1.
Music of Indonesia
–
The music of Indonesia demonstrates its cultural diversity, the local musical creativity, as well as subsequent foreign musical influences that shaped contemporary music scenes of Indonesia. Nearly thousands of Indonesian islands having its own cultural and artistic history and this results in hundreds of different forms of music, which often accompanies by dance and theatre. The musics of Java, Sumatra, Bali, Flores and other islands have been documented and recorded, the music in Indonesia predates historical records, various Native Indonesian tribes often incorporate chants and songs accompanied with musics instruments in their rituals. Today the contemporary music of Indonesia is popular in the region, including neighbouring countries, Malaysia, Singapore, Traditional regional musics and songs of Indonesia natively compromises of strong beat and harmony type musics with strong influence of Indian and Malay classical music. The influence is visible in the traditional popular music genre of Dangdut. The musical identity of Indonesia as we know it began as the Bronze Age culture migrated to the Indonesian archipelago in the 2nd-3rd century BC. Traditional musics of Indonesian tribes often uses percussion instruments, especially gendang, similar ensembles are prevalent throughout Indonesia and Malaysia, however gamelan is originated from Java, Bali, and Lombok. In Central Java, gamelan is intricate and meticulously laid out, the central melody is played on a metallophone in the centre of the orchestra, while the front elaboration and ornamentation on the melody, and, at the back, the gongs slowly punctuate the music. Each gamelan is tuned to itself, and the intervals between notes on the scale vary between ensembles, the metallophones cover four octaves, eTemplate, Spelling inline types like the slenthem, demung, saron panerus and balungan. The soul of the gamelan is believed to reside in the large gong, other gongs are tuned to each note of the scale and include ketuk, kenong and kempul. The front section of the orchestra is diverse, and includes rebab, suling, siter, male choruses and female solo vocalists are common. With the arrival of the Dutch colonizers, a system called kepatihan was developed to record the music. Music and dance at the time was divided into several styles based on the courts in the area—Surakarta, Yogyakarta. Gamelan from eastern Java is less well-known than central or western parts of the island, perhaps most distinctive of the area is the extremely large gamyak drum. In West Java, formerly Sunda, has several types of gamelan, Gamelan Degung, gamelan salendro and tembang sunda are three primary types. Kecapi suling is a type of music that is highly improvisational. It is related to tembang sunda, angklung is a bamboo musical instrument native to Sundanese people of West Java. It is made out of tubes attached to a bamboo frame
Music of Indonesia
–
Kempul gongs from Java
Music of Indonesia
–
The
gamelan performance in the palace of
Surakarta Sunanate.
Music of Indonesia
–
Balinese gamelan performance.
2.
Kecak
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Kecak is a form of Balinese dance and music drama that was developed in the 1930s in Bali, Indonesia. Since its creation, it has performed primarily by men. The monkey-like Vanara led by Hanuman helped Prince Rama fight the evil King Ravana, Kecak has roots in sanghyang, a trance-inducing exorcism dance. Kecak was originally a trance ritual accompanied by male chorus, in the 1930s, Walter Spies, a German painter and musician, became deeply interested in the ritual while living in Bali. He adapted it as a drama, based on the Hindu Ramayana and including dance, Spies worked with Wayan Limbak, who popularized the dance by arranging for performances by Balinese groups touring internationally. These tours have helped make the kecak internationally known, I Wayan Dibia, a performer, choreographer, and scholar, suggests, by contrast, that the Balinese were already developing this form when Spies arrived on the island. For example, during the 1920s, the well-known dancer I Limbak had incorporated Baris movements into the cak leader role. Spies liked this innovation, and he suggested that Limbak devise a spectacle based on the Ramayana, accompanied by cak chorus rather than gamelan, a kecak chant can be heard in the 1969 film Fellini Satyricon. The 1971 version of Kenneth Angers Rabbits Moon incorporates Kecak into the soundtrack, the soundtrack to the Coen Brothers 1984 debut film Blood Simple includes a track entitled Monkey Chant which is based on kecak. Dagger of Kamui, a film, incorporates kecak in its score. Kecak chanting is incorporated into the soundtrack for the Japanese animated film Akira, a sample of Kecak chanting is in The Wind Chimes, from Mike Oldfields 1987 album Islands. At the same time the song received Kawakami Audience Selection Award, the San Francisco art rock band Oxbows songs Daughter and Daughter Bent & Floating from their 1991 album King of the Jews, incorporates Kecak-inspired polyrhythmic chanting and clapping. Kecak is heard in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, footage of a kecak performance is featured in Ron Frickes film Baraka. Sounds of gamelan and kecak chants were incorporated into the soundtrack of 1993 video game Secret of Mana / Seiken Densetsu II, the track is titled The Oracle. A Kecak-style dance and chant can be seen in the portion of Tarsem Singhs film The Fall. John Adams opera, A Flowering Tree, features Kumudha and the beggar minstrels in Act II, Mike Patton performs a Kecak-like chant in the song Goodbye Sober Day on the 1999 Mr. Bungle album California. A sample of Kecak chanting can be heard in the song Soldier of Fortune from Manhattan Transfers album Bodies, a sample of Kecak chanting can be heard in the Nurse With Wound track I Am Blind from the album Homotopy to Marie. A sample of Kecak chanting mixed with Balis Gamelan can be heard in the SNK Neo Geo arcade video game, the arena also includes background animation of Kecak chanters on the right side, Barong dance on the center, and Gamelan performers with crowded audience on the left side
Kecak
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Hanuman being burned in
Lanka, a
Ramayana episode in Kecak dance performance
Kecak
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A kecak dance being performed at
Uluwatu, in Bali
Kecak
–
Kempul gongs from Java
Kecak
–
A kecak dance being performed at
Kolese Kanisius,
Jakarta
3.
Kecapi suling
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Kacapi suling is a form of Sundanese music from West Java. It is essentially tembang Sunda minus vocals, and also at interludes between songs at a typical Tembang Sunda performance, the higher pitched kacapi rincik, the lower pitched kacapi indung and the suling flute are the instruments used for kacapi suling. Kacapi suling has instrumental pieces performed in two different scales, the first four in laras pelog convey a mood, the last four, in laras sorog are more slow. The change to laras sorog usually takes place at midnight and lasts til sunrise, many hotels in Indonesia, especially in Bali, and other parts of the world like in Shenzhen China play this Sundanese music genre in their lobbies. Malaysia itself invited Sundanese Kacapi Suling experts from the Province of West Java to teach their expertise in Malaysia. Tembang Sunda Kacapi Suling Wim van Zanten, THE POETRY OF TEMBANG SUNDA, KITL, Leiden,1984 http, //members. tripod. com/pasundan/ http, //www. asianclassicalmp3. org/arum Typical Kecapi Suling piece
Kecapi suling
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Kempul gongs from Java
Kecapi suling
–
Kacapi and suling
4.
Tembang sunda
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Tembang sunda, also called seni mamaos cianjuran, is a style of classical vocal music that originated in the Priangan highland of western Java. Unlike Sundanese gamelan music, tembang sunda was developed in the court of the regent Kabupaten Cianjur during the Dutch colonial period, the traditional vocal portion is sung free verse poetry, the instrumental accompaniment being performed on kacapi, suling and sometimes, rebab. A more modern, and metrical, form of lyrics exists that is called panambih, kacapi suling is played to ornament the vocals, and also at interludes between songs at a typical Tembang Sunda performance. The higher pitched kacapi rincik, the lower pitched kacapi indung, kacapi suling has instrumental pieces performed in two different scales, the first four in laras pelog convey a light mood, the last four in laras sorog are more slow and grave. The change to laras sorog usually takes place at midnight and lasts til sunrise, west Java Pantun Sunda Sunda kingdom Music of Indonesia The poetry of Tembang Sunda A Tembang Sunda performance
Tembang sunda
–
Kempul gongs from Java
5.
Indonesian popular music
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Koes Bersaudara later formed as Koes Plus is considered as one of the pioneer of Indonesian pop and rock n roll music in 1960s and 1970s. The American and British music influences were obvious in the music of Koes Bersaudara, several Indonesian pop and ballad singers were survived through decades and become Indonesian music legends, such as Iwan Fals and Chrisye. In 2000s, the bands include Peterpan, Radja, Gigi, Dewa 19, Sheila on 7, DMasiv and Nidji, all of which tour regularly in Indonesia, Singapore. Some of Indonesian pop bands are rekindle with their Malay roots and revived a genre called Band Pop Melayu, the pop Malay bands are Kangen Band, WALI, Hijau Daun, Armada, Angkasa, and ST12. This genre is the form of old Orkes Melayu style. The most recent foreign influences on Indonesian pop musics are the style, several bands such as J-Rocks, Zivilia, and Indonesian boyband and girlband such as JKT48, S. O. S, Hitz are imitating the style of Japan and Korea pop culture. Today Indonesian pop music enjoyed nationwide and regional popularity, because of common culture and intelligible languages between Indonesian and Malay, Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. However the overwhelming popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry, in 2008 Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts. List of Indonesian pop musicians Indonesian rock Dangdut Campursari
Indonesian popular music
–
Peterpan, A popular Indonesian band
Indonesian popular music
–
Agnes Monica, a popular solo singer in Indonesia
6.
Indonesian hip hop
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Indonesian hip hop is hip hop music performed in Indonesia. Hip hop music began to be produced in Indonesia in the early 1990s, with the first Indonesia artist to release a full-length hip hop album being the emcee Iwa K, other Indonesian hip hop groups and solos include Boyz Got No Brain, Neo and Rich Chigga. Many Indonesian hip hop groups rhyme in the Indonesian language, variously, songs often combine formal Indonesian with street slang, youth code, regionally colored pronunciations, and even expressions from regional languages. Indonesian hip hop music is a youth subculture and it has been seen as a form of protest against the New Order governments state-imposed understanding of the Indonesian cultural identity. It has largely been condemned by key figures such as former president B. J. Habibie. In January 1995, Habibie raised objections against organising an Indonesian rap festival, it’s not even appropriate over there, much less in Indonesia. I don’t agree with it because it’s of no use whatsoever, Indonesian hip hop is often mixed with heavy metal. Groups such as Iwa-K and Denada have music that is of this style
Indonesian hip hop
–
Kempul gongs from Java
7.
Kroncong
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The name Kroncong may be derived from the jingling sound of the kerincing rebana, as heard in the rhythmic background of the music created by the interlocking of instruments playing on or off beat. This background rhythm runs faster than the often slow vocals or melody, One ukulele, called the cak, may be steel-stringed. The instrumentalist strums chords with up to 8 strums per beat in 4/4 rhythm, the off-beat strums are often accentuated. The other ukulele, called the cuk, is larger and has 3 gut or nylon strings, the instrumentalist may pluck arpeggios and tremoloes using a plectrum, and the on-beat is emphasised. As a set, the cak and cuk form a pair that mostly gives Kroncong its characteristic kron. The cello may have 3 gut or nylon strings and the chords are plucked rapidly, often with a unique using the thumb. This instrument then adds both rhythm and tone, the guitar may play similarly to either cak or cuk, but plays are often extended scalar runs that provide an undulating background to a chord or bridge chord changes. The bass is played in a minimalist style reminiscent of the large gongs in a gamelan. On top of this layer, the melody and elaborate ornamentation is carried by a voice, flute. The violin or flute are used to play introductory passages that are often elaborate, the fills and scalar runs are both faster and more elaborate than the guitars. The vocalist sings the melody which is slow with sustained notes in traditional Kroncong, the repertoire largely uses the Western major key with some arrangements in the minor. One departure from this occurs when Kroncong orchestras play Javanese songs, Javanese music ordinarily uses scales and intervals that do not occur in Western music. Kroncong Jawa maintains Western intervals but adopts a 5-tone scale that approximates one of the main Javanese septatonic scales. When playing this style, cak and cuk leave their characteristic interplay, the cello adopts a different rhythmic style as well. Kroncong music began in the 16th century when sailors from the Portuguese Empire brought Portuguese instruments, lower-class citizens and gangs, commonly called buaya adopted the new musical styles. Eventually, they were assimilated by the upper-class citizens, paul Fisher writes, The small kroncong guitar, also the name of a music, is derived from the Portuguese braguinha, sharing its root with the Hawaiian ukulele. Kroncong music is believed to have originated in the communities of freed Portuguese slaves in the 16th century, European influence from this time can also be heard in the music of the Batak people of North Sumatra. From the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of guitar accompaniment incorporated within a distinctly Indonesian idiom in music came from Sumatra, South Sulawesi, considered as a Eurasian art form, Kroncong features prominently each year at the Tong Tong Fair
Kroncong
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Liev Java Orchestra in Batavia, 1936
Kroncong
–
Kempul gongs from Java
Kroncong
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Orchestra of Komedie Stamboel, 1905.
8.
Gambang kromong
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Gambang kromong is a traditional orchestra of Betawi people which is a blend of gamelan, Western music and Chinese-style pentatonic base tones. Gambang kromong is closely associated with the Chinese Betawi community, especially the Chinese Peranakan and it was popular in the 1930s. Western instruments such as trumpets, guitars, violins, and saxophones may also be included, nie Hoe Kong, a musician and leader of the Chinese people in the mid 18th-century Batavia, is considered one of the early figure who developed the Gambang kromong. In its first appearance in Batavia, the orchestra was called gambang, later in the beginning of the 20th-century, they began to use additional instruments, the bonang or kromong, so it is called gambang kromong. During that period, almost every parts of Batavia has a gambang kromong orchestra, Gambang Kromong reached their peak of popularity around 1937. One of the group was Gambang Kromong Ngo Hong Lao. The instruments used in the group was considered to be the most extensive. For the wealthy Chinese, it was a custom to liven up a party by calling a gambang kromong orchestra, Gambang kromong was also performed during the Cap Go Meh festival, sometimes with plays. Gambang kromong used the Chinese scale instead of the local slendro typical in Javanese, Sundanese, the set appears in the xylophone-like instrument gambang, used in the orchestra. In addition to accompanying songs, Gambang Kromong usually accompanies social dances such as the Cokek dance, a newly created performance dance as well as in Lenong theatre
Gambang kromong
–
Kempul gongs from Java
9.
Gambus
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A qanbūs or gambus is a short-necked lute that originated in Yemen and spread throughout the Arabian peninsula. Sachs considered that it derived its name from the Turkic komuz and it has twelve nylon strings that are plucked with a plastic plectrum to generate sound, much like a guitar. However, unlike a guitar, the gambus has no frets, Yemen migration saw the instrument spread to different parts of the Indian Ocean. In Muslim Southeast Asia, called the gambus, it sparked a whole genre of its own. Today it is played in Johor, South Malaysia, in the traditional dance Zapin, in the Comoros it is known as gabusi, and in Zanzibar as gabbus
Gambus
–
A qanbūs lute in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna
Gambus
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A qanbus displayed in the instrument collection of the The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Labeled as "Syria. 89.4.394".
Gambus
10.
Jaipongan
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Jaipongan, also known as Jaipong, is a popular traditional dance of Sundanese people, West Java, Indonesia. The dance was created by Gugum Gumbira, based on traditional Sundanese Ketuk Tilu music, in 1961, Indonesian President Sukarno prohibited rock and roll and other western genres of music, and challenged Indonesian musicians to revive the indigenous arts. The name jaipongan came from people mimicking of the created by some of the drums in the ensemble. Audiences were often heard shouting jaipong after specific sections of music were played. Jaipongan debuted in 1974 when Gugum Gumbira and his gamelan and dancers first performed in public, Gugum Gumbira is a Sundanese composer, orchestra leader, choreographer, and entrepreneur from Bandung, Indonesia. After 1961, when the Indonesian President Sukarno banned all forms of music and challenged his people to revive their cultural music. In order to do this he studied the rural, festival dance music for twelve years and he created his own recording studio in Indonesia called Jugala. Gugum Gumbira was born in 1945 in Bandung, Indonesia and he attended college in Bandung where he majored in social and political UNPAD. Once he left college, he took up a position at the Ministry of Finance and he also lectured at the Academy of Finance until 1988. He currently owns a studio called Jugala where he conducts his orchestra also called Jugala. They travel around the world to perform, as the choreographer for Jugala, he met his wife, Euis Komariah, who was the singer for the orchestra and a dancer in the troupe. Jaipongan, also known as jaipong, is a performance genre of the Sundanese people in the Sundanese language of West Java. Jaipongan includes revived indigenous arts, like gamelan, but it also did not ignore Western music completely despite the ban on rock and it used its sensuality and the sensuality found in a traditional village music and dance, ketuk tilu. However, many believe it is something purely Indonesian or Sundanese in origin and it is developed predominately from rural folk forms and traditions as a purely indigenous form. The rise of cassettes and films has led to the popularity of the form of jaipongan. It has spread from its home in West Java’s Sunda, to greater Java and it can be seen as many regional varieties of gong-chime performance found through much of Indonesia. As also a dance form, it is based primarily on the village forms of ketuk tilu and on the Indonesian martial arts. The musical genre is largely influenced from ketuk tilu with traces of the masked dance, topeng banjet
Jaipongan
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Jaipongan Mojang Priangan dance performance
Jaipongan
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Jaipongan dance performance accompanied by Sundanese degung mixed with modern instruments.
Jaipongan
–
Jaipongan
11.
Langgam jawa
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Langgam jawa is a regional form of Indonesian kroncong music most often associated with the city of Surakarta. As is the case with traditional music, langgam jawa utilizes a variety of non-native instruments, such as the flute, guitar, ukulele, cello. However, these instruments are performed using a seven-tone Javanese gamelan scale known as pelog, the cello typically plays the role of a gamelan ciblon drum, with the performer slowly plucking or slapping the strings in a percussive fashion. Langgam jawas roots can be traced back to kroncong ensambles going back to the 1920s, among the leading exponents of the style is Andjar Any. He and his ensemble, Orkes Kroncong Bintang Nusantara, are said to have composed over 2000 songs in the langgam jawa style, gamelan Kroncong Music of Java Music of Indonesia Source, Indonesian Popular Music, Kroncong, Dangdut and Langgam Jawa. Philip Yampolsky, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings,1991
Langgam jawa
–
Kempul gongs from Java
12.
Qasidah modern
–
The music of Indonesia demonstrates its cultural diversity, the local musical creativity, as well as subsequent foreign musical influences that shaped contemporary music scenes of Indonesia. Nearly thousands of Indonesian islands having its own cultural and artistic history and this results in hundreds of different forms of music, which often accompanies by dance and theatre. The musics of Java, Sumatra, Bali, Flores and other islands have been documented and recorded, the music in Indonesia predates historical records, various Native Indonesian tribes often incorporate chants and songs accompanied with musics instruments in their rituals. Today the contemporary music of Indonesia is popular in the region, including neighbouring countries, Malaysia, Singapore, Traditional regional musics and songs of Indonesia natively compromises of strong beat and harmony type musics with strong influence of Indian and Malay classical music. The influence is visible in the traditional popular music genre of Dangdut. The musical identity of Indonesia as we know it began as the Bronze Age culture migrated to the Indonesian archipelago in the 2nd-3rd century BC. Traditional musics of Indonesian tribes often uses percussion instruments, especially gendang, similar ensembles are prevalent throughout Indonesia and Malaysia, however gamelan is originated from Java, Bali, and Lombok. In Central Java, gamelan is intricate and meticulously laid out, the central melody is played on a metallophone in the centre of the orchestra, while the front elaboration and ornamentation on the melody, and, at the back, the gongs slowly punctuate the music. Each gamelan is tuned to itself, and the intervals between notes on the scale vary between ensembles, the metallophones cover four octaves, eTemplate, Spelling inline types like the slenthem, demung, saron panerus and balungan. The soul of the gamelan is believed to reside in the large gong, other gongs are tuned to each note of the scale and include ketuk, kenong and kempul. The front section of the orchestra is diverse, and includes rebab, suling, siter, male choruses and female solo vocalists are common. With the arrival of the Dutch colonizers, a system called kepatihan was developed to record the music. Music and dance at the time was divided into several styles based on the courts in the area—Surakarta, Yogyakarta. Gamelan from eastern Java is less well-known than central or western parts of the island, perhaps most distinctive of the area is the extremely large gamyak drum. In West Java, formerly Sunda, has several types of gamelan, Gamelan Degung, gamelan salendro and tembang sunda are three primary types. Kecapi suling is a type of music that is highly improvisational. It is related to tembang sunda, angklung is a bamboo musical instrument native to Sundanese people of West Java. It is made out of tubes attached to a bamboo frame
Qasidah modern
–
Kempul gongs from Java
Qasidah modern
–
The
gamelan performance in the palace of
Surakarta Sunanate.
Qasidah modern
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Balinese gamelan performance.
13.
Gamelan
–
Gamelan is the traditional ensemble music of Java and Bali in Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments. The most common instruments used are metallophones played by mallets and a set of hand-played drums called kendhang which register the beat, other instruments include xylophones, bamboo flutes, a bowed instrument called a rebab, and even vocalists called sindhen. Although the popularity of gamelan has declined since the introduction of pop music, gamelan is still played on formal occasions. For most Indonesians, gamelan is an part of Indonesian culture. The word gamelan comes from the low Javanese word gamel, which may refer to a type of mallet used to strike instruments or the act of striking with a mallet. The term karawitan refers to classical music and performance practice. The word derives from the Javanese word of Sanskrit origin, rawit, another word from this root, pangrawit, means a person with such sense, and is used as an honorific when discussing esteemed gamelan musicians. The gamelan predates the Hindu-Buddhist culture that dominated Indonesia in its earliest records, the instruments developed into their current form during the Majapahit Empire. In contrast to the heavy Indian influence in art forms, the only obvious Indian influence in gamelan music is in the Javanese style of singing. In Javanese mythology, the gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru in Saka era 167 and he needed a signal to summon the gods and thus invented the gong. For more complex messages, he invented two other gongs, thus forming the original gamelan set, the earliest image of a musical ensemble is found on the 8th century Borobudur temple, Central Java. Musical instruments such as the flute, bells, drums in various sizes, lute. However it lacks metallophones and xylophones, nevertheless, the image of this musical ensemble is suggested to be the ancient form of the gamelan. In the palaces of Java the oldest known ensembles, Gamelan Munggang and these formed the basis of a loud style of music. In the 17th century, these loud and soft styles mixed, and to an extent the variety of modern gamelan styles of Bali, Java. Thus, despite the diversity of styles, many of the same theoretical concepts, instruments. A gamelan is an ensemble consisting of metallophones, xylophones, flutes, gongs, voices. The hand-played drum called kendhang controls the tempo and rhythm of pieces as well as transitions from one section to another, while one instrument gives melodic cues to indicate treatment or sections of a piece
Gamelan
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A set of Javanese gamelan from the
Asian Civilisations Museum, Empress Place,
Singapore.
Gamelan
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Kempul gongs from Java
Gamelan
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Musicians performing musical ensemble, bas-relief of
Borobudur
Gamelan
–
Bonang
14.
Angklung
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The angklung is a musical instrument from Indonesia made of a varying number of bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame. The tubes are carved to have a resonant pitch when struck and are tuned to octaves, the base of the frame is held in one hand, whilst the other hand shakes the instrument. This causes a repeating note to sound, each of three or more performers in an angklung ensemble play just one note or more, but altogether complete melodies are produced. The angklung is popular throughout Southeast Asia, but it originated in what is now West Java and Banten provinces in Indonesia, Angklung and its music has become the cultural identity of Sundanese communities in West Java and Banten. Playing the angklung as an orchestra requires cooperation and coordination, and is believed to promote the values of teamwork, mutual respect, the word angklung may have originated from Sundanese angkleung-angkleungan, suggesting the movement of the angklung player and the klung sound that comes from the instrument. Another theory suggests that the word angklung was formed from two Balinese words – angka and lung, angka means tone, and lung means broken or lost. According to Dr. Groneman, angklung had already been a musical instrument of the entire archipelago even before the Hindu era. According to Jaap Kunst in Music in Java, besides West Java, angklung also exists in South Sumatra, lampung, East Java and Central Java are also familiar with the instrument. In the Hindu period and the time of the Kingdom of Sunda, the angklung was played to honor Dewi Sri, the goddess of fertility, so she would bless their land and lives. The angklung also signaled the time for prayers, and was said to have played since the 7th century in Kingdom of Sunda. In the Kingdom of Sunda, it provided martial music during the Battle of Bubat, the oldest surviving angklung is 400 years old Angklung Gubrag. It was made in the 17th century in Jasinga, Bogor, other antique angklung are stored in the Sri Baduga Museum, Bandung. In 1938, Daeng Soetigna, from Bandung, created an angklung that is based on the scale instead of the traditional pélog or sléndro scales. Since then, the angklung has returned to popularity and is used for education and entertainment, one of the first performances of angklung in an orchestra was in 1955 during the Bandung Conference. In 1966 Udjo Ngalagena, a student of Daeng Soetigna, opened his Saung Angklung as a centre for its preservation, UNESCO designated the angklung a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on November 18,2010. In Bali, an ensemble of angklung is called gamelan angklung, while the ensemble gets its name from the bamboo shakers, most modern compositions for Gamelan Angklung do not use them. An ensemble of mostly bronze metallophones is used instead, generally with about 20 musicians, while the instrumentation of gamelan angklung is similar to gamelan gong kebyar, there are several critical differences. The instruments in angklung are tuned to a 5-tone slendro scale, an exception is the five-tone angklung from the north of Bali
Angklung
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Angklung with eight pitches
Angklung
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Single pitch angklung, for use in orchestras
Angklung
–
Kempul gongs from Java
Angklung
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Daeng Soetigna in 1971
15.
Beleganjur
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Gamelan beleganjur is one of the most popular styles of gamelan music in Bali. Its closest Western analogue is probably the Western military band, like the Western military band, the original purpose of beleganjur was to accompany armies into battle and strike fear into the hearts of the enemy. In fact, gamelan beleganjur literally means gamelan of walking warriors, also like its Western counterpart, today beleganjur has mostly lost its association with warfare, and instead is associated with festivals, contests, and cremation ceremonies. Although the origin of beleganjur is uncertain, it bears resemblance to the now rare gamelan gong bheri, the drums and cymbals generally play interlocking patterns over the ostinato of the gongan gong cycle. Though bebatelan itself is rarely heard nowadays, its instrumentation forms the nucleus of the complex modern ensemble. The ponggang usually play a characteristic ostinato pattern while the play more complex interlocking patterns known as kotekan. Gamelan beleganjur is essential to the Hindu religious ceremonies of Bali, music of Death and New Creation, Experiences in the World of Balinese Gamelan Beleganjur
Beleganjur
–
Kempul gongs from Java
16.
Gamelan degung
–
Gamelan Degung is a Sundanese musical ensemble that uses a subset of modified gamelan instruments with a particular mode of pelog scale. The instruments are manufactured under local conditions in towns in West Java such as Bogor, Degung music is often played at public gatherings in West Java, such as at local elections, as well as many other events. There is international interest in degung as well amongst communities in other countries interested in Indonesia, the instrumentation of gamelan degung is quite flexible. It may include, Bonang/kolènang, two rows of seven small bulbous gongs and it differs from its Javanese counterpart in that the rows are each placed on either side of the player. Saron/peking, a high-pitched bronze metallophone with fourteen keys, panerus, another bronze metallophone, similar to the peking but pitched an octave lower. Jengglong, six bulbous gongs suspended from the same frame, a set of kendang, consisting of one large and two small double-sided drums. Suling degung, a bamboo flute. In classical degung, the bonang serves as a conductor for the whole ensemble, except in certain modern compositions, it is rarely absent
Gamelan degung
–
Kempul gongs from Java
Gamelan degung
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Closeup of a gong from gamelan degung
Gamelan degung
–
Sundanese Gamelan Degung.
Gamelan degung
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Sundanese students playing gamelan degung on the street.
17.
Gamelan gong gede
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Usually performed by a temple orchestra of over forty musicians, music written for the gong gede is sedate and graceful, following an andante tempo. It fluctuates in cycles, one fast, one slow, one loud, the beat is provided by the largest gong. During their colonization of Bali in the nineteenth century, the Dutch dissolved the courts. The use of the gong gede became limited to temple music, examples of recordings of gamelan gong gede, Gamelan Gong Gede of Batur Temple Bali, Musique pour le Gong Gede
Gamelan gong gede
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Kempul gongs from Java
18.
Gamelan gong kebyar
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Gamelan gong kebyar is a style or genre of Balinese gamelan music. Kebyar means the process of flowering, and refers to the changes in tempo. It is the most popular form of gamelan in Bali, Gamelan gong kebyar was first documented to exist in North Bali in the early 1900s. The first public performance was in December 1915 at a gamelan gong competition in Jagaraga, ten years later, I Mario of Tabanan is said to have created kebyar dance to accompany the music. Following their violent invasion of the island, Dutch occupiers responded to criticism by building cultural institutions. They sponsored these competitions until Japanese forces ended their rule in World War II, in addition to island-wide arts competitions, gamelan gong kebyar has become an essential part of modern Bali Hindu ceremonies. They are required for annual birthday ceremonies for temples, odalan and they are also appropriate for the class of rituals centered around human life, Putra Manusia, such as weddings. Instruments in gamelan gong kebyar offer a range of pitches and timbres. The high end can be described as piercing, the low end booming and sustained, Kebyar instruments are most often grouped in pairs, or gendered. Each pair consists of a male and female instrument, the female being slightly larger, see tuning in this article to learn why this is. Most instruments in kebyar are keyed metallophones, with bronze keys resting on suspended chords, the instruments often have ornately carved wooden frames. The gangsa section in gamelan gong kebyar is the largest section, gangsa instruments are played with a mallet, called a panggul gangsa. The mallet differs in hardness depending on the instrument and its range, the keys are arranged from low to high, left to right. The key is struck with the hammer in one hand, and dampened with the finger, the keys can be played in one of three ways, Strike the key, and let resonate until sound fades. Strike the key, and dampen immediately prior to, or simultaneous with and this is especially good for interlocking parts. This gets a dry, pitched click, the gangsa instruments play elaborate ornamentations on the underlying melody of a piece of music. There are four kantilan in kebyar, two male and two female, see gendered instruments within this article. These instruments are the highest sounding in the ensemble, with its highest note being around C7
Gamelan gong kebyar
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Kempul gongs from Java
Gamelan gong kebyar
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A jegogan
Gamelan gong kebyar
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Kebyar duduk dancer
19.
Gamelan jegog
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Jegog is a form of gamelan music indigenous to Bali, Indonesia played on instruments made of bamboo. The tradition of jegog is centered in Jembrana, a region in Western Bali, in recent years jegog has started to become popular in other regions of Bali with a few groups being established in central Bali to entertain tourists. International interest has spread by tourists visiting Bali and by recordings. There are virtually no ensembles outside of Bali with the exception of at least two groups in Japan, one in the United States and one in Germany, Jegog music is very fast, loud, rhythmic and precise. Pieces last from a few minutes to as long as thirty minutes, Jegog instruments have a four note scale that roughly corresponds to the four pitches of a dominant 7th chord in Western music. All instruments have eight bamboo keys, some instruments have two keys for each pitch slightly detuned so that the pitches beat when they are played together. Other instruments have a two octave range with four pitches in a low octave and the four pitches an octave higher. In this case the instrument will be paired with another instrument that is slightly detuned, taken together the ensemble has a range of five octaves. Most Jegog ensembles have instruments that have keys that are made of bamboo that are split at one end, the other end remains intact and functions as a resonator for the split part. The keys are suspended on a frame and struck with mallets. There are also Jegog ensembles with instruments called Jegog Tingklik and these smaller instruments are used primarily with children. The keys are made of bamboo slats mounted above a resonator box, the lowest instrument in a Jegog ensemble is also called a Jegog. The ensemble gets its name from this instrument, the keys of the Jegog instrument are as long as 3 meters in length and a pitch as low as 60 hertz. The instrument is so large, and the mallets are so heavy that it takes two people to play it, the players crouch on a platform on the top of the instrument and alternate playing the keys. The Jegog instrument has the lowest octave of the ensemble, each pair of pitches are detuned by as much as 7 hertz. In this octave, that is almost a whole tone, the keys are arranged 12341234, one being the lowest pitch and 4 being the highest. The four keys on the left are the pitches of the detuned pairs. One octave higher than the Jegog is an instrument called the Undir, the instruments are small enough to be played by one person each
Gamelan jegog
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A Gamelan Jegog performance in 1989
Gamelan jegog
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Kempul gongs from Java
20.
Gamelan joged bumbung
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Joged bumbung is a style of gamelan music from Bali, Indonesia on instruments made primarily out of bamboo. The ensemble gets its name from joged, a dance often performed at festivals. This style of Gamelan is especially popular in Northern and Western Bali, unlike many styles of Balinese Gamelan which have sacred roles in religious festivals, Joged music is much more secular, and in many ways has become the folk music of Bali. With the rapid rise of tourism in recent decades, Joged music is now often found being performed at hotels, the bamboo instruments of the Joged, called Grantang or more commonly Tingklik, are marimba-like instruments made out of bamboo. 11 to 14 bamboo canes, split halfway down their length, are carved so that a closed tube resonator remains on the un-split half. The completed keys are mounted to a wooden or bamboo frame with string or rubber strips, striking the keys with rubber tipped mallets called pangguls results in a dry sound with little sustain. The instruments are played with hands, the left hand plays the melody on the lower register, while the right hand plays a faster elaborated version of the melody. When the fast elaboration is too fast for one person to play alone, most ensembles are tuned to a slendro scale, except in Northern and Western Bali where pelog scales are more common. A typical ensemble will have 4 to 6 grantangs and are accompanied by Suling, Kendang, Ceng-ceng, there will also be gongs of various types and a larger bass gramtang called a Jegog playing the underlying melody. In recent years ensembles that incorporate bronze instruments have become more popular, Gamelan Kori Mas Gamelan Sekar Jaya
Gamelan joged bumbung
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Kempul gongs from Java
21.
Gamelan selunding
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Gamelan selunding is a sacred ensemble of gamelan music from Bali. The selunding ensemble is from Tenganan, a village in east Bali, selonding is also a musical instrument made of iron
Gamelan selunding
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Kempul gongs from Java
22.
Gamelan semar pegulingan
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Gamelan semar pegulingan is an old variety of the Balinese gamelan. Dating back from around the 17th century, the style is sweeter and more reserved than the more popular, Semar pegulingan is derived from the ancient flute ensemble gamelan gambuh which utilizes a 7 tone scale. Semar pegulingan also uses the 7 tone scale which enables several pathet to be played, Semar is the name of the Hindu God of love and pegulingan means roughly laying down. It was originally played near the sleeping chambers of the palace to lull the king, the ensemble includes suling, various small percussion instruments similar to sleigh bells and finger cymbals, and trompong - a row of small kettle gongs that play the melody. A similar type of ensemble, Gamelan Pelegongan, substitutes a pair of gendérs for the trompong as the melody carrier, in mediaeval Bali gamelan semar pegulingan was an important part of the Balinese courts. There are very few of these left in Bali. This orchestra is used primarily for instrumental pieces, as the repertoire is long since forgotten. The orchestra includes saron jongkok, a gentorag bell-tree, gumanak tube chimes, indonesia, Bali, Gamelan Semar Pegulingan, Gamelan of the Love God. Recorded in Teges Kanyinan, Pliatan, Bali by Robert E. Brown, Bali, Semara Pagulingan, Antique Balinese Court Gamelan. Recorded in Sanur, Bali by Vaughan Hatch, music in Bali, experiencing music, expressing culture. Mekar Bhuana about Gamelan Semar Pagulingan by Vaughan Hatch
Gamelan semar pegulingan
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Kempul gongs from Java
23.
Music of Bali
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Bali is an Indonesian island that shares in the gamelan and other Indonesian musical styles. Bali, however, has its own techniques and styles, including kecak, modern popular styles include gamelan gong kebyar, dance music which developed during the Dutch occupation and 1950s era joged bumbung, another popular dance style. In Balinese music you can also hear metallophones, gongs and xylophones, more than 50 people must be dancing during the music. Balinese music can be compared to Javanese music, especially that of the pre-Islamic period, during that time, Javanese tonal systems were imported to Bali. Balinese gamelan, a form of Indonesian classical music, is louder, swifter, Balinese gamelan also features more archaic instrumentation than modern Javanese gamelans. Balinese instruments include bronze and bamboo xylophones, gongs and a number of gong chimes, are used, such as the solo instrument trompong, and a variety of percussion instruments like cymbals, bells, drums and the anklung. There are two sizes of flutes, both used in theatrical music, and a rebab. Modern forms of Balinese gamelan include kebyar, an energetic style played by clubs, encyclopedia. com An Introduction to Balinese Music by Michael Tenzer Triguna, A Hindu-Balinese Philosophy for Gamelan Gong Gede Music by Made Mantle Hood
Music of Bali
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Kempul gongs from Java
Music of Bali
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Balinese musicians.
24.
Music of Java
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The Music of Java embraces a wide variety of styles, both traditional and contemporary, reflecting the diversity of the island and its lengthy history. The gamelan orchestra, based on metallic idiophones and drums, is perhaps the form which is most readily identified as being distinctly Javanese by outsiders, in various forms, it is ubiquitous to Southeast Asia. In Java, the full gamelan also adds a string instrument, plucked siter, vertical flute suling. The rebab is one of the main instruments of the ensemble, together with the metallophone gendér, these. In these abstract pieces, the words are secondary to the music itself. There are two tuning systems in Javanese gamelan music, slendro and pelog, tuning is not standard, rather each gamelan set will have a distinctive tuning. There are also distinct melodic modes associated with each tuning system, a complete gamelan consists of two of sets of instrument, one in each tuning system. Different gamelan sets have different sonorities, and are used for different pieces of music, many are very old, musical forms are defined by the rhythmic cycles. These consist of major cycles punctuated by the large gong, subdivided by smaller divisions marked by the striking of smaller such as kenong, kempul. The melodic interplay takes place within this framework, popular music forms that infuse Western elements and appeal to younger, mass audiences gained popularity in the 1970s and the 1980s. Examples of proponents of this type of music are Gugum Gumbira and Idjah Hadidjah
Music of Java
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Kempul gongs from Java
25.
Music of Sumatra
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Sumatra is a part of Indonesia, its best-known musical output is probably dangdut, a rabab/saluang instrumental style. The Sumatran Toba people are distinctive in their use of tuned drums to carry the melody in their music, the Toba also use an instrument similar to the oboe and several kinds of gongs. The Mandailing people is one of the group from the Province of North Sumatra. Their cultural heritage is the Gordang Sambilan, complemented by two big gongs, a flute called sarune or saleot, and a pair of small cymbals called tali sasayat
Music of Sumatra
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Kempul gongs from Java
26.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
Indonesia
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A
Borobudur ship carved on
Borobudur, c. 800 CE. Indonesian outrigger boats may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.
Indonesia
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Flag
Indonesia
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The
nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's
Banda Islands.
Indonesia
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Tan Malaka, Indonesian philosopher, guerilla, and national hero.
27.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
Folk music
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Béla Bartók recording Slovak peasant singers in 1908
Folk music
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Indians always distinguished between classical and folk music, though in the past even classical Indian music used to rely on the unwritten transmission of repertoire.
Folk music
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Armenian traditional musicians
Folk music
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Assyrians playing
zurna and
Davul, the typically used instruments for their folk music.
28.
Traditional
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A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes, there are about 150 new traditions made each year. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years—the word tradition itself derives from the Latin tradere or traderer literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways, one way tradition is used more simply, often in academic work but elsewhere also, is to indicate the quality of a piece of information being discussed. For example, According to tradition, Homer was born on Chios and this tradition may never be proven or disproven. In another example, King Arthur, by tradition a true British king, has inspired many well loved stories, of course whether they are documented fact or not does not decrease their value as cultural history and literature. Aside from this use in describing the quality of information, various scholarly fields define the term differently, for example, anthropology and biology have each defined tradition it more precisely than in conventional, as described below, in order to facilitate scholarly discourse. The concept of tradition, as the notion of holding on to a time, is also found in political and philosophical discourse. For example, it is the basis of the concept of traditionalism. In artistic contexts, tradition is used to decide the correct display of an art form, for example, in the performance of traditional genres, adherence to guidelines dictating how an art form should be composed are given greater importance than the performers own preferences. A number of factors can exacerbate the loss of tradition, including industrialization, globalization, in response to this, tradition-preservation attempts have now been started in many countries around the world, focusing on aspects such as traditional languages. Tradition is usually contrasted with the goal of modernity and should be differentiated from customs, conventions, laws, norms, routines, rules and similar concepts. The English word tradition comes from the Latin traditio, the noun from the verb traderere or tradere, it was used in Roman law to refer to the concept of legal transfers. As with many other terms, there are many definitions of tradition. Tradition can also refer to beliefs or customs that are Prehistoric, with lost or arcane origins, originally, traditions were passed orally, without the need for a writing system. Tools to aid this process include poetic devices such as rhyme, the stories thus preserved are also referred to as tradition, or as part of an oral tradition. Even such traditions, however, are presumed to have originated at some point, Traditions are often presumed to be ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less natural than is presumed
Traditional
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Holiday celebrations may be passed down as traditions, as is the case with this distinctly Polish Christmas meal and decor
Traditional
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Olin Levi Warner, Tradition (1895). Bronze
tympanum over the main entrance, Library of Congress,
Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.
Traditional
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Woman welcoming the
Shabbat, a more than 3300 years old tradition.
29.
Popular music
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Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
Popular music
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The 19th century singer
Jenny Lind depicted performing
La sonnambula
30.
Hindustani Classical Music
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Hindustani classical music is the Hindustani or North Indian style of Indian classical music. The style is sometimes called North Indian classical music or Shāstriya Sangīt and it is a tradition that has been evolving since the 12th century CE, in North India. It is one of the two sub-genres of classical music practiced in India, the other being Carnatic music, the tradition of South India. Its main instruments are Tabla and sometimes Sitar and modern guitars and it is a tradition for performers who have reached a distinguished level of achievement to be awarded titles of respect, Hindus are usually referred to as pandit and Muslims as ustad. An aspect of Hindustani music going back to Sufi times is the tradition of neutrality, Muslim ustads may sing compositions in praise of Hindu deities. Around the 12th century, Hindustani classical music diverged from what came to be identified as Carnatic classical music. The central notion in both systems is that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala. These principles were refined in the musical treatises Natya Shastra, by Bharata, in medieval times, the melodic systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like Amir Khusro, and later in the Mughal courts. Noted composers such as Tansen flourished, along with groups like the Vaishnavites. After the 16th century, the singing styles diversified into different gharanas patronized in different princely courts, around 1900, Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande consolidated the musical structures of Hindustani classical music, called ragas, into a number of thaats. Indian classical music has seven basic notes with five interspersed half-notes, the performance is set to a melodic pattern called a raga characterized in part by specific ascent and descent sequences, which may not be identical. Other characteristics include king and queen notes and characteristic phrases, in addition each raga has its natural register and portamento rules. Performances are usually marked by considerable improvisation within these norms, Music is dealt with extensively in the Valmiki Ramayana. Narada is a musician, as is Ravana, Saraswati with her veena is the goddess of music. Gandharvas are presented as spirits who are masters, and the gandharva style looks to music primarily for pleasure. In the Vishnudharmottara Purana, the Naga king Ashvatara asks to know the svaras from Saraswati, the most important text on music in the ancient canon is Bharatas Natya Shastra, composed around the 3rd century CE. The Natya Shastra deals with the different modes of music, dance, and drama, the scale is described in terms of 22 micro-tones, which can be combined in clusters of four, three, or two to form an octave. While the term raga is articulated in the Natya Shastra, it finds a clearer expression in what is called jati in the Dattilam, the Dattilam is focused on gandharva music and discusses scales, defining a tonal framework called grama in terms of 22 micro-tonal intervals comprising one octave
Hindustani Classical Music
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A Lady Playing the Tanpura, ca. 1735 (Rajasthan)
Hindustani Classical Music
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Music of Pakistan
Hindustani Classical Music
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Baul, the
mystic minstrel of
Bengal.
Hindustani Classical Music
–
Concepts
31.
Malays (ethnic group)
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These locations today are part of the modern nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, and southern Thailand. In literature, architecture, culinary traditions, traditional dress, performing arts, martial arts, throughout their history, the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics. The epic literature, the Malay Annals, associates the etymological origin of Melayu to Sungai Melayu in Sumatra, the English term Malay was adopted via the Dutch word Malayo, itself derived from Portuguese, Malaio, which originates from the original Malay word, Melayu. Prior to the 15th century, the term Melayu and its variants appear to apply as an old toponym to the Strait of Malacca region in general. Malaya Dwipa, Malaya Dvipa, is described in chapter 48, Vayu Purana as one of the provinces in the sea that was full of gold. Some scholars equate the term with Sumatra, but several Indian scholars believe the term should refer to the mountainous Malay peninsula, maleu-kolon - appeared in Ptolemys work, Geographia. Mo-lo-yu - mentioned by Yijing, a Tang dynasty Chinese Buddhist monk who visited the Southeast Asia in 688–695, according to Yijing, the Mo-Lo-Yu kingdom was located in a distance of 15 day sail from Bogha, the capital of Sribhoga. It took a 15-day sail as well to reach Ka-Cha from Mo-lo-yu, therefore, a popular theory relates Mo-Lo-Yu with the Jambi in Sumatra, however the geographical location of Jambi contradicts with Yi Jings description of a half way sail between Ka-Cha and Bogha. Among the terms used was Bok-la-yu, Mok-la-yu, Ma-li-yu-er, Oo-lai-yu - traced from the source of monk Xuanzang). Malayur - inscribed on the wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Tamil Nadu. It was described as a kingdom that had a mountain for its rampart in Malay peninsula. Bhūmi Mālayu -, a transcription from Padang Roco Inscription dated 1286 CE by Slamet Muljana, the term is associated with Dharmasraya kingdom. Ma-li-yu-er - mentioned in the chronicle of Yuan Dynasty, referring to a nation of Malay peninsula that faced the southward expansion of Sukhothai Kingdom, the chronicle stated. Animosity occurred between Siam and Ma-li-yu-er with both killing each other. In response to the Sukhothais action, a Chinese envoy went to the Ram Khamhaengs court in 1295 bearing an imperial decree, Keep your promise and do no evil to Ma-li-yu-er. Malauir - mentioned in Marco Polos account as a kingdom located in the Malay peninsula, malayapura -, inscribed on the Amoghapasa inscription dated 1347 CE. The term was used by Adityawarman to refer to Dharmasraya. The word Malay refer to Mountain, other evidence that supports this theory include, stone tools found in the Malay Archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools, the similarity of Malay customs and Assam customs. The New Guinea theory - The proto-Malays are believed to be knowledgeable in oceanography. Over the years they settled at places and adopted various cultures
Malays (ethnic group)
–
Joget dance from the
Malacca Sultanate; many aspects of Malay culture are derived from the Malaccan court.
Malays (ethnic group)
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Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds in
Jambi, historically linked to pre-Islamic
Melayu Kingdom.
Malays (ethnic group)
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Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of
Bujang Valley. A
Hindu -
Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient
Kedah possibly as early as 110 AD, the earliest evidence of strong
Indian influence which was once prevalent among the pre-Islamic Kedahan Malays.
Malays (ethnic group)
–
The
Malay Rulers and nobilities with
British colonial officers during the first
Durbar, 1897.
32.
Arabic music
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Arabic music or Arab music is the music of the Arab world. Arab music, while independent and flourishing in the 2010s, has a history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres. It is an amalgam of the music of the Arab people in the Arabian Peninsula, as was the case in other artistic and scientific fields, Arabs translated Greek texts and works of music and developed the musical theory of the Greeks. Pre-Islamic Arab music was similar to that of Ancient Middle Eastern music, most historians agree that there existed distinct forms of music in the Arabian peninsula in the pre-Islamic period between the 5th and 7th century AD. Arab poets of that time—called shuara al-Jahiliyah or Jahili poets, meaning the poets of the period of ignorance—used to recite poems with a high notes and it was believed that Jinns revealed poems to poets and music to musicians. The choir at the served as a pedagogic facility where the educated poets would recite their poems. The compositions were simple and every singer would sing in a single maqam, among the notable songs of the period were the huda, the nasb, sanad, and rukbani. Both compositions and improvisations in traditional Arabic music are based on the maqam system, maqams can be realized with either vocal or instrumental music, and do not include a rhythmic component. Al-Kindi was the first great theoretician of Arabic music and he proposed adding a fifth string to the oud and discussed the cosmological connotations of music. He built upon the achievements of the Greek musicians in using the alphabetical annotation for one eighth and he published fifteen treatises on music theory, but only five have survived. In one of his treatises the word musiqa was used for the first time in Arabic, abulfaraj wrote a book about music. Kitab al-Aghani is a collection of poems and songs that runs to over 20 volumes in modern editions. Al-Farabi wrote a book on music titled Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir. His pure Arabian tone system is used in Arabic music. Al-Ghazali wrote a treatise on music in Persia which declared, Ecstasy means the state comes from listening to music. In 1252, Safi al-Din developed a form of musical notation. A similar geometric representation would not appear in the Western world until 1987, by the 11th century, Islamic Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually throughout France, influencing French troubadours, the English words lute, rebec, and naker are derived from Arabic oud, rabab, and naqareh
Arabic music
–
Bayad plays the oud to The Lady. from the
Riyad & Bayad,
Arabic tale
Arabic music
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Musicians in Aleppo (18th century)
Arabic music
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Musicians in
Aleppo, 1915.
Arabic music
33.
Ghoomar
–
Ghoomar is a traditional folk dance of Rajasthan, India and Sindh‚ Pakistan. The dance is performed by veiled women who wear flowing dresses called ghaghara. The dance typically involves performers pirouetting while moving in and out of a wide circle, the word ghoomna describes the twirling movement of the dancers and is the basis of the word ghoomar. Ghoomar is often performed on occasions, such as at weddings and during Holi. As a traditional dance, Ghoomar often includes songs such as Gorband, Podina, Rumal. Songs might be centered on royal legends or their traditions
Ghoomar
–
Women performing ghoomar at wedding
34.
Gendang
–
Kendhang is a two-headed drum used by peoples from Maritime Southeast Asia. It is constructed in a variety of ways by different ethnic groups, the typical double-sided membrane drums are known throughout Maritime Southeast Asia and India. One of the oldest image of kendang can be found in ancient temples in Indonesia, especially the ninth century Borobudur and Prambanan temple. Among groups like the Balinese, Tausug, or Maranao, both sides are of size, and are played on either one or both sides using a combination of hands and/or sticks. Within Gamelan, the kendhang is smaller than the bedug, which is placed inside a frame, hit with a beater, and used less frequently. The kendang usually has the function of keeping the tempo while changing the density, and signaling some of the transitions to sections, in dance or wayang, the kendhang player must follow the movements of the dancer, and communicate them to the other players in the ensemble. In West Java, kendang are used to keep the tempo of Gamelan Degung, Kendang are also used as main instrument for Jaipongan dance. In another composition called Rampak Kendang, a group of play in harmony. Good kendang instruments are said to be made from the wood of jackfruit, buffalo hide is often used for the bam while soft goatskin is used for the chang. The skin is stretched on y-shaped leather or rattan strings, which can be tightened to change the pitch of the heads, the thinner the leather the sharper the sound. In Gamelan Surakarta, four sizes of kendhang are used, Kendhang ageng, kendhang gede, or kendhang gendhing is the largest kendang and it is played by itself in the kendhang satunggal style, which is used for the most solemn or majestic pieces or parts of pieces. It is played with the kendhang ketipung for kendhang kalih style, Kendhang ciblon is a medium-sized drum, used for the most complex or lively rhythms. It is typically used for livelier sections within a piece, the word ciblon derives from a Javanese type of water-play, where people smack the water with different hand shapes to give different sounds and complex rhythms. The technique of this kendang, which is said to imitate the water-play, is difficult to learn than the other kendang styles. Kendhang batangan or kendhang wayang is also medium-sized, and was used to accompany wayang performances. Kendhang ketipung is the smallest kendang, used with the kendang ageng in kendhang kalih style, Kendang information, with audio Rampak Kendang in Google
Gendang
–
A member of the
Sundanese Gamelan quintett SambaSunda playing Kendangs.
Gendang
–
Kendang of
Bali, note the equal size of both sides. The drum in this picture is exceptional - usually Balinese kendangs are conical (actually hour-glass formed on the inside).
Gendang
–
Kendang players (top row) depicted on
Borobudur.
Gendang
–
Kendang of Java, one side is bigger than other.
35.
Rhoma Irama
–
Raden Haji Oma Irama, known as Rhoma Irama, is an Indonesian dangdut musician and singer. During the height of his stardom in the 1970s, he was dubbed Raja Dangdut with his group Soneta, Iramas parents assigned the Hindu noble title of Raden at birth to follow his Sundanese father, Raden Burdah Anggawirya, and mother, R. Hj. Rhoma Irama is also known as Raja Dangdut or in English, Oma Iramas first bands were known as Tornado and Gayhand, and covered Western rock and roll music of Paul Anka, Andy Williams, and The Beatles. In the late 1960s Oma Irama, sang orkes Melayu and also some pop Indonesia, in 1968 he joined the group Orkes Melayu Purnama in 1968. He also recorded pop Indonesia music during this period with the Zaenal Combo and Galaksi, once Oma broke from recording with the Purnama Group, he formed Orkes Melayu Soneta, which became the first dangdut group in 1970. The subtitle, the sound of Moslems was added in 1973, the group featured Oma Irama and Elvy Sukaesih as singers, both solo, and duets. Their first album, Volume 01, Begadang, released in 1973, featured four songs by Oma Irama, the song featured a topless Oma Irama wearing tight trousers and holding an electric guitar. He has stated that he took his style from Ritchie Blackmore of Deep Purple. In addition to Western and Malay influences, Hindi composers were credited for some of the bands songs, the Begadang album ranked #11 on Rolling Stone Indonesias 150 Greatest Indonesian Albums of All Time list. Furthermore, the main single Begadang reached at number 24 on the magazines 150 Greatest Indonesian Songs of All Time list and he wrote the classics Kareta Malam and Kuda Lumping which were sung by Elvy Sukaesih. Performing live, he adopted many of the props of stadium rock, including large audiences, powerful soundsystems, complex sets, fireworks, flashing lights and he is also notable with the use of some notable musical instrument including various models of Steinberger guitars. This particular guitar was shown off in his posters, leaflets, movies, following his 1975 hajj, he took the name Rhoma Irama, which is an abbreviation of Raden Haji Oma Irama. Following this pilgrimage, he took on a more explicit Islamic moral tone, adopting Islamic dress, shorter hairstyles and he also resolved that his music should instruct, and not merely entertain, a form of devotion waged through music. Themes in his music included extra-marital sex, government corruption, drugs, the song Haram for instance, warns against both drugs and gambling, while the song Keramat asserts the instructions in Islam to honor mothers. The ban was lifted in 1988, and with Suharto himself moving towards Islam in the 1990s and his 1982 movie Perjuangan dan Doa as described as the worlds first Islamic rock musical movie. In 2000s Rhoma was known to be a critic of moral vice. His criticism often targeted fellow dangdut artist Inul Daratista over her dance style, in 2003, neighbors followed by journalists caught both Rhoma Irama and Angel Lelga, an actress, in the latters apartment at midnight. Rhoma and Angel first stated that they were discussing religion, after several revisions including Rhomas picking up movie scripts, Angel confirmed that Rhoma had married her on siri ground and later divorced her on the same day
Rhoma Irama
–
Rhoma Irama in 2010
36.
Malaysia
–
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
Malaysia
–
"Malaysia" used as a label for the
Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas
Malaysia
–
Flag
Malaysia
–
The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the
Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of
Malacca.
Malaysia
–
Statue of
Francis Light in the
Fort Cornwallis of Penang, marking the first step of
British expansion in the 18th century over the Malay Archipelago.
37.
Singapore
–
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
Singapore
–
Raffles Square around 1900.
Singapore
–
Flag
Singapore
–
Victorious Japanese troops marching through Singapore City after the British capitulation at the
Battle of Singapore in 1942.
Singapore
–
A cheering crowd welcome the return of British forces, 1945
38.
Brunei
–
Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is surrounded by the state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang, Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, the remainder of the islands territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Bruneis population was 408,786 in July 2012, the maritime state was visited by Spains Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castille War. During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline, the Sultanate ceded Sarawak to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906, after the Japanese occupation during World War II, in 1959 a new constitution was written. In 1962, an armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British. Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s, with the GDP increasing 56% from 1999 to 2008, transformed Brunei into an industrialised country. It has developed wealth from petroleum and natural gas fields. Brunei has the second-highest Human Development Index among the Southeast Asian nations, after Singapore, according to the International Monetary Fund, Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries with a debt at 0% of the national GDP. Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of 182, based on its petroleum, according to legend, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah. He moved from Garang, a place in the Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary, according to legend, upon landing he exclaimed, Baru nah, from which the name Brunei was derived. He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei, before the rise of the Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah Dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers. It was renamed Barunai in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word varuṇ, the word Borneo is of the same origin. In the countrys name, Negara Brunei Darussalam, darussalam means abode of peace. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill and their colour is whiter than that of the other sort. in this island justice is well administered. One of the earliest Chinese records is the 977 AD letter to Chinese emperor from the ruler of Po-ni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo
Brunei
–
The tomb of a ruler of Po-ni in
Nanjing,
China.
Brunei
–
Flag
Brunei
–
Ahmad Tajuddin, the
27th Sultan of Brunei with members of his court in April 1941, eight months before the Japanese invaded Brunei.
Brunei
–
Japanese battleships at Brunei in October 1944.
39.
Malay language
–
Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu. However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Macassar Malay, Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods, Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period, Late Modern Malay and it is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit literary language of Classical India, Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. Batenburg on November 29,1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang and it is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres. The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjong Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters and this 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the Adityawarman era of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who still live in the highlands of Sumatra. The Malay language came into use as the lingua franca of the Malacca Sultanate. During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature, the development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Malayalam and Sanskrit vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay, however, there is no connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. One of the oldest surviving letters written in Malay is a letter from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, the letter is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão. The letters show sign of non-native usage, the Ternateans used the unrelated Ternate language, Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia, malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking, many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language
Malay language
–
Malay Traffic-signs
Malay language
–
Koc Wanita street sign in Malay.
40.
Flute
–
The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening, according to the instrument classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-blown aerophones. A musician who plays the flute can be referred to as a player, flautist, flutist or, less commonly. Flutes are the earliest extant musical instruments, as paleolithic instruments with hand-bored holes have been found, a number of flutes dating to about 43,000 to 35,000 years ago have been found in the Swabian Jura region of present-day Germany. These flutes demonstrate that a musical tradition existed from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe. Flutes, including the famous Bansuri, have been a part of Indian classical music since 1500 BC. A major deity of Hinduism, Krishna, has been associated with the flute, the English verb flout has the same linguistic root, and the modern Dutch verb fluiten still shares the two meanings. Attempts to trace the word back to the Latin flare have been pronounced phonologically impossible or inadmissable, the first known use of the word flute was in the 14th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, this was in Geoffrey Chaucers The Hous of Fame, today, a musician who plays any instrument in the flute family can be called a flutist, or flautist, or simply a flute player. Flutist dates back to at least 1603, the earliest quote cited by the Oxford English Dictionary, flautist was used in 1860 by Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Marble Faun, after being adopted during the 18th century from Italy, like many musical terms in England since the Italian Renaissance. Other English terms, now obsolete, are fluter and flutenist. The oldest flute ever discovered may be a fragment of the femur of a cave bear. In 2008 another flute dated back to at least 35,000 years ago was discovered in Hohle Fels cave near Ulm, the five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is made from a vulture wing bone. The researchers involved in the officially published their findings in the journal Nature. The flute, one of several found, was found in the Hohle Fels cavern next to the Venus of Hohle Fels, on announcing the discovery, scientists suggested that the finds demonstrate the presence of a well-established musical tradition at the time when modern humans colonized Europe. Scientists have also suggested that the discovery of the flute may help to explain the probable behavioural and cognitive gulf between Neanderthals and early modern human. A three-holed flute,18.7 cm long, made from a mammoth tusk was discovered in 2004, the earliest extant Chinese transverse flute is a chi flute discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng at the Suizhou site, Hubei province, China. It dates from 433 BC, of the later Zhou Dynasty and it is fashioned of lacquered bamboo with closed ends and has five stops that are at the flutes side instead of the top
Flute
–
A selection of flutes from around the world
Flute
–
Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century
Song dynasty remake of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, originally by
Gu Hongzhong (10th century)
Flute
–
Panflute players.
Cantigas de Santa Maria, mid-13th century, Spain
Flute
–
Statue of
Krishna playing a flute
41.
Mandolin
–
A mandolin is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or pick. It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison, although five, the courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello. There are many styles of mandolin, but three are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a bottom, constructed of strips of wood. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a shallower, arched back. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music, carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature a fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course. There has also been a type and an instrument with sixteen-strings. Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard, pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, the modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections, there is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic f. A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling, Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the 17th and 18th centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin, produced particularly in Naples, became common in the 19th century. Dating to around c.13,000 BC, a painting in the Trois Frères cave in France depicts what some believe is a musical bow. From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed, since each string played a note, adding strings added new notes, creating bow harps, harps. In turn, this led to being able to play dyads and chords, another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a bridge used to lift the strings off the stick-neck, creating the lute
Mandolin
–
An American A-style left-handed mandolin, with F-holes
Mandolin
–
Modern Neapolitan bowlback mandolin manufactured by the
Calace family workshop.
Mandolin
–
Mandolin with six courses of strings (2 strings per course), labeled Milanese at the museum.
Mandolin
–
Advertisement for a Lyon and Healy made, Washburn brand mandolin from an 1897 short-stories magazine, The Black Cat.
42.
Guitar
–
The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
Guitar
–
Illustration in a
Carolingian psalter from the 9th century showing an instrument of the
chordophone family, most probably a
lute
Guitar
–
A
classical guitar with nylon
strings
Guitar
–
A guitarra latina (left) and a guitarra morisca (right), Spain, 13th century
Guitar
–
Guitar collection in
Museu de la Música de Barcelona
43.
Sitar
–
The sitar is a plucked stringed instrument used mainly in Hindustani music and Indian classical music. The sitar flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries and arrived at its present form in 18th century India and it derives its distinctive timbre and resonance from sympathetic strings, bridge design, a long hollow neck and a gourd-shaped resonance chamber. In appearance, the sitar is similar to the tanpura, except that it has frets, used widely throughout the Indian subcontinent, the sitar became popularly known in the wider world through the works of Ravi Shankar, beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The word sitar originally derived from Sanskrit words saptatantri veena, which later was called as saat taar which eventually became sitar, another source might be from Persian seh + tar, literally meaning three strings. The instrument is thought to have been a version of the Veena, another prominent instrument in Carnatic and Hindustani music, altered in order to conform with Mughal tastes. The sitar flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries and arrived at its present form in 18th century India, in his Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya, Lalmani Misra traces the instruments development from the Tritantri veena through the nibaddh and anibaddh Tamburas also called tanbur and later the jantra. Construction of the similar tanpura was described by Tansen, a sitar can have 18,19,20, or 21 strings. The frets are movable, allowing fine tuning, the Gandhaar-pancham sitar has six playable strings, whereas the Kharaj-pancham sitar, used in the Maihar gharana, to which Ravi Shankar belonged, and other gharanas such as Bishnupur, has seven. Three of these, called the chikaari, simply provide a drone, the instrument has two bridges, the large bridge for the playing and drone strings and the small bridge for the sympathetic strings. Its timbre results from the way the strings interact with the wide, as a string reverberates its length changes slightly as its edge touches the bridge, promoting the creation of overtones and giving the sound its distinctive tone. The maintenance of this specific tone by shaping the bridge is called jawari, many musicians rely on instrument makers to adjust this. The bridges are fixed to the resonating chamber, or kaddu. Some sitars have a resonator, the tumbaa, near the top of the hollow neck. Materials used in construction include teak wood or tun wood, which is a variation of mahogany, for the neck and faceplate, the instruments bridges are made of deer horn, ebony, or very occasionally from camel bone. Synthetic material is now common as well, there are three popular modern styles of sitar offered in a variety of sub-styles and decorative patterns. The two popular styles are the gayaki style sitars and the full decorated instrumental style sitars, the gayaki style sitar is mostly of seasoned toon wood, with very few or no carved decorations. It often has a dark polish, the inlay decorations are mostly of mother of pearl. The number of strings is often limited to eleven but may extend to thirteen
Sitar
–
Miraj Sitar
Sitar
–
The anatomy of a sitar
Sitar
–
Close-up of the red and white engraved
celluloid decoration on a
toon wood "Ravi Shankar style" sitar
Sitar
–
Preferences of taraf string & peg positioning and their total number
44.
Drum machine
–
A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
Drum machine
–
Rhythmicon (1932) and
Joseph Schillinger, a music educator
Drum machine
–
A
Yamaha RY30 Drum Machine
Drum machine
–
Wurlitzer Sideman (1959, inner view)
Drum machine
–
Seeburg/Gulbransen Rhythm Prince using mechanical wheel, as seen on bailed out left panel
45.
Synthesizer
–
A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
Synthesizer
–
Early
Minimoog by R.A. Moog Inc. (ca. 1970)
Synthesizer
–
Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine in 1769–1791 (replica in 2007–2009)
Synthesizer
–
Rudolph Koenig 's sound synthesizer in 1865: consists of
tuning forks,
electromagnets, and
Helmholtz resonators.
Synthesizer
–
The
Teleharmonium console (1897) and
Hammond organ (1934).
46.
House music
–
House music is a genre of electronic music created by club DJs and music producers in Chicago in the early 1980s. Early house music was characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals. While house displayed several characteristics similar to music, it was more electronic and minimalistic. House music became popular in Chicago clubs in 1984 and it was pioneered by figures such as Frankie Knuckles, Phuture, Kym Mazelle, and Mr. Fingers, and was associated with African-American and gay subcultures. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, Baltimore, in the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop, in the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. House music has also fused with other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the wave of progressive house. The genre has remained popular and fused into other subgenres, for example, ghetto house, deep house. As of 2016, house music popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe. The song structure of music songs typically involves an intro, a chorus, various verse sections, a midsection. Some songs do not have a verse, taking a part from the chorus. The drum beat is one of the important elements within the genre and is almost always provided by an electronic drum machine rather than by a human drummer playing drumkit. The drum beats of house are four on the floor, with bass drums played on every beat, House music is often based on bass-heavy loops or basslines produced by a synthesizer and/or from samples of disco or funk songs. The tempo of most house songs is between 118 and 135 beats per minute, soul music and disco influenced house music. These artists produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings, early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines. Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial
House music
–
An honorary
street name sign in
Chicago for house music and
Frankie Knuckles.
House music
–
Building in New York City where the
Paradise Garage nightclub was located
House music
–
Swedish House Mafia performing in 2011.
