1.
Tony Hillerman
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Anthony Grove Tony Hillerman was an award-winning American author of detective novels and non-fiction works best known for his Navajo Tribal Police mystery novels. Several of his works have been adapted as big-screen and television movies, Tony Hillerman was born in Sacred Heart, Oklahoma to August Alfred Hillerman, a farmer and shopkeeper, and his wife, Lucy Grove. He was the youngest of their three children, and the second son and his paternal grandparents were born in Germany, and his maternal grandparents were born in England. He grew up in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, attending elementary and he was a decorated combat veteran of World War II, serving from August 1943 to October 1945. He served as a mortar-man in the 103rd Infantry Division and he earned the Silver Star, the Bronze Star, and a Purple Heart. He attended the University of Oklahoma after the war, meeting Marie Unzner, the couple wed and have one biological child and five adopted children. From 1948–62, he worked as a journalist, moving to Santa Fe, in 1966, he moved his family to Albuquerque, where he earned a masters degree from the University of New Mexico. He taught journalism from 1966 to 1987 at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque and he lived there with his wife Marie until his death in 2008. At the time of his death, they had been married 60 years and had ten grandchildren, a consistently bestselling author, he was ranked as New Mexicos 22nd wealthiest man in 1996. He wrote 18 books in his Navajo series and he wrote more than 30 books total, among them a memoir and books about the Southwest, its beauty and its history. His literary honors were awarded for his Navajo books, Hillermans books have been translated into eight languages, among them Danish and Japanese. Hillermans writing is noted for the details he provides about his subjects, Hopi, Zuni, European-American, federal agents. His works in nonfiction and in fiction reflect his appreciation of the wonders of the American Southwest and his appreciation of its people. His mystery novels are set in the Four Corners area of New Mexico and Arizona, sometimes reaching into Colorado and Utah, with forays to the big cities of Washington. Los Angeles and New York City, the protagonists are Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee of the Navajo tribal police. Lt. Leaphorn was introduced in Hillermans first novel, The Blessing Way, Jim Chee was introduced in the fourth novel, People of Darkness. The two first work together in the novel, Skinwalkers, considered his breakout novel, with a distinct increase in sales with the two police officers working together. The Upfield novels began to be published in 1928 and featured a half-European, half-aboriginal Australian hero, bony worked with deep understanding of tribal traditions
2.
Jim Chee
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Jim Chee is one of two Navajo Tribal Police detectives in a series of mystery novels by Tony Hillerman. Jim Chee is a sergeant in the Navajo Tribal Police when we first meet him in People of Darkness, working in the Crownpoint. He has two sisters, and his mother and his mothers brother and her two sisters are still alive and part of his life. His uncle, Hosteen Frank Sam Nakai is frequently helpful to Chee, whose advice runs through Chees mind, from childhood on, Chee is remarked for his excellent memory, detailed and exact. Chees uncle has told him that he cannot actively choose to be Navajo until he understands the culture of the whites who surround and he is in this process of learning when he first asks Mary Landon out in People of Darkness. She is a schoolteacher at a primary school on the reservation. He is in love but slowly realizes that they never be compatible. At first, she wants him to give up many of his Navajo ways and live in her state, away from the Navajo people. Then, in The Ghostway, she realizes she does not want to change him, in Skinwalkers, she sends him a letter saying she is not returning to Crownpoint, but getting her masters degree in Wisconsin. Also in Skinwalkers, Chee meets Janet Pete, a half-Navajo, in Talking God, Mary Landon writes to Chee not to visit her again, and then they end their relationship by telephone. Also in Talking God, he spends the vacation meant to be in Wisconsin to visit Janet Pete and she followed her lover to Washington D. C. so she and Chee are just friends, thus far. Pete returns to the area in Coyote Waits, where their connection goes a step beyond friendship when she sees Chee in a new light after the case of Hosteen Ashie Pinto. Though this romance starts out strong, it, too, disintegrates, Janet cannot give up many of her ways, yet wants Chee to leave the reservation, in The Fallen Man. Eventually she betrays him in The First Eagle, and they part ways, Chees third, and final romance is with Bernadette Manuelito, a full-blooded Navajo and member of the Tribal Police. She works for Chee in Shiprock, learning to be a detective, in The Fallen Man and she transfers to another office because she has a crush on him. They marry at the conclusion of Skeleton Man, in The First Eagle, Chee learns that his uncle has lung cancer and does not have long to live, but gets advice from him on how best to deal with a Hopi man and to hunt an eagle. At the same time, Chees uncle Frank Sam Nakai tells him that to be a good shaman he must believe, Chee brings his uncle home from the hospital in Hunting Badger, so he can die at home as he wishes. Chees first reaction to these words is to think he may not be good enough, Chees education is similar to that of Lt. Leaphorn, as he studied anthropology at the University of New Mexico and attended a boarding high school, described in People of Darkness
3.
Joe Leaphorn
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The other officer is Jim Chee. Joe Leaphorn was born to Anna Gorman, whose father was Hosteen Klee Thlumie and his maternal grandfather told him the stories of the Navajo way of life. He was educated in the lower grades near home on the reservation and he thinks back often to his college days at Arizona State University, where he completed a masters degree in anthropology, writing a thesis paper. In addition to anthropology, he has a lifelong interest in the religions of American Indians. In the earlier books of the series, Lieutenant Leaphorn is married to the love of his life, in Skinwalkers, Leaphorn recalls meeting his wife at university. They have been married for thirty years, and he is preoccupied by her health problems, in A Thief of Time, when Leaphorns wife has died a few months earlier, he reflects on his marriage. Leaphorn had been funded to continue in anthropology, get his doctorate, then he met Emma on the campus, and married her. He found a job to them and keep them on the reservation where she wanted to live. He had the habit of trying out theories of people with her, a observer, as he solved his cases. Later, Leaphorn becomes attracted to an anthropologist named Louisa Bourbonette, Louisa sometimes helps in collecting information to solve cases, as she interviews older Indians of several tribes, in her professional pursuits of documenting the origin stories of each tribe. Leaphorn is always in love with Emma, but he enjoys Louisas sharp mind and he was perhaps 40 and a lieutenant in the first novel, so the early days of his career as a policeman are revealed as stories of the past in the novels. He is an officer for the Navajo, he is a Navajo, fluent in that language. Leaphorns approach to his cases is informed by some Navajo, or Dine, tradition, in Skinwalkers, Leaphorn has responsibilities to assign officers where they are needed for specific situations. The attraction of police work for him is the freedom to follow his curiosity to solve problems. He is skilled in tracking in the country where it can be months between rainfalls, and tracks are unchanged unless another crosses the path. He seeks the logic of each situation, Leaphorn is not one to do the sings of his own culture and is resistant to some Navajo taboos. But at the time, he realizes that many traditional Navajo follow those beliefs and often act on them. He holds a Navajo world view, with no expectation of heaven in the afterlife, instead a need to find his place in this life and lead his life well
4.
Detective fiction
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Detective fiction is a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which an investigator or a detective—either professional or amateur—investigates a crime, often murder. Some scholars have suggested that ancient and religious texts bear similarities to what would later be called detective fiction. In the Old Testament story of Susanna and the Elders, the account told by two breaks down when Daniel cross-examines them. In the play Oedipus Rex by Ancient Greek playwright Sophocles, the character discovers the truth about his origins after questioning various witnesses. The earliest known example of a story was The Three Apples, one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand. In this story, a fisherman discovers a heavy, locked chest along the Tigris river and he sells it to the Abbasid Caliph, when Harun breaks open the chest, he finds inside it, the dead body of a young woman who has been cut into pieces. Harun then orders his vizier, Jafar ibn Yahya, to solve the crime, suspense is generated through multiple plot twists that occur as the story progresses. This may thus be considered an archetype for detective fiction, the main difference between Jafar and later fictional detectives, such as Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot, is that Jafar has no actual desire to solve the case. The whodunit mystery is solved when the murderer himself confesses his crime and this in turn leads to another assignment in which Jafar has to find the culprit who instigated the murder within three days or else be executed. Gongan fiction （公案小说, literally：case records of a public law court）is the earliest known genre of Chinese detective fiction, some well known stories include the Yuan Dynasty story Circle of Chalk, the Ming Dynasty story collection Bao Gong An and the 18th century Di Gong An story collection. The latter was translated into English as Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee by Dutch sinologist Robert Van Gulik, the hero/detective of these novels is typically a traditional judge or similar official based on historical personages such as Judge Bao or Judge Dee. Although the historical characters may have lived in an earlier period most stories are written in the latter Ming or Qing period, Van Gulik chose Di Gong An to translate because it was in his view closer to the Western tradition and more likely to appeal to non-Chinese readers. One notable fact is that a number of Gong An works may have been lost or destroyed during the Literary Inquisitions and the wars in ancient China. Only little or incomplete case volumes can be found, for example, One of the earliest examples of detective fiction is Voltaires Zadig, which features a main character who performs feats of analysis. Things as They Are, or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams by William Godwin shows the law as protecting the murderer, das Fräulein von Scuderi, an 1819 short story by E. T. A. Auguste Dupin. Poe devised a plot formula thats been successful ever since, give or take a few shifting variables, Poe followed with further Auguste Dupin tales, The Mystery of Marie Rogêt in 1843 and The Purloined Letter in 1845. Poe referred to his stories as tales of ratiocination, early detective stories tended to follow an investigating protagonist from the first scene to the last, making the unraveling a practical rather than emotional matter. The Mystery of Marie Rogêt is particularly interesting because it is a fictionalized account based on Poes theory of what happened to the real-life Mary Cecilia Rogers
5.
Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico
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Zuni Pueblo is a census-designated place in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 6,302 as of the 2010 Census and it is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people. The first contact with Europeans occurred in 1539 in the ancient village of Hawikku when Esteban and it is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways. Zuni Pueblo is located at 35°4′10″N 108°50′48″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.8 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,367 people,1,488 households, the population density was 720.0 people per square mile. There were 1,622 housing units at a density of 183.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97. 03% Native American,2. 12% White,2. 01% Hispanic or Latino,0. 03% African American,0. 03% Asian,0. 30% from other races, and 0. 49% from two or more races. 9. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 1. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 4.26 and the average family size was 4.54. In the CDP, the population was out with 34. 7% under the age of 18,9. 8% from 18 to 24,32. 3% from 25 to 44,16. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 29 years, for every 100 females there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $22,559, and the median income for a family was $22,067. Males had an income of $18,345 versus $18,635 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,908, about 40. 0% of families and 43. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 49. 7% of those under age 18 and 41. 7% of those age 65 or over. The area is served by the nearby Black Rock Airport, Zuni Public Schools operates schools serving the community. The Zuni Public Library is located at 27 East Chavez Circle, in 1974 Dr. Lotsee Patterson and Ben Wakashige started a project to help tribal areas establish libraries. The Zuni library opened in 1975
6.
Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation
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It has a land area of 230.675 sq mi, over 95 percent of which is designated as off-reservation trust land. According to the 2000 census, the resident population is 2,167 persons, the Ramah Reservations land area is less than one percent of the Navajo Nations total area. Although part of the Navajo Nation, the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation has had an independent history from that of the other Navajo lands. The Ramah Navajo have been recorded in this area of New Mexico since 1540, in the years from 1868 through the 1960s, the Ramah Navajo acted independently of the Navajo Nation. Although part of the Navajo Nation since the 1960s, they accomplished some firsts and they founded the Pine Hill community with its Pine Hill Navajo School and health clinic. The Navajo on these lands were not eligible for the services and benefits provided by the governmental agencies, in 1979, the volunteer, Jan Crull, Jr. succeeded, securing Public Law 96-333. He also taught the Ramah Navajo how to obtain all mineral rights underlying the lands he had secured for them with Public Law 97-434. Ramah is unique from the rest of the Navajo Nation with having its own force and police district along with its own new detention center scheduled to open in 2015. Ramah is represented by George Apachito of Ramah who is one of the 24 Council Delegates who represents the nations 110 Chapters and he also Represents the two other satellite Chapters of Alamo and Tohajilee. The Crusader for this Campaign is Marlon Murphy Begay of Nahata Dziil who presented it with a Resolution, Ramah was the second Navajo Chapter to adopt this flag after Nahata Dziil on June 13,2014 Navajo Nation Chapter Website, Ramah
7.
Harper (publisher)
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Harper is an American publishing house, currently the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins. James Harper and his brother John, printers by training, started their book publishing business J. & J. Harper in 1817 and their two brothers, Joseph Wesley Harper and Fletcher Harper, joined them in the mid-1820s. The company changed its name to Harper & Brothers in 1833, the headquarters of the publishing house were located at 331 Pearl Street, facing Franklin Square in Lower Manhattan. Harper & Brothers began publishing Harpers New Monthly Magazine in 1850, the brothers also published Harpers Weekly, Harpers Bazar, and Harpers Young People. George B. M. Harvey became president of Harpers on Nov.16,1899, Harpers New Monthly Magazine ultimately became Harpers Magazine, which is now published by the Harpers Magazine Foundation. Harpers Weekly was absorbed by The Independent in 1916, which in turn merged with The Outlook in 1928, Harpers Bazar was sold to William Randolph Hearst in 1913 and is now Bazaar, published by the Hearst Corporation. In 1924, Cass Canfield joined Harper & Brothers and held a variety of positions until his death in 1986. In 1925, Eugene F. Saxton joined the company as an editor, in 1935, Edward Aswell moved to Harper & Brothers as an assistant editor of general books and eventually became editor-in-chief. Aswell persuaded Thomas Wolfe to leave Scribners, and, after Wolfes death, edited the posthumous novels The Web and the Rock, You Cant Go Home Again, in 1962 Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company to become Harper & Row. Marshall Pickering was bought by Harper and Row in 1988, marshall Pickering itself was formed in 1981 from two long established Christian publishers. Marshall Morgan and Scott, a London-based predominantly Baptist publishing house, Pickering and Inglis was a long established Glasgow based publisher, publishing largely for the non conformist church in Scotland with many Brethren publications. Rupert Murdochs News Corporation acquired Harper & Row in 1987, the names of these two national publishing houses were combined to create HarperCollins, which has since expanded its international reach with further acquisitions of formerly independent publishers. The Harper imprint began being used in place of HarperCollins in 2007, after the purchase of Harper & Row by News Corporation, HarperCollins launched a new mass market paperback line to complement its existing trade paperback Perennial imprint. It was known as Harper Paperbacks from 1990 to 2000, HarperTorch from 2000 to 2006, the Harper Establishment, or, How a New York Publishing Giant Was Made. The brothers Harper, a publishing partnership and its impact upon the cultural life of America from 1817 to 1853 Eugene Exman, The House of Harper, NY, Harper & Row
8.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
9.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
10.
The Blessing Way
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The Blessing Way is the first crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman. First published in 1970, it introduces the character of officer Joe Leaphorn, two anthropology professors from New Mexico plan a summer research trip on the Navajo Reservation. Bergen McKee meets his college friend Joe Leaphorn, now a police officer, McKees interest is the Navajo witches and the role they play in the culture. He learns of one on his first day of interviews, who visits his campsite in the night. Leaphorn has a young man as his case, which intertwines with McKees encounters with a true Navajo witch. Anthropologist Bergen McKee comes to the Navajo Reservation to research tales of witches, visiting his college friend, Leaphorn is a Navajo Tribal Police lieutenant. A young man, Luis Horseman, thinking he had killed a man in a fight and his victim survives, so Leaphorn spreads the word at a trading post, to induce Luis to come in. McKee and Leaphorn see a Navajo man buying a new hat and his old one was stolen, but not the expensive silver concho hatband on it. Leaphorn says that Otherwise well go in there and get him, the next morning, the body of Luis is found near Ganado, he had been suffocated with sand after being killed elsewhere. Leaphorn rues his statement, feeling it led to this murder, McKee and his colleague, J. R. Canfield, begin a joint field trip in the Lukachukai Mountains, the canyons of the west slope. They expect to meet Ellen Leon in Many Ruins canyon, as she seeks her fiancé, the Tsosie family hosts a Navajo Enemy Way ceremony to deal with depredation of their livestock, which Joe Leaphorn attends. He meets Billy Nez, brother to Luis Horseman, Billy found the hat used as a symbolic scalp of the troublesome witch. Leaphorn finds the tracks of Billy and the man where Billy had taken the hat and he sets out to stop that. McKee learns in his interviews that there is a Navajo Wolf active now, neither Canfield nor his vehicle are at the campsite that evening. Instead, there is a saying he will return, oddly, he signed the note John. McKee sleeps outside, waking on hearing unexpected sounds and he moves away from the campsite, to listen. A man wearing a skin and holding an automatic weapon walks into the campsite. He calls out McKees name but McKee keeps silent and the man walks away, in the morning, McKee looks for Miss Leon so they can both drive out quickly
11.
Listening Woman
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Listening Woman is the third crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1978. Pursuing what begins as a police call, Leaphorn is nearly killed by the driver of a car. He is then entangled in a hostage situation in the caves near the San Juan River. The novel was nominated for the 1979 Best Mystery Novel Edgar Award and it was well-received as a compelling and often chilling book. And noted for drawing on the best of two clashing cultures. After talking with Hosteen Tso to learn what will best improve his health, Margaret Cigaret walks away from the hogan on Nokaito Bench to ponder his situation and she returns to find both Tso and her niece dead. Initial investigation does not find the killer, or any possible motive for this crime, Leaphorn is returning from a Kinaalda ceremony with a man who escaped arrest earlier. A car at high speed approaches them, and slows seeing the police car’s flashing lights. Once Leaphorn is outside the car, the attempts to kill him with the vehicle. The man wore gold rimmed glasses, had hair and had a huge dog in the back seat. Leaphorn talks with Shorty McGinnis, where he meets Theodora Adams, at the Tso hogan, Leaphorn observes Benjamin saying Catholic mass in the dawn. Later, Leaphorn returns to the Kinaalda to talk with Margaret Cigarette, the next step is a visit to the FBI office in Albuquerque to read the file for that case. He reads about Tull and Hoski, the latter a man of many aliases. While there, Leaphorn realizes that Mrs. Cigarette sat in a different spot than he assumed, one that meant the killer of Hosteen Tso and Annie came from the canyon. When that killer emerges from the canyon again, Father Benjamin, Leaphorn drives to the area of the hogan, parking on solid ground, then walking to the hogan. He does not find them there, rain washed the tracks outside, but he sees large dog paw prints inside the hogan. Leaphorn spends a harrowing 30 hours in the caves of the canyon wall, John Tull is one, and the other he knows as Gold Rims, for his eye glasses. He survives the dog, fire set to him, dynamite closing a cavern entrance
12.
Crime fiction
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
13.
Navajo Nation Police
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The Navajo Nation Police is the law enforcement agency on the Navajo Nation in the Southwestern United States. It is under the Navajo Division of Public Safety and it is headed by a Chief of Police, six Police Captains and eight Police Lieutenants. It includes, Internal Affairs, Patrol, K-9 Unit, Police diving, Tactical Operations Team, Traffic Unit, Fiscal management, Recruitment, and Training Divisions. The Navajo Nation Police are responsible for seven districts, Chinle, Crownpoint, Dilkon, Kayenta, Shiprock, Tuba City, there are also several substations in each district ranging from one-man substations or up to five officers each. Currently, there are 210 sworn police officers,28 criminal investigators and 279 civilians, there are approximately 1. 9% police officers per 1,000 people and one officer is responsible for patrolling 70 square miles of reservation land. The Navajo Nation Police are funded by federal contracts and grants and this police department is one of only two large Native American police Departments with 100 or more sworn officers in the United States. The Navajo Treaty of 1868, which released Navajos from captivity at Fort Sumner, the first Navajo police force was created in 1872 and dissolved three years later. Although there were police on the reservation, they were funded and supported by the United States government, the Navajo Nation Police Department was not re-established until 1959 at the request of the Navajo Tribal Council. The Navajo Nation police is responsible for law enforcement and for the care, all officers are issued a service Glock 2240 caliber sidearm, expandable baton, handcuffs, bulletproof vest, pepper spray and portable radio linked to a central dispatch. Rural substation officers are issued take-home vehicles, a choice of a shotgun or AR-15 semi-automatic rifle, metal spike strips, there are Kawasaki Kz1000s for motor units, 4-Wheel all-terrain vehicles for special events/crowd control, and street bicycle units. All patrol vehicles are outfitted with laptop computer technology working with local Wi-Fi internet connection to assist officers to write. The department recently obtained a command post vehicle which is assigned to the Shiprock district located in Shiprock. Since the establishment of the Navajo Nation police department, twelve officers have died in the line of duty, officers of the Navajo Nation police are the subjects of a series of mystery novels by Tony Hillerman. The novels deal primarily with fictional officers named Joe Leaphorn, Jim Chee, after Tony Hillermans death in 2008, daughter Anne Hillerman has continued the mystery series. The Hillerman novels and characters were used in a 2002 PBS television series Skinwalkers, The Navajo Mysteries
14.
Navajo Nation
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This is the largest land area retained by a U. S. tribe, with a total population of 173,667. The original territory has expanded several times since the 1800s. In 2016 under the Tribal Nations Buy-Back Program, some 149,524 acres of land were returned by the Department of Interior to the Navajo Nation for tribal communal use, the program is intended to help restore the land bases of reservations. The executive system manages a large law enforcement and social services apparatus, health services, Diné College, the population continues to disproportionately struggle with health problems, unemployment, and the effects of past uranium mining accidents. In English, the name for the area was Navajo Indian Reservation. On April 15,1969, the changed its official name to the Navajo Nation. This was a period of Native American activism and assertion of sovereignty, in 1994, the Tribal Council rejected a proposal to change the official designation from Navajo to Diné. It was remarked that the name Diné represented the time of suffering before the Long Walk, in Navajo, the geographic entity with its legally defined borders is known as Naabeehó Bináhásdzo. This contrasts with Diné Bikéyah and Naabeehó Bikéyah for the idea of Navajoland. Neither of these terms should be confused with Dinétah, the used for the traditional homeland of the Navajo. It is situated in the area among the four sacred Navajo mountains of Dookʼoʼoosłííd, Dibé Ntsaa, Sisnaajiní, the Navajo peoples tradition of governance is rooted in their clans and oral history. The clan system of the Diné is integral to their society, singer argues in 2007s Government Reform Project. In the mid-19th century, the Navajo were forced from their lands by the US Army following defeat, after they were allowed to return, the Navajo Indian Reservation was established according to the Treaty of 1868 with the United States. Though the treaty had provided for one hundred miles in the New Mexico Territory. This initial piece of land is represented in the design of the Navajo Nations flag by a dark-brown rectangle, as no physical boundaries or signposts were set in place, many Navajo ignored these formal boundaries and returned to where they had been living prior to captivity. A significant population of Navajo still resided along the Little Colorado and Colorado rivers and they had never lived in the Hwéeldi near. The first expansion of the territory occurred on October 28,1878, further additions followed throughout the late 19th and early 20th century. The eastern border was shaped primarily as a result of allotments of land to individual households under the Dawes Act of 1887, the government determined that land left over after all members had received allotments was to be considered surplus and available for sale to non-Native Americans
15.
Zuni Indian Reservation
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The Zuni Indian Reservation, also known as Pueblo of Zuni, is the homeland of the Zuni tribe of Native Americans. It lies in the Zuni River valley and is located primarily in McKinley and Cibola counties in western New Mexico, there are also several smaller non-contiguous sections in Apache County, Arizona, northwest of the city of St. Johns. The main part of the borders the state of Arizona to the west. The main reservation is also surrounded by the Painted Cliffs, the Zuni Mountains, the reservations total land area is 723.343 sq mi. The Zuni Tribe also has holdings in Catron County, New Mexico and Apache County, Arizona. The population was reported at 7,891 inhabitants in the 2010 census, almost all of the population lives in the reservation headquarters community of Zuni Pueblo, located near the reservations center, or in nearby Black Rock, to its east. Also on the reservation are the Hawikuh Ruins. The ancient Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh was the largest of the Seven Cities of Cibola and it was established in the 13th century and abandoned in 1680. It was also the first pueblo seen by the Spanish explorers, the African scout Estevanico was the first non-Native to reach this area. The largest town on the reservation is Zuni Pueblo, which is seat of Tribal government, also on the reservation are the towns of Black Rock and Pescado. There is a campus of the University of New Mexico located in Zuni. The Zuni Tribe is governed by a governor, lieutenant governor. The governor is the head of the Tribal Council, which is the final decision-making body on the reservation. The council oversees finances, business decisions, taxes and contracts
16.
Southwestern United States
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The population of the area is around 11 million people, with over half that in Arizona, the most populous cities are Phoenix, El Paso, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and Tucson. Most of the area was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Spanish Empire before becoming part of Mexico and it became part of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, the two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River, running in the northern and western areas, and the Rio Grande, running in the south. Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a dry desert. The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico. While it is the second largest desert in the United States, only a third of the desert is within the United States, El Paso is the major city in this desert, with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico. The Chihuahuan is a rain shadow desert, formed two mountain ranges which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area. The most prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca and creosote bushes, when people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind. Rainfall averages between 4–12 inches per year, and the deserts most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus and it is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert. The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders, Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona. The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert, bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, and the northwestern corner of Arizona. In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, the Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States. The Mojave gets less than six inches of rain annually, the most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree, which grow as tall as 40 feet, and are thought to live almost 1000 years. Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, the Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east. Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert, the Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons. The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon, but that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, painted deserts, sand dunes, and badlands. One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, the Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region
17.
Folsom tradition
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The Folsom Complex is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America. The term was first used in 1927 by Jesse Dade Figgins, some kill sites exhibit evidence of up to 50 bison being killed, although the Folsom diet apparently included mountain sheep, marmots, deer and cottontail rabbit as well. A Folsom site at Hanson, Wyoming, also revealed areas of hardstanding, which indicate possible dwellings. The type site is Folsom Site, near Folsom, New Mexico, in Colfax County, a kill site found in about 1908 by George McJunkin. Archaeologists excavated the site in 1926, the Folsom Complex dates to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC and is thought to have derived from the earlier Clovis culture. The Lindenmeier Site in Colorado is a campsite that was used throughout a longer period, spanning this era
18.
Hogan
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A hogan is the primary, traditional dwelling of the Navajo people. Other traditional structures include the summer shelter, the home. Today, while some older hogans are now used as dwellings and others are maintained for ceremonial purposes. Traditional structured hogans are also considered pioneers of energy efficient homes, using packed mud against the entire wood structure, the home was kept cool by natural air ventilation and water sprinkled on the dirt ground inside. During the winter, the fireplace kept the inside warm for a period of time. This concept is called thermal mass, with government and lender requirements requiring low costs, as well as bathrooms and kitchens, the hogan as a persons home was dwindling away, save for those who could build their own. That began to change in the late 1990s with various small projects to find ways to bring the hogan back. While keeping the space of the hogan relatively untouched, and also meeting the requirements for modern home amenities. Along with assuring the survival of a heritage, this project has also created new jobs, summer school construction experience for Navajo teens, public buildings. These terms are possible Native American sources of the current term hogan, hooghan in Navajo gowąh guughą or kuughą Wigwam Earth lodge Media related to Hogans at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Hippie
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The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
20.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
21.
Navajo
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The Navajo are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. After the Cherokee, they are the second-largest federally recognized tribe in the United States, the Navajo language is spoken throughout the region, with most Navajos speaking English, as well. The states with the largest Navajo populations are Arizona and New Mexico, over three-quarters of the Navajo population reside in these two states. The Navajos are speakers of a Na-Dené Southern Athabaskan language known within the language as Diné bizaad, the language comprises two geographic, mutually intelligible dialects. It is closely related to the Apache language, as the Navajos and Apaches are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, speakers of various other Athabaskan languages located in Canada may still comprehend the Navajo language despite the geographic and linguistic deviation of the languages. Additionally, some Navajos speak Navajo Sign Language, which is either a dialect or daughter of Plains Sign Talk, archaeological and historical evidence suggests the Athabaskan ancestors of the Navajos and Apaches entered the Southwest around 1400 CE. The Navajo oral tradition is said to retain references of this migration, until contact with Pueblos and the Spanish, the Navajos were largely hunters and gatherers. The tribe adopted crop-farming techniques from the Pueblo peoples, growing corn, beans. When the Spanish arrived, the Navajos began herding sheep and goats as a source of trade and food. Sheep also became a form of currency and status symbols among the Navajos based on the quantity of herds a family maintained. In addition, the practice of spinning and weaving wool into blankets and clothing became common, in the 18th century, the Spanish reported the Navajos maintaining large herds of livestock and cultivating large crop areas. Navahu comes from the Tewa, meaning area of cultivated lands. By the 1640s, the Spanish began using the term Navajo to refer to the Diné, during the 1670s, the Spanish wrote that the Diné lived in a region known as Dinétah, about 60 miles west of the Rio Chama valley region. In the 1780s, the Spanish sent military expeditions against the Navajos in the Mount Taylor, the Navajos came into contact with the United States Army in 1846, when General Stephen W. Kearny invaded Santa Fe with 1,600 men during the Mexican–American War. The treaty was not honored by many young Navajo raiders, who continued to steal livestock from New Mexican villages, New Mexicans, on their part, together with Utes, continued to raid Navajo country, stealing livestock and taking women and children for sale as slaves. In 1849, the governor of New Mexico, Colonel John MacRae Washington—accompanied by John S. The treaty acknowledged the jurisdiction of the United States and allowed forts, the United States, on its part, promised such donations such other liberal and humane measures, as may deem meet and proper. While en route to this treaty signing, Narbona, a prominent Navajo peace leader, was killed, during the next 10 years, the U. S. established forts on traditional Navajo territory
22.
Zuni
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The Zuni are federally recognized Native American Pueblo peoples. Most live in the Pueblo of Zuni on the Zuni River, Zuni is 55 km south of Gallup, New Mexico. In addition to the reservation, the tribe owns trust lands in Catron County, New Mexico and Apache County, in 2000,10,228 people were enrolled in the Zuni tribe. Archaeology suggests that the Zuni have been farmers in their present location for 3,000 to 4,000 years, the village of the great kiva near the contemporary Zuni Pueblo was built in the 11th century CE. The Zuni region, however, was only sparsely populated by small agricultural settlements until the 12th century when the population. In the 14th century, the Zuni inhabited a dozen pueblos between 180 and 1,400 rooms in size, all of these pueblos, except Zuni, were abandoned by 1400, and over the next 200 years, nine large new pueblos were constructed. These were the seven cities of Cibola sought by early Spanish explorers, by 1650, there were only six Zuni villages. In 1539, Moorish slave Estevanico led a party of Fray Marcos de Nizas Spanish expedition. The Zuni killed him as a spy and this was Spains first contact with any of the Pueblo peoples. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through Zuni Pueblo, the Spaniards built a mission at Hawikuh in 1629. The Zunis tried to expel the missionaries in 1632, but the Spanish built another mission in Halona in 1643, before the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Zuni lived in six different villages. After the revolt, until 1692, they took refuge in a position atop Dowa Yalanne, a steep mesa 5 km southeast of the present Pueblo of Zuni, Dowa means corn. After the establishment of peace and the return of the Spanish, the Zunis were self-sufficient during the mid-19th century, but faced raiding by the Apaches, Navajos, and Plains Indians. Their reservation was officially recognized by the United States federal government in 1877, gradually the Zuni farmed less and turned to sheep and cattle herding as a means of economic development. Frank Hamilton Cushing, an anthropologist associated with the Smithsonian Institution, a controversy during the early 2000s was associated with Zuni opposition to the development of a coal mine near the Zuni Salt Lake, a site considered sacred by the Zuni and under Zuni control. The mine would have extracted water from the aquifer below the lake, the plan died in 2003 after several lawsuits. The Zuni traditionally speak the Zuni language, a language isolate that has no relationship to any other Native American language. Linguists believe that the Zuni have maintained the integrity of their language for at least 7,000 years, the Zuni have, however, share a number of words from Keresan, Hopi, and Pima pertaining to religion and religious observances
23.
Kirkus Reviews
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Kirkus Reviews is an American book review magazine founded in 1933 by Virginia Kirkus. The magazine is headquartered in New York City, Kirkus Reviews, published on the first and 15th of each month, previews books prior to their publication. Kirkus reviews over 7,000 titles per year, in 2014, Kirkus Reviews started the Kirkus Prize. It is one of the richest literary awards in the world, bestowing $50,000 prizes annually to authors of fiction, nonfiction, Kirkus operates a number of additional services, including Kirkus Editorial, Kirkus Indie, and Kirkus Marketing. And, Motoko reported, Authors seemed to have a relationship with Kirkus. Not surprisingly, it had to do with what the reviewers said about their books, one book reviewed in the Kirkus Indie is chosen to be included in the bi-weekly magazine and one is included in the weekly email newsletter. Virginia Kirkus was hired by Harper & Brothers to establish a book department in 1926. The department was eliminated as a measure in 1932, so Kirkus left. Initially, she arranged to get galley proofs of 20 or so books in advance of their publication, almost 80 years later and it was sold to The New York Review of Books in 1970 and later sold by the Review to Barbara Bader and Josh Rubins. In 1985, magazine consultant James B, david LeBreton bought Kirkus from Kobak in 1993. BPI Communications, owned by Dutch publisher VNU, bought Kirkus from LeBreton in 1999, at the end of 2009, the company announced the end of operations for Kirkus. The journal was purchased from VNU on February 10,2010 by businessman Herbert Simon and it was thereafter renamed Kirkus Media, and book industry veteran Marc Winkelman was made publisher. Official website Kirkus Service at Library of Congress Authorities, with 4 catalog records Virginia Kirkus at Library of Congress Authorities, with 7 catalog records
24.
Kachina
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A kachina is a spirit being in western Pueblo religious beliefs. The western Pueblo, Native American cultures located in the southwestern United States include the Hopi, Zuni, Tewa Village, Acoma Pueblo, and Laguna Pueblo. The kachina concept has three different aspects, the supernatural being, the dancers, and kachina dolls, small dolls carved in the likeness of kachinas given as gifts to children. Kachinas are spirits or personifications of things in the real world and these spirits are believed to visit the Hopi villages during the first half of the year. A kachina can represent anything in the world or cosmos, from a revered ancestor to an element, a location, a quality. There are more than 400 different kachinas in Hopi and Pueblo culture, the local pantheon of kachinas varies in each pueblo community, there may be kachinas for the sun, stars, thunderstorms, wind, corn, insects, and many other concepts. Kachinas are understood as having humanlike relationships, they may have uncles, sisters, and grandmothers, one observer has written, The central theme of the kachina is the presence of life in all objects that fill the universe. Everything has an essence or a force, and humans must interact with these or fail to survive. The exact origin of the kachinas is not completely known, but according to one version of Hopi belief, the underworld is a concept common to all the Pueblo Indians. It is a place where the spirits or shades live, the newly born come from there, the kachinas wandered with the Hopis over the world until they arrived at Casa Grande, where both the Hopis and the kachinas settled for a while. With their powerful ceremonies, the kachinas brought rain for the crops and were in general of much help, unfortunately, all of the kachinas were killed when the Hopis were attacked by enemies and their souls returned to the underworld. Another version says that in a period, the kachinas danced for the Hopis, bringing them rain. But eventually, the Hopis came to take the kachinas for granted, losing all respect and reverence for them, so the kachinas finally left and returned to the underworld. However, before they left, the kachinas taught some of their ceremonies to a few young men and showed them how to make the masks. When the other Hopi realized their loss, they turned to the human substitute of kachinas. In many ways the Kachina Cult and its ritual are the most important ceremonial observances in the Hopi religious calendar, within Hopi religion, the kachinas are said to live on the San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff, Arizona. To the Hopis, the name refers to the supernatural beings who visit the villages to help the Hopis with everyday activities. These spirits are then impersonated by men who dress up in costumes, wooden carvings of these spirits are also made to give to the children to help them identify the many kachinas
25.
Counterculture of the 1960s
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Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
26.
Communes
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In addition to the communal economy, consensus decision-making, non-hierarchical structures and ecological living have become important core principles for many communes. There are many contemporary intentional communities all over the world, a list of which can be found at the Fellowship for Intentional Community, for the usually larger-scale, political entities in communist political theory, see socialist communes, which are similar but distinct social organizations. Some communes, such as the ashrams of the Vedanta Society or the Theosophical commune Lomaland, formed around spiritual leaders, for others, the glue is simply the desire for a more shared, sociable lifestyle. Moreover, some find it is more economical to live communally. The central characteristics of communes, or core principles that define communes, have expressed in various forms over the years. At the start of the 1970s, The New Communes author Ron E. Roberts classified communes as a subclass of a category of Utopias. Roberts three listed items were, first, egalitarianism – that communes specifically rejected hierarchy or graduations of social status as being necessary to social order. Second, human scale – that members of some communes saw the scale of society as it was organised as being too industrialized. And third, that communes were consciously anti-bureaucratic, twenty five years later, Dr. Sharing everyday life and facilities, a commune is an idealized form of family, being a new sort of primary group. Commune members have emotional bonds to the group rather than to any sub-group. With the simple definition of a commune as a community with 100% income sharing. Some of these are institutions such as abbeys and monasteries. Many communes are part of the New Age movement, in Germany, a large number of the intentional communities define themselves as communes and there is a network of political communes called Kommuja with about 30 member groups. Germany has a tradition of intentional communities going back to the groups inspired by the principles of Lebensreform in the 19th century. Later, about 100 intentional communities were started in the Weimar Republic after World War I, in the 1960s, there was a resurgence of communities calling themselves communes, starting with the Kommune 1 in Berlin, followed by Kommune 2 and Kommune 3 in Wolfsburg. Today, there are dozens of urban communes growing in the cities of Israel, the urban kibbutzim are smaller and more anarchist. Most of the communes in Israel emphasize social change, education. Some of the communes have members who are graduates of zionist-socialist youth movements, like HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed, HaMahanot HaOlim
27.
McKinley County, New Mexico
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McKinley County is a county in the northwestern section of the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 71,492, the county was created in 1901 and named for President William McKinley. McKinley County is Gallups micropolitan statistical area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 5,455 square miles, of which 5,450 square miles is land and 5.5 square miles is water. San Juan County - north Sandoval County - east Cibola County - south Apache County, the population density was 14 people per square mile. There were 26,718 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. 12. 40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.44 and the family size was 3.99. In the county, the population was out with 38. 00% under the age of 18,9. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 80% from 25 to 44,17. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 27 years, for every 100 females there were 93.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $25,005, and the median income for a family was $26,806. Males had an income of $26,963 versus $21,014 for females. The per capita income for the county was $9,872, about 31. 90% of families and 36. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42. 30% of those under age 18 and 31. 50% of those age 65 or over. The countys per-capita income makes it one of the poorest counties in the United States, McKinley County is one of only 38 county-level census divisions of the United States where the most spoken language is not English and one of only 3 where it is neither English nor Spanish. 45. 75% of the population speak Navajo at home, followed by English at 38. 87%, Zuñi at 9. 03%, and Spanish at 5. 72%. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 71,492 people,21,968 households, the population density was 13.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 25,813 housing units at a density of 4.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 75. 5% American Indian,15. 2% white,0. 8% Asian,0. 5% black or African American,4. 9% from other races, and 3. 1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 13. 3% of the population, in terms of ancestry, and 1. 4% were American
28.
Painted Desert (Arizona)
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The Painted Desert is a United States desert of badlands in the Four Corners area running from near the east end of the Grand Canyon National Park southeast into the Petrified Forest National Park. It is most easily accessed in the portion of The Petrified Forest National Park. The Painted Desert is known for its brilliant and varied colors, that not only include the common red rock. Finding the cities were not made of gold, Coronado sent an expedition to find the Colorado River to resupply him, passing through the wonderland of colors, they named the area El Desierto Pintado - The Painted Desert. Much of the Painted Desert within the Petrified Forest National Park is protected as the Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area where motorized travel is limited, but the park offers both easy and longer hikes into the colored hills. The Painted Desert continues north into the Navajo Nation where off-road travel is by permit, the desert is composed of stratified layers of easily erodible siltstone, mudstone, and shale of the Triassic Chinle Formation. These fine grained rock layers contain abundant iron and manganese compounds which provide the pigments for the colors of the region. Thin resistant lacustrine limestone layers and volcanic flows cap the mesas, numerous layers of silicic volcanic ash occur in the Chinle and provide the silica for the petrified logs of the area. The erosion of layers has resulted in the formation of the badlands topography of the region. In the southern portions of the desert the remains of a Triassic period coniferous forest have fossilized over millions of years, wind, water and soil erosion continue to change the face of the landscape by shifting sediment and exposing layers of the Chinle Formation. An assortment of fossilized plants and animals are found in the region, as well as dinosaur tracks. The Painted Desert extends roughly from Cameron–Tuba City southeast to past Holbrook, the desert is about 120 miles long by about 60 miles wide, making it roughly 7,500 square miles in area. Bordering southwest and south is the Mogollon Plateau, and on the south border the Mogollon Rim. Owing to the rain shadow of the Mogollon Rim, the Painted Desert has a cold desert climate, with hot, dry summers and cold. The annual precipitation is the lowest in northern Arizona and in places is lower even than Phoenix. Much of the region is only by foot or unpaved road though major highways. The towns of Cameron and Tuba City, both on the Navajo Nation, are two major settlements
29.
People of Darkness
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People of Darkness is the fourth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by author Tony Hillerman, first published in 1980. This is the first novel in the series to feature Officer Jim Chee, the story is set in New Mexico, where Jim Chee takes a position at the Crownpoint, NM office of the Navajo Tribal Police. New crimes center around a wealthy white man and several Navajos he befriended nearly 30 years earlier. His wealth arose from uranium, in high demand back then, the novel was well-received, well-written and gripping. Against a background of authentic Indian culture, an achievement for a non-Indian writer. And thoroughly splendid work, moody, atmospheric, complex without contrivance, a bacteriologist in the cancer research hospital, waiting for lab results, sees a blond haired man move something from his car to a pick-up truck parked in an illegal space. She sees a tow truck pull the pick-up away, within seconds, a few months later, Jim Chee is asked by Mrs. Vines to find a box stolen from her house, wanting to hire him off-duty. The box contains mementos and she would like it back before her husband returns, Mr. Vines returns, telling Chee not to bother with the task his wife asked him to do. Sheriff Sena is angry at Chee for talking with Mr. Sena believes the motion sensor bomb in the pick-up truck was meant for Emerson, despite his fatal disease. When Colton Wolf learns about Emerson Charley’s death, he goes to the morgue to find, steal and bury his body. At a local rug auction, Tomas Charley tells Jim Chee that his father’s body was stolen from the hospital, Tomas tells Chee where the stolen box is and that it contains rocks and military medals. Chee meets Mary Landon and asks her out, next day, they go to fetch the box from the malpais, and encounter Tomas Charley’s dead body, killed a minute before. The killer is the man who met Tomas at the rug auction after Chee did. Colton, the killer, does not like witnesses, so he shoots Chee, Chee is recovering in the hospital after surgery for his gunshot wound, visited by a string of lawmen. Sheriff Sena is driven by the loss of his brother in that oil field explosion. Sgt. Hunt of the Albuquerque Police Department tells Chee of the history of killings attached to the man who shot him, a sketch of his face from what the bacteriologist saw matches the face Chee saw. Martin from the FBI visits next, knowing about this man and his methods proves useful when Chee awakens about 3 am to find he has a roommate, and that the blond haired man is in the hospital corridor. Chee hides in the ceiling space, coming down to find that the other patient was killed by the silenced weapon in his stead
30.
The Ghostway
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The Ghostway is the sixth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman. It was first published in 1984 and features Jim Chee, a gunfight at a laundromat in Shiprock NM brings Los Angeles problems to the Navajo reservation. The novel was reviewed positively at its publication, the tension between the Navajo way-of-life and the tempting white-world outside. Is central and emphatic in this novel, the central character Chee is developed to greater depth than before, though that reviewer felt that the three novels featuring Leaphorn were more powerful. Another called this novel choice reading, another review found that the story moves alertly along and is one of the best in the series. Hosteen Joseph Joe, finishing his laundry in Shiprock, New Mexico, answers questions put by a man in a new car, about Leroy Gorman. Joe does not know that man, but studies the Polaroid photo of him in front of his trailer home. A second car appears, driven by Lerner, who chastises the first driver, after a gun battle, Lerner is dead on the ground. Jim Chee finds the place where the first man drove, the hogan of Ashie Begay, with FBI agents Sharkey and Witrey, and Deputy Bales, Chee finds Albert Gorman buried near what is now a death hogan, but not the photo Joseph Joe described. Gorman was buried almost exactly following the Navajo way, save for his unwashed hair, returning a week later, Chee encounters runaway Margaret Billy Sosi, crying for her grandfather. Chee next finds the trailer shown in the photo, where he expects to find Leroy Gorman. Margaret Sosi had shown up earlier that day, looking for her grandfather, in search of Sosi and her relatives, Chee drives 900 mi to Los Angeles. Chee patiently speaks with Mr Berger, resident of the old home near Gorman’s place. They saw Sosi visit the day before, and saw Gorman argue with a big blond man – Vaggan, Gorman showed them the photo of his brother at his trailer. They knew he stole cars for his living, with help from Shaw, Chee gets the address for Gorman’s next of kin. Chee meets Bentwoman, the grandmother of Ashie Begay, Margaret Sosi has been there and will return there after dark. Bentwoman advises Chee to enter his hogan, as he is dead, leaving, Chee encounters Vaggan and Margaret in the empty street. Chee jumps Vaggan, Vaggan beats up Chee, Margaret gets Vaggans gun and runs the show, Shaw comes to the hospital where Chee is recovering from head wounds
31.
Skinwalkers (novel)
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Skinwalkers is the seventh crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by author Tony Hillerman published in 1986. Skinwalkers was adapted for television for the PBS Mystery, murders are happening all over the huge reservation, and Lt. Leaphorn can see no pattern. Then someone makes an attempt on Jim Chees life, and the two together for the first time to solve these crimes. The novel won two awards, the 1988 Anthony Award for Best Novel and the 1987 Spur Award for Best Western Novel, reviews at the time of publication praised it highly, Hillerman brings together his two series characters--middle-aged, cynical Lieut. Joe Leaphorn and young, mystical Officer Jim Chee--without in any way diminishing the power and somber integrity that have distinguished previous exploits of the Navajo Tribal Police. The writing is is lively and extremely descriptive and author Hillerman was a master of character, scene, a New York Times review called this the breakout novel for Hillerman, when sales began to surge and recognition increased. Jim Chee wakes from restless sleep about 2,30 am, when Chee is out of bed, three shotgun blasts come through the trailer wall over his bed, tearing apart his mattress instead of him. In daylight, he finds where a leaking oil had parked in the night. This is added to the list of unsolved homicides facing Lt. Joe Leaphorn, Leaphorn asks that Chee be assigned full-time to aid him in solving the three homicides of Irma Onesalt, Dugai Endocheeney, and Wilson Sam, and to find who shot Chee. The first connection among these homicides comes when they learn that Endocheeney received a letter from the office where Irma Onesalt worked, then Leaphorn learns of the list of people for whom she sought death dates, though some on the list were alive when she was posing her question. Leaphorn and Chee learn to communicate effectively with other, as they pursue the investigation. Chee sleeps away from his bed, fearing a repeat attack until the culprit is found. The next link among the cases is small bone beads, made from a long dead bovine. One was in the shells that entered Chee’s trailer, another in the knife wounds that killed Endocheeney. Leaphorn and Chee go to Bistie’s home to again, after he was set free by public defender Janet Pete. No one is home, but there is evidence of someone recently dragged out of the hogan, as they follow tracks outdoors, someone shoots Leaphorn in his right arm. Chee observes a small mark above the bullet wounds on Bistie’s body, likely from a crystal gazer who made a cut and claimed to take bone from his body and they do not catch the shooter. One is from Mary Landon saying she will not return to the reservation, the other is from a client for a Blessing Way ceremony, a pleasing prospect
32.
A Thief of Time
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A Thief of Time is the eighth crime fiction novel Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1988. It was adapted for television as part of the PBS Mystery, the story involves the lure of the thousand-year-old Anasazi ruins, a missing anthropologist, a stolen backhoe, people who steal ancient pots on reservation land and human ambition. Chee is pulled into the case by the backhoe, while Leaphorn, now a widower, follows the trail of ancient pots bought. This novel won the Macavity Award for Best Novel in 1989 and was nominated for two others, The Edgar Award and the Anthony Award. is the comment of one reviewer, another notes that this novel of mystery rises above its mere classification-mystery- and becomes a fine literary work. Emma had the surgery, but she did not survive it. Joe Leaphorn is grief-stricken, he is on his leave before quitting the Navajo Tribal Police. BLM agent Thatcher takes him along on a call to talk with an accused of stealing Anasazi relics from protected land. Her friends at Chaco National Park called her in as a missing person, Dr. Eleanor Friedman-Bernal is an anthropologist interested in ceramics, who thinks she is close to a major new finding, identifying an individual pot maker by the art on the pots. Leaphorn thinks the anonymous call reporting Dr Friedman-Bernal and her disappearance after a weekend away will be connected. A piece of digging equipment is stolen from the motor pool. One is known to Slick Nakai, the preacher, Leaphorn and Chee separately show up at Nakai’s next revival meeting. Leaphorn learns that Nakai sold pots to Eleanor, while Chee learns about the backhoe thief, Leaphorn notices the same Navajo man helping at the revival that he saw working with Maxie Davis at Chaco. Chee seeks the backhoe, finding it with the trailer at the bottom of a canyon, then he finds two dead men in the moonlight, Joe B. Nails in the cab, and Jimmy Etcitty on the ground. Leaphorn visits Maxie and Randall Elliot to gain information about Eleanor. She took her camping gear, she was likely out checking her latest discoveries, Leaphorn meets Chee at the murder site, where they connect on their two reasons to be there, the missing anthropologist and the missing motor pool equipment. They find no good tracks of the murderer, but Chee counts the bags, three were removed from the box, yet only two are filled with pots and pieces. The third bag turns up in Elliot’s kitchen trash, filled with Anasazi bones and they focus their work on finding the anthropologist
33.
Talking God
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An unidentified man is found dead along the railroad tracks near Gallup, New Mexico. There is a note in one pocket of his suit referring to Agnes Tsotsie, FBI agent Kennedy calls on Lt. Leaphorn to aid in finding footprints near the body. There are no footprints to follow, but the note sends him to interview Agnes Tsotsie, who shows him the letter from Henry Highhawk, who will attend her Night Chant. Always curious, Leaphorn learns that an Amtrak train made a stop in the desert. The mans left-behind luggage is now stored in Washington D. C, Leaphorn takes his vacation in Washington D. C. to follow up on Pointed Shoes. Leaphorn talks with Roland Dockery and Peres of Amtrak, who show him the luggage, Peres saw the man now known to be the killer of Pointed Toes. The notebook includes the name and prescription number for a medicine he took, Leaphorn proceeds to inform the next of kin, who are rather quiet in receiving the news. He then notices that their next door neighbor matches the description of the killer, as Santillanes was tortured, Leaphorn suspects the family home might be bugged, so leaves them with the sad news. Leaphorn calls Kennedy to match fingerprints under the proper name. Leaphorn calls the NTP, learning that Chee was arresting officer for Highhawk and is now in D. C, an arrest warrant is issued for Henry Highhawk, who stole human remains from a New England cemetery and then crossed state lines. Highhawk is attending a Night Chant ceremony on the Navajo Reservation, Chee sees the masks that are integral to the last day of the ceremony. Chee gets a letter from Mary Landon, his love, saying he should not come to Wisconsin. Minutes later, his friend Janet Pete calls him from Washington and her newest client is Henry Highhawk, and she is afraid on several counts. Chee leaves to visit her, meeting Highhawk and Rudolfo Gomez on his first night in town, Pete points out the man she thinks is following her. Chee confronts him and he drives off, Chee visits Highhawk at his office in the museum, seeing the accurate detail of an upcoming exhibit on Masked Gods of the Americas, including the Navajo Talking God mask. Highhawk takes a call, telling Chee he will be back shortly. Chee leaves when Highhawk does not return, walking out past an unguarded exit, the next morning, Leaphorn goes to Chees hotel, updating each other on why they came to Washington. They realize that both Gomez and Santelleros were tortured in Chile, must be leftists in exile, and are still hunted, Leaphorn calls his friend Captain Rodney, who joins them
34.
Coyote Waits
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Coyote Waits is the tenth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman published in 1990. It was adapted for television by PBS in 2003, Chee is slow to go to the aid of another officer, Nez, who radios that he has found the person doing spray-paint vandalism on rock formations. Chee gets burned pulling Nez from his police vehicle. Leaphorn is brought into the case by two women, one the niece of and the other a professor who interviews Ashie Pinto, officers Chee and Nez agree to meet at Red Rock trading post for a break from patrol. Chee hears Nez laughing on the radio about seeing the person who has been defacing local rock formations with paint, Chee realizes he should be with Nez. He passes one vehicle en route to finding Nez in his patrol car. Chee uses the fire extinguisher and then pulls Nez out of the still-burning car, Chee is severely burned and Nez is dead from a gunshot, as well as burned. Chee finds Hosteen Ashie Pinto walking on the road, holding a bottle of brandy. Pinto is a crystal gazer and recalls stories in detail and they are sure Ashie Pinto is not guilty. Mrs. Keeyani describes her uncle’s struggle with whiskey, which long ago led him to murder a man, Leaphorn learns that money-short Pinto got a letter from history professor Tagert at McGinniss trading post, unknown to his niece. McGinnis read it and sent Pinto’s reply agreeing to work, from Agent Kennedy, Leaphorn learns that the FBI investigation avoided talking to the owner of the vehicle that passed Jim Chee, because Huan Ji came to the US under the protection of the CIA. Arriving to talk with Ji, Leaphorn learns Ji was murdered, Ji left two messages on his wall, save Taka, and Lied to Chee. Leaphorn and Bourebonette find the place in the photographs in the darkroom at the Ji home. Going to the point of the photos, they see that the paint vandalism was the teenage son Takas message to the girl he loves. Jim Chee was seriously burned, and is recently released from the hospital in Albuquerque. Janet Pete, back from Washington D. C. visits Chee at the burn unit and she is an attorney for defendants in federal trials and Ashie Pinto is her client, though he tells her nothing about what happened. Chee promises to quit once the trial is over, disgusted at his failure to assist Nez immediately and he learns of Pinto’s links to Professor Tagert and that Tagert’s research interest is Butch Cassidy’s true final resting place. Tapes made by Pinto tell a story indicating Cassidy and his fellow bandit died on the reservation decades ago, Chee meets Odell Redd, a graduate student in languages, who also works with Tagert
35.
Sacred Clowns
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Sacred Clowns is the eleventh crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1993. Murders happen on both the Navajo reservation and the Tano Pueblo, One happens during a Tano ceremonial, with the koshares and kachinas performing. Leaphorn is in charge of a new unit, with Chee as his sole staff support. Shop teacher Eric Dorsey is murdered at the school in Thoreau. Delmar Kanitewa slips out of his school in Crownpoint. Lt. Joe Leaphorn heads up a new unit for investigations, Chee and Bureau of Indian Affairs officer Sgt. Harold Blizzard learn the boy home to his mother the day the teacher was killed. Delmar had a package with him, for his uncle, to do with religion, Delmar said he must see his uncle a second time and left. Janet Pete, Cowboy Dashee and Ashton Davis meet up at the Tano ceremonial of kachinas and koshares and he slips away before they can tell him to call his grandmother. The ceremonial includes Delmar’s uncle, Francis Sayesva, who is a koshare, in a break of the ceremonial, Francis is found murdered, not 40 yards from where Chee is standing. A hit and run driver leaves his victim to die on the road, the chief of the NTP really wants the driver found. Leaphorn asks Chee to find this driver, the driver speaks anonymously over the local radio apologizing for what he did. He will send money to the family, the radio station staff notice enough about the man for Chee to find Clement Hoski. Chee trails him home, seeing grandson Ernie get off the school bus, after talking with Ernie, a special needs child, Chee puts off arresting his grandfather. The murders of two men, Dorsey and Sayesva a few days apart, done the same way, has Leaphorn looking for connections. He finds one when a search of Dorsey’s workshop and a visit with Sayesva’s brother reveal the story of the Lincoln cane possessed by the Tano Pueblo since 1863. Dorsey made a replica of it, based on the wood shavings. The Lincoln cane is kept by the governor of the pueblo, currently Bert Penitewa, the boy Delmar visited Dorsey to get something for a friend, and seeing the cane, explained its story to Dorsey, who is shocked and angry at how he has been used
36.
The Fallen Man
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The Fallen Man is the twelfth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1996. A group of mountain climbers discover a corpse on Shiprock, retired Joe Leaphorn and Acting Lieutenant Jim Chee work together, as Leaphorn recalls an old missing person case. Captain Largo is concerned with the theft of cattle, which case introduces Officer Bernadette Manuelito, in late fall, three climbers who scaled Shiprock find a corpse, a skeleton in climbers gear, on a nearly inaccessible shelf just below the peak. Acting Lieutenant Jim Chee is trying his hand at administration of the investigations unit. Captain Largo is pressing them to work on cattle thieving, Joe Leaphorn, retired five months earlier, cautiously approaches Chee with his memory of a missing person case from eleven years before, never solved. Hal Breedlove is a candidate, as he was mountain climber always seeking challenges. It is Hal, which news Chee brings to Hal’s widow Elisa on their ranch near Mancos, the couple and her brother Eldon Demott had been celebrating their fifth wedding anniversary and Hal’s birthday on a trip to the reservation, including Canyon de Chelly. She inherited the ranch once he was declared dead, Hal got full ownership of it on his thirtieth birthday, Chee is engaged to marry Janet Pete, but they have a dispute arising from John McDermott, her former boss and lover. Chee turns his focus to mastering the administrative duties of his job, Rookie officer Bernadette Manuelito is taking initiative on the cattle rustling problems, she asks Lucy Sam to watch and record events near her hogan. Lucy uses the format her late father used in his ledgers, Manuelito figures out that Dick Finch, the cattle brand inspector and a law man himself, is the most likely suspect. John McDermott calls Joe Leaphorn to work as a private investigator, McDermott comes out from Washington DC with George Shaw, cousin to Hal and part of the Edgar Breedlove family. Shaw pays for Leaphorn’s time, because the family wants to regain possession of the ranch, Leaphorn gathers information and keeps in touch with Chee. Chee returns to Lucy Sam and on second look, he finds that Hosteen Sam observed three climbers on Shiprock, September 18,1985, two days before Hal’s crucial birthday. Chee proceeds direclty to Hosteen Austin Maryboy, who collects fees from climbers wanting to begin their climb from his property, Maryboy is shot dead, just a few minutes before Chee arrives. Despite great care in his exit, Chee is shot twice through the car door just after he radios his location, neither sees the attacker in the dark night. From his hospital bed, Chee tells Leaphorn that he went to see Maryboy to learn if he remembers the three climbers from that day in 1985, Leaphorn praises Chee for the new facts, which open up the investigation. Leaphorn thinks the Demotts are the most likely candidates for the past death, if it was murder, both saw the group in 1985. Nez met them at Canyon de Chelly after September 20, Nez survives, so it is important to protect him
37.
The First Eagle
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The First Eagle is the thirteenth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1998. Acting Lieutenant Jim Chee finds one of his officers nearly dead, anderson Nez dies in the hospital of bubonic plague in a virulent new form. Dr Woody brought him in, and is now demanding details on everything that happened as Nez died in Northern Arizona Medical Center, the infected flea bit Nez the day before with a new strain of plague, at the end of June. At Yells Back Butte near Black Mesa, Acting Lieutenant Jim Chee finds Officer Kinsman nearly dead, Robert Jano, a Hopi man, stands close by, with blood on him, and an eagle in a cage. Chee arrests Jano for murdering the police officer, Jano is assigned an attorney from the Department of Justice, as the charge carries the death penalty. Attorney Janet Pete is back in Phoenix, she is given his case, Mrs. Vanders hires Joe Leaphorn to find her niece, Catherine Pollard. She has not returned from her work as a vector control specialist, Mrs. Vanders thinks graduate student Victor Hammer might be the problem. Leaphorn receives Pollard’s field work notes, which Louisa Bourebonette reads, Pollard’s job is to track down the source of the fleas with bubonic plague, and then to destroy them or the “reservoir” of small rodents that harbor those fleas. She is still pursuing the source for Nez’s infection, and realizes someone has lied to her, Leaphorn realizes that Pollard was last seen on the same day that the officer was attacked, July 8. Chee is firm that Jano is guilty, Cowboy Dashee, a good friend of Chee, thinks Chee is wrong. Dashee talks to Leaphorn with a theory of the case. Leaphorn presents the idea to Chee, Chee works on finding Pollard’s black jeep. First evidence is a boy trying to sell the radio from that vehicle, Chee and Officer Manuelito visit the boy. Manuelito tells him of the reward from Mrs. Vander for finding the vehicle, Pollard is not in it, but her field gear is, except for her Positive Air Purifying Respirator suit. The spacesuit-like garment is used to keep her safe from airborne infections or toxins in the field. Chee listens to Jano’s story of what happened before Chee arrived on the scene, learning about the first eagle that Jano tried to catch and that eagle scratched him, and that is why the eagle he put in the cage shows no blood on it. Chee visits his grand uncle Hosteen Frank Sam Nakai for advice, Chee gets the advice on catching the first eagle and learns that his uncle is dying from lung cancer. Chee proceeds to Janos first hunting blind and catches the first eagle and he calls the FBI agent in charge to collect the eagle in support of Jano
38.
Hunting Badger
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Hunting Badger is the fourteenth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1999. Armed robbers at a Ute Indian gambling casino shoot two security guards, one fatally, Chee gets involved in the hunt for the robbers, while retired Lt. Leaphorn gets drawn in by one who will not go to the FBI or local police. Chee and Leaphorn work together again, sophisticated robbers shoot the security guards at the Ute Casino, turn off the electricity and then steal the cash bagged and ready to be picked up for deposit to the bank. Cap Stoner is killed outright, while young Teddy Bye is severely wounded, Chee returns from a long vacation in Alaska to be drawn into the investigation at the request of Officer Manuelito, who does not believe Bye is guilty. Roy Gershwin draws Leaphorn into the investigation by saying that he knows who did it, why does he choose Leaphorn, and not the police or the FBI. The FBI announces that the perpetrators fled in an airplane stolen from Mr. Timms, Chee and his friend Cowboy Dashee track the aircraft to the second landholding of Timms, so the murdering men are still on the loose. Leaphorn travels with Prof. Bourebonette, who is working near where some of the men on Gershwins list live, Leaphorn finds Everett Jory in his house, shot dead, leaving a suicide note on his computer screen. The note names his two confederates in the crime, George Badger Ironhand and Alexander Buddy Baker, who misled Jory as to the use of the money, the pick-up truck parked at his place is the second seen at the Casino. The FBI gets active in the case again, the officer in charge, Mr. Cabot, directs a huge systematic search of the area near Jorys home, with the local police forces doing the searching. Prof. Bourebonette interviews a Ute woman with Leaphorn in company, the woman relates the story of Ironhand from the early 20th century, a man who fooled the Navajos in pursuit of him. He had a son who was a fighter in the Vietnam War. About the same time, Chee visits his uncle Frank Sam Nakai, once he and Manuelito move Nakai back to his home, Nakai warns Chee of Ironhand and the coal mine, and gives Chee his final lesson on the Nightway ceremonial. Then Nakai dies of lung cancer, Leaphorn learns from retired FBI agent Kennedy that the broken radio found in the abandoned vehicle had wires cut inside, like a careful sabotage. The station owner gives enough description to indicate it is Ironhand, the vehicle, stolen like the first one, is found abandoned near Gothic Creek Canyon. In the second day of searching, Chee sprains his ankle, after talking with Leaphorn, he calls on the head of the EPA project at the airport that is using a helicopter to scan for uranium, which is usually found in or near old coal mines. Cabot is scornful of this information, claiming they searched that place already, Roy Gershwin meets with Leaphorn again, claiming to be afraid he will be killed as an informer. Chee calls to report the success in finding the mine shaft while Gershwin is present, Chee falls on his injured ankle, so Manuelito takes him to the clinic and then home, where Leaphorn meets them with his new theory of the crime. Leaphorn learned that Jory had lawsuits against both Timms and Gershwin, and that Gershwin is in financial condition, worse if Jory’s lawsuit prevails
39.
The Wailing Wind
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The Wailing Wind is the fifteenth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn/Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 2002. It is a New York Times best-seller, Navajo Tribal Police Officer Bernadette Manuelito investigates an abandoned vehicle in Apache County, Arizona. She finds the body of Thomas Doherty in the truck and she identifies seeds on his clothing and shoes when checking that he is dead, seeds not from plants nearby. Awaiting an ambulance, Manuelito collects seeds for her garden, placing them in an old tobacco tin she finds nearby, when the body is moved, it becomes clear he was murdered, and the FBI steps in. Manuelito gives the tobacco tin to her boss, now that the area is a crime scene, sergeant Jim Chee contacts retired police Lieutenant Joe Leaphorn for advice on how to resolve the problem of the old tin, now evidence removed from a crime scene. This renews Leaphorns interest in a case involving Wiley Denton, a Gallup oil and gas magnate who shot, McKay was bringing evidence to Denton of the location of the old Golden Calf gold mine, to earn money from Denton. Denton served time for the killing, claiming self-defense, Denton contacts Leaphorn to find Dentons wife, who disappeared the day of the shooting. After questioning Denton, Leaphorn agrees to search for his wife, First, Leaphorn visits the scene where Dohertys body was found, discreetly replaces the tin with its sand / gold contents, and then points it out to Cowboy Dashee, the officer at the site. Manuelito finds the place of Dohertys murder, based on the seeds and the ashes from the 1999 fire, a bullet whizzes past her head, but she sees no shooter. Later, the empty hogan nearby is found to belong to Hostiin James Peshlakai, Leaphorn interviews Peggy McKay, drawing a new profile of McKay and his encounter with Denton. Peggy was not believed by the investigators at that time, McKays personal effects, still in police storage, do not match the story of the killing as told by Denton. Peggy says now and said then that he never carried a gun, retracing McKays steps the day of his death, Leaphorn finds that a woman waited in his car as McKay sought materials from the archive at Fort Wingate. He said the woman was his wife, but his wife was not with him, Leaphorn searches McKays car to find blonde hairs, the lens of eyeglasses and a receipt for tools. It begins to look like premeditated murder by Denton, Leaphorn interviews two of the students who reported the wailing sound and the faint sound of music. Teresa Hano at the archives tells him that Doherty had been looking at records related to gold mines. Professor Bourebonette researches the ownership of the land where Doherty was killed, Denton has an option to buy it. Leaphorn ends his connection with Denton, because Denton lied to him, Denton persuades him to meet again, trying to take over the encounter in Leaphorn’s car with a gun. Denton killed McKay so quickly that he gave McKay no chance to mention where Linda was being held hostage, as Denton did not believe that threat
40.
The Sinister Pig
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The Sinister Pig is the sixteenth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 2003. It was a New York Times best-seller, each turns to retired Lt. Joe Leaphorn, now called legendary by his colleagues as well as by Chee, for assistance. Along the way, elegant and dramatic romances reach happy conclusions, soon, his vehicle is found on the Jicarilla Reservation. Each use of Manken’s credit card is monitored by the issuer, Chee and FBI Agent Osborne to retrieve the card from the workmen using it after finding it in trash they picked up. She investigates, taking photos of the wildlife and the construction project underway. She shares the prints of her photos with Sgt, Chee, who in turn shares them with Lt. Leaphorn. One of the trucks in her photos is from Seamless Weld of El Paso, Texas and her boss, Ed Henry, takes the negatives and other set of prints, while taking a photo of her and telling her to leave the ranch alone. Her roommate Mrs. Garza calls Leaphorn with this information, because Manuelito will not call Chee, Leaphorn finds that the pathway of the unused pipeline from the now disused Mexican copper mine passes right through the Tuttle ranch, shown on an old map when the smelter was active. He figures the work recently done at each place is to get the pipeline working again, either to divert natural gas or oil southbound, or to bring in drugs, northbound. The Tuttle ranch is a lease on BLM lands, giving Dashee authority to be there, he, Chee head for the ranch directly. Directed by her boss to the Tuttle ranch, Manuelito finds herself in an awkward position, the usually locked and guarded gate is swinging open, and no one is in sight. She drives to the building, climbing on her vehicle to look in through the only windows, three men approach her, Winsor aims his hunting rifle at her. Her weapon is taken by Diego and the four proceed inside the building, Manuelito sees the drugs at the opening from the pipeline. Budge tells her in Spanish to claim she is from DEA and willing to take a cut of the money Winsor will get from the amount of drugs she sees, which she does. Winsor talks about the killing of Manken, who was not involved in illegal drugs, but hunting out the situation on royalties owed for resources extraction. Budge takes her weapon from Diego while Manuelito kicks the rifle, Winslow hits her with the butt of the rifle, then Budge shoots Winslow. Manuelito sits in her vehicle, after calling her own dispatcher, Chee and Cowboy Dashee arrive at the ranch to find her resting in her vehicle. This scene evokes the words from Chee that he loves Bernie, then he and Dashee listen to what happened, and see the private airplane above, heading for Mexico
41.
Skeleton Man (novel)
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Skeleton Man is the seventeenth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 2004. The event alters long held stories of the tribes who live on the Canyon floor, and leaves a pregnant woman about to be married, on her own, when her fiancés family rejects her and her child. The child is grown, and seeks her fathers remains, while the lawyer who gained financially by rejection of the fights to hold on to his wealth. A couple of expensive diamonds bring Leaphorn, Chee and Manuelito into her story, when two passenger airplanes collide over the Grand Canyon in the 1950s killing all aboard, John Clarkes body is lost, as is the briefcase of diamonds he had locked to his wrist. Scorning Mr. Clarkes pregnant fiancée, the Clarke family disclaims the out-of-wedlock daughter, when Clarkes father dies without heir shortly after the crash, the family fortune is entrusted to the estates attorney, Dan Plymale, to create a charitable foundation. Mr. Plymale then proceeds to live well as executor of the funds, while Joanna Craig. Decades later, Billy Tuve, a Hopi, is arrested on suspicion of burglary, Tuves cousin, Cowboy Dashee solicits help from his friend Navajo Tribal Police Sergeant Jim Chee to clear Tuves name. Retired Lieutenant Joe Leaphorn recalls that his old acquaintance Shorty McGinnis acquired a similar diamond many years ago from a man whose story matches Tuves story, Joanna Craig pays the bail for Billy Tuve, asking him to lead her to the place where he received the diamond. Though it will aid his case, Billy is reluctant because the place, before Joanna can pick Billy up at his own home, Fred Sherman takes Billy away. Joanna trails them, and in a maneuver, takes Shermans gun from him. She and Billy proceed to the head on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. Billy takes her part way down, then disappears, bradford Chandler, hired by Dan Plymale, learns Sherman will not meet him when a police officer answers Shermans cell phone. Chandler goes on alone, arriving near the sacred spot, Manuelito stays behind while Chee and Dashee each go a different way along the canyon bottom. She does not stay in one place, but walks and finds the slot along the wall where the man had lived. She sees an arm bone, and his array of the 70 remaining diamonds. She finds what Chee and Dashee sought, Chandler, with his loaded pistol, meets Joanna in the canyon bottom. An uneasy pair, they follow Manuelitos tracks into the slot, Chandler stores the seventy odd diamonds in his hiking socks. A male storm, one of high intensity rains, rises, Manuelito and Joanna Craig take shelter on a ledge, while Chandler leaves with his diamonds and is then carried out by the force of the instant river made by the rain
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The Shape Shifter
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The Shape Shifter is the eighteenth crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 2006. It was a New York Times best-seller and the last Chee/Leaphorn novel by Hillerman published before Hillermans death on October 26,2008, a cold case from Lt. Leaphorns earliest days as a police officer finds new evidence, which he pursues though he is retired. The slick and cruel perpetrator continues his same modus operandi, but Leaphorn gets evidence on this elusive murderer and thief, while Jim Chee and Bernadette Manuelito honeymoon in Hawaii, Mel Bork sends Leaphorn a page from a glossy magazine, showing the interior of a fine home. The main item on the wall is a tale-telling rug made in the 1860s of the walk back from Bosque Redondo. Leaphorn saw that rare rug long ago in Totters Trading Post & Gallery, besides destroying the rug, that fire killed a man beyond recognition, who was identified by the FBI as Ray Shewnack, a man on their most-wanted list. Leaphorn calls Bork, learning from his wife that Mel has not been home for two days, there is a threatening message from a stranger that Mel never heard. Leaphorn begins to search for Mel, the rug would be nearly impossible to duplicate, raising the suspicion that the rug was not destroyed, as reported decades earlier. Leaphorn’s boss had sent him to join the FBI at Totter’s place instead and she was very angry with him. Leaphorn learns that Jason Delos owns the house shown in the magazine photo, gossip links Delos to stories of CIA in Vietnam in the 1960s. Garcia, who tells him the story of Ray Shewnack and his burglary of Handy’s gas station and grocery back in 1961. Shewnack told one plan to the employees, then carried it out differently, murdering the owners and setting up the employees to go to prison for abetting, Begay is dead, apparently of suicide. Garcia tells this story as they drive to the remains of Totter’s place and they meet Delonie there, recently out of prison. Heading home, they stop at Grandma Peshlakai’s place, learning that she found her empty buckets at Totter’s place after the fire, a few years after the fire, she heard Totter had died, via a notice in a Gallup newspaper. Back home, Chee and Bernie agree to find this death notice, the notice of Totter’s death in 1967 said he was buried in the VA cemetery in Oklahoma. Leaphorn visits Jason Delos, asking for help in finding Mel Bork, Delos admits that Bork had visited him, suggesting that there might be insurance fraud as to the antique rug. Delos’s man, Tommy Vang, gives Leaphorn a bag of food including homemade fruitcake, to take on his drive home. At home, he hears the news of the man killed in a crash two days earlier. He calls Garcia, certain it was Bork, and says that an autopsy will be needed, then Leaphorn meets with Ted Rostic, retired FBI agent, who had been part of the 1965 case
43.
Finding Moon
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Finding Moon is a novel written in 1996 by Tony Hillerman. The novel is based on an idea that Hillerman had developed and intended to set in post-World War II Europe, in fact, many characters are named after soldiers he knew while serving. He would later set the story in Southeast Asia in 1975, coinciding with the fall of Saigon, the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, the plot concerns Moon Mathias, the managing editor of a small Colorado newspaper. With his mother incapacitated, Moon takes over the mission and flies to Cambodia to try to find the niece he didnt know existed and this novel is different in tone from many of Hillermans other works, especially as it is not a mystery in the traditional sense. There is an investigation of sorts as Moon discovers the details of his brothers life, finding Moon HarperCollins, Mass Market cows,1996, Pages,384, ISBN 0-06-109261-4
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The Dark Wind (1991 film)
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The Dark Wind is a 1991 American mystery drama film based on The Dark Wind by Tony Hillerman, one of a series of mysteries set against contemporary Navajo life in the Southwest. It stars Lou Diamond Phillips as Jim Chee and Fred Ward as Joe Leaphorn, as Officer Jim Chee watches a windmill, trying to catch the vandal repeatedly sabotaging it, a small plane crashes nearby. Thus begins a story involving not only the vandalism and the crash, but murder, drug smuggling. Officer Chee is suspected by the FBI when drugs known to have been on the plane are missing. Lou Diamond Phillips as Officer Jim Chee Fred Ward as Lt. Robert Redford was executive producer, hoping for a series of films, but he was unhappy with the production and director. In an article on the adaptation of Skinwalkers in 2002, Redford said of The Dark Wind that The film, says Redford, wasnt any good. That was a start, Redford says. It was ill-conceived and I didnt think it was the beginning for the series. Director Errol Morris did not finish the film due to differences with Redford. The Dark Wind at the Internet Movie Database
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Skinwalkers (2002 film)
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Skinwalkers is a mystery television film based on the novel of the same name by Tony Hillerman, one of his series of mysteries set against contemporary Navajo life in the Southwest. It features an all-Native American cast, with Adam Beach and Wes Studi playing officers Jim Chee and it was produced as part of the PBS Mystery. Series, filmed on the Navajo reservation and directed by Chris Eyre, the film was the highest rated program of 2002 on PBS. It is the first of three films based on the same series of books, the other two being adaptations of A Thief of Time and Coyote Waits. It was repackaged in 2016 with the two following films as Skinwalkers, The Navajo Mysteries on Netflix, Joe Leaphorn, a seasoned cop accustomed to the city ways of Phoenix, Santa Fe, and Albuquerque, has returned to the Navajo reservation. His wife Emma is recovering from cancer and feels rejuvenated by the landscape, Leaphorn is less sure about their return. Well schooled in urban policing, he is confronted with a particular Navajo case. Leaphorn works with a partner Jim Chee, an FBI Academy grad who is training to be a traditional Navajo healer. Roman Georges body is found miles from his truck and surrounded by ancient symbols etched in blood. A local archeologist holds the key to the symbols he left behind, so Chee, fearing that his mentor, Wilson Sam, will be next, Chee convinces the medicine man to hide in a nearby motel. As Chee juggles the day-to-day police work on the reservation, Leaphorn tracks down clues to the identity of the evasive criminal, more ancient symbols are found at an abandoned paint factory, where a local gang has been congregating. Who is sending these messages in blood, could the murders be linked to the old Dinetah Paints scandal and lead poisoning in the region. Chee does not have time to mull these questions over. Executive producer was Robert Redford with his son James adapting the screenplay from Tony Hillermans novel of the same name and it was directed by Chris Eyre and filmed at the Navajo Reservation. The film is a co-production involving Redfords Wildwood Enterprises, PBS, the film had a television rating of 4.2 on its November 24,2002 premiere, the highest rated show on PBS in 2002 with an audience of approximately 12 million viewers. A Thief of Time Coyote Waits Skinwalkers, PBS Skinwalkers at AllMovie Skinwalkers at the Internet Movie Database
