ticket, throughout her husbands political career, Marilyn was always her husbands closest and most candid advisor. She campaigned independently during the presidential campaign, during the 1988 campaign she was often portrayed in the press as smart, cold, and tough - the power behind her husband. But as Second Lady she played a traditional role as hostess, while being an active. She also worked for such as early diagnosis of breast cancer. With her sister Nancy she also published a novel, Embrace the Serpent, during the 1992 presidential campaign, Marilyn Quayle was an active campaigner, delivering a speech at the Republican National Convention and spending more than 40 days on the campaign trail
14.
Ben Quayle
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Benjamin Eugene Ben Quayle is an American lawyer and politician who is a former U. S. Representative for Arizonas 3rd congressional district, a member of the Republican Party, he is the son of former Vice President of the United States Dan Quayle. He is a member of the Tea Party movement, which had many of its members swept into office during the 2010 elections. Prior to serving in Congress he worked as a lawyer and eventually founded his own security company as well as writing for the Scottsdale gossip blog. In the 2010 Republican primary he defeated 10 other candidates and went on to win a majority in the general election, in his first bid for re-election, due to redistricting, he faced off against fellow Republican Congressman David Schweikert in a primary and lost. He currently works for the lobbying firm Clark Hill, Quayle was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana on November 5,1976, three days after his father was first elected to the United States House of Representatives. As a child, Quayle frequently visited the White House with his family during the Reagan administration, Quayle moved to the Phoenix, Arizona area with his family in 1996. Quayle graduated from Duke University in 1998 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history, Quayle has been admitted to the Arizona, New York, and California bar. Quayle worked as a lawyer at Schulte Roth & Zabel from 2004 to 2005. In 2007, Quayle founded Tynwald Capital, a firm specializing in the acquisition, Quayle was a founding member of APG-Southwest, a full-service provider of security services for businesses, for which he served as the managing partner of its Arizona branch. Quayle currently works for the Washington lobbying firm Clark Hill, on August 11,2010, Quayle released an advertisement in which he called Barack Obama the worst President in history. Quayles prior involvement with the rumor and gossip website DirtyScottsdale. com complicated his run for office. com. Quayle initially denied the rumors, before admitting several weeks later that he did, in fact, Quayle won the 10-candidate Republican primary on August 24,2010 with a plurality of 23% of the vote. In the general election in November, Quayle defeated Democratic candidate Jon Hulburd 52%–41%,2012 After redistricting, Quayles district was renumbered as the 6th district, while his home in Phoenix was drawn into the 9th district. However, Quayles home was just a few yards outside the 6th, while the 6th is as heavily Republican as its predecessor, the 9th was drawn as a fair-fight district. On February 6,2012, Quayle confirmed that he would indeed run in the 6th, Quayle faced fellow freshman Republican Congressman David Schweikert in the Republican primary—the real contest in this heavily Republican district. In an unusual twist, Schweikerts home in Fountain Hills had been drawn into the 6th, while as mentioned above Quayles home had been drawn into the 9th, the geographic successor to Schweikerts 5th. During the bitter campaign, Schweikert was widely criticised for a mailer that accused Quayle of going both ways, suggesting that he was bisexual
15.
Paradise Valley, Arizona
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Paradise Valley is a small, affluent town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The town is known for its real estate, luxury golf courses, shopping. According to the 2010 census, the population of the town was 12,820 and it is also known for expensive real estate. It should not be confused with Paradise Valley Village, an official municipal designation, residents attend schools in the Scottsdale Unified School District. Paradise Valley is the wealthiest suburb of Phoenix and it is known primarily for its many resorts and expensive real estate. However, its history back to a more agrarian society. After the initial European settlement, Paradise Valley was first used for cattle grazing, according to the official town website, this name may have been chosen due to the abundance of spring wildflowers and Palo Verde trees. Mainly an agricultural area during the 1800s and the first half of the 1900s and these residents formed Citizens Committee for the Incorporation of The Town of Paradise Valley, Arizona, which collected enough signatures to take to the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors. The petition was granted by the Supervisors, allowing the town of Paradise Valley to be incorporated on May 24,1961, Paradise Valley is located at 33°32′41″N 111°57′23″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 15.5 square miles. The central terrain of Paradise Valley is dominated by Mummy Mountain, other landmarks include Camelback Mountain on the southern border and the Piestewa Peak mountainous area on the western border. There are several sites within the town including the Harold C. Price Sr. House, Norman Lykes House, McCure Mansion/Hormel Mansion, Paradise Valleys motto, coined by residents, is there is a reason we call this valley paradise. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,664 people,5,034 households, the population density was 881.7 people per square mile. There were 5,499 housing units at a density of 354.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 60% White,0. 73% Black or African American,0. 20% Native American,2. 02% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 40% from other races, and 1. 02% from two or more races. 2. 66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,13. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the family size was 2.98
16.
DePauw University
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DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, is a private liberal arts college with an enrollment of approximately 2,400 students. The school has a Methodist heritage and was known as Indiana Asbury University. DePauw is a member of both the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference, the Society of Professional Journalists was founded at DePauw. Indiana Asbury University was founded in 1837 in Greencastle, Indiana, and was named after Francis Asbury, the first American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The people of Greencastle raised $25,000, equivalent to around $500,000 in 2007 terms, to entice the Methodists to found the college in Greencastle and it was originally established as an all mens school, but began admitting women in 1867. In 1884 Indiana Asbury University changed its name to DePauw University in honor of Washington C, DePauw, who made a sequence of substantial donations throughout the 1870s, which culminated in his largest single donation that established the School of Music during 1884. Before his death in 1887, DePauw donated over $600,000 to Indiana Asbury, in 2002, the school received the largest-ever gift to a liberal arts college, $128 million by the Holton family. Sigma Delta Chi, known today as the Society of Professional Journalists, was founded at the university in 1909 by a group of student journalists, the worlds first Greek-letter sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, was also founded at DePauw in 1870. DePauw is home to the two longest continually running fraternity chapters in the world, the Delta Chapter of Beta Theta Pi, DePauw is home to Indianas first chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. DePauw University has an enrollment of about 2,400 students, students hail from 42 states and 32 countries with a 20. 4% multicultural enrollment. DePauw is ranked in the top tier of liberal arts colleges by 2016 U. S. News & World Report as #51 in the United States. DePauw Universitys schedule is divided into a 4–1–4 calendar, besides the 15-week Autumn and Spring Semesters, one survey of DePauw students found that over 80% of DePauw graduates studied abroad. Past internships for Winter Term include ABC News, KeyBanc Capital Markets, Riley Hospital for Children, DePauw University has a student-faculty ratio of 10,1 and has no classes with more than 35 students. The average class size is 15, all courses are taught by adjunct or permanent professors, there are no teaching assistants. Prominent faculty members include, Mona Bhan, associate professor of anthropology and author of Counterinsurgency, Democracy, founded in 1884, the school has about 170 students. The student to teacher ratio is 5,1 with a class size of 13 students. DePauw students can apply for entry to five Programs of Distinction, there are the Honor Scholars and Information Technology Associates programs as well as three fellowships in Management, Media, and Science Research. The Honor Scholar Program is a journey for talented students who want the highest level of intellectual rigor
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Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
18.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
20.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
21.
Sergeant
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Sergeant is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces. Its origin is the Latin serviens, one who serves, through the French term sergent, the term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant. In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad, in Commonwealth armies, it is a more senior rank, corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command. In the United States Army, sergeant is a junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader. More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant, for example staff sergeant, many countries use sergeant rank, whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language. The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqeeb, meaning overseer or watcher, in medieval European usage, a sergeant was simply any attendant or officer with a protective duty. Any medieval knight or military order of knighthood might have sergeants-at-arms, the etymology of the term is from Anglo-French sergant, serjant servant, valet, court official, soldier, from Middle Latin servientem servant, vassal, soldier. Later, a sergeant was a man of what would now be thought of as the middle class. Sergeants could fight either as heavy to light cavalry, or as well trained professional infantry, most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the sergeant class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class was deemed to be half of a knight in military value. A specific kind of military sergeant was the serjeant-at-arms, one of a body of armed men retained by English lords, the title is now given to an officer in modern legislative bodies who is charged with keeping order during meetings and, if necessary, forcibly removing disruptive members. The responsibilities of a sergeant differ from army to army, there are usually several ranks of sergeant, each corresponding to greater experience and responsibility for the daily lives of the soldiers of larger units. Sergeant is a rank in both the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force, the ranks are equivalent to each other and the Royal Australian Navy rank of petty officer. The Australian Army rank of sergeant is now redundant and is no longer awarded, due to being outside the rank equivalencies. Chief petty officers and flight sergeants are not required to call a warrant officer class two sir in accordance with Australian Defence Force Regulations 1952. The rank of sergeant exists in all Australian police forces and is more senior than a constable or senior constable, New South Wales Police Force, for example, has the additional rank of incremental sergeant. This is a progression, following appointment as a sergeant for seven years. An incremental sergeant rank is less senior than a senior sergeant but is more senior than a sergeant, upon appointment as a sergeant or senior sergeant, the sergeant is given a warrant of appointment under the commissioners hand and seal
22.
Indiana National Guard
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The Indiana National Guard is the armed force of the state of Indiana. It consists of the Indiana Army National Guard and the Indiana Air National Guard, and is part of the larger Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. With roots dating back to 1801, the origination of the guard was first began in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, since then the guard has served at home and abroad as a part of multiple wars, disaster relief actions, and putting down strikes and riots. The Indiana National Guard consists of the 14,000 strong, the Indiana National Guard is supported by the states military defense force, the Indiana Guard Reserve, which is part of the Military Department of Indiana. The Indiana Guard Reserve is a military force authorized by both the State Code of Indiana and Executive Order. The Indiana Guard Reserve assumes the state mission of the Indiana National Guard in the event the Guard is federally mobilized, the IGR is subject solely to the orders of the Governor and is commanded by the The Adjutant General of Indiana. The Constitution of the United States specifically charges the National Guard with dual federal, in fact, the National Guard is the only United States military force empowered to function in a state status. Those functions range from limited actions during non-emergency situations to full scale law enforcement of law when local law enforcement officials can no longer maintain civil control. The National Guard may be called into service in response to a call by the President or Congress. When National Guard troops are called to service, the President serves as Commander-In-Chief. The federal mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization for war, National emergency or as otherwise needed. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Indiana National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. The state mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide trained and disciplined forces for domestic emergencies or as provided by state law. The Indiana Army National Guard is composed of approximately 16,000 soldiers, Indiana Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards, the Indiana Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Indiana. Of the 38th Infantry Division Formerly Co, the unit was reorganized and reflagged as Troop C of the 2d Squadron, 152d Cavalry Regiment, 219th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. Unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, however, there has been a significant amount of individual activations to support military operations, the legality of this policy is a major issue within the National Guard. For much of the decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served One weekend a month
23.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
24.
Huntington, Indiana
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Huntington, known as the Lime City, is the largest city in and the county seat of Huntington County, Indiana, United States. It is in Huntington and Union townships, the population was 17,391 at the 2010 census. According to the 2010 census, Huntington has an area of 8.844 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 17,391 people,6,566 households, the population density was 1,996.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,487 housing units at a density of 859.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 4% White,0. 6% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 4% of the population. 30. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.06. The median age in the city was 33.4 years. 24. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,13. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 5% were from 25 to 44,22. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 13. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 7% male and 52. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 17,450 people,6,717 households, and 4,419 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,091.0 people per square mile, there were 7,262 housing units at an average density of 870. 2/sq mi. The main religion is Roman Catholic, with around 42% of the city attending masses. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 83% White,0. 21% African American,0. 45% Native American,0. 45% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 0. 73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 12% of the population,29. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 3.03. In the city, the population was out with 26. 2% under the age of 18,12. 9% from 18 to 24,28. 2% from 25 to 44,18. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $45,600, and the median income for a family was $56,454
25.
United States presidential election, 1988
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The United States presidential election of 1988 was the 51st quadrennial United States presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8,1988, incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush won the Republican nomination, and chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. Due to the restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, running an aggressive campaign, Bush capitalized on a good economy and Reagans popularity. Meanwhile, Dukakis campaign suffered from several miscues, including failure to defend against Bushs attacks and this allowed Bush to win with a substantial margin of the popular vote, while winning the Electoral College by a landslide. Since the 1988 election, no candidate has managed to equal or surpass Bushs number of votes won or popular vote percentage. Bush was the first sitting Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836, to date, this is the last election in which a retiring president was succeeded by a member of his own party. This is the earliest election in both major candidates are still living as of 2017. The duties delegated to him during Reagans second term gave him a high level of experience for a Vice President. Bush unexpectedly came in third in the Iowa caucus, which he had won in 1980, behind Dole, Dole did nothing to counter these ads and Bush won, thereby gaining crucial momentum, which he called Big Mo. Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bushs organizational strength and fund raising lead were impossible for the candidates to match. The Republican Party convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. When Mondale was defeated in a landslide, party leaders became eager to find a new approach to get away from the 1980 and 1984 debacles. After Bushs image was affected by his involvement on the Iran-Contra scandal much more than Reagans, and after the Democrats won back control of the U. S. One goal of the party was to find a new, fresh candidate who could move beyond the traditional New Deal-Great Society ideas of the past, to this end party leaders tried to recruit the New York Governor, Mario Cuomo, to be a candidate. Cuomo had impressed many Democrats with his speech at the 1984 Democratic Convention. However, Cuomo chose not to run and as a result and he had made a strong showing in the 1984 presidential primaries and, after Mondales defeat, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win. However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Harts campaign, Hart had told reporters from The New York Times who questioned him about these rumors that, if they followed him around, they would be bored. In a separate investigation, the Miami Herald had received a tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart
26.
Michael Dukakis
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Michael Stanley Dukakis is an American politician who served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991 respectively. He is the governor in Massachusetts history and only the second Greek-American governor in U. S. history. He was nominated by the Democratic Party for president in the 1988 election, Dukakis was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father Panos was a Greek immigrant from Adramyttion, in Asia Minor, Panos Dukakis settled in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve years later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. Dukakis mother Euterpe was an Aromanian Greek immigrant from Larissa, in Thessaly, she and her family emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913. Dukakis attended Brookline High School in his hometown, where he was a student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis. As a 17- year-old senior in school, he ran the Boston Marathon. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1955 with a B. A. in history, although Dukakis had been accepted into Harvard Law School, he chose to enlist in the United States Army. After basic training at Fort Dix and advanced training at Camp Gordon, he was assigned as radio operator to the 8020th Administrative Unit in Munsan. The unit was a group to the United Nations delegation of the Military Armistice Commission Dukakis served from 1955 to 1957. He then received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1960, Dukakis is also an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Dukakis began his career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a reformer and pledging a lead pipe guarantee of no new taxes to balance the state budget and he would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful Metropolitan District Commission, an enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways, in addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters, as a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary. Governor Dukakis hosted President Gerald Ford and Britains Queen Elizabeth II during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the bicentennial of the United States, Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis commuted the sentences of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers, due to controversy engendered by some of these individuals having re-offended, Dukakis curtailed the practice later, issuing no commutations in his last three years as governor
27.
Lloyd Bentsen
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Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. was an American politician who was a four-term United States Senator from Texas and the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1988 on the Michael Dukakis ticket. He also served in the House of Representatives from 1948 to 1955, in his later political life, he was Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the U. S. Treasury Secretary during the first two years of the Clinton administration. Bentsen was born in Mission in Hidalgo County to Lloyd Millard Bentsen, Sr. a first-generation Danish-American, at age 15 he graduated from Sharyland High School in Mission. Bentsen was an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from the University of Texas School of Law with an LL. B. degree in 1942 and was admitted to the bar, but soon afterwards joined the military for World War II. After brief service as a private in intelligence work in Brazil, he trained to be a pilot and in early 1944 began flying missions in B-24s from Foggia, Italy. At age 23, he was promoted to major and given command of a squadron of 600 men, overseeing the operations of 15 bombers, their crews and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel before being discharged in 1947. Bentsen flew thirty-five missions against many heavily defended targets, including the Ploiești oil fields in Romania, the 15th Air Force, which included the 449th Bomb Group, destroyed all petroleum production within its range, eliminating about half of Nazi Germanys sources of fuel. Bentsens unit also flew against communications centers, aircraft factories and industrial targets in Germany, Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bentsen participated in raids in support of the Anzio campaign and flew missions against targets in preparation for the landing in southern France. Bentsen was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, one of the Air Forces highest commendations for achievement or heroism in flight, in addition to the Distinguished Flying Cross, Bentsen was awarded the Air Medal with three Oak Leaf Clusters. Bentsen served in the United States Air Force Reserve from 1950 to 1959, after the war, Bentsen returned to his native Rio Grande Valley. He served the people of his home area from 1946 to 1955, First elected in the Truman landslide of 1948, he served three successive terms in the United States House of Representatives. He became a protégé of Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn, while sitting as a member of the House, Bentsen advocated using atomic weapons against North Korean cities if they did not withdraw north of the 38th parallel. In 1954, he declined to seek reelection and entered what was to become a career in business. Bentsen moved to Houston, where he founded Consolidated American Life Insurance Company and he also served on the board of Lockheed Corporation as well as those of several oil and gas companies. He was successful in his business career, and became very secure financially, by 1970, he had become president of Lincoln Consolidated, a financial holding institution. Bentsen upset incumbent Ralph Yarborough, an icon, in a bruising primary campaign for the 1970 Texas Democratic Senatorial nomination. The campaign came in the wake of Yarboroughs politically hazardous votes in favor of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, Bentsen made Yarboroughs opposition to the war a major issue
28.
United States presidential election, 1992
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The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3,1992, there were three major candidates, Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. Bush had alienated much of his base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes. Clinton won a plurality in the vote, and a wide Electoral College margin. The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides, northeastern, Upper Midwest, and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic. As of 2016, this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated, Perots campaign took 18. 9% of the vote, finishing second in Maine and Utah. This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912, as of 2017, this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate. Buchanans best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes, unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot. President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won renomination by the Republican Party, Bush allowed Buchanan to give the keynote address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and his culture war speech alienated many moderates. After the successful performance by U. S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War and his re-election was considered very likely. As a result, several candidates, such as Mario Cuomo. In addition, Senator Al Gore refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son was struck by a car and was undergoing surgery as well as physical therapy. However, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Jerry Brown, Bob Kerrey, Douglas Wilder, Senator Tom Harkin ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Senator Paul Tsongas highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism, nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or New Democrat and he was still relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed however, when a woman named Gennifer Flowers appeared in the press to reveal allegations of an affair, Clinton rebutted the story by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton. The primary season began with U. S, Senator Tom Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected
29.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
30.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
31.
Jeb Bush
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John Ellis Jeb Bush Sr. is an American businessman and politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. Bush, who grew up in Houston, is the son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush. He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and attended the University of Texas, in 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development, and in 1986 became Floridas Secretary of Commerce until 1988. At that time, he joined his fathers campaign for the Presidency. In 1994, Bush made his first run for office, losing the election for governor by less than two points to the incumbent, Lawton Chiles. Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote and he ran for reelection in 2002, defeating Bill McBride and winning with 56 percent, to become Floridas first two-term Republican governor. Bush announced his candidacy on June 15,2015. He suspended his campaign on February 20,2016, shortly after the South Carolina primary, Bush later made headlines by joining a group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for President, Donald Trump. Jeb Bush was born on February 11,1953 in Midland, when he was six years old, the family relocated to the Tanglewood neighborhood of Houston, Texas. The nickname Jeb is composed of his initials J. E. B and he grew up with two younger brothers, Neil and Marvin, one younger sister, Dorothy, and one older brother, George, who is seven years older. Jeb Bush initially attended Grady Elementary School in Houston, Bush completed ninth grade in Houston, but was advised to repeat it at Andover, and was nearly expelled due to poor grades. Bush recreationally used marijuana, hashish, and cigarettes during his school years, although he made the honor roll by the end of his senior year. While in Mexico, he met his wife, Columba Garnica Gallo. Bush, who had largely avoided criticizing or supporting the Vietnam War, registered for the draft after his graduation from high school in 1971. In the fourth and final lottery drawing, on February 2,1972, for men born in 1953 and to be inducted during 1973. But no new orders were issued after 1972, because the U. S. changed to an all-volunteer military beginning in 1973. Though many in his family had attended Yale University, Bush chose to attend the University of Texas at Austin and he played on the Texas Longhorns varsity tennis team in 1973. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude from the University of Texas at Austin with a B. A. in Latin American studies and he completed his coursework in two and a half years
32.
Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
33.
Cerberus Capital Management
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Cerberus Capital Management, L. P. is an American private equity firm, specializing in distressed investing. The firm is based in New York City, and run by Steve Feinberg, who co-founded Cerberus in 1992 with William L. Richter, who currently serves as a senior managing director. The firm has affiliate and/or advisory offices in the United States, Europe and Asia Cerberus has more than US$40 billion under management in funds, the company is a U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission Registered Investment Advisor. Investors include government and private sector pension and retirement funds, charitable foundations, university endowments, insurance companies, family savings, Cerberus is named after the mythological three-headed dog that guarded the gates of Hades. Feinberg has stated to his employees that while the Cerberus name seemed like an idea at the time. Over time, Cerberus has grown to include 11 offices in 9 countries, the firm is active in private equity investment, lending, specialty finance, real estate investment, and securities trading. The firm’s current investment portfolio includes more than 40 companies around the world with a hold time of more than five years. Cerberus maintains the Cerberus Operations & Advisory Company LLC of senior operating executives to support the firm’s due diligence, Cerberus utilizes an operations team of over 100 staff, approximately half of whom are currently employed by portfolio companies, to help source, analyze and monitor portfolio investments. On July 1,2016, Cerberus Capital Management acquired ABC Group, on June 23,2016, GE announced a sale of its consumer finance business, GE Money Bank, to an affiliate of Cerberus Capital Management. On May 27,2016, Cerberus Capital Management sold its 57% state in Blue Bird Corporation, on December 17,2015, Cerberus Capital Management announced a $605 million strategic partnership with Avon Products, Inc. According to terms of the agreement, Cerberus will be buying 80% of Avon North America, in addition, the investment will result in a nearly 17% stake in Avon Products, Inc. On March 6,2014, Cerberus announced a Definitive Merger Agreement with already owned Albertsons, September 16,2013, Cerberus closed Accurate Metal Solutions. Over 400 employees at 2 locations, Anaheim, CA and Oxnard, CA, on December 18,2012, the company began divesting its assets in Freedom Group. As of September 24,2013, they had not sold any of the Freedom Group, on May 31,2012, Cerberus Capital Management completed the sale of textile company Guilford Mills to Lear Corporation. On March 8,2012, an affiliate of Cerberus closed its acquisition of a controlling interest in AT&T Advertising Solutions and AT&T Interactive, AT&T received approximately $750 million in cash, a $200 million note and a 47-percent equity interest in YP Holdings LLC. David Krantz, former CEO and president of AT&T Interactive, was named CEO of YP, on January 18,2012, RG Steel, LLC announced that affiliates of Cerberus committed new capital to the company. On October 27,2011 Cerberus and Chatham Lodging Trust closed their purchase of Innkeepers USA Trust for $1.02 billion, Innkeepers operates hotels, including the Marriott, Hyatt, Hilton, and other brands. On October 4,2011, Cerberus and Garanti Securities announced the formation of a joint initiative to pursue investments in Turkey with a commitment of $400 million
34.
Isle of Man
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The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island
35.
The Arizona Republic
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The Arizona Republic is an American daily newspaper published in Phoenix. Circulated throughout Arizona, it is the states largest newspaper, since 2000, it has been owned by the Gannett newspaper chain. The newspaper was founded May 19,1890, under the name The Arizona Republican, heard, a Phoenix land and cattle baron, ran the newspaper from 1912 until his death in 1929. The paper was run by two of its top executives, Charles Stauffer and W. Wesley Knorpp, until it was bought by Midwestern newspaper magnate Eugene C. Pulliam, who bought the two Gazettes as well as the Republic, ran all three newspapers until his death in 1975 at the age of 86. A strong period of came under Pulliam, who imprinted the newspaper with his conservative brand of politics. Pulliam was considered one of the business leaders who created the modern Phoenix area as it is known today. Pulliams holding company, Central Newspapers, Inc. as led by Pulliams widow and son, the Phoenix Gazette was closed in 1997 and its staff merged with that of the Republic. The Arizona Business Gazette is still published to this day, in 1998, a weekly section geared towards college students, The Rep, went into circulation. Specialized content is available in the local sections produced for many of the different cities. Central Newspapers was purchased by Gannett in 2000, bringing it into common ownership with USA Today, the Republic and KPNX combine their forces to produce their common local news subscription website, www. azcentral. com. In 2013, it dropped from the daily newspaper in the United States to the twenty-first. On September 25,2015, Mi-Ai Parrish was named Publisher, notable figures include Pulitzer-prize winning cartoonist Steve Benson, columnist Laurie Roberts, and Luis Manuel Ortiz, the only Hispanic member of the Arizona Journalism Hall of Fame. One of Arizonas best-known sports writers, Norm Frauenheim, retired in 2008, multiple staff members have been finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. Other staff include photojournalist Michael Schennum, an investigative reporter for the newspaper, Don Bolles, was the victim of a car bombing on June 2,1976, dying eleven days afterward. He had been lured to a meeting in Phoenix in the course of work on a story about corruption in politics and business. Retaliation against his pursuit of organized crime in Arizona is thought to be a motive in the murder, historically, The Republic has tilted conservative editorially. It endorsed President George W. Bush in both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, on October 25,2008, the paper endorsed Arizona Senator John McCain for president
36.
The Indianapolis Star
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The Indianapolis Star is a morning daily newspaper that began publishing on June 6,1903 in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It has been the major daily paper in the city since 1999. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting twice, in 1975 and 1991 and it is currently owned by the Gannett Company. The Indianapolis Star was founded on June 6,1903, by Muncie industrialist George F. McCulloch as competition to two other Indianapolis dailies, the Indianapolis Journal and the Indianapolis Sentinel and it acquired the Journal a year and two days later, and bought the Sentinel in 1906. Daniel G. Reid purchased the Star in 1904 and hired John Shaffer as publisher, later replacing him, in the ensuing court proceedings, Saffer emerged as the majority owner of the paper in 1911 and served as publisher and editor until his death in 1943. Central Newspapers, Inc. and its owner, Eugene C, pulliam—maternal grandfather of future Vice President Dan Quayle—purchased the Star from Shaffers estate on April 25,1944 and adopted initiatives to increase the papers circulation. In 1944, the Star had trailed the evening Indianapolis News, in 1948, Pulliam purchased the News and combined the business, mechanical, advertising, and circulation operations of the two papers, with the News moving into the Stars building in 1950. The editorial and news operations remained separate, Eugene S. Pulliam took over as publisher upon the death of his father in 1975, a role he retained until his own death in 1999. In September 1995, the staffs of the Star and the News merged. In 1999, the News ceased publication, leaving the Star as the major daily paper in Indianapolis. Soon thereafter the trustees of Central Newspapers, Inc. the owner of the Star and other newspapers in Indiana and Arizona, on July 27,2012, it was announced that The Indianapolis Star would relocate from its headquarters at 307 North Pennsylvania Street. It was later announced that the new location would be the former Nordstrom department store in Circle Centre Mall and this move took place from the summer to fall of 2014. The former location had been used since 1907, the Star has won the Pulitzer Prize twice for investigative reporting. In 1975, the Star was honored for its 1974 series on corruption within the Indianapolis Police Department and it was cited again in 1991 for its 1990 series on medical malpractice. The Indianapolis Star has the largest and most advanced printing presses in the nation. The Pulliam Production Center at 8278 N. Georgetown Road on the northwest side of Indianapolis cost $72 million and covers 200,000 square feet, the press hall that houses the four MAN Roland Geoman presses has 30,672 square feet on two levels. Each of the presses weighs 2,100 short tons, stands seven stories tall, with all four presses running,300,000 papers can be printed in just one hour. The Pulliam Production Center allows tours of the facility, part of the newspapers masthead displays the text of 2 Corinthians 3,17, Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty
37.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
38.
Delta Kappa Epsilon
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Delta Kappa Epsilon is one of the oldest North American fraternities, with 71 active chapters across the United States and Canada. The fraternity was founded at Yale College in 1844 by 15 sophomores that were disaffected by the houses on campus. They established a fellowship where the candidate most favored was he who combined in the most equal proportions the gentleman, the scholar, and the jolly good fellow. The private gentlemans club the DKE Club of New York was founded in 1885 and is currently in residence at the Yale Club of New York City. The fraternity was founded June 22,1844, in room number 12 Old South Hall, Yale College, New Haven, at this meeting, the Fraternitys secret and open Greek mottos were devised, as were the pin and secret handshake. The open motto is Kerothen Philoi Aei and this first chapter was denoted Phi chapter. Delta Kappa Epsilon administers an organization called the Rampant Lion Foundation. The pin of Delta Kappa Epsilon shows the Greek letters ΔΚΕ on a scroll upon a black diamond with gold rope trim. DKEs heraldic colours are azure, or, and gules and its flag is a triband of those colours with a dexter rampant lion in the middle. Within three years of the founding at Yale, chapters were founded at Bowdoin, Princeton University, Colby College, DKE has grown to 54 chapters and has initiated over 85,000 members across North America. Traditionally an Eastern Seaboard fraternity, DKEs Yale chapter had a reputation as a Southerners fraternity. Two of the founders were from the South and 13 out of 38 members of 1845 and 1846 were from the South. Although Vanderbilt University claims DKEs first chapter in the South, Vanderbilt University was not founded until 1873, Psi chapter at the University of Alabama was founded in 1847. Syracuse Universitys chapter house was used as a safe harbor by Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Delta Kappa Epsilons first West Coast chapter was founded at the University of California, Berkeley on Halloween night,1876. The DKE chapter at Colgate University is one of the only DKE chapters having a Temple building, the Lambda Chapter at Kenyon College in 1854 built the first fraternity lodge in America. The Delta Kappa Epsilon Club of New York was founded in 1885 and is currently in residence at the Yale Club of New York City, Delta Kappa Epsilon became an international fraternity with the addition of the Alpha Phi chapter in 1898 at the University of Toronto, Canada. Delta Kappa Epsilon members have included five of forty-four Presidents of the United States, Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush. Vice President of the United States, Dan Quayle, became a DKE brother at DePauw University, in the election of 1876, the Republican Party chose between two DKE members, nominating Hayes rather than rival and fellow DKE James G. Blaine
39.
Indiana Attorney General
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The Indiana Attorney General is the chief legal officer of the State of Indiana in the United States. Attorneys General are chosen by a general election to serve for a four-year term. The forty-third and current Attorney General is Curtis Hill, the annual salary of the Attorney General of Indiana is $94,538.08. Under the 1816 Constitution of Indiana the office of Attorney General was filled by appointment, after the adoption of the 1851 constitution, the office was filled by popular election. Justia. com U. S
40.
Edgar Whitcomb
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Edgar Doud Whitcomb was an American politician, who was the 43rd Governor of Indiana. His term as governor began a rift in the Indiana Republican Party as urban Republicans became more numerous than rural Republicans. Whitcomb found himself opposed by speaker of the house Otis R. Bowen on a number of measures, after leaving office, Whitcomb divorced from his wife of thirty-six years and took up sail boating. After two days of trying to free the ship, he made the decision to abandon it, returning to Indiana, he moved to a secluded log cabin on the banks of the Ohio River within the Hoosier National Forest near Rome, Indiana. Whitcomb was born on November 6,1917 in Hayden, Indiana, an outgoing and athletic youth, he was a member of his high school basketball team. He entered Indiana University in 1939 to study law, but quit school to join the military at the outbreak of World War II and he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps in 1940 and was deployed to the Pacific Theater. He was commissioned as a Lieutenant in 1941 and made an aerial navigator and he served two tours of duty in the Philippines and was promoted to Second Lieutenant. During the Philippines Campaign, Whitcombs base was overrun, he was captured by the Japanese and was beaten and tortured by his captors, recaptured a few days later, he escaped a second time and was hunted for several more days but was able to evade his pursuers. He escaped by swimming all night through shark-infested waters to an island unoccupied by the Japanese army and he was eventually able to secure passage to China under an assumed name where he made contact with the United States Army and was repatriated in December 1943. He wrote a book about his experience entitled Escape from Corregidor and he was discharged from active duty in 1946, but he remained in the reserve military forces until 1977 holding the rank of colonel. Following the war, he returned to and graduated from Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law and he met and married Patricia Dolfuss on May 10,1953, and the couple had five children. Whitcomb was a member of the Republican Party and he was first elected to public office in 1950, serving for three years in the Indiana State Senate before resigning to begin his law practice. Indiana General Assembly sessions were held biennially during his time in that legislative body, Whitcomb passed the bar exam in 1954 and began a law practice. He set up a law firm in North Vernon, but in later years he moved his practice. His law practice helped him build his political base for a run for statewide office, in 1966, Whitcomb was elected to serve as Indiana Secretary of State, a position he used to springboard for his political career. He held both offices concurrently until his resignation in December 1968, backed by the party leaders of several large counties, Whitcomb overcame Bowen and Butz to secure the nomination. Bowen, after being nominated for Governor in 1972, advocated the nomination of candidates for governor, Whitcombs opponent in the general election was Democratic candidate Robert L. Rock, and the campaign focused largely on tax policy and national issues. Whitcomb was among the benefactors of the cycle and took office on January 13,1969, during his term the state adopted a new districting system that for the first time granted more seats in the Indiana General Assembly to urban areas
41.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
42.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
United States
United States Army
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Booknotes interview with Quayle on Standing Firm, July 24, 1994, C-SPAN
