1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
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Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
3.
Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary
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Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary was an American seminary preparatory school administered by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago for young men considering the priesthood. Between 1961 and 1990, the seminary was split into two campuses, Quigley South and Quigley North, with Quigley North housed at the original building, the south campus was closed in 1990, with all seminary operations returning to the original building. The predecessor of the school, Cathedral College of the Sacred Heart, was founded in 1905, the American Institute of Architects Guide to Chicago has termed the stained glass of the Quigley Chapel dazzling. Archbishop James E. Quigley began plans for a seminary in Chicago in July 1903. Only 417 diocesan and 149 order priests then served Chicagos 252 parishes, with a city population nearing 1.7 million, and with the archdioceses then boundaries extending across northern Illinois. Quigley recruited Rev. Francis Andrew Purcell to head the new minor seminary, the site of the new seminary at Wabash, then Cass Avenue and Superior Street, was opened on 2 October 1905, upon Purcells return, and named Cathedral College of the Sacred Heart. Following the European seminary practice of being sited in the midst of the city center of ministry, it followed the practice of school on Saturday. No tuition was charged for the first 52 freshmen recruited and admitted upon the nomination of their pastor, nine other priests, all with either Irish or German surnames, served as the faculty. It became the tradition of Chicagos minor seminaries that financial want should not prevent a seminarian from attending. Quigley died on 10 July 1915, but his successor Mundelein expanded upon Quigleys vision and put it into action. Upon his being named Archbishop, Mundelein boarded a train on 7 February 1916, with a delegation from his new archdiocese, and headed to Chicago, where he was installed as archbishop two days later. The group will be composed of a college building. With the ground broken in November 1916 and a cornerstone laid at the corner of Pearson and Rush on 16 September 1917, carrying on a precedent established in 1905 in Cathedral College under rector Rev. By 1922, Quigley Seminary was already overcrowded, with over 600 students in a designed to hold 500. A west wing of the building, this time in the Flemish-Gothic style, was begun in March 1925 and completed amazingly by December 1925, increasing the capacity of the school another 500. By the end of his tenure as rector in 1931, Quigley faculty had grown from ten at Cathedral College in 1905 to forty-two, Quigleys priest faculty were expected to live in the parishes of the Archdiocese, so as to keep a parish and priestly connection. Purcell was succeeded as rector in 1931 by Msgr, philip Francis Mahoney, who according to the Archdiocesan history, changed little established by Purcell, and whose poor health led to his resignation during the 1934–35 academic year. Mundelein then met with the Quigley faculty and asked for their individual and confidential recommendations for the rectors position
4.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
5.
Pundit (expert)
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A pundit is a person who offers to mass media his or her opinion or commentary on a particular subject area on which he or she is knowledgeable, or considered a scholar in said area. The term has been applied to popular media personalities. In certain cases, it may be used in a manner as well. The term originates from the Sanskrit term pandit, meaning knowledge owner, from at least the early 19th century, a Pundit of the Supreme Court in Colonial India was an officer of the judiciary who advised British judges on questions of Hindu law. In Anglo-Indian use, pundit also referred to a native of India who was trained and employed by the British to survey inaccessible regions beyond the British frontier, one of the problems related to expertise is the rapid amount of specialisation and knowledge, especially strong in the American universities. While in the 1960s, political science had just 5 subdisciplines, a pundit now combines the roles of a public intellectual and has a certain expertise as a media practitioner. Pundits may be regarded as shallow and superficial from a university perspective. The intellectual dimension might and should be challenged, but they play an increasing role in disseminating ideas and views in an accessible way to the public. From Joffes view, Karl Marx in Europe and e. g. in the US, Mark Twain were early, the derogatory use as a talking head has been entered in the Urban Dictionary. Punditry has become a popular vehicle in nightly newscasts on American cable news networks. A rise of partisanship among popular pundits began with Bill OReilly of Fox News Channel and his opinion-oriented format led him to ratings success and has led others, including Bill Maher, Keith Olbermann, and Nancy Grace to express their opinions on matters on their own programs. At the same time, many people who appear as pundits are recognized for having serious academic, examples are pundits Paul Krugman, who received a Nobel Prize in Economics, and Stephen Biddle, who received U. S. Army Superior Civilian Service Medals in 2003 and 2006. In sports commentating, a pundit or color commentator may be partnered with an announcer who will describe the action while asking the pundit for analysis. Alternatively, pundits may be asked for their opinions during breaks in the play, color commentator Columnist Maven Opinion leader Pundette Media related to Pundit at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Savage Love
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Savage Love is a syndicated sex-advice column by Dan Savage. The column appears weekly in several newspapers, mainly free newspapers in the US and Canada. It started in 1991 with the first issue of the Seattle weekly newspaper The Stranger, since October 2006, Savage has also recorded the Savage Lovecast, a weekly podcast version of the column, featuring telephone advice sessions. Since 2002, he has written the column at Eppie Lederers desk, which he, in 1991, Savage was living in Madison, Wisconsin, and working as a manager at a local video store that specialized in independent film titles. There, Savage befriended Tim Keck, co-founder of The Onion, Savage made the offhand comment that forever altered life, Make sure your paper has an advice column – everybody claims to hate em, but everybody seems to read em. Savage typed up a column, and to Savages surprise Keck offered him the job. Savage stated in a February 2006 interview in The Onions A. V, club that he began the column with the express purpose of providing mocking advice to heterosexuals, since most straight advice columnists were clueless when responding to letters from gay people. For the first six years of the column, Savage had his readers address him with Hey, faggot and he was criticized for this by some gay activists. During the run of Savage Love, Savage has popularized several neologisms and he has also debunked several sexual neologisms for violent sex acts, including the donkey punch, the pirate, and the hot Karl, concluding They’re all fictions. The campsite rule includes things like leaving the younger/less experienced partner with no STDs, no unwanted pregnancies, in a July 20,2011 column, Savage coined the term monogamish. The term describes couples who are perceived to be monogamous, who are mostly monogamous, such couples have an expressed understanding that allows for some amount of sexual contact outside the relationship. Savage believes that of all the people think are 100% monogamous. The term has since seen mainstream use, in 2001 Savage challenged readers of his column to coin a name for the sex act in which a woman uses a strap-on dildo to perform anal sex on her male partner. After multiple nominations and a vote, the verb peg was chosen with a 43% plurality over runners-up bob. Savage reacted strongly to statements made about homosexuality by former United States Senator Rick Santorum in an April 2003 interview with the Associated Press, the winning definition was the frothy mixture of lube and fecal matter that is sometimes the byproduct of anal sex. Savage set up a website to spread the term, inviting bloggers and others to link to it and this originated from Rekers who, when outed, insisted he had hired the escort only to assist him with lifting his luggage. Originally Savage suggested that lifting my luggage refer to listening to the speaker expound on the desirability of converting oneself from homosexual to heterosexual, Dan Savage coined the abbreviation GGG. It stands for good, giving, and game, and it one should strive to be good in bed, giving equal time and equal pleasure to ones partner
7.
It Gets Better Project
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Its goal is to prevent suicide among LGBT youth by having gay adults convey the message that these teens lives will improve. The project has grown rapidly, over 200 videos were uploaded in the first week, a book of essays from the project was released in March 2011. Savage wrote, I wish I could have talked to this kid for five minutes, I wish I could have told Billy that it gets better. I wish I could have told him that, however bad things were, however isolated and alone he was, in September 2004, they launched their YouTube channel. A one-hour special aired on February 21,2012, hosted by Savage, a second special is slated to air on October 9 on MTV and Logo. We have an obligation to ensure that our schools are safe for all of our kids, and for every young person out there you need to know that if youre in trouble, there are caring adults who can help. In March 2011, Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama hosted an anti-bullying conference, in September 2011, 14-year-old Jamey Rodemeyer in Buffalo, New York committed suicide after complaining about being bullied for being gay. In May 2011, he had created an It gets better YouTube video for other gay kids not to get discouraged about bullying, in October 2011, 15-year-old Jamie Hubley committed suicide after being subjected to anti-gay bullying. The project operates as a 501 charitable organization, kevin Rudd is quoted as saying You have the strength of the Australian nation behind you, encouraging teenagers to feel comfortable in their own identity. Other Australian identities to have supported the project include Triple J, Telstra, Optus, Missy Higgins, Courtney Act. In addition to the Trevor Project, this video also endorsed two similar Canadian services, Kids Help Phone and Torontos Lesbian Gay Bi Trans Youth Line, former politicians Michael Ignatieff and Jack Layton also released videos when they were in office. Former law clerk for the Federal Court Josh D, in 2012, a group video was also released by twenty Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers. The Peruvian version was launched on January 7,2011 as Proyecto Todo Mejora and it was an initiative of psychologist/journalist Victor Cerna. Although originally inspired by the American project, the Peruvian project has created its own logo and has expanded its original message to straight youth in recent months, the project Todo Mejora was launched on March 20,2012 in Chile. In August 2011 the activist Júlio Cezar Dantas raised the idea of creating a Spanish version of the site along with the U. S. coordinators of It Gets Better. They identified and contacted the Chilean organization Fundación Iguales to support the initiative, the organization agreed to work, and make an alliance, with Proyecto Todo Mejora. The Chilean project also aims to support, together with the coordinators of It Gets Better U. S. other countries in Latin America who want to create a Todo Mejora project in their nations. One of the Vice-Presidents of the European Commission and the European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, Neelie Kroes, in Italy, Isbn Edizioni launched the campaign Le cose cambiano, the Italian affiliate of the project
8.
Rick Santorum's views on homosexuality
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Senator and 2012 and 2016 U. S. Presidential candidate Rick Santorum is opposed to behavior, seeing it as antithetical to a healthy, stable. Santorum has stated that the U. S. militarys Dont ask, dont tell policy, Santorums views provoked criticism from Democratic politicians and other groups, but have been supported by some conservative Christians. Santorum then brought up the then-pending U. S. Supreme Court case Lawrence v, when Jordan asked Okay, without being too gory or graphic, so if somebody is homosexual, you would argue that they should not have sex. Santorum stated, In every society, the definition of marriage has not ever to my knowledge included homosexuality, thats not to pick on homosexuality. Its not, you know, man on child, man on dog, and when you destroy that you have a dramatic impact on the quality. You have the right to anything, and Whether its polygamy, whether its adultery, whether its sodomy, all of those things, are antithetical to a healthy, stable, traditional family. When allegations of bias were leveled against Jordan because she is married to a Democratic strategist, the AP released a transcript it described as an unedited section of the interview on April 23. Santorums comments evoked responses ranging from George W. Dean called on Santorum, other Democratic politicians who responded included Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle, who remarked that Santorums comments were out of step with our countrys respect for tolerance. The Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee demanded that Santorum resign as chairman of the Republican Senate Caucus, brad Woodhouse of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee called the comments, divisive, hurtful and reckless. Santorum faced criticism for his comments from Republican Senators including Olympia Snowe, Susan Collins, Lincoln Chafee, Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona stated, I think that he may have been inartful in the way that he described it. Critics of the statement included the Log Cabin Republicans, and the Republican Unity Coalition, LGBT rights groups which condemned the comments by Santorum included the Pennsylvania Gender Rights Coalition, OutFront, the Center for Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights, and the Human Rights Campaign. The conservative Christian group Concerned Women for America agreed with Santorums comments in a written statement, the group said Santorum was exactly right and attributed criticism of Santorum to the gay thought police. Director of Concerned Women for Americas Culture and Family Institute, Robert Knight, criticized those Republicans who spoke out against Santorum and it shows great disloyalty to their party to join the sworn enemies in calling for the head. Theyre doing their party a great disservice, conservative publications released articles supporting Santorums comments, including WorldNetDaily in an article by Joseph Farah, National Review with a piece by Robert P. George. And Townhall. com in a piece by Ben Shapiro. These are very much an important point. He created a website, spreadingsantorum. com, for the definition, The frothy mix of lube
9.
Loyola University Chicago
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Loyola University Chicago is a private American Catholic research university located in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1870 by the Jesuits, today Loyola is one of the largest Catholic universities in the nation, comprising eleven colleges and schools, Loyola offers over 80 undergraduate and 140 graduate/professional programs and enrolls approximately 16,000 students total. Loyola has six campuses located across the Chicago metropolitan area, as well as a campus in Rome and guest programs in Beijing and Ho Chi Minh City. The flagship Lake Shore Campus is located along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods of Chicago, Loyolas athletic teams, nicknamed the Ramblers, compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Missouri Valley Conference. Loyola won the 1963 NCAA mens basketball championship, and remains the school from Illinois to do so. The Ramblers are also two-time NCAA champions in mens volleyball, Loyola alumni have won Emmy, Grammy, Peabody, and Pulitzer awards, as well as Guggenheim and MacArthur fellowships. Loyola was established as St. Ignatius College on June 30,1870 by Jesuit priest and educator Fr. At that time Chicago was a smaller but rapidly growing city just shy of 300,000 people. To meet the needs of Chicago, Loyola established professional schools in law, medicine, business. The Chicago College of Dental Surgery became part of the university in 1923, a downtown campus was founded in 1914, and with it the School of Sociology. As the predecessor to the Social of Social Work it enrolled Loyolas first female students, Loyola Academy, a college prep high school, occupied Dumbach Hall on the Lake Shore Campus until it was relocated to north suburban Wilmette in 1957. The current Water Tower Campus opened in 1949, in 1962, Loyola opened a campus in Rome near the site of the 1960 Summer Olympics. The university legally separated from the Jesuits in 1970, and today is under lay control, Loyola purchased neighboring Mundelein College in 1991. Major capital campaigns since the turn of the century have greatly enhanced Loyolas academic profile, in 2005 the Loyola University Museum of Art was established on the Water Tower Campus, and the Rome campus was renamed in honor of Director Emeritus John P. Felice. The $50 million gift is the largest in Loyola history, in 2010, Loyola purchased the Resurrection Retreat Center in Woodstock, which became the schools fifth campus for retreat and ecological study. In 2012, Loyola alumnus Michael R. Quinlan donated $40 million to the business school, during this time over 200,000 square-feet of LEED-certified sustainable spaces have been built on the Lake Shore Campus alone, along with significant mixed-use developments on the Water Tower Campus. Today, Loyola ranks among the top 100 universities in the nation and she is the first female president in the history of the university. Loyolas flagship Lake Shore Campus is located along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods on the side of Chicago
10.
Agnosticism
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Agnosticism is the philosophical view that the existence of God or the supernatural are unknown and unknowable. Agnosticism is a doctrine or set of rather than a religion. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the word agnostic in 1869, the Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda is agnostic about the origin of the universe. Agnosticism is of the essence of science, whether ancient or modern and it simply means that a man shall not say he knows or believes that which he has no scientific grounds for professing to know or believe. Consequently, agnosticism puts aside not only the part of popular theology. On the whole, the bosh of heterodoxy is more offensive to me than that of orthodoxy, because heterodoxy professes to be guided by reason and science, and orthodoxy does not. Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, positively the principle may be expressed, In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. And negatively, In matters of the intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable, being a scientist, above all else, Huxley presented agnosticism as a form of demarcation. A hypothesis with no supporting objective, testable evidence is not an objective, as such, there would be no way to test said hypotheses, leaving the results inconclusive. His agnosticism was not compatible with forming a belief as to the truth, or falsehood, karl Popper would also describe himself as an agnostic. Others have redefined this concept, making it compatible with forming a belief, george H. Smith rejects agnosticism as a third alternative to theism and atheism and promotes terms such as agnostic atheism and agnostic theism. Agnostic was used by Thomas Henry Huxley in a speech at a meeting of the Metaphysical Society in 1869 to describe his philosophy, early Christian church leaders used the Greek word gnosis to describe spiritual knowledge. Agnosticism is not to be confused with religious views opposing the ancient religious movement of Gnosticism in particular, Huxley used the term in a broader, Huxley identified agnosticism not as a creed but rather as a method of skeptical, evidence-based inquiry. In recent years, scientific literature dealing with neuroscience and psychology has used the word to mean not knowable, in technical and marketing literature, agnostic can also mean independence from some parameters—for example, platform agnostic or hardware agnostic. Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume contended that meaningful statements about the universe are always qualified by some degree of doubt and he asserted that the fallibility of human beings means that they cannot obtain absolute certainty except in trivial cases where a statement is true by definition. A strong agnostic would say, I cannot know whether a deity exists or not, a weak agnostic would say, I dont know whether any deities exist or not, but maybe one day, if there is evidence, we can find something out. Therefore, their existence has little to no impact on human affairs. Agnostic thought, in the form of skepticism, emerged as a philosophical position in ancient Greece
11.
Atheist
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Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is the rejection of belief that any deities exist, in an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which, in its most general form, is the belief that at least one deity exists, the etymological root for the word atheism originated before the 5th century BCE from the ancient Greek ἄθεος, meaning without god. The term denoted a social category created by orthodox religionists into which those who did not share their religious beliefs were placed, the actual term atheism emerged first in the 16th century. With the spread of freethought, skeptical inquiry, and subsequent increase in criticism of religion, application of the term narrowed in scope, the first individuals to identify themselves using the word atheist lived in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment. The French Revolution, noted for its unprecedented atheism, witnessed the first major movement in history to advocate for the supremacy of human reason. Arguments for atheism range from the philosophical to social and historical approaches, although some atheists have adopted secular philosophies, there is no one ideology or set of behaviors to which all atheists adhere. Since conceptions of atheism vary, accurate estimations of current numbers of atheists are difficult, an older survey by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 2004 recorded atheists as comprising 8% of the worlds population. Other older estimates have indicated that atheists comprise 2% of the worlds population, according to these polls, Europe and East Asia are the regions with the highest rates of atheism. In 2015, 61% of people in China reported that they were atheists, the figures for a 2010 Eurobarometer survey in the European Union reported that 20% of the EU population claimed not to believe in any sort of spirit, God or life force. Atheism has been regarded as compatible with agnosticism, and has also been contrasted with it, a variety of categories have been used to distinguish the different forms of atheism. Some of the ambiguity and controversy involved in defining atheism arises from difficulty in reaching a consensus for the definitions of words like deity, the plurality of wildly different conceptions of God and deities leads to differing ideas regarding atheisms applicability. The ancient Romans accused Christians of being atheists for not worshiping the pagan deities, gradually, this view fell into disfavor as theism came to be understood as encompassing belief in any divinity. Definitions of atheism also vary in the degree of consideration a person must put to the idea of gods to be considered an atheist, Atheism has sometimes been defined to include the simple absence of belief that any deities exist. This broad definition would include newborns and other people who have not been exposed to theistic ideas, as far back as 1772, Baron dHolbach said that All children are born Atheists, they have no idea of God. Similarly, George H. Smith suggested that, The man who is unacquainted with theism is an atheist because he does not believe in a god. This category would include the child with the conceptual capacity to grasp the issues involved. The fact that this child does not believe in god qualifies him as an atheist, ernest Nagel contradicts Smiths definition of atheism as merely absence of theism, acknowledging only explicit atheism as true atheism
12.
West Berlin
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West Berlin was an enclave which comprised the western part of the city of Berlin during the Cold War. It was formally controlled by the Western Allies and formed a de facto part of West Germany, and was entirely surrounded by the Soviet-controlled East Berlin and East Germany. West Berlin had great significance during the Cold War, as it was widely considered by westerners as an island of freedom. A wealthy city, West Berlin was noted for its liberal and cosmopolitan character. With about two million inhabitants, West Berlin had the biggest population of any city in Cold War Germany and it was 100 miles east of the Inner German border and only accessible by land from West Germany by narrow rail and highway corridors. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945 and was de facto part of West Germany and it had a special and unique legal status because its administration was formally conducted by the Western Allies. East Berlin, de jure occupied and administered by the Soviet Union, was the de facto capital of East Germany, the Berlin Wall, built in 1961, physically divided West Berlin from its East German surroundings until it fell in 1989. The Potsdam Agreement established the framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. The territory of Germany, as it existed in 1937, would be reduced by most of Eastern Germany thus creating the former territories of Germany. The remaining territory would be divided into four zones, each administered by one of the allied countries, according to the agreement, the occupation of Berlin would end only as a result of a quadripartite agreement. The Western Allies were guaranteed three air corridors to their sectors of Berlin, and the Soviets also informally allowed road, at first, this arrangement was intended to be only a temporary administrative structure, with all parties declaring that Germany and Berlin would soon be reunited. However, as the relations between the allies and the Soviet Union soured and the Cold War began, the joint administration of Germany. Soon, Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin had separate city administrations, in 1948, the Soviets tried to force the Western Allies out of Berlin by imposing a land blockade on the western sectors—the Berlin Blockade. The West responded by using its air corridors for supplying their part of the city with food, in May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade, and West Berlin as a separate city with its own jurisdiction was maintained. Following the Berlin Blockade, normal contacts between East and West Berlin resumed, however, in cases this proved only temporary. In 1952, the East German government began sealing its borders, as a direct result the electrical grids were separated and phone lines were cut. However, the culmination of the schism did not occur until 1961 with the construction of the Berlin Wall. From the legal theory followed by the Western Allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 with the declaration of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic
13.
Madison, Wisconsin
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Madison is the capital of the U. S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. As of July 1,2015, Madisons estimated population of 248,951 made it the second largest city in Wisconsin, after Milwaukee, and the 84th largest in the United States. The city forms the core of the United States Census Bureaus Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Dane County and neighboring Iowa, Green, the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Areas 2010 population was 568,593. When the Wisconsin Territory was created in 1836 the territorial legislature convened in Belmont, One of the legislatures tasks was to select a permanent location for the territorys capital. Doty lobbied aggressively for Madison as the new capital, offering buffalo robes to the freezing legislators and he had James Slaughter plat two cities in the area, Madison and The City of Four Lakes, near present-day Middleton. Doty named the city Madison for James Madison, the fourth President of the U. S. who had died on June 28,1836 and he named the streets for the other 39 signers of the U. S. Constitution. Being named for the founding father James Madison, who had just died. The cornerstone for the Wisconsin capitol was laid in 1837, on October 9,1839, Kintzing Prichett registered the plat of Madison at the registrars office of the then-territorial Dane County. Madison was incorporated as a village in 1846, with a population of 626, when Wisconsin became a state in 1848, Madison remained the capital, and the following year it became the site of the University of Wisconsin. The Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad connected to Madison in 1854, Madison incorporated as a city in 1856, with a population of 6,863, leaving the unincorporated remainder as a separate Town of Madison. The original capitol was replaced in 1863 and the capitol burned in 1904. The current capitol was built between 1906 and 1917, during the Civil War, Madison served as a center of the Union Army in Wisconsin. Camp Randall, on the west side of Madison, was built and used as a camp, a military hospital. After the war ended, the Camp Randall site was absorbed into the University of Wisconsin, in 2004 the last vestige of active military training on the site was removed when the stadium renovation replaced a firing range used for ROTC training. The City of Madison continued annexations from the Town of Madison almost from the date of the citys incorporation, Madison is located in the center of Dane County in south-central Wisconsin,77 miles west of Milwaukee and 122 miles northwest of Chicago. The city completely surrounds the smaller Town of Madison, the City of Monona, Madison shares borders with its largest suburb, Sun Prairie, and three other suburbs, Middleton, McFarland and Fitchburg. The citys boundaries also approach the city of Verona, and the villages of Cottage Grove, DeForest, and Waunakee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 94.03 square miles
14.
The Stranger (newspaper)
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The Stranger is an alternative weekly newspaper in Seattle, Washington, U. S. It runs a blog known as Slog, the Stranger was founded by Tim Keck, who had previously co-founded the satirical newspaper The Onion, and cartoonist James Sturm. Its first issue came out on September 23,1991, the paper is distributed to local businesses, newsstands, and newspaper boxes free of charge every Wednesday. It calls itself Seattles Only Newspaper, an expression of its disdain for Seattles two dailies and The Strangers main rival, the Seattle Weekly, the paper regularly covers Seattle City Council politics. In its early days, The Stranger had a print run of 20,000, the paper was a single sheet wrapped around a wad of coupons for local businesses. On April 16,2012, The Stranger won its first Pulitzer Prize, the feature appeared in the June 15,2011 edition. Its principal competitor is The Seattle Weekly, a newspaper in Seattle, owned by Sound Publishing. In September 2007, Savage became the editorial director and was replaced as editor-in-chief by then-27-year-old Christopher Frizzelle, formerly the Books Editor. The newspapers managing editor is Kathleen Richards, the previous managing editor was Bethany Jean Clement, who was formerly the managing editor of Seattle Weekly. Clements essays in the restaurant section of the newspaper have been anthologized in Best Food Writing 2008, associate Editor Charles Mudede is the author of the weekly column Police Beat, which has been adapted to an indie film of the same title. Mudede also co-wrote the controversial movie Zoo, a documentary about the life and death of Kenneth Pinyan who died in a bestiality incident in Enumclaw, writers for the paper in the early 1990s include Inga Muscio, Catholic Activist Thomas E. Byers and Clark Humphrey. News Editors include Sydney Brownstone, Heidi Groover, and Ansel Herz, previously, the position was held by Dominic Holden. Prior to Dominic Holden was Erica C, barnett, who in 2007 was named reporter of the year by Seattles venerable Municipal League. Barnett left the paper in 2009 to work for news web site Publicola. net, the papers Visual Arts Editor is Jen Graves. The papers Film Editor is Charles Mudede, the food writer is Angela Garbes. Other staff writers include Dave Segal and Rich Smith, Stranger ombudsman A. Birch Steen wrote acerbic criticism of the paper within every issue, usually assailing the contents for their extreme liberal bias. He was billed as a member of the OSHA Board of Governors. The name is an anagram of Steinbacher, last name of Bradley Steinbacher, steens harsh critiques, originally appeared on the inside of the back page, and later above the table of contents and as the apparent author of the papers Twitter feed
15.
The A.V. Club
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Club was initially created in 1993 as a supplemental part of The Onion and had a minimal presence on The Onion’s website in its early years. However, a 2005 website redesign placed The A. V, Club in a more prominent position, allowing its online identity to grow. Unlike its parent publication, The A. V, the publication’s name is a reference to school audiovisual clubs, composed of a bunch of geeks who actually knew how to run the film strip and film projectors. In 1993, five years after the founding of The Onion at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, UWM student Stephen Thompson launched an entertainment section, Club, as part of the newspapers 1995 redesign. Both The Onion and The A. V, Club made their Internet debut in 1996. Club acquired its own Internet domain name in December 1999, in December 2004, Stephen Thompson left his position as founding editor of The A. V. Club website was redesigned in 2005 to incorporate blogs and reader comments, in 2006, concurrent with another redesign, the website shifted its model to begin adding content on a daily, rather than weekly, basis. According to Sean Mills, then-president of The Onion, the A. V, Club website received more than 1 million unique visitors for the first time in October 2007. In late 2009, the website was reported as receiving over 1.4 million unique visitors and 75,000 comments per month, the offending review was removed from The A. V. Club, and then-editor Keith Phipps posted an apology on the website, leonard Pierce, the author of the review, was terminated from his freelance role with the website. At its peak, the print version of The A. V, Club was available in 17 different cities. Localized sections of the website were also maintained, with reviews and news relevant to specific cities, the print version and localized websites were gradually discontinued alongside the print version of The Onion, and in December 2013, publication ceased in the final three markets. On 13 December,2012, long-time writer and editor Keith Phipps and he stated, Onion, Inc. and I have come to a mutual parting of the ways. On 2 April,2013, longtime editor and critic Scott Tobias stepped down from his role as film editor of The A. V. Club stating via Twitter, After 15 great years @theavclub, I step down as Film Editor next Friday. In the comments section of the announcing the departures, writer Noel Murray announced he would also be joining their project. On 30 May,2013, it was announced that the six writers would be a part of the staff of The Dissolve. In April and June 2014, senior staff writers Kyle Ryan, Sonia Saraiya and Todd VanDerWerff left the website for positions at Entertainment Weekly, Salon and Vox Media, in 2015, Ryan returned to Onion, Inc. for a position in development
16.
Macbeth
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Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I and it was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is his shortest tragedy. A brave Scottish general named Macbeth receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland, consumed by ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the Scottish throne for himself. He is then wracked with guilt and paranoia, forced to commit more and more murders to protect himself from enmity and suspicion, he soon becomes a tyrannical ruler. The bloodbath and consequent civil war swiftly take Macbeth and Lady Macbeth into the realms of madness, the events of the tragedy are usually associated with the execution of Henry Garnet for complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. In the backstage world of theatre, some believe that the play is cursed, over the course of many centuries, the play has attracted some of the most renowned actors to the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. It has been adapted to film, television, opera, novels, comics, the play opens amidst thunder and lightning, and the Three Witches decide that their next meeting shall be with Macbeth. Macbeth, the Kings kinsman, is praised for his bravery, in the following scene, Macbeth and Banquo discuss the weather and their victory. As they wander onto a heath, the Three Witches enter, though Banquo challenges them first, they address Macbeth, hailing him as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and that he shall be King hereafter. Macbeth appears to be stunned to silence, when Banquo asks of his own fortunes, the witches respond paradoxically, saying that he will be less than Macbeth, yet happier, less successful, yet more. He will father a line of kings though he himself will not be one, while the two men wonder at these pronouncements, the witches vanish, and another thane, Ross, arrives and informs Macbeth of his newly bestowed title, Thane of Cawdor. The first prophecy is fulfilled, and Macbeth, previously skeptical. King Duncan welcomes and praises Macbeth and Banquo, and declares that he spend the night at Macbeths castle at Inverness. Macbeth sends a message ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, Lady Macbeth suffers none of her husbands uncertainty and wishes him to murder Duncan in order to obtain kingship. When Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husbands objections by challenging his manhood and he and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncans two chamberlains drunk so that they will black out, the next morning they will blame the chamberlains for the murder. They will be defenseless as they remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and he is so shaken that Lady Macbeth has to take charge
17.
Macbeth (character)
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Lord Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis, is the title character and titular main protagonist turned primary antagonist of William Shakespeares Macbeth. The character is based on the historical king Macbeth of Scotland, and is derived largely from the account in Holinsheds Chronicles, the play was written for King James I of England and King James V of Scotland. Macbeth is a Scottish noble and a valiant military man, after a supernatural prophecy, and at the urging of his wife, Lady Macbeth, he commits regicide and becomes King of Scotland. He thereafter lives in anxiety and fear, unable to rest or to trust his nobles and he leads a reign of terror until defeated by his former ally Macduff. The throne is then restored to the heir, the murdered King Duncans son. Shakespeares version of Macbeth is based upon Macbeth of Scotland, as found in the narratives of the Kings Duff, Macbeth and Banquo wander onto a heath following the conflict, where they encounter three witches who greet them with prophecies. They address Macbeth first, hailing him as Thane of Glamis and Cawdor, as the witches disappear, Ross arrives and presents Macbeth with his new title, but it becomes apparent that Macbeth has already begun to consider murdering Duncan and taking his place as king. Macbeth becomes fixated on the prophecy, ignoring Banquos advice that “oftentimes to win us to our harm these instruments of darkness tell us truths…to betray us in deepest consequence”, when he returns home, Lady Macbeth tries to convince him to kill Duncan. Macbeth at first refuses but changes his mind when she accuses him of cowardice, giving in to his ambition, he kills Duncan and plants evidence of the regicide on two guards, whom he also kills. He hears voices that say “Macbeth shall sleep no more and he acknowledges that only the innocent sleep and that sleep is “the balm of hurt minds”. The kings sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, fear they will be blamed for Duncans death, Macbeth becomes a tyrant, brutally stamping out any real or perceived threats to his power. He believes himself to be beyond redemption, “in blood steppd in so far, returning were as tedious as go oer”. Macbeth decides to hire two murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance, with a Third Murderer sent later to assist, Banquo is murdered, but Fleance survives. Macbeth goes to the witches for counsel, and they tell him that he not be defeated until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane. Macbeth takes this to mean that he is invincible, nevertheless, Macbeth decides to get rid of Macduff and sends assassins to kill him and his entire family. Macduff escapes harm, but his wife, her young son, Macduff swears revenge and joins forces with Malcolm to overthrow Macbeth. In Act V, Lady Macbeth is overcome with guilt, she dies, now completely alone, Macbeth laments that life is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Beaten but still defiant, Macbeth declares, Lay on Macduff, in the ensuing duel, Macduff kills Macbeth and cuts off his head
18.
Lady Macbeth
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Lady Macbeth is a character in Shakespeares Macbeth. She is the wife of the plays antagonist, Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman, after goading him into committing regicide, she becomes Queen of Scotland, but later suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide, according to some genealogists, Lady Macbeth and King Duncans wife were siblings or cousins, where Duncans wife had a stronger claim to the throne than Lady Macbeth. It was this that incited her jealousy and hatred of Duncan, the characters origins lie of the accounts of Kings Duff and Duncan in Holinsheds Chronicles, a history of Britain familiar to Shakespeare. Lady Macbeth is a presence in the play, most notably in the first two acts. Following the murder of King Duncan, however, her role in the plot diminishes and she becomes an uninvolved spectator to Macbeths plotting, and a nervous hostess at a banquet dominated by her husbands hallucinations. Her fifth act sleepwalking scene is a point in the play. Has become a familiar to many speakers of the English language. The report of her late in the fifth act provides the inspiration for Macbeths Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow speech. Analysts see in the character of Lady Macbeth the conflict between femininity and masculinity, as they are impressed in cultural norms. Lady Macbeth suppresses her instincts toward compassion, motherhood, and fragility — associated with femininity — in favour of ambition, ruthlessness, and this conflict colours the entire drama, and sheds light on gender-based preconceptions from Shakespearean England to the present. In the account of King Duff, one of his captains, Donwald, Donwald then considers regicide at the setting on of his wife, who showed him the means whereby he might soonest accomplish it. Donwald abhors such an act, but perseveres at the nagging of his wife, after plying the Kings servants with food and drink and letting them fall asleep, the couple admit their confederates to the Kings room, where they then commit the regicide. The murder of Duff has its motivation in revenge, rather than ambition, not found in Holinshed are the invocation to the spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, the sleepwalking scene, and various details found in the drama concerning the death of Macbeth. Although Macbeths wife can be traced to a counterpart, Queen Gruoch of Scotland. Lady Macbeth makes her first appearance late in scene five of the first act, when King Duncan becomes her overnight guest, Lady Macbeth seizes the opportunity to effect his murder. The King retires after a night of feasting, Lady Macbeth drugs his attendants and lays daggers ready for the commission of the crime. Macbeth kills the sleeping King while Lady Macbeth waits nearby, when he brings the daggers from the Kings room, his Lady orders him to return them to the scene of the crime
19.
Consolidated Works
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It incorporated an art gallery, theater, cinema, and music/dance/lecture hall, as well as studio spaces for artists and a bar and lounge. The center was founded in 1997 by Matthew Richter, Richter had previously worked at Seattles alternative newspaper The Stranger as theatre editor. Funding came from grants, donations, and corporate sponsorship, Richter became the centers Executive Director, with Meg Shiffler becoming Director of Visual Art until 2003. The center opened in 1999, working from premises on Terry Avenue for three years. ConWorks renovated facility at 500 Boren Avenue North opened on 13 September 2002, the refit of the 35,000 sq ft warehouse, built in 1948, cost almost half a million dollars. To this end, its presentations offered high profile artists like Andy Warhol alongside emerging talent and this policy of encouraging young creative professionals also included an Artist-in-Residence program. As well as mounting its own productions and exhibitions, the center also hosted touring events - for example, the Curiously Strong contemporary art program and the popular 14/48 theater show. Richters vision was one of experimentalism, and he argued that if the quality of the programming was always of a strong finished caliber, on February 8,2005, the board of Consolidated Works dismissed Richter, the co-founder and Executive Director. The president of the board, Robb Krieg, did not reveal the reasons for the firing, richters dismissal caused consternation in the Seattle arts community. A 36-signature petition was presented to the board, signed by senior figures in local institutions. In September 2005 the board announced that Corey Pearlstein, a producer with a performing arts background had been named to the position, at the time of this writing, the company was preparing to open a major world premiere by Seattle-based, internationally known kinetic sculptor Trimpin. ConWorks has begun looking for new accommodations, on December 7,2006, the Seattle Times reported that ConWorks would close by the end of the year. Official site States of the site from November 27,1999 to October 4,2006 are available on the Internet Archive
20.
Equus (play)
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Equus is a play by Peter Shaffer written in 1973, telling the story of a psychiatrist who attempts to treat a young man who has a pathological religious fascination with horses. Shaffer was inspired to write Equus when he heard of a crime involving a 17-year-old who blinded six horses in a town near Suffolk. He set out to construct a fictional account of what might have caused the incident, the original stage production ran at the National Theatre in London between 1973 and 1975, directed by John Dexter. Alec McCowen played Dysart, and Peter Firth played Alan Strang, later came the Broadway productions that starred Anthony Hopkins as Dysart and from the London production, Peter Firth as Alan. When Firth left for Broadway, Dai Bradley took over the role of Alan in the London production, tom Hulce replaced Firth during the Broadway run. The Broadway production ran for 1,209 performances, marian Seldes appeared in every single performance of the Broadway run, first in the role of Hesther and then as Dora. Shaffer also adapted his play for a 1977 film of the same name, numerous other issues inform the narrative. Most important are religious and ritual sacrifice themes, and the manner in which character Alan Strang constructs a personal theology involving the horses, Alan sees the horses as representative of God and confuses his adoration of his God with sexual attraction. Also important is Shaffers examination of the conflict between values and satisfaction and societal mores, expectations and institutions. In reference to the classical structure, themes and characterisation. Martin Dysart is a psychiatrist in a mental hospital and he begins with a monologue in which he outlines the case of 17-year-old Alan Strang, who blinded six horses. He also divulges his feeling that his occupation is not all that he wishes it to be and his feelings of dissatisfaction and he comments that Alan Strangs crime was extreme but adds that just such extremity is needed to break free from the chains of existence. A court magistrate, Hesther Saloman, visits Dysart, believing that he has the skills to help Alan come to terms with what he did. At the hospital, Dysart has a deal of difficulty making any kind of headway with Alan. Dysart reveals a dream he has had, in a Grecian/Homeric setting, Dysart slices open the viscera of hundreds of children, and pulls out their entrails. He becomes disgusted with what he is doing, but desiring to look professional to the other officials and he learns that, from an early age, Alan has been receiving conflicting viewpoints on religion from his parents. Alans mother, Dora, is a devout Christian who has read to him daily from the Bible and this practice has antagonized Alans father Frank, a non-believer. Slowly, Dysart makes contact with Alan by playing a game each of them asks a question
21.
Letters from the Earth
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Letters from the Earth is a posthumously published work of celebrated American author Mark Twain. It comprises essays written during a time in Twains life. The content concerns morality and religion and strikes a sarcastic — Twains own term throughout the book — tone, henry Nash Smith helped change her position in 1960. Clara explained her change of heart in 1962 saying that Mark Twain belonged to the world and she was also influenced to release the papers by her annoyance with Soviet reports that her fathers ideas were being suppressed in the United States. The papers were selected, edited and sequenced for the book in 1939 by Bernard DeVoto, Letters from the Earth consists of a series of commentaries in essay and short story form. Many of these pieces express Twains discomfort with and disdain for Christianity, Letters from the Earth was written after the deaths of Twains daughter Suzy and of his wife Olivia. Textual references make clear that sections, at least, of Letters from the Earth were written shortly before his death in April 1910, however, the following excerpt appears in a discussion of the Palestinian town of Nablous, in The Innocents Abroad. This passage was more than four decades before his death, in 1867 or 1868. A stage adaptation of Letters from the Earth by Dan Savage was produced in Seattle in 2003, letter VIII on the law of God expressed by each genders physical construction, The Mysterious Stranger Full text of Letters from the Earth
22.
Mark Twain
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter and he later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the short story brought international attention and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of financial setbacks. He chose to pay all his creditors in full, even though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after an appearance of Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would go out with it as well and he was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823, Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only three of his siblings survived childhood, Orion, Henry, and Pamela and his sister Margaret died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. His brother Pleasant died at six months of age, slavery was legal in Missouri at the time, and it became a theme in these writings. His father was an attorney and judge, but he died of pneumonia in 1847, the next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printers apprentice. In 1851, he working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the Hannibal Journal. He educated himself in libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes his boyhood in Life on the Mississippi, stating there was but one permanent ambition among his comrades. Pilot was the grandest position of all, the pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary – from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. As Twain describes it, the pilots prestige exceeded that of the captain, bixby took Twain on as a cub pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twains first wages after graduating. It was more than two years before he received his pilots license, piloting gave also him his pen name from mark twain, the leadsmans cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat
23.
Illinois Wesleyan University
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Illinois Wesleyan University is an independent undergraduate liberal arts college located in Bloomington, Illinois. Founded in 1850, the portion of the present campus was acquired in 1854 with the first building erected in 1856. It offers over 80 majors, minors and programs in the arts, business, the fine arts, nursing. The Universitys mission is to foster the liberal arts of creativity, character. Its motto – Scientia et sapientia, or Knowledge and wisdom – was coined by famed explorer, Illinois Wesleyan University was founded in 1850 by a diverse group of 30 civic and religious leaders who came together to establish an Institution of learning of Collegiate grade. When a sponsor was needed, the founders gained support from the United Methodist Church, while maintaining its Methodist affiliation, Illinois Wesleyan is independent in its governance. The University mission statement includes commitment to diversity, a pioneer of using field work in teaching science, Powell in 1867 took Illinois Wesleyan students to Colorados mountains – one of the first expeditions of its kind in U. S. higher education. The liberal arts and sciences have been at the foundation of Illinois Wesleyans curriculum since its inception, on May 15,2009, the University announced the beginning of its Transforming Lives fundraising campaign. The Transforming Lives campaign ended July 31,2014 and raised over $141 million, Illinois Wesleyan is an independent, residential, liberal arts university with an approximate enrollment of 1,900. It offers over 80 majors, minors and programs, the university maintains a low student/faculty ratio of 11 to 1, with an average class size of 17 Also,9 in 10 IWU students receive a scholarship or need-based assistance. Illinois Wesleyan is ranked as one of the best values in the nation, Illinois Wesleyan is also a member of the Annapolis Group and its strong foundations in the liberal arts have earned it chapters in the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi honor societies. Illinois Wesleyans campus occupies approximately 82 acres a short walk north from downtown Bloomington in central Illinois, IWUs School of Nursing was established in 1959. Applicants apply directly to the School of Nursing and typically graduate in 4 years with a BSN, the course work emphasizes clinical placement and individualized education and experience. Bachelors degree programs are offered in three Colleges, College of Liberal Arts College of Fine Arts School of Nursing Illinois Wesleyans Ames Library was completed in 2002 and it contains over 368,000 volumes spread over five floors. The Ames Library also houses 8 sets of stained glass panels originally from Pembroke College at Oxford University, among the special collections are the papers of former U. S. Arends, the Gernon collection of first editions of detective fiction and mysteries, construction cost $25.7 million, Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbot were the principal architects. Illinois Wesleyan offers a May Term course option, the University refers to it as a 4–4–1 system. This allows any student who has completed a full course-load in either the Spring or Fall Semesters of that year to enroll in a May Term class
24.
KEXP-FM
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KEXP-FM is a public radio station based in Seattle, Washington, that specializes in alternative and indie rock programmed by its disc jockeys. Its broadcasting license is owned by Friends of KEXP, an independent 501 organization, since then, KEXP has operated independently by Friends of KEXP. Live, in-studio performances by artists are regularly scheduled. In addition to HD FM radio, the station is streamed on the Internet, KEXPs streaming costs are covered by the University of Washington, which also provides most of the Internet technology used by the station. KEXP is often a testing ground for the universitys Computing and Communications Department, Music licensing fees associated with internet radio are covered by the stations affiliation with National Public Radio. The association and financial help by two organizations have allowed KEXP to experiment with its online offerings. Groundwork for the station that would eventually become KEXP began in 1971, started by University of Washington undergraduates John Kean, Cliff Noonan, Victoria Fiedler, and Brent Wilcox. KUOW-FM, then a radio station, now an NPR affiliate, had recently made some cutbacks that had removed most opportunities for student involvement in the station. The four students convinced the Communications Department to provide space and a budget with which they bought turntables, tape cartridges. They built their own console cabinets, successfully petitioned the UW and the FCC for a frequency and a license, the 10-watt signal barely reached the Ave. In 1972, the station started operations as KCMU, an album rock station staffed by University of Washington students that broadcast at 90.5 FM to the UW campus. The CMU in its call letters referred to the abbreviation of the campuss Communications Building, in 1981, under the direction of Jon Kertzer, KCMU began soliciting donations from listeners after the UWs budget was cut. KCMU played mostly indie rock, but also was the first station to play rap artists like Grandmaster Flash, throughout the late 1980s, the station tapped into Seattles burgeoning music scene. Members of local bands Soundgarden and Mudhoney worked as volunteer DJs, during these years, Billboard Magazine called KCMU one of the most influential commercial-free stations in the country. In 1982, the power increased to 182 watts, allowing it to be heard outside the University District. From 1983–1985, Kerry Loewen, former manager at KFJC, was station manager. In late 1985 Chris Knab, who co-founded the record label 415 Records and was an owner of Aquarius Records in San Francisco, sold his interest in 415 Records. Mr. Knab moved the station away from alternative rock-only programming, adding jazz, hip hop, world music, in 1986, KCMU switched frequencies to 90.3 FM and increased its transmitter signal to 400 watts, increasing its broadcast radius to 15 miles
25.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
26.
Savage U
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Savage U is an American talk show series on MTV. The series debuted on April 3,2012, the series follows Dan Savage and Lauren Hutchinson as they travel to different colleges across the United States. In each episode, there is an open Q&A session where Savage, within the episodes, Savage has a one-on-one session with various students who have issues that encase deeper relationship problems. Official website Savage U on IMDb at the Internet Movie Database
27.
This American Life
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This American Life is an American weekly hour-long radio program produced by WBEZ and hosted by Ira Glass. It is broadcast on public radio stations in the United States and internationally. Primarily a journalistic non-fiction program, it has also featured essays, memoirs, field recordings, short fiction, the first episode aired on November 17,1995, under the shows original title, Your Radio Playhouse. The series was distributed by Public Radio International until June 2014, a television program of the same name ran for two seasons on the Showtime cable network between June 2007 and May 2008. Each weeks show has a theme, explored in several acts, on occasion, an entire program will consist of a single act. The most acts were in the episode 20 Acts in 60 Minutes, each act is produced by a combination of staff and freelance contributors. Programs usually begin with a station identification by Glass who then introduces a segment related to the theme which precedes act one. The segment will then lead into the presentation of the theme for that weeks show, stories are often told as first-person narratives. The mood of the ranges from gloomy to ironic, from thought-provoking to humorous. The show often addresses current events, such as Hurricane Katrina in After the Flood, often This American Life features stories which explore aspects of human nature, such as Kid Logic, which presented pieces on the reasoning of children. Glass has stated he is obligated to mention both station WBEZ, and previously, distributor PRI three times in the course of the show. Glass, the creator, has served as executive producer and host since its November 17,1995. The programs first year was produced on a budget that was even by US public-radio standards. A budget of $243,000 covered an outfitted studio, marketing costs, purchased satellite time, National syndication began in June 1996 when Public Radio International formed a distribution partnership with the program. It airs on 509 PRI affiliate stations in the United States reaching an estimated 2.1 million listeners each week, the show is also carried on Sirius XM Satellite Radio over the Public Radio International block on the XM Public Radio channel. The program consistently rates as the first- or second-most downloaded podcast on iTunes for each week, originally titled Your Radio Playhouse, a local show on WBEZ, the programs name was changed beginning with the March 21,1996 episode. It was picked up nationally by PRI in June 1996, the reference to each segment of the show as an act is a holdover from its original playhouse theme. The program helped launch the careers of many, including contributing editor Sarah Vowell and essayists David Rakoff
28.
Out (magazine)
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Out is an LGBT fashion, entertainment, and lifestyle magazine, with the highest circulation of any LGBT monthly publication in the United States. It presents itself in a manner similar to Details, Esquire. Out was owned by Robert Hardman of Boston, its investor, until 2000, when he sold it to LPI Media. In 2008, PlanetOut Inc. sold LPI Media to Regent Entertainment Media, Inc. a division of Here Media, Out was founded by Michael Goff in 1992 as editor in chief and president. The executive editor was Sarah Pettit, when Scott joined Out, the company had annual revenues of less than $4 million and expenses of $7 million. Scott changed Outs LGBT focus, arguing that gay men and lesbians had little in other than political and legal issues. He fired Pettit and hired James Collard, editor of Attitude, audited circulation grew by 67 percent to over 130,000 and the household income of the average Out reader, as measured by MRI, grew from $70,000 a year to $90,000 a year. Three years after Scott took control of Out, it had tripled its revenue and those changes positioned the publication for a sale by Hardman to LPI Media in 2000. In 2001 the circulation was 100,000, by 2006, when the magazine was acquired by PlanetOut, Outs circulation had reached 130,000. Some lesbians have criticized Out for primarily focusing on gay men, a writer for the website After Ellen noted that in 2008, no lesbians were featured on the magazines cover, and that only 22% of the persons featured in the Out 100 were lesbians. In 2008, Out, along with its sister publication The Advocate, was purchased by Here Media Inc, since acquiring the brand, Here Media has expanded the magazine’s web presence, OUT. com, and added a mobile application. On April 18,2012, it was announced that a newly formed company, Grand Editorial, Out editor-in-chief Aaron Hicklin founded Grand. Although the in-house editorial department was eliminated, Hicklin said that he would hire most of the staff back as contracted freelancers. In 2013, Here Media and Out hosted the 19th annual OUT100 event in New York City at Terminal 5, the annual event celebrates the compelling people who have had a hand in moving forward LGBT rights. Out introduced a Reader’s Choice Award in 2013 in addition to its editorially curated list of the top 100 honorees, official website - www. out. com Corporate website - www. heremedia. com
29.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
30.
Real Time with Bill Maher
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Real Time with Bill Maher is a talk show that airs weekly on HBO, hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher. Much like his previous series Politically Incorrect on ABC, Real Time features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics, additionally, many guests appear via satellite. Real Time is a weekly program with a studio audience. It originates from Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in addition, a 10- to 15-minute Overtime segment quickly follows the show on YouTube which answers questions posted by viewers through HBOs online website for the show. Prior to 2009, approximately 12 new weekly episodes aired from February to early May, in 2009, the show began airing as one continuous season. HBO has renewed Real Time through 2018, for its 15th and 16th seasons, the format of the show usually features an opening current events or political skit, followed by the credits and a comedy monologue. Maher then interviews an important figure via satellite or in-studio before sitting down with three panel guests for an extensive debate, halfway through the panel session, Maher does a comedy skit that usually satirizes current news items. Following the comedy bit, Maher interviews another figure via satellite or in-studio, the format varies, with two or three people on the interview panel. Maher explains that the format is not rigid and that they prefer live interviews to satellite interviews, near the end of every episode, Maher has a segment called New Rules which serves as a humorous editorial on popular culture and American politics. The final New Rule segues into Mahers closing editorial monologue, since the show airs on HBO, the participants do not have to restrict their language to conform to the broadcast standards that existed on Politically Incorrect. Also, pictures shown on New Rules sometimes have nudity or uncensored images, in the first season, Paul F. Tompkins was featured as a correspondent. Also, every episode would end with a performance by a stand-up comedian, the segments featuring Tompkins and comedians were dropped after the tenth episode. Viewers were also able to call into the show in the first season and ask questions over the air. Starting with episode 67 in February 2006, audio-only episodes were available as a free podcast via the iTunes Store. The podcasts also feature material cut from the show but taped during the studio rehearsal, during the fall of 2006, Maher began hosting a live chat on HBOs website following each broadcast, usually including some of the show guests. Viewers are invited to submit prior to and during the original telecast for Maher. It is also available on the shows YouTube channel, the opening sequence begins with a spoken phrase from the Los Angeles speaking clock, featuring an Joanne Daniels as the time lady saying Good Afternoon. The theme song is composed by Christopher Kid Reid and his voice is heard saying Start the clock, Real Time and Bill Maher
31.
MSNBC
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MSNBC is an American basic cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. The network also carries a nightly programming block during prime time hours. It is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal, MSNBC and msnbc. com were founded in 1996 as a partnership between Microsoft and General Electrics NBC unit, hence the networks naming. As of February 2015, approximately 94,531,000 households have the ability to receive MSNBC within the United States of America, in the late summer of 2015, MSNBC revamped its programming. The moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network, along with this, moves were made to sharpen the channels news image through a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News. MSNBC Live, the flagship daytime news platform was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day. Phil Griffin currently serves as the president and director of operations at the cable network. Pat Burkey, Janelle Rodriguez, and Jonathan Wald oversee programming and news operations at the network, MSNBC was established by NBC executive Tom Rogers. Rogers was instrumental in developing the partnership with Microsoft, which invested $221 million for a 50% share of the cable channel. MSNBC and Microsoft would share the cost of a $200 million newsroom in Secaucus, New Jersey, the network took over the channel space of NBCs 18-month-old Americas Talking network, though in most cases cable carriage had to be negotiated with providers who never carried AT. MSNBC was launched on July 15,1996, the first show, which was anchored by Jodi Applegate, broadcast a lineup of news, interviews, and opinions. Stories were generally longer and more detailed than the running on CNN at the time. NBC also highlighted their broadcast connections by airing stories direct from the NBC network affiliates, gradually, MSNBC began to put more emphasis on politics. The Project for Excellence in Journalism found in 2007 after a survey of cable channels that MSNBC is moving to make politics a brand, with a large dose of opinion. In January 2001, Mike Barnicle got a show on MSNBC, in June, in a sign of continuing trouble at MSNBC, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said that he would not have started MSNBC if he knew then what he knows now. After the September 11,2001 attacks, MSNBC served as an outlet for NBC News to provide up-to-the-minute coverage, CNBC and CNBC Europe, with little financial news to report, ran MSNBC for many hours of the day following the attacks. The year also boosted the profile of Ashleigh Banfield, who was present during the collapse of Building 7 while covering the World Trade Center on September 11 and her Region In Conflict program capitalized on her newfound celebrity and showcased exclusive interviews from Afghanistan. NBC would have the option, which it exercised, to buy the remaining 18% share of the television from Microsoft after two years
32.
Countdown with Keith Olbermann
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Countdown with Keith Olbermann was an hour-long weeknight news and political commentary program hosted by Keith Olbermann that aired on MSNBC from 2003–2011 and Current TV from 2011–2012. The show presented five selected news stories of the day, with commentary by Olbermann, at the start of Countdown, Olbermann told television columnist Lisa de Moraes, Our charge for the immediate future is to stay out of the way of the news. We will not be screwing around with it, as times improve and the war ends we will begin to introduce more and more elements familiar to my style. The show was known for Olbermanns fast-paced rhetoric, historical and pop culture references, Olbermann melded news stories, both serious and light, with commentary, much of it critical of Republicans and conservative politics. The show has been the source of controversy due to criticisms, as well as the hosts ongoing commentary against Fox News and his feud with its leading primetime personality. During the January 21,2011, edition of Countdown, Olbermann announced that it would be his last appearance on the show, the New York Times reported the following day that Olbermann had negotiated his exit from MSNBC, with a secret deal. On March 30,2012, Current TV terminated its relationship with Olbermann, Countdown with Keith Olbermann debuted as Countdown, Iraq on March 31,2003, hosted by NBC anchor Lester Holt, the program featured live updates on the then-unfolding War in Iraq. Countdown was broadcast at 8,00 p. m. on weekday nights, olbermann—who left MSNBC in the late 1990s—returned to the network around this time and replaced Holt, becoming the permanent host for the renamed Countdown with Keith Olbermann. The show did not feature political commentary in its first few years and he criticized Fox and OReilly for purportedly deceiving their viewers in service to their alleged right-wing biases, frequently including the latter in Countdowns Worst Person in the World segment. OReilly and other Fox personalities accused MSNBC of facilitating a liberal media bias, while further Special Comments were directed at members of the Republican Party, Olbermann occasionally targeted Democrats as well. Issues addressed in the Special Comments dealt with the Bush Administrations foreign and domestic policies, mainly the wars in Iraq, Olbermanns Special Comments were compared to Edward R. Murrows signature essays. On two occasions, guest hosts for Countdown proved popular enough to be given their own MSNBC shows, in 2008, Air America Radio personality Rachel Maddow hosted Countdown in Olbermanns absence, leading to the debut of her own program, The Rachel Maddow Show. In 2009, left-wing political analyst Lawrence ODonnell hosted Countdown for an extended period, subsequent guest hosts included progressive radio hosts Cenk Uygur and Sam Seder, Obama biographer Richard Wolffe, journalist Chris Hayes, and DNC chairman Howard Dean. On October 28,2010, five days before the 2010 U. S, on the January 21,2011, episode of Countdown, Olbermann abruptly announced that the show would be his final MSNBC broadcast. Olbermann thanked viewers, producers, and technical staff for his shows eight-year success, however, he did not thank Griffin or NBC News president Steve Capus. Neither Olbermann nor MSNBC divulged the reason for the cancellation, statements from MSNBC and Comcast denied this allegation. Media critic Howard Kurtz, former MSNBC anchor David Shuster, in subsequent interviews, Olbermann went into greater detail about the circumstances surrounding his exit from MSNBC. He further stated there were lots of people who were forced to choose sides over his presence at MSNBC
33.
CNN
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The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
34.
Same-sex marriage
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Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is marriage between people of the same sex, either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting. In the late 20th century, religious rites of marriage without legal recognition became increasingly common, the first law providing for marriage of people of the same sex in modern times was enacted in 2001 in the Netherlands. Polls show rising support for legally recognizing same-sex marriage in the Americas, Australia, however, as of 2017, South Africa is the only African country where same-sex marriage is recognized. No country in Asia legally recognizes same-sex marriage ceremonies performed under its jurisdiction, same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights. Various faith communities around the world support allowing those of the sex to marry. Court documents filed by American scientific associations also state that singling out gay men and women as ineligible for marriage both stigmatizes and invites public discrimination against them, opponents of the legalization of same-sex marriage sometimes characterize it as redefining marriage or redefined marriage, especially in the United States. Associated Press style recommends the usages marriage for gays and lesbians or in space-limited headlines gay marriage with no hyphen, the Associated Press warns that the construct gay marriage can imply that marriages of same-sex couples are somehow legally different from those of mixed-sex couples. Anthropologists have struggled to determine a definition of marriage that absorbs commonalities of the social construct across cultures around the world. Many proposed definitions have been criticized for failing to recognize the existence of same-sex marriage in some cultures, including in more than 30 African cultures, such as the Kikuyu, the Oxford English Dictionary has recognized same-sex marriage since 2000. In the United States, the press has generally abandoned this practice. Cliff Kincaid of the conservative Accuracy in Media argued for use of marks on the grounds that marriage was a legal status denied same-sex couples by most U. S. state governments. Same-sex marriage supporters argue that the use of quotes is an editorialization that implies illegitimacy. Rather, anthropological research supports the conclusion that a vast array of types, including families built upon same-sex partnerships, can contribute to stable. Institutional discrimination is characterized by societal-level conditions that limit the opportunities, Gay activist Jonathan Rauch has argued that marriage is good for all men, whether homosexual or heterosexual, because engaging in its social roles reduces mens aggression and promiscuity. The American Psychological Association stated in 2004, in 2009, a pair of economists at Emory University tied the passage of state bans on same-sex marriage in the US to an increase in the rates of HIV infection. The study linked the passage of a same-sex marriage ban in a state to an increase in the annual HIV rate within that state of roughly 4 cases per 100,000 population. More than 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between sexual orientation and any measure of a childs emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment. These data have demonstrated no risk to children as a result of growing up in a family with 1 or more gay parents, conscientious and nurturing adults, whether they are men or women, heterosexual or homosexual, can be excellent parents
35.
Do I Sound Gay?
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Other figures participating in the film include Dan Savage, George Takei, David Sedaris, Tim Gunn, and Margaret Cho, as well as University of Toronto linguist Ron Smyth. The film was funded in part by a Kickstarter campaign in the spring of 2014, at the end of its run, six weeks later on August 20, the film had expanded to 18 theaters and grossed $108,620 domestically. The film received reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 82% of 38 reviews were positive, the sites consensus states, Do I Sound Gay. proves to be a light, affable, entertaining look at a largely unexplored issue. On Metacritic, the film has a 65 out of 100 rating, based on 16 critics, the film was first runner-up for the Peoples Choice Award for Best Documentary at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. Gay lisp Do I Sound Gay. at the Internet Movie Database Do I Sound Gay. at Box Office Mojo Do I Sound Gay. at Rotten Tomatoes Do I Sound Gay. at Metacritic
36.
Stereotype
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In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality, however, this is only a fundamental psychological definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and spanning across other disciplines, there are different conceptualizations, some of these definitions share commonalities, though each one may also harbor unique aspects that may contradict the others. The term stereotype derives from the Greek words στερεός, firm, solid and τύπος, impression, the term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate printing plate, or the stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original, outside of printing, the first reference to stereotype was in 1850, as a noun that meant image perpetuated without change. However, it was not until 1922 that stereotype was first used in the psychological sense by American journalist Walter Lippmann in his work Public Opinion. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are understood as related but different concepts, although related, the three concepts can exist independently of each other. Studies of stereotype content examine what people think of others, rather than the reasons, early theories of stereotype content proposed by social psychologists such as Gordon Allport assumed that stereotypes of outgroups reflected uniform antipathy. For instance, Katz and Braly argued in their classic 1933 study that ethnic stereotypes were uniformly negative, by contrast, a newer model of stereotype content theorizes that stereotypes are frequently ambivalent and vary along two dimensions, warmth and competence. Warmth and competence are respectively predicted by lack of competition and status, groups that do not compete with the in-group for the same resources are perceived as warm, whereas high-status groups are considered competent. The groups within each of the four combinations of high and low levels of warmth, the model explains the phenomenon that some out-groups are admired but disliked, whereas others are liked but disrespected. This model was tested on a variety of national and international samples and was found to reliably predict stereotype content. Early studies suggested that stereotypes were only used by rigid, repressed, stereotyping can serve cognitive functions on an interpersonal level, and social functions on an intergroup level. For stereotyping to function on a level, an individual must see themselves as part of a group. Craig McGarty, Russell Spears, and Vincent Y, Yzerbyt argued that the cognitive functions of stereotyping are best understood in relation to its social functions, and vice versa. Stereotypes can help make sense of the world and they are a form of categorization that helps to simplify and systematize information. Thus, information is easily identified, recalled, predicted. Stereotypes are categories of objects or people, between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible
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