1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
3.
Illustrator
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An illustrator is an artist who specializes in enhancing writing or elucidating concepts by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. The illustration may be intended to clarify complicated concepts or objects that are difficult to describe textually, illustration is the art of making images that work with something and add to it without needing direct attention and without distracting from the thing they illustrate. The other thing is the focus of the attention, and the role is to add personality. A cartoon illustration can add humor to stories or essays, use reference images to create scenes and characters. This can be as simple as looking at an image to inspire artwork, or creating character sketches. Some traditional illustration techniques include watercolor, pen and ink, airbrush art, oil painting, pastels, wood engraving, and linoleum cuts. Traditional illustration seems to have come full circle, from falling out of favor to photography in the early 1990s to being superseded by CGI, universities and art schools offer specific courses in illustration so this has become a new avenue into the profession. Many illustrators are freelance, commissioned by publishers or advertising agencies, most scientific illustrations and technical illustrations are also known as information graphics. Among the information graphics specialists are medical illustrators who illustrate human anatomy, often requiring years of artistic. A particularly popular medium with illustrators of the 1950s and 1960s was casein, the immediacy and durability of these media suited illustrations demands well. The artwork in both types of paint withstood the rigors of travel to clients and printers without damage, digital illustration is the technique of using a computer to produce original artwork. Digital illustrators use a combination of software and image editing software to create computer art. Digital illustration is not merely the manipulation of images with software, computer illustration or digital illustration is the use of digital tools to produce images under the direct manipulation of the artist, usually through a pointing device such as a tablet or a mouse. Computers dramatically changed the industry and today many cartoonists and illustrators create digital illustrations using computers, graphics tablets, software such as Adobe Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop are now widely used by those professionals
4.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
5.
Eightball (comics)
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Eightball is a comic book by Daniel Clowes and published by Fantagraphics Books. It ran from 1989 to 2004, the first issue appeared soon after the end of Clowess previous comic book, Lloyd Llewellyn. Eightball has been among the series in alternative comics. Early issues of Eightball feature a mixture of short, often crudely humorous comics, topical rants and satires, longer, more reflective self-contained stories. The first extended story serialized in Eightball was Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron, Glove was followed by Ghost World. Beginning with #19 each issue of Eightball has been devoted to a single storyline, the issues of Eightball beginning with #19 have been published in full color in a larger magazine-sized format. Eightball #18 included a copy of Clowess pamphlet Modern Cartoonist. — Short stories Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron — Graphic novel Pussey, additionally, the 2006 Clowes/Zwigoff film Art School Confidential was loosely based on a short story of the same name which appeared in Eightball #7. The comic generated controversy when a school teacher in Guilford. The parents of the student had concerns about the books appropriateness, the superintendent of Guilford High School said the book was inappropriate for 13-year-olds and placed the teacher on leave. The teacher resigned before the matter was fully investigated, the Guilford school district and principal were criticized for getting police involved and trying the issue in a kangaroo court
6.
Ghost World
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Ghost World is a graphic novel by Daniel Clowes. It was serialized in issues #11–18 of Clowess comic book series Eightball and it was a commercial and critical success and developed into a cult classic. They spend their days wandering aimlessly around their unnamed American town, criticizing popular culture, as the comic progresses and Enid and Rebecca make the transition into adulthood, the two develop tensions and drift apart. A darkly written comic, with intermittently sombre explorations of friendship and modern life, Ghost World takes place in an unnamed town filled with shopping malls, fast food restaurants, and urban sprawl. The town plays a key part in the narrative, as it is constantly mocked and criticized by Enid, as the story progresses, the background changes dramatically. The phrase Ghost World is seen by the several times, painted or graffitied on garage doors, signs. The term can apply to the way in which both Enid and Becky, but especially Enid, are haunted by the past. In the special features of the adaptation, it is said to refer to the fact that the towns individuality is being encroached upon by franchises that are seen everywhere. Some reviews drew comparisons to J. D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye. The Village Voice stated that “Clowes spells out the realities of teen angst as powerfully and authentically as Salinger did in Catcher in the Rye for an earlier generation. ”The Guardian praised the illustrations and visuals, saying “it is beautifully drawn, with subtle. A classic portrait of teenage life” and Time magazine called it an “instant classic”, Enid Coleslaw and Rebecca Doppelmeyer are two cynical, intelligent teenage girls who are best friends in the 1990s. They are attracted to boys, but also unhappily entertain the possibility that they might be lesbians and their friendship is very close, but as the book goes on tensions between them build, especially over Enids plans to move away to college. They also have a friend named Josh, throughout the book the two girls enjoy teasing him, but they are also attracted to him and eventually a romantic triangle of sorts forms. A section in the middle of the story features Clowes in a cameo, as a cartoonist that Enid admires and with whom she is infatuated, but finds creepy and a perv when she actually sees him. The comic ends with Enid and Rebecca separating, while they speak half-heartedly of getting together sometime, impulsive, cynical and bitter, the strips lead character drifts through her life without care, criticizing almost everyone she meets. Enid Coleslaw is an 18-year-old, who has graduated from her high school. Enid takes an interest in playing pranks on people, purely for her own benefit. Clowes said of Enid’s character “When I started out I thought of her as this id creature
7.
Graphic novel
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A graphic novel is a book made up of comics content. Although the word normally refers to long fictional works, the term graphic novel is applied broadly and includes fiction, non-fiction. It is distinguished from the comic book, which is used for comics periodicals. Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term graphic novel in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine Capa-Alpha, the Book Industry Study Group began using graphic novel as a category in book stores in 2001. In the publishing trade, the term extends to material that would not be considered a novel if produced in another medium. Collections of comic books that do not form a story, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces. The term is sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form. As the exact definition of the novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation. The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end, the first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck. In 1894 Caran dAche broached the idea of a novel in a letter to the newspaper Le Figaro. In the United States there is a tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897 the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault, the 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition, with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as the undisputed king of this revival. American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition, publishing Gods Man, in 1929, the 1940s saw the launching of Classics Illustrated, a comic-book series that primarily adapted notable, public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers. In 1947 Fawcett Comics published Comics Novel #1, Anarcho, Dictator of Death, by the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin self-published a 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, savage in 1968—the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of The Spectacular Spider-Man in a similar format. Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as The Adventures of Tintin or Asterix led to long-form narratives published initially as serials. By 1969, the author John Updike, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on the death of the novel
8.
Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron
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Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron is a graphic novel by American cartoonist Daniel Clowes. The book follows a fantastic and paranoid plot, very different from the stark realism of Clowes later more widely known Ghost World. It contains nightmarish imagery, including dismemberment, deformed people and animals, Clowes has talked about how the story was inspired by his dreams, as well as a recurring dream of his ex-wifes, A lot of it is just daydreams, where. I can just have these thoughts that are uncontrolled by common logic and its sort of the same thing as when you wake up from a long dream and you, for one minute, see the absurdity of the world. The books title is a quote from the Russ Meyer film Faster, like many of Clowes extended works, Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron originally appeared in serial form in his comic book Eightball but has been reprinted as a trade paperback. The opening panels of later chapters of the story were presented in color when originally published in Eightball, when collected in trade paperback form, the chapters of the story were given names, and a table of contents was added to reflect this. Velvet Glove has since been reprinted many times, and is currently in its sixth edition, the book has also been translated into Japanese, French, Spanish, and Greek. The French edition was nominated for the 2000 Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Best Album, like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron is about a man named Clay Loudermilk and his attempts to locate his estranged wife, Barbara Allen. For reasons unknown, Clay is in the audience at a theatre when he sees a bizarre BDSM feature. Clay sets out to locate her and becomes embroiled in a series of misadventures involving an incredibly bizarre, during one dream sequence, the infamous Foot Foot, from the song by The Shaggs, gnaws on Clays leg. It signifies the way in which logos pervade our societies, the true nature of the potato-womans father is never learned by Mr. Loudermilk, but the reader will see suggestions of the Cthulhu Mythos. The phrase Whats the Frequency, Kenneth, referencing the bizarre Dan Rather incident, is used as part of the Mr. Jones conspiracy sub-plot. There are, in addition, references to child pornography and snuff films, like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron is one of very few graphic novels to have inspired an official soundtrack album. The 10-track CD by Victor Banana was released in 1993 on the Jenkins-Peabody label, in issue #11 of Eightball, published after the conclusion of the Velvet Glove storyline, Clowes did a story about a hypothetical movie based on his book. As presented by Clowes, the film is a highly commercialized, poorly made flop, with little in common with Clowes original story beyond the title, like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron, Entertainment Weekly. On Daniel Clowes Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron, Comixology, keepsakes to Commandeer, Tim Hensley and the Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron Soundtrack, Comixology. The LAVGCII Soundtrack + Graphic Novel, Comixology
9.
David Boring
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David Boring is a graphic novel by American cartoonist Daniel Clowes. It was serialized in issues #19–21 of Clowess comic book Eightball, the book depicts the misadventures of its eponymous character, whose main interests are finding the perfect woman and learning more about his father, an obscure comic artist whom he has never met. All this occurs in a nameless American city, against the background of a conflict involving germ warfare. Trying to imagine what a one-sentence sales pitch for David Boring would sound like, David Borings three chapters first appeared from May 1998 to February 2000 in issues #19–21 of Clowess comic book Eightball, published by Fantagraphics Books. Pantheon Books published a collected version later in 2000 and followed with a softcover version in 2002. The pages were printed in a relatively large 10 1⁄2-×-7 1⁄2-inch format, David Boring is a story told in the first person by its eponymous protagonist, concerning his sometimes fantastic and sometimes mundane exploits and misadventures in and out of big city life. Shortly after attending the funeral of a friend, David meets, dates, and is abandoned by Wanda, a woman whom he considers the perfect fulfillment of this ideal. After sinking into a depression for weeks, David is shot in the head by an unknown attacker in front of his own home. David, his mother, their family, and Davids roommate and friend Dot all end up stranded on a small island, Hulligans Wharf. Davids great-uncle August shows up, proclaims that terrorist gas attacks have contaminated the mainland, while on the island, David has a sexual tryst with his mothers cousin, Mrs. Capon, who later disappears that very night. At the same time, Dot has begun a relationship with Iris, Mrs. Capons daughter, who is married to Manfred. Manfred tries to kill Dot by drugging her and throwing her into the water while she sleeps, but she wakes up in time to grab Iris, beat up Manfred, and escape by boat. When word gets around that David suspects Manfred of killing Mrs. Capon as well, Manfred tries to him, but is stopped by Mr. Hulligan. When the food out, David and Mr. Hulligan are abandoned by Manfred and Davids mother. They discover that the terrorist attack was not the world-ending catastrophe August had believed, David returns home and begins a relationship with a woman named Naomi. He soon discovers that the man who shot him was a professor named Karkes, who was abandoned by Wanda. He and Karkes enter into a friendship, discussing their mutual obsession with Wanda. In his search, David meets Judy, Wandas sister, who resembles her strongly, David decides that, contrary to his earlier belief that Wanda was the fulfillment of his ideal, Wanda was in fact merely a flawed version of Judy
10.
The New Yorker
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The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast, started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the life of New York City. The New Yorker debuted on February 21,1925 and it was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a New York Times reporter. Ross wanted to create a humor magazine that would be different from perceivably corny humor publications such as Judge. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann to establish the F-R Publishing Company, the magazines first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951, during the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine, It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque, although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Herseys essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery drew more mail than any story in the magazines history. In its early decades, the magazine published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. Kurt Vonnegut said that The New Yorker has been an instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. Vonneguts 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of The New Yorkers influence, No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the readers being a good performer and those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. Its a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a good institution of the sort needed. They have an audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance. The non-fiction feature articles cover an array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, the magazine is notable for its editorial traditions
11.
Newsweek
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Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region, between 2008 and 2012, Newsweek underwent internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazines focus and audience while improving its finances. Instead, losses accelerated, revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009, in November 2010, Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast, forming The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, after negotiations between the owners of the two publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beasts editor-in-chief, served as the editor of both publications, Newsweek was jointly owned by the estate of the late Harman and the diversified American media and Internet company IAC. Newsweek ceased print publication with the December 31,2012, issue and transitioned to an all-digital format, IBT Media relaunched a print edition of Newsweek on March 7,2014. In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U. S, Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shut in October 2010, the Bulletin incorporated an international news section from Newsweek. Based in New York City, the magazine claimed 22 bureaus in 2011, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D. C. Boston and San Francisco, and others overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires. News-Week was launched in 1933 by Thomas J. C. Martyn and he obtained financial backing from a group of U. S. stockholders which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon. Paul Mellons ownership in Newsweek apparently represented the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were public utilities investment banker Stanley Childs, journalist Samuel T. Williamson served as the first editor-in-chief of Newsweek. The first issue of the magazine was dated 17 February 1933, seven photographs from the weeks news were printed on the first issues cover. In 1937 News-Week merged with the weekly journal Today, which had founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman. In 1937 Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief and he changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time the magazine developed a spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews. The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961, osborn Elliott was named editor of Newsweek in 1961 and became the editor in chief in 1969. The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters, edward Kosner became editor from 1975 to 1979 after directing the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974
12.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
13.
The Village Voice
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The Village Voice is an American news and culture paper, known for being the countrys first alternative newsweekly. Founded in 1955 by Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher and Norman Mailer, since its founding, The Village Voice has received three Pulitzer Prizes, the National Press Foundation Award and the George Polk Award. Among news sources, The Village Voice is known for its combination of news reporting and arts & culture coverage. The Village Voice has hosted a variety of writers and artists, including writer Ezra Pound, cartoonist Lynda Barry. In addition to daily coverage through its website and a print edition that circulates in New York City. In the 1960s the offices were located at Sheridan Square, then, from the 70s through 1980, at 11th Street and University Place, in 1991 they moved to Cooper Square in the East Village, and in 2013, to the Financial District. John Wilcock wrote a column every week for the papers first ten years, another regular from that period was the cartoonist Kin Platt, who did weekly theatrical caricatures. Other prominent regulars have included Peter Schjeldahl, Ellen Willis, Tom Carson, Wayne Barrett, the Voice has published investigations of New York City politics, as well as reporting on national politics, with arts, culture, music, dance, film, and theater reviews. Writers for the Voice have received three Pulitzer Prizes, in 1981,1986 and 2000, almost since its inception the paper has recognized alternative theater in New York through its Obie Awards. The papers Pazz & Jop music poll, started by Robert Christgau in the early 1970s, is released annually, in 1999, film critic J. Hoberman and film section editor Dennis Lim began a similar Village Voice Film Poll for the year in film. In 2001 the paper sponsored its first music festival, Siren Festival, in 2011, the event moved to the lower tip of Manhattan and re-christened the 4knots Music Festival, a reference to the speed of the East Rivers current. Today, the Voice is known for its support for the civil rights of gays. However, early in its history, the newspaper had a reputation as having an anti-homosexuality slant, while reporting on the Stonewall riots of 1969, the newspaper referred to the riots as The Great Faggot Rebellion. Two reporters, Smith and Truscott, both used the words faggot and dyke in their articles about the riots, the newspaper changed their policy after the GLF petitioned the newspaper to do so. Over time, the Voice has changed its stance, and in 1982, as a testament to the Voices popularity in New York City, the paper is mentioned in the musical Rent during the song La Vie Boheme. The line states To riding your bike midday past the three suits, to fruits, to no absolutes, to Absolut, to choice, to The Village Voice. Seventeen alternative weeklies around the United States are owned by the Voices parent company Village Voice Media, in 2005, the Phoenix alternative weekly chain New Times Media purchased the company and took the Village Voice Media name. After The Village Voice was acquired by New Times Media in 2005, the Voice was then managed by two journalists from Phoenix, Arizona
14.
Terry Zwigoff
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Terry Zwigoff is an American filmmaker whose work often deals with misfits, antiheroes, and themes of alienation. Zwigoff was born in Appleton, Wisconsin to a Jewish family of dairy farmers, raised in Chicago, Zwigoff moved to San Francisco in the 1970s and met cartoonist Robert Crumb, who shared his interest in pre-war American roots music. Zwigoff, who plays cello and mandolin, joined Crumb’s string band R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders with whom he recorded several records. Zwigoff began his career making documentary films, starting with 1985s Louie Bluie. Zwigoff had been inspired to locate and interview him after listening to a 30s recording, State Street Rag, Zwigoff worked on a documentary about R. Additionally, critic Gene Siskel named Crumb the best film of 1995 as did over ten other major film critics. It appeared on over 150 Ten Best Lists of important critics, Zwigoff’s first fiction feature film was the comedy-drama Ghost World, based on the comic book of the same name. For this, Zwigoff and co-writer Daniel Clowes were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, Ghost World was also nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and two AFI awards. USA Today and The Washington Post called it the best film of the year, Ghost World appeared on over 150 Ten Best Lists. Zwigoff’s next film was the 2003 black comedy Bad Santa whose star, the film cost $23 million to make and grossed over $76 million worldwide. His latest feature film was Art School Confidential whose best known stars are John Malkovich, Jim Broadbent, Art School Confidential was Zwigoff’s second collaboration with writer Daniel Clowes
15.
Ghost World (film)
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Ghost World is a 2001 American black comedy film directed by Terry Zwigoff, based on the comic book of the same name by Daniel Clowes, with a screenplay co-written by Clowes and Zwigoff. The story focuses on the lives of Enid and Rebecca, two teenage outsiders in an unnamed American city, best friends Enid and Rebecca face the summer after their high school graduation. The girls are social outcasts, but Rebecca is more popular with boys than Enid, Enids diploma is withheld on the condition that she attend a remedial art class. Even though she is a talented artist, her art teacher, Roberta, believes that art must be socially meaningful, the girls see a personal ad in which a lonely, middle-aged man named Seymour asks a woman he met recently to contact him. Enid makes a phone call to Seymour, pretending to be the woman. The two girls and their friend, Josh, secretly watch Seymour at the diner and make fun of him, Enid soon begins to feel sympathy for Seymour, and they follow him to his apartment building. Later they find him selling vintage records in a garage sale, Enid buys an old blues album from him, and they become friends. She decides to try to find women for him to date, Enid presents the poster in class as a social comment about racism, and Roberta is so impressed with the concept that she offers Enid a scholarship to an art college. Seymour receives a call from Dana, the intended recipient of his personal ad. Enid encourages him to pursue a relationship with Dana, but she becomes jealous when he does so. Enid and Rebeccas lives start to diverge, while Enid has been spending time with Seymour, Rebecca has found a job at a coffee shop and has become more interested in clothing and boys. Enid also finds a job so she can afford to rent an apartment with Rebecca, the girls argue, and Rebecca abandons the idea of living with Enid. At the end of the summer, Enid and Seymours lives fall apart, when Enids poster is displayed in an art show, school officials find it so offensive they force Roberta to give her a failing grade and revoke the scholarship. Enid turns to Seymour for solace, resulting in a drunken one-night stand, Seymour breaks up with Dana, and is called to account at work when the Coon Chicken poster is publicized in a local newspaper. He unsuccessfully tries to contact Enid, only for Rebecca to tell him about Enids prank phone call, Seymour is upset and ends up in a violent confrontation with Josh, resulting in his being injured and hospitalized. Enid visits him in an effort to apologize, causing him to realize that he has no chance of any kind of future with her, Enid gives in to her childhood fantasy of running away from home and disappearing. She has seen an old man, Norman, continually waiting at a bus stop for a bus that will never come. Enid sits next to him, and Norman boards an out-of-service bus, the next day, while Seymour discusses the summers events with his therapist, Enid returns to the bus stop and boards the out-of-service bus when it arrives
16.
Art School Confidential (film)
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Art School Confidential is a 2006 comedy-drama film directed by Terry Zwigoff, loosely based on the comic of the same name by Daniel Clowes. The film is Zwigoffs second collaboration with Clowes, the first being 2001s Ghost World, the cast includes Max Minghella, Sophia Myles, John Malkovich, Jim Broadbent, Matt Keeslar, Ethan Suplee, Joel Moore, Nick Swardson, Adam Scott, and Anjelica Huston. The film was shot at the Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles and at Pasadena City College in Pasadena. Otis Foundation Professor Gary Garaths worked as a consultant on the film, starting from childhood attempts at illustration, young Jerome pursues his true obsession to art school. Jerome enrolls in Strathmore, an urban college and his roommates are aspiring filmmaker Vince and closeted-gay fashion major Matthew. Jerome looks for love amongst the coeds, but is turned off by all, before falling in love with the art model. In his art classes, he forms a friendship with perennial loser, Bardo, who guides him through the scene and introduces him to a failed artist, Jimmy. As Jerome learns how the art world really works, he finds that he must adapt his vision to the reality that confronts him, the community has been wracked by a serial killer, the Strathmore Strangler, who has confounded the police. As Jerome slowly loses his idealism at art school, he himself in competition with a strange newcomer, Jonah. In a wild attempt to win an art competition, Jerome asks for. Jerome leaves a lit cigarette in Jimmys apartment by accident, setting a fire and burning up the apartment and Jimmy. The police arrest Jerome as the Strangler, Audrey realizes that her love is Jerome and that she was stupid to be in love with Jonah. Jeromes paintings, especially one of Audrey, become prized by collectors, Vince scores a hit with his documentary of the Strangler called My Roommate. In prison, Jerome continues to paint and sells his works at high prices, not caring that people think he is the killer, at the end, Audrey and Jerome share a kiss through the protective glass. Was really negatively received both at the box office and critically, I didnt think it was so bad. At least compared to all that shit out there, anyway. It was certainly just as good as any film in the marketplace, and Im not saying its a great film. Im just saying its better than most of the dreck, Art School Confidential received mixed feedback from critics
17.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
18.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
19.
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
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The University of Chicago Laboratory Schools is a private, co-educational day school in Chicago, Illinois. It is affiliated with the University of Chicago, about half of the students have a parent who is on the faculty or staff of the University. The Laboratory Schools were founded by American educator John Dewey in 1896 in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, calvin Brainerd Cady was director of the music department under Dewey. The school began as an educational institution that goes from nursery school through 12th grade. The Laboratory Schools consists of two interrelated campuses, the Historic Campus, located at 1362 East 59th Street, fills two full city blocks. It houses grades 3–12 in five connected buildings, Blaine Hall, Belfield Towers, Judd Hall, the school, the middle school. Two connected gymnasiums also sit on this campus, Sunny Gym and Kovler Gymnasium, in September 2013, Lab opened Earl Shapiro Hall on its new Early Childhood Campus located at 5800 South Stony Island Avenue. This new building, designed by Valerio Dewalt Train and FGM Architects, is home to approximately 625 children in nursery through second grade, the building is named for Earl Shapiro, who graduated from Lab in 1956. The school has over 1,700 students currently enrolled, though there are plans to increase the size and it has been heralded as one of the more diverse independent schools with about 40% students of color and over 44 nationalities represented. Today the school is divided into a Nursery School, Primary School, Lower School, Middle School, many children begin the school in nursery and continue through their high school graduation, and 75% of applications are for nursery school or 9th grade. In 2007, the school was ranked fourth in the nation for its record of sending graduates to elite universities and colleges, u-High offers more than 150 different classes, all are college preparatory in nature and there are 17 Advanced Placement or Advanced Topic classes. High school students may take classes at the University of Chicago. The school maintains four separate libraries to support its teaching and learning, High school students may choose from 40+ different clubs and activities. U-High students are extremely invested in academic extra-curriculars, the high school math team and the science teams are regular contenders for and winners of state titles. The schools newspaper and the yearbook regularly win regional and national awards, as does its arts magazine, other popular activities include theater, ethnic clubs, Student Council, policy debate, and Model UN. The Model UN team is ranked among the top in the nation. It was recently ranked the #2 High School Model UN team in the United States, in addition, the Debate Team has won numerous national circuit tournaments, and is unofficially considered to be in the Top 20 nationwide. Furthermore, U-Highs Math and Science teams consistently win and place at Regional and State competitions, the schools athletic teams, the Maroons, compete in the Independent School League and are members of the Illinois High School Association
20.
Pratt Institute
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It originated in 1887 with programs primarily in engineering, architecture, and fine arts. U. S. News & World Report lists Pratt as one of the top 20 colleges in the Regional Universities North category. Princeton Review recognizes Pratt as being one of the best colleges in the northeast, Pratt Institute was founded in 1887 by American industrialist Charles Pratt, who was a successful businessman and oil tycoon and was one of the wealthiest men in the history of Brooklyn. In 1867 Pratt established Charles Pratt and Company, in 1874 Pratt’s companies were purchased by John D. Rockefeller and became part of his Standard Oil trust while Pratt continued to run the companies himself. Pratt, an advocate of education, wanted to provide the opportunity for working men and women to better their lives through education, even though Pratt never had the opportunity to go to college himself, he wanted to create an affordable college accessible to the working class. In 1884 Pratt began purchasing parcels of land in his affluent home town of Clinton Hill for the intention of opening a school, the school would end up being built only two blocks from Charles Pratt’s residence on Clinton Avenue. From his fortunes with Astral Oil and Charles Pratt and Company, in May 1887 the New York State Legislature granted Charles Pratt a charter to open the school, on October 17,1887, the Institute opened to 12 students in the Main Hall. Tuition was $4 per class per term, the college was one of the first in the country open to all people, regardless of class, color, and gender. In the early years, the Institute’s mission was to offer education to those who never had it offered to them before, Pratt sought to teach people skills that would allow them to be successful and work their way up the economic ladder. Specifically, many programs were tailored for the growing need to train workers in the changing economy with training in design. Early programs sought to teach students a variety of such as architectural engineering, mechanics, dressmaking. Graduates of the school were taught to become engineers, mechanics, drawing, whether freehand, mechanical, or architectural, thought of as being a universal language, united such diverse programs and thus all programs in the school had a strong foundation in drawing. In addition, the curriculum at the Institute was to be complemented by a large Liberal Arts curriculum. Students studied subjects such as history, mathematics, physics, and literature in order to understand the world in which they will be working in. Six months after inception the school had an enrollment of nearly 600 students, by the first anniversary of the school there were 1,000 students in attendance. In five years time the school had nearly 4,000 students, in 1888 Scientific American said of the school that “it is undoubtedly the most important enterprise of its kind in this country, if not in the world”. Andrew Carnegie even visited Pratt for inspiration and used the school as a model in developing Carnegie Technical Schools, now Carnegie Mellon University. As public interest grew in the school and demand increased the school began adding new programs including the Pratt High School, Library School, Music Department, and Department of Commerce
21.
Strange Adventures
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Strange Adventures was the title of several American comic books published by DC Comics, the first of which began in 1950. Strange Adventures ran for 244 issues and was DC Comics first science fiction title and it began with an adaptation of the film Destination Moon. The sales success of the gorilla cover-featured story in Strange Adventures #8 led DC to produce comic book covers with depictions of gorillas. The series was home to one of the last superheroes of the pre-Silver Age of Comic Books era, Captain Comet, created by writer John Broome, a combination of the Captain Comet feature with the gorilla craze was presented in issue #39. Other notable series included Star Hawkins which began in issue #114, in a rare acknowledgement of the rest of the DC universe in Strange Adventures, one panel mentions Gardner Fox having previously met the Flash in the iconic Silver Age story Flash of Two Worlds. Strange Adventures #180 introduced Animal Man in a story by Dave Wood, the character was revived by writer Grant Morrison in 1988. Writer Bob Haney and artist Howard Purcell created the character the Enchantress in Strange Adventures #187. The Enchantress appears in the 2016 live-action movie Suicide Squad, portrayed by Cara Delevingne, the Deadman feature served as an early showcase for the artwork of Neal Adams. With issue #217, the title gained another new logo and began reprinting stories of Adam Strange, several Strange Adventure stories were also reprinted in some of DC Comics later anthologies, such as From Beyond the Unknown. In 1978, DC Comics intended to revive Strange Adventures and these plans were put on hold that year due to the DC Implosion, a line-wide scaling back of the companys publishing output. When the project was revived a year later, the title was changed to Time Warp, in 1999, DC Comics Vertigo imprint released a four-issue mini-series reviving the Strange Adventures title and concept. It featured stories written by Brian Azzarello, Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons, Bruce Jones, Joe R. Lansdale, John Ney Rieber, Robert Rodi, Doselle Young and Mark Schultz. Artists included Edvin Biuković, Richard Corben, Klaus Janson, Frank Quitely, James Romberger, the miniseries is cover-dated November 1999 to February 2000. It was written by Kevin J. Anderson, with art by Barry Kitson, the miniseries is cover-dated October 2004 to March 2005, and was collected in trade paperback in 2010. Jim Starlin wrote an eight-issue limited series called Strange Adventures which focused on Adam Strange, Bizarro and Captain Comet and this series continued the Aberrant Six storyline, as well as plot developments from the Rann/Thanagar Holy War and Countdown to Adventure. This series was collected in paperback in 2010. An 80-page Strange Adventures #1, an anthology one-shot, with science fiction. Contributing writers and artists include Peter Milligan, Scott Snyder, Jeff Lemire, Brian Azzarello, Eduardo Risso, Paul Pope, and Paul Cornell
22.
Robert Crumb
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Robert Dennis Crumb is an American cartoonist and musician who often signs his work R. Crumb. His work displays a nostalgia for American folk culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and he was additionally contributing to the East Village Other and many other publications, including a variety of one-off and anthology comics. Natural, and the images from his Keep on Truckin strip, sexual themes abounded in all these projects, often shading into scatological and pornographic comics. Much of his appeared in a magazine he founded, Weirdo. As his career progressed, his work became more autobiographical. In 1991, Crumb was inducted into the book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. He is married to cartoonist Aline Kominsky-Crumb, with whom he has frequently collaborated and their daughter Sophie Crumb has also followed a cartooning career. Robert Crumb was born on August 30,1943, in Philadelphia to a Catholic household of English and Scottish ancestry and his father, Charles V. Crumb, authored the book Training People Effectively, and was a Combat Illustrator for 20 years in the United States Marine Corps. His mother Beatrice was a housewife who reportedly abused diet pills, Charles and Beatrices marriage was unhappy and the children were frequent witnesses to their parents arguments. The couple had four children, sons Charles Junior and Maxon. The family moved to Milford, Delaware, when Crumb was twelve, inspired by the works of Walt Kelly, Fleischer Brothers animation, and others, Crumb and his brothers drew their own comics. Crumbs cartooning developed as his older brother Charles pushed him and provided him with constant critical feedback on his work, in 1958 the brothers self-published three issues of Foo in imitation of Harvey Kurtzmans satirical Humbug and Mad. They sold them door-to-door with little success, souring the young Crumb on the comic-book business, at fifteen, Crumb became obsessed with collecting jazz and blues records from the 1920s to the 1940s. At age 16, he abandoned the Catholic faith, Crumbs father gave him $40 when he left home after high school. His first job, in 1962, was drawing novelty greeting cards for American Greetings in Cleveland, in Cleveland he met a group of young bohemians such as Buzzy Linhart, Liz Johnston, and Harvey Pekar. Dissatisfied with greeting card work, he tried to sell cartoons to comic book companies, in 1965, cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman printed some of Crumbs work in the humor magazine he edited, Help. Crumb moved to New York, intending to work with Kurtzman, Crumb briefly illustrated bubblegum cards for Topps before returning to Cleveland and American Greetings. Crumb married Dana Morgan in 1964, nearly destitute, the couple traveled in Europe, during which Crumb continued to produce work for Kurtzman and American Greetings, and Dana stole food
23.
Cracked (magazine)
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Cracked was an American humor magazine. Founded in 1958, Cracked proved to be the most durable of the publications to be launched in the wake of Mad magazine. In print, Cracked conspicuously copied Mads layouts and style, the Smythe character was referred to as Crackeds janitor. Unlike Neuman, who appears primarily on covers, Smythe sometimes spoke and was seen inside the magazine, interacting with parody subjects. A1998 reader contest led to Smythe finally getting a full middle name, Crackeds publication frequency was reduced in the 1990s, and was erratic in the 2000s. In 2006, the magazine was revived with a new formula that represented a significant departure from its prior Mad style. The new format was more akin to lad magazines like Maxim, the new formula, however, was unsuccessful and Cracked again canceled its print magazine in February 2007 after three issues. Later that year, the brand was carried over to a website, Cracked. com, the magazines first editor was Sol Brodsky, who was better known as a journeyman artist and later production manager and a publishing vice president at Marvel Comics. Sprouls Major Publications, often imitated other companies successes in various genres, such as westerns, mens adventure, Editor Terry Bisson later recalled, The whole company was about lowball imitations. The publisher, Robert Sproul, wanted to put out some imitations of western, romance and astrology mags, many of the Cracked contributors would also work on these titles. A number of monster-themed issues were printed under the Cracked umbrella, capitalizing on such publications as Fangoria, Sproul published Cracked into the 1980s. However, even as the company chased publishing trends, its flagship title was Cracked Magazine—or Cracked Mazagine, as its cover often read. Some notable artists have appeared in Crackeds pages, in particular John Severin, Severin was one of the original artists on Mad and worked heavily on EC Comics war books, as well as being one of the pre-eminent artists in western comics. But he would come to be best known as Crackeds house cartoonist. For almost 40 years, he was the magazines mainstay artist, frequently illustrating multiple articles in the same issue, the magazine also regularly featured good girl artist Bill Ward, comic book stalwart Howard Nostrand, and gag cartoonists Don Orehek and Charles Rodrigues. In later years, the magazine was a training ground for such future independent comic book creators as Rick Altergott, Dan Clowes. Clowes would later discuss his childhood ambivalence for the magazine with an interviewer and we would buy Mad every month, but about two weeks later we would get anxious for new material. We would tell ourselves, OK, we are not going to buy Cracked, and wed hold out for a while, but then as the month dragged on it just became, OK, I guess Ill buy Cracked
24.
Lloyd Llewellyn
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Lloyd Llewellyn is a comic book by Daniel Clowes. The black-and-white series, published by Fantagraphics Books, ran for six issues from April 1986 to June 1987, a final special issue was published in December 1988. The series title character is a detective who has humorous adventures inspired by film noir, Llewellyn has a sidekick who goes by the name of Ernie Hoyle. The series police sergeant is called Red Hoerring, the series visual style is influenced by lowbrow art. The story The Nightmare from Lloyd Llewellyn #6 foreshadowed the approach of Clowess next comic, Eightball, also in that issue, the author announces. Somewhere along that lonesome road we might see a new LLLL mag with a new format so dazzling, so breathtaking. Early issues of Eightball included several additional Lloyd Llewellyn episodes, the character also made various cameo appearances in other Eightball stories. The Official Lloyd Llewellyn Collection ISBN 0-930193-90-3 The Manly World of Lloyd Llewellyn ISBN 1-56097-145-2 Daniel Clowes at Fantagraphics Books website
25.
Fantagraphics
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Fantagraphics Books is an American publisher of alternative comics, classic comic strip anthologies, magazines, graphic novels, and the adult-oriented Eros Comix imprint. k. a. Fantagraphics was founded in 1976 by Gary Groth and Mike Catron in College Park, the first act of the new company was the takeover of an adzine named The Nostalgia Journal, which was quickly renamed The Comics Journal. As comics journalist Michael Dean writes, the publisher has alternated between flourishing and nearly perishing over the years, Kim Thompson joined the company in 1977, using his inheritance to keep the company afloat. The company moved from Maryland to Stamford, Connecticut, and then Los Angeles, beginning in 1981, and lasting until 1992, Fantagraphics published Amazing Heroes, a magazine which examined comics from a hobbyists point of view. Beginning in 1979, Fantagraphics began publishing comics, starting with Jay Disbrows The Flames of Gyro, Catron acted as Fantagraphics co-publisher until 1985, when he left the company. From 1985–1987, Fantagraphics coordinated and presented The Jack Kirby Award for achievement in comic books, the Kirby Award was managed by Dave Olbrich, a Fantagraphics employee. In 1987, a dispute arose when Olbrich and Fantagraphics each claimed ownership of the awards, the Harvey Awards are no longer affiliated with Fantagraphics. In 1989, Fantagraphics relocated from Los Angeles to its current location in the Maple Leaf neighborhood of Seattle, in 1990, the publisher introduced Eros Comix, a lucrative line of erotic comics which again saved the company from bankruptcy. Longtime employee Eric Reynolds joined Fantagraphics in 1993, first as editor for The Comics Journal from 1993, before moving to marketing. Tom Spurgeon, now publisher of The Comics Reporter, was editor of The Comics Journal from 1994–1999, one employee quit during the subsequent downsizing while denouncing Fantagraphics disorganization and poor management. Fantagraphics was saved by a restructuring and an appeal to comic book fandom that resulted in a huge number of orders. After restructuring, the company has had success with such hardcover collections as The Complete Peanuts. Starting in 2005, Fantagraphics began a European graphic novel line, starting with the co-publication of the Ignatz Series, the publisher announced a deal with Jacques Tardi in March 2009, that would see co-publisher Thompson translate a large number of his books. In 2006, Fantagraphics opened its own store, Fantagraphics Bookstore & Gallery. In early 2012, Michael Catron returned to Fantagraphics as editor with the company he had co-founded 36 years earlier, co-publisher Kim Thompson left Fantagraphics due to illness in March 2013, and died of lung cancer a few months later. An outpouring of support from readers enabled the company to reach, the Ignatz Series is an international comic imprint. It is published by Fantagraphics Books, Avant Verlag, Vertige, Oog & Blik, Coconino Press and it is named for Ignatz Mouse, a character in the comic strip Krazy Kat. The books in the Ignatz series are designed midway between standard North American comic book pamphlet-size and graphic novel-size, each title is 32-pages, 2-color, saddlestitched, 8½ ×11, with jacket, priced at $7.95
26.
Gary Groth
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Gary Groth is an American comic book editor, publisher and critic. He is editor-in-chief of The Comics Journal and a co-founder of Fantagraphics Books, Groth is the son of a U. S. Navy contractor and was raised in Springfield, Virginia, in the Washington, D. C. area. He read his first comic book in a pediatricians office, inspired by film critics like Andrew Sarris and Pauline Kael, and gonzo journalists like Hunter S. Thompson, the teenage Groth published Fantastic Fanzine, a comics fanzine. For two years, in 1970 and 1971, he organized Metro Con, a convention held in Washington. After dropping out of his college in 1974, Groth and his financial partner Michael Catron put on a rock. Nonetheless, he and Catron dabbled in publishing with the short-lived magazine Sounds Fine. In 1976 Groth founded Fantagraphics Books, Inc. with Catron, Groths Comics Journal applied rigorous critical standards to comic books. It disparaged formulaic superhero books and work for publishers and favored artists like R. Crumb and Art Spiegelman. It featured lengthy, freewheeling interviews with comics professionals, often conducted by Groth himself, Groths first editorial in The Nostalgia Journal #27, began a lengthy feud with Alan Light, founder, and at that time, publisher of The Buyers Guide for Comics Fandom. Groth and Light were friends before Light published Groths final issue of Fantastic Fanzine, Fandom, Confidential, Ron Frantzs history of the WE Seal of approval program, outlines Groths confrontations with Light at conventions and via late night collect calls. Light in turn cashed a check for a Comics Journal advertisement that he refused to print, in 1983 when Light sold TBG, a Groth editorial denounced Light. Lights subsequent libel suit against Groth was eventually dismissed, Groth, Gary, and Robert Fiore, eds. The New Comics, Interviews from the Pages of The Comics Journal, Comics As Art, We Told You So. Publication delayed indefinitely—preliminary versions of chapter 1, chapter 2 and chapter 3 posted by Fantagraphics
27.
Hernandez brothers
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The Hernandez brothers, also known as Los Bros Hernandez, are the three American cartoonist brothers Mario, Gilbert, and Jaime Hernandez. The three grew up in Oxnard, California and they began publishing the black-and-white series themselves in 1981, and Fantagraphics Books published it from 1982. The brothers normally worked independently of each other on their own stories, gilberts most significant work features prominent magic realist elements in Central American settings, Jaimes has centred on multicultural Southern California
28.
Love and Rockets (comics)
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Love and Rockets is a comic book series by the Hernandez brothers, Gilbert, Jaime, and Mario, whose stories published in the series were independent of each other. It was one of the first comic books in the alternative comics movement of the 1980s, the Hernandez brothers produced stories independently of each other. Gilbert and Jaime produced the majority of the material, and tended to focus on particular casts of characters and those of Gilbert usually focused on a cast of characters in the fictional Mexican village of Palomar, the stories often featured magic realist elements. The Locas stories of Jaime centered on a group in Los Angeles, particularly the Latin-American friends and sometimes-lovers Maggie. The brothers Gilbert, Jaime, and Mario Hernandez self-published the first issue of Love, in 1982, Fantagraphics Books republished this issue with a color cover. The series was published at magazine size, larger than typical American comic books, either Gilbert or Jaime, the series main contributors, would provide the front cover for a given issue, and the other the back, they alternated these duties each issue. The first volume ended with the 50th issue in 1996, the second volume ran for twenty issues from 2001 to 2007 in standard US comic book size. A third series began in 2008, published annually in 100-page, the Hernandez brothers self-published the first issue of Love and Rockets in 1981, but since 1982 it has been published by Fantagraphics Books. The magazine temporarily ceased publication in 1996 after the release of issue #50, while Gilbert, however, in 2001 Los Bros revived the series as Love and Rockets Volume 2. Love and Rockets contains several ongoing serial narratives, the most prominent being Gilberts Palomar stories and Jaimes Hoppers 13 stories and it also contains one-offs, shorter stories, surrealist jokes, and more. Palomar tells the story of a village in Latin America. Its vibrant characters and sometimes-fantastic events are compared to the magical realism literary style of authors such as Gabriel García Márquez. The series is sometimes referred to as Heartbreak Soup, after the first story set in Palomar. Hoppers 13 follows the lives of a group of primarily chicano characters. Two memorable members of Jaimes cast are Margarita Luisa Maggie Chascarrillo and Esperanza Hopey Leticia Glass, the series is also often called Locas because of the many quirky female characters depicted. One aspect of the Love and Rockets opus is the way Los Bros Hernandez portray the passage of time in a realistic manner despite the traditional constraints of the medium. For example, Maggies character, a mechanic, debuted as a slight yet curvy young adult living in a world both distinctly chicano and punk with a sci-fi twist. As Jaime developed her character in detail, she started to gain weight slowly
29.
Pussey!
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Pussey. is a comics serial and graphic novel by Daniel Clowes. It was originally serialized across nine issues of Clowess alternative comic book Eightball. Tells the satirical story of a book artist named Dan Pussey, following him from his childhood years, through his successful career. Along the way he lampoons the comics industry as a whole, including satires of several creators. In the final episode of The IT Crowd, Jen Barber is seen reading the Fantagraphics Books book of the series
30.
Sub Pop
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Sub Pop is a record label founded in 1986 by Bruce Pavitt. In 1988, Sub Pop Records LLC was formed by Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman in Seattle, Sub Pop achieved fame in the late 1980s for first signing Nirvana, Soundgarden, Mudhoney and many other bands from the Seattle alternative rock scene. In 1995 the owners of Sub Pop sold a 49% stake of the label to the Warner Music Group, the origins of Sub Pop can be traced back to the early 1980s when Bruce Pavitt started a fanzine called Subterranean Pop that focused exclusively on American independent record labels. Pavitt undertook the project in order to earn course credit while attending Evergreen State College in Olympia, by the fourth issue, Pavitt had shortened the name to Sub Pop and began alternating issues with compilation tapes of underground rock bands. The Sub Pop #5 cassette, released in 1982, sold two thousand copies, in 1983, Pavitt moved to Seattle, Washington and released the ninth and final issue of Sub Pop. While in Seattle, he wrote a column for local newspaper The Rocket titled Sub Pop U. S. A, a column he ended in 1988. In 1986, Pavitt released the first Sub Pop LP, the compilation Sub Pop 100, which featured material by artists including Sonic Youth, Naked Raygun, Wipers, and Scratch Acid. Seattle group Green River chose to record their Dry as a Bone EP for Pavitts new label in June 1986, when finally released, Dry as a Bone was promoted by Sub Pop as ultra-loose grunge that destroyed the morals of a generation. Poneman soon became a partner in the label. Pavitt focused on the artists and repertoire aspects, while Poneman dealt with the business. Both men decided they wanted the label to focus on this primal rock stuff that was coming out, in early 1988 Pavitt and Poneman quit their jobs to devote their full attention to Sub Pop. Raising $43,000, they incorporated that April, of course that was spent in, like, thirty days, Pavitt recalled. We almost went bankrupt after a month and that August Sub Pop released the first single by Mudhoney, a band featuring former members of Green River. Sub Pop released the Mudhoney single Touch Me Im Sick in a limited first pressing of 800 copies to create demand. The strategy was adopted by other independent labels. Pavitt and Poneman studied earlier independent labels ranging from Motown to SST Records, the pair sought to create a cohesive brand identity for Sub Pop. The labels ads promoted the label more than any particular band. The label also sought to market a Seattle sound, which was accomplished with the help of producer Jack Endino, who produced 75 singles, albums, and EPs for Sub Pop between 1987 and 1989
31.
Ramones
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The Ramones were an American punk rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills, Queens, in 1974. They are often cited as the first band to define the punk-rock sound, despite achieving only limited commercial success, the band was a major influence on the 1970s punk movement in both the United States and United Kingdom. All of the members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname Ramone. They performed 2,263 concerts, touring virtually nonstop for 22 years, in 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played a farewell concert and disbanded. By 2014, all four of the original members, lead singer Joey Ramone, bass guitarist Dee Dee Ramone, lead guitarist Johnny Ramone. In 2002, the Ramones were ranked the second-greatest band of all time by Spin magazine, on March 18,2002, the original four members and Tommys replacement on drums, Marky Ramone, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2011, the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, the original members of the band met in and around the middle-class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens. John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a garage band from 1965 to 1967 known as the Tangerine Puppets. They became friends with Douglas Colvin, who had moved to the area from Germany, and Jeffrey Hyman. The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band, the initial line-up featured Colvin on lead vocals, rhythm and bass guitars, Cummings on lead guitar, and Hyman on drums. Hyman soon switched from drums to vocals, Colvin was the first to adopt the name Ramone, calling himself Dee Dee Ramone. He was inspired by Paul McCartneys use of the pseudonym Paul Ramon during his Silver Beetles days, Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones. Hyman and Cummings became Joey and Johnny Ramone, respectively, a friend of the band, Monte A. Melnick, helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattans Performance Studios, where he worked. Johnnys former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager, soon after the band was formed, Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play his bass guitar simultaneously, with Erdelyis encouragement, Joey became the bands new lead singer. Dee Dee would continue, however, to count off each songs tempo with his signature shout of 1-2-3-4. Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously, while auditioning prospective replacements, Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs. It became apparent that he was able to perform the music better than anyone else. The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30,1974, the songs they played were very fast and very short, most clocked in at under two minutes
32.
The New York Times Magazine
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The New York Times Magazine is a Sunday magazine supplement included with the Sunday edition of The New York Times. It is host to feature articles longer than those typically in the newspaper and has attracted many notable contributors, the magazine is also noted for its photography, especially relating to fashion and style. Its first issue was published on September 6,1896, in the early decades it was a section of the broadsheet paper and not an insert as it is today. In its early years, The New York Times Magazine began a tradition of publishing the writing of well-known contributors, du Bois and Albert Einstein to numerous sitting and future U. S. Presidents. Editor Lester Markel, an intense and autocratic journalist who oversaw the Sunday Times from the 1920s through the 1950s, during his tenure, writers such as Leo Tolstoy, Thomas Mann, Gertrude Stein, and Tennessee Williams contributed pieces to the magazine. When, in 1970, The New York Times introduced its first Op-Ed page, in 1979, the magazine began publishing Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist William Safires On Language, a column discussing issues of English grammar, use and etymology. Safires column steadily gained popularity and by 1990 was generating more mail than anything else in the magazine, the year 1999 saw the debut of The Ethicist, an advice column written by humorist Randy Cohen that quickly became a highly contentious part of the magazine. In 2011, Ariel Kaminer replaced Cohen as the author of the column, Klosterman left in early 2015 to be replaced by a trio of authors -- Kenji Yoshino, Amy Bloom, and Jack Shafer—who use a conversational format. Consumed, Rob Walkers regular column on culture, debuted in 2004. com, The New Republic magazines website, Greg Veis. In December 2010, Lindgren hired Joel Lovell, formerly editor at GQ magazine. In January 2012, humorist John Hodgman, who hosts his comedy court show podcast Judge John Hodgman, began writing a regular column Judge John Hodgman Rules for the The One-Page Magazine, in 2004, The New York Times Magazine began publishing an entire supplement devoted to style. Titled T, the supplement is edited by Deborah Needleman and appears 14 times a year, in 2009, it launched a Qatari Edition as a standalone magazine. In 2006, the magazine introduced two other supplements, PLAY, a magazine published every other month, and KEY. The Funny Pages was made up of three parts, the Strip, the Sunday Serial, and True-Life Tales, on July 8,2007, the magazine stopped printing True-Life Tales. 92% of 1824 voters answered No, the Funny Pages is no longer published in the magazine. Of the serial novels, At Risk, Limitations, The Overlook, Gentlemen of the Road, and The Lemur have since been published in book form with added material
33.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
34.
Generation X
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Generation X, or Gen X, is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers. Generation X is a relatively smaller demographic cohort sandwiched between two larger demographic cohorts, the baby boomers and the millennials, as adolescents and young adults, they were dubbed the “MTV Generation” and characterized as slackers and as cynical and disaffected. In midlife, research describes Gen X adults as active, happy, the cohort has been credited with entrepreneurial tendencies. The term Generation X has been used at times throughout history to describe alienated youth. In the 1950s, Hungarian photographer Robert Capa used Generation X as the title for a photo-essay about young men and women growing up immediately following World War II. The term acquired its modern definition after the release of Generation X, Tales for an Accelerated Culture, demographer Neil Howe noted the delay in naming this demographic cohort saying, Over 30 years after their birthday, they didnt have a name. Previously, the cohort had been referred to as Post-Boomers, Baby Busters, New Lost Generation, Latch-key kids, MTV Generation, the X refers to an unknown variable or to a desire not to be defined. Strauss and Howe define Generation X as those born between 1961–1981, Generation X, a six-part 2016 documentary series produced by National Geographic also uses a 1961–1981 birth year range. PricewaterhouseCoopers, a professional services network headquartered in London, describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book X Saves the World, on the American television program Survivor, for their 33rd season, subtitled Millennials vs. Gen X, the Gen X tribe consisted of individuals born between 1963 and 1982. Names given to those born on the Generation X/Millennial cusp years include Xennials, The Lucky Ones, Generation Catalano, the birth control pill, which was introduced in the early 1960s, was a contributing factor to the declining birth rates seen in this generation. In the United States, increased immigration partially offset declining birth rates, in a 2012 article for the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, George Masnick wrote that the Census counted 82.1 million Gen Xers in the U. S. The Harvard Center uses 1965 to 1984 to define Gen X so that Boomers, Xers, Masnick concluded that immigration filled in any birth year deficits during low fertility years of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Demographers William Strauss and Neil Howe, who authored books on generations including the 1993 book, 13th Gen, Abort, Retry, Ignore. Specifically on Generation X reported that Gen Xers were children at a time when society was less focused on children, Gen Xers were children during a time of increasing divorce rates, with divorce rates doubling in the mid-1960s, before peaking in 1980. Strauss wrote that society “moved from what Leslie Fiedler called a 1950s-era ‘cult of the child’ to what Landon Jones called a 1970s-era ‘cult of the adult’. ”The Generation Map, a report from Australias McCrindle Research Center writes of Gen X children, their Boomer parents were the most divorced generation in Australian history. In the 1970s, only 9 U. S states allowed for joint custody of children, in South Africa, Gen Xers spent their formative years of the 1980s during the hyper-politicized environment of the final years of apartheid. In the US, Generation X was the first cohort to grow up post-integration and they were described in a marketing report by Specialty Retail as the kids who lived the civil rights movement
35.
Adrian Tomine
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Adrian Tomine, a popular contemporary cartoonist, is best known for his ongoing comic book series Optic Nerve and his illustrations in The New Yorker. Adrian Tomine was born May 31,1974 in Sacramento, California and his parents divorced when he was two years old. His father is Dr. Chris Tomine, Ph. D. and his mother is Dr. Satsuki Ina, Ph. D. and Professor Emeritus at California State University Sacramentos School of Education. Tomine is fourth-generation Japanese American, and both of his parents spent part of their childhoods in Japanese internment camps in the U. S. during World War II and he also has a brother, Dylan, who is eight years his senior. After his parents divorced, Tomine moved frequently, accompanying his mother to Fresno, Oregon, Germany and he started writing, drawing and self-publishing his comic Optic Nerve, which he has continued producing as a regular comic book series for Drawn & Quarterly. As a young child, Tomine enjoyed Spider-Man and Indiana Jones comics, in an interview, Tomine said that something about the medium just transfixed me at an early age and that his influences include Jaime Hernandez and Daniel Clowes. He is also a fan of contemporary Chris Ware, in addition to writing graphic novels such as Summer Blonde and Shortcomings, Tomine regularly works in commercial illustration. He has done covers and illustrations for The New Yorker. Tomine began publishing his work when he was still a teenager, he was mainly self-published, the cover of his Journal issue featured a self-parody of sorts, featuring a sequence in which a hipster girl says to the reader, Im so cute. I love coffee, and indie rock, Optic Nerve is Tomines ongoing comic title that was originally self-published in minicomic form and distributed to local comics shops in his area. These comics range from a few pages per story to the 32-page standard in later issues, issues #1-4 included several stories each and were collected in Sleepwalk and Other Stories, and issues #5-8 included one story each and were collected in Summer Blonde. Issues #9–11 were compiled into a novel titled Shortcomings, released in September 2007. In Shortcomings, Tomine explored racial issues directly, q&A with New Yorker Magazine about Killing and Dying. The New Yorker
36.
Craig Thompson
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Craig Matthew Thompson is a graphic novelist best known for his books Good-bye, Chunky Rice, Blankets, Carnet de Voyage and Habibi. Thompson has received four Harvey Awards, three Eisner Awards, and two Ignatz Awards, in 2007, his cover design for the Menomena album Friend and Foe received a Grammy nomination for Best Recording Package. Craig Thompson was born in Traverse City, Michigan in 1975 and he, his younger brother Phil and his sister grew up in rural Marathon, Wisconsin, in a fundamentalist Christian family. His father was a plumber, and his mother alternated between working as a mom and a visiting-nurse assistant for the disabled. Media such as films and televisions shows were screened or altogether censored by their parents, Thompsons only access to the arts were the Sunday funnies and comics, since they were assumed to be for children, to which Thompson attributes his early affinity for the medium. Thompson and his brother were particularly enamored of black and white independent comics in the 1980s, such as the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, in high school Thompson entertained dreams of becoming either a small-town artist or a film animator. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Marathon County for three semesters, during which he began writing a comic strip for the newspaper and just kind of fell in love with. It filled all my needs -- I was able to draw cartoons, to tell a story, but I also had total control, after spending a semester at the Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design, Thompson left his hometown in 1997 and settled in Portland, Oregon. Thompson worked briefly at Dark Horse Comics, drawing ads, logos, after developing tendinitis, Thompson left Dark Horse and devoted his time to his own work. As a result of Chunky Rice, Thompson won a 2000 Harvey Award for Best New Talent, Thompson followed Chunky Rice with the mini-comics Bible Doodles and Doot Doot Garden. In late 1999, Thompson began work on a 600-page autobiographical graphic novel Blankets, as a result of Blankets, he rose quickly to the top ranks of American cartoonists in both popularity and critical esteem. Pulitzer Prize-winning comic artist Art Spiegelman sent him a letter of praise for Blankets. Thompson followed Blankets with 2004s travelogue Carnet de Voyage, which received Ignatz Award nominations for Outstanding Graphic Novel and he also contributed numerous short works to Nickelodeon Magazine, as Craigory Thompson. In 2007, Thompson created the artwork for the Menomena album Friend and Foe, Thompsons design received a Grammy nomination for Best Recording Package, to which he responded, I wanna get it. I think it would be funny to be a cartoonist with a Grammy. if nothing else it helps bring attention to the band. In late 2004, Thompson began working on Habibi, a novel published by Pantheon Books. The book is influenced by Arabic calligraphy and Islamic mythology, Im playing with Islam in the same way I was playing with Christianity in Blankets, as he said in a 2005 interview. The book was praised by TIME magazine, Elle magazine, Financial Times, Salon, The Independent, NPR, The Millions, Graphic Novel Reporter, Thompson has acknowledged the influence of graphic artists Taro Yashima, Daniel Clowes, Chris Ware, and Joe Sacco
37.
David Lynch
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David Keith Lynch is an American director, screenwriter, producer, painter, musician, and photographer. He has been described by The Guardian as the most important director of this era, allMovie called him the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking, while the success of his films has led to him being labelled the first popular Surrealist. He moved to Los Angeles, where he produced his first motion picture, meanwhile, Lynch embraced the Internet as a medium, producing several web-based shows, such as the animated DumbLand and the surreal sitcom Rabbits. Lynch has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director and a nomination for best screenplay. He has won Frances César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor, the countrys top civilian honor, as a Chevalier in 2002 and then an Officier in 2007. Blue Velvet and Mulholland Drive are widely considered by critics to be among the greatest films of their respective decades, Lynch was born in Missoula, Montana on January 20,1946. His father, Donald Walton Lynch, was a research scientist working for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lynchs maternal great-grandparents were Finnish, and had immigrated to the United States from Finland in the 19th century. The Lynch family often moved around according to where the USDA assigned Donald and it was here that Lynchs sister Martha was born. The family then moved to Durham, North Carolina, then Boise, Idaho, Lynch found this transitory early life relatively easy to adjust to, noting that he found it fairly easy to meet new friends whenever he started attending a new school. Commenting on much of his life, Lynch has remarked, Alongside his schooling, Lynch joined the Boy Scouts, although he would later note that he only became so I could quit. He rose to the highest rank of Eagle Scout and it was through being an Eagle Scout that he was present with other Boy Scouts outside of the White House at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy, which took place on Lynchs birthday in 1961. They had some hopes that in Europe they could train with the expressionist painter Oskar Kokoschka at his school. Upon reaching Salzburg, however, they found that he was not available and, Back in the United States, Lynch returned to Virginia, but since his parents had moved to Walnut Creek, California, he stayed with his friend Toby Keeler for a while. He decided to move to the city of Philadelphia and enroll at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, after advice from Jack Fisk and it was here that he began a relationship with a fellow student, Peggy Reavey, and they were married in 1967. The following year, Peggy gave birth to their daughter Jennifer, later describing this situation, Peggy stated that definitely was a reluctant father, but a very loving one. Hey, I was pregnant when we got married, later describing living there, Lynch stated that We lived cheap, but the city was full of fear. A kid was shot to death down the street and we were robbed twice, had windows shot out and a car stolen. The house was first broken into three days after we moved in
38.
Kitsch
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Kitsch is art, objects, or design considered to be in poor taste because of excessive garishness or sentimentality, but sometimes appreciated in an ironic or knowing way. Hence, kitsch art is associated with sentimental art. Kitsch is also related to the concept of camp, because of its humorous, the chocolate box artist Thomas Kinkade, whose idyllic landscape scenes were often lampooned by art critics as maudlin and schmaltzy, is considered a leading example of contemporary kitsch. The term is sometimes applied to music or literature. As a descriptive term, kitsch originated in the art markets of Munich in the 1860s and the 1870s, describing cheap, popular, in Das Buch vom Kitsch, Hans Reimann defines it as a professional expression born in a painters studio. The study of kitsch was done almost exclusively in German until the 1970s, modernist writer Hermann Broch argues that the essence of kitsch is imitation, kitsch mimics its immediate predecessor with no regard to ethics—it aims to copy the beautiful, not the good. Kitsch is less about the thing observed than about the observer, according to Roger Scruton, Kitsch is fake art, expressing fake emotions, whose purpose is to deceive the consumer into thinking he feels something deep and serious. Cliché Lowbrow Museum of Bad Art Poshlost Prolefeed Notable examples Dogs Playing Poker Velvet Elvis Adorno, wabi and Kitsch, Two Japanese Paradigms in Æ, Canadian Aesthetics Journal 15. Faszination und Herausforderung des Banalen und Trivialen, cheetham, Mark A. Kant, Art and Art History, moments of discipline. Kitsch, The World of Bad Taste, Universe Books, the Kitsch Style and the Age of Kitsch, in J. Goudsblom and S. Mennell The Norbert Elias Reader. Vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage München, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, frankfurt am Main, S. Fischer Verlag. Incredible Tretchikoff, Life of an artist and adventurer, ISBN 0-8070-6681-8 Holliday, Ruth and Potts, Tracey Kitsch. Cultural Politics and Taste, Manchester University Press, eine Studie über die Entartung der Kunst. The Modern System of the Arts, psychologie du Kitsch, Lart du Bonheur, Denoël-Gonthier Nerdrum, Odd. The Artificial Kingdom, On the Kitsch Experience, University of Minnesota ISBN 0-8166-4117-X Reimann, Hans. Balsam für Herz und Seele, ISBN 978-3-7630-2493-3, Kitsch in Sync, A Consumers Guide to Bad Taste, Plexus Publishing. In John Walkers Glossary of art, architecture & design since 1945, avant-Garde and Kitsch – essay by Clement Greenberg Kitsch and the Modern Predicament – essay by Roger Scruton Why Dictators Love Kitsch by Eric Gibson, The Wall Street Journal, August 10,2009
39.
Grotesque
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In art, performance, and literature, however, grotesque may also refer to something that simultaneously invokes in an audience a feeling of uncomfortable bizarreness as well as sympathetic pity. More specifically, the forms on Gothic buildings, when not used as drain-spouts, should not be called gargoyles. The word first was used of paintings found on the walls of basements of Roman ruins that were called at that time Le Grotte due to their appearance. Spreading from Italian to the other European languages, the term was used largely interchangeably with arabesque and moresque for types of decorative patterns using curving foliage elements. Rémi Astruc has argued that there is an immense variety of motifs and figures. Beyond the current understanding of the grotesque as an aesthetic category, moreover, Astruc identifies the grotesque as a crucial, and potentially universal, anthropological device that societies have used to conceptualize alterity and change. Such designs were fashionable in ancient Rome, as fresco wall decoration, floor mosaics, the Roman wall decorations in fresco and delicate stucco were a revelation. The first appearance of the word appears in a contract of 1502 for the Piccolomini Library attached to the duomo of Siena. Light scrolling grotesques could be ordered by confining them within the framing of a pilaster to give them more structure, giovanni da Udine took up the theme of grotesques in decorating the Villa Madama, the most influential of the new Roman villas. In the 16th century, such artistic license and irrationality was controversial matter, more familiar material for grotesques could be drawn from Ovids Metamorphoses. This large array provided a repertoire of elements that were the basis for later artists across Europe, counter Reformation writers on the arts, notably Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, bishop of Bologna, turned upon grottesche with a righteous vengeance. Vasari, echoing Vitruvius, described the style as follows, Grotesques are a type of extremely licentious, other 16th-century writers on grottesche included Daniele Barbaro, Pirro Ligorio and Gian Paolo Lomazzo. In the meantime, through the medium of engravings the grotesque mode of surface ornament passed into the European artistic repertory of the 16th century, from Spain to Poland. Later Mannerist versions, especially in engraving, tended to lose that initial lightness and be more densely filled than the airy well-spaced style used by the Romans. Soon grottesche appeared in marquetry, in maiolica produced above all at Urbino from the late 1520s, then in book illustration, in the 17th and 18th centuries the grotesque encompasses a wide field of teratology and artistic experimentation. The monstrous, for instance, often occurs as the notion of play, the sportiveness of the grotesque category can be seen in the notion of the preternatural category of the lusus naturae, in natural history writings and in cabinets of curiosities. The last vestiges of romance, such as the marvellous also provide opportunities for the presentation of the grotesque in, for instance, the mixed form of the novel was commonly described as grotesque - see for instance Fieldings comic epic poem in prose. Grotesque ornament received an impetus from new discoveries of original Roman frescoes and stucchi at Pompeii
40.
Underground comix
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Underground comix are small press or self-published comic books which are often socially relevant or satirical in nature. They differ from mainstream comics in depicting content forbidden to mainstream publications by the Comics Code Authority, including drug use, sexuality. They were most popular in the United States between 1968 and 1975, and in the United Kingdom between 1973 and 1974, Robert Crumb, Gilbert Shelton, and numerous other cartoonists created underground titles that were popular with readers within the counterculture scene. Punk had its own comic artists like Gary Panter, often referred to as Tijuana bibles, these books are often considered the predecessors of the underground comix scene. Early underground comix appeared sporadically in the early and mid-1960s, the first underground comix were personal works produced for friends of the artists, in addition to reprints of comic strip pages which first appeared in underground newspapers. The United States underground comics scene emerged in the 1960s, focusing on subjects dear to the counterculture, recreational use, politics, rock music. These titles were termed comix in order to them from mainstream publications. The X also emphasized the X-rated contents of the publications, the underground comix scene had its strongest success in the United States between 1968 and 1975, with titles initially distributed primarily though head shops. Underground comix often featured covers intended to appeal to the drug culture, Crumb stated that the appeal of underground comix was their lack of censorship, People forget that that was what it was all about. We didnt have anybody standing over us saying No, you cant draw this or You cant show that and we could do whatever we wanted. American comix were strongly influenced by EC Comics and especially magazines edited by Harvey Kurtzman, kurtzmans Help. magazine featured the works of artists who would later become well known in the underground comix scene, including Crumb and Shelton. Other artists published work in magazines before becoming known in the underground scene. Perhaps the earliest of the comic strips was Frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, begun in 1962. It has been credited as the first underground comic, sheltons own Wonder Wart-Hog appeared in the college humor magazine Bacchanal #1-2 in 1962. Jack Jacksons God Nose, published in Texas in 1964, has also given that title. One guide lists two other underground comix from that year, Vaughn Bodēs Das Kampf and Charles Plymells Robert Ronnie Branaman, joel Beck began contributing a full-page comic each week to the underground newspaper the Berkeley Barb and his full-length comic Lenny of Laredo was published in 1965. In 1968, Crumb, in San Francisco, self-published his first solo comic, the title was financially successful, and developed a market for underground comix. By the end of the 1960s, there was recognition of the movement by a major American museum when the Corcoran Gallery of Art staged an exhibition, The Phonus Balonus Show
41.
Mad (magazine)
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Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines, launched as a comic book before it became a magazine. As of January 2017, Mad has published 544 regular issues, as well as hundreds of reprint Specials, original material paperbacks, compilation books and other print projects. The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line, offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture, politics, entertainment and its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies, as well as freeform articles. Mads mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, is typically the point of the magazines cover. Mad began as a book published by EC, debuting in August 1952. In the early 1960s, the Mad office moved to 485 Madison Avenue, the title is trademarked in capitals as MAD. The first issue was written almost entirely by Harvey Kurtzman, and featured illustrations by Kurtzman, along with Wally Wood, Will Elder, Jack Davis, Wood, Elder, and Davis were the three main illustrators throughout the 23-issue run of the comic book. To retain Kurtzman as its editor, the comic book converted to magazine format as of issue #24, the switchover only induced Kurtzman to remain for one more year, but crucially, the move had removed Mad from the strictures of the Comics Code Authority. The magazines circulation more than quadrupled during Feldsteins tenure, peaking at 2,132,655 in 1974, when Feldstein retired in 1984, he was replaced by the team of Nick Meglin and John Ficarra, who co-edited Mad for the next two decades. Since Meglins retirement in 2004, Ficarra has continued to edit the magazine, Gaines sold his company in the early 1960s to the Kinney Parking Company, which also acquired National Periodicals and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Gaines was named a Kinney board member, and was permitted to run Mad as he saw fit without corporate interference. Following Gaines death, Mad became more ingrained within the Time Warner corporate structure, eventually, the magazine was obliged to abandon its long-time home at 485 Madison Avenue, and in the mid-1990s it moved into DC Comics offices at the same time that DC relocated to 1700 Broadway. In 2001, the magazine broke its long-standing taboo and began running paid advertising, the outside revenue allowed the introduction of color printing and improved paper stock. In its earliest incarnation, new issues of the magazine appeared erratically, by the end of 1958, Mad had settled on an unusual eight-times-a-year schedule, which lasted almost four decades. Gaines felt the timing was necessary to maintain the magazines level of quality. Mad then began producing additional issues, until it reached a monthly schedule with the January 1997 issue. With its 500th issue, amid company-wide cutbacks at Time Warner, though there are antecedents to Mads style of humor in print, radio and film, Mad became a pioneering example of it. Bob and Ray, Kovacs and Freberg all became contributors to Mad, Mads consciousness of itself, as trash, as comic book, as enemy of parents and teachers, even as money-making enterprise, thrilled kids
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Chris Ware
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Franklin Christenson Chris Ware, is an American cartoonist known for his Acme Novelty Library series and the graphic novels Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth and Building Stories. His works explore themes of isolation, emotional torment and depression. He tends to use a color palette and realistic, meticulous detail. His lettering and images are often elaborate and sometimes evoke the era or another early 20th-century American design style. Ware often refers to himself in the publicity for his work in self-effacing, after him, a lot of really started to scramble and go, Holy, I think I have to try harder. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, Ware resides in the Chicago area of Illinois and his earliest published strips appeared in the late 1980s on the comics page of The Daily Texan, the student newspaper of the University of Texas at Austin. In addition to numerous daily strips under different titles, Ware also had a satirical science fiction serial in the paper titled Floyd Farland. This was eventually published in 1988 as a prestige format comic book from Eclipse Comics, now embarrassed by the book, which he considers amateurish and naive, Ware is reportedly purchasing and destroying all remaining copies. While still a sophomore at UT, Ware came to the attention of Art Spiegelman, who invited Ware to contribute to Raw, Ware has acknowledged that being included in Raw gave him confidence and inspired him to explore printing techniques and self-publishing. His Fantagraphics series Acme Novelty Library defied comics publishing conventions with every issue, the series featured a combination of new material as well as reprints of work Ware had done for the Texan and the Chicago weekly paper Newcity. Wares work appeared originally in Newcity before he moved on to his current home, beginning with the 16th issue of Acme Novelty Library, Ware is self-publishing his work, while maintaining a relationship with Fantagraphics for distribution and storage. He was the editor of The Best American Comics 2007, the second installment devoted to comics in the Best American series, in 2007, Ware curated an exhibition for the Phoenix Art Museum focused on the non-comic work of five contemporary cartoonists. The exhibition, titled UnInked, Paintings, Sculpture and Graphic Works by Five Cartoonists, Ware also edited and designed the catalog for the exhibition. Wares art reflects early 20th-century American styles of cartooning and graphic design, shifting through formats from traditional comic panels to faux advertisements and cut-out toys. Ware has spoken about finding inspiration in the work of artist Joseph Cornell, although his precise, geometrical layouts may appear to some to be computer-generated, Ware works almost exclusively with manual drawing tools such as paper and ink, rulers and T-squares. He does, however, sometimes use photocopies and transparencies, Quimby the Mouse was an early character for Ware and something of a breakthrough. Rendered in the style of an early animation character like Felix the Cat, Quimbys relationship with a cat head named Sparky is by turns conflict-ridden and loving, and thus intended to reflect all human relationships. While Quimby exhibits mobility, Sparky remains immobile and helpless, subject to all the indignities Quimby visits upon him, Quimby also acts as a narrator for Wares reminiscences of his youth, in particular his relationship with his grandmother
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Art Spiegelman
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Art Spiegelman is an American cartoonist, editor, and comics advocate best known for his graphic novel Maus. He is married to designer and editor Françoise Mouly and is the father of writer Nadja Spiegelman and he gained prominence in the underground comix scene in the 1970s with short, experimental, and often autobiographical work. A selection of these appeared in the collection Breakdowns in 1977, after which Spiegelman turned focus to the book-length Maus, about his relation with his father. The postmodern book depicts Nazis as cats, Jews as mice, and ethnic Poles as pigs and it won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1992 and has gained a reputation as a pivotal work, responsible for bringing scholarly attention to the comics medium. Spiegelman and Mouly edited eleven issues of Raw from 1980 to 1991. Beginning in the 1990s, the couple worked for The New Yorker, Spiegelman advocates for greater comics literacy. As an editor, a teacher at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, Art Spiegelmans parents were Polish Jews Władysław and Andzia Spiegelman. His father was born Zeev Spiegelman, with the Hebrew name Zeev ben Avraham, Władysław was his Polish name, and Władek was a diminutive of this name. He was also known as Wilhelm under the German occupation, and his mother was born Andzia Zylberberg, with the Hebrew name Hannah. She took the name Anna upon her immigration to the US, in Spiegelmans Maus, from which the couple are best known, Spiegelman used the spellings Vladek and Anja, which he believed would be easier for Americans to pronounce. The surname Spiegelman is German for mirror man, the Spiegelmans had one other son, Rysio, who died before Art was born at the age of five or six. During the Holocaust, Spiegelmans parents sent Rysio to stay with an aunt with whom they believed he would be safe. The aunt poisoned herself, along with Rysio and two other family members in her care, so that the Nazis would not take them to the extermination camps. After the war, the Spiegelmans, unable to accept that Rysio was dead, Spiegelman talked of having a sort of sibling rivalry with his ghost brother—he felt unable to compete with an ideal brother who never threw tantrums or got in any kind of trouble. Of 85 Spiegelman relatives alive at the beginning of World War II, Spiegelman was born Itzhak Avraham ben Zeev in Stockholm, Sweden, on February 15,1948. He immigrated with his parents to the US in 1951, upon immigration his name was registered as Arthur Isadore, but he later had his given name changed to Art. Initially the family settled in Norristown, Pennsylvania, and then relocated to Rego Park in Queens, New York City and he began cartooning in 1960 and imitated the style of his favorite comic books, such as Mad. At Russell Sage Junior High School, where he was an honors student and he was earning money from his drawing by the time he reached high school and sold artwork to the original Long Island Press and other outlets
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Oakland Museum of California
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The Oakland Museum of California or OMCA is an interdisciplinary museum dedicated to the art, history, and natural science of California, located in Oakland, California. The museum contains more than 1.8 million objects dedicated to telling the story of California. It was created in the out of the merger of three separate museums dating from the early 20th century, and was opened in 1969. Outdoor architectural features are terraced gardens, patios, outdoor sculpture, a large lawn area. Between 2009 and 2013, the museum underwent a renovation and expansion designed by Mark Cavagnero Associates. The art and history galleries were closed from August 2009 to May 2010, followed by closure of the science gallery. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill designed the graphics program for the renovation. Core support for the improvements came from Measure G, a $23.6 million bond initiative passed by Oakland voters in 2002. The museum owns more than 70,000 examples of California art and design, painters represented in the art collection include Addie L. The museum holds the archives of Dorothea Lange and images by many other noted photographers. More than 1.8 million items represent Californias history and cultures from the era before Europeans arrived, the collection of the Natural Sciences Department showcases California as a biodiversity hotspot and as the state containing the greatest biological diversity in the nation. The Oakland Public Museum opened in the nearby Camron-Stanford House in 1910 and its first curator, Charles P. Wilcomb, gathered a collection representing two aspects of California cultural history, Native Americans and settlers from the East Coast. The Oakland Art Gallery opened in the Oakland Municipal Auditorium in 1916, originally under the auspices of the Oakland Public Museum, whose director at the time, the Snow Museum of Natural History opened in the Cutting mansion, also on the shore of Lake Merritt, in 1922. Although the merged Oakland Museum focuses on California art, history and nature, some pieces from outside the state remain, such as a collection of snuff bottles. Official Oakland Museum of California website Great Buildings website - exterior and interior views
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Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
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The Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago is a contemporary art museum near Water Tower Place in downtown Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The museum, which was established in 1967, is one of the worlds largest contemporary art venues, the museums collection is composed of thousands of objects of Post-World War II visual art. The museum is run gallery-style, with individually curated exhibitions throughout the year, each exhibition may be composed of temporary loans, pieces from their permanent collection, or a combination of the two. The museum has hosted several notable debut exhibitions including Frida Kahlos first U. S. exhibition, Koons later presented an exhibit at the Museum that broke the museums attendance record. To date, the most attended exhibition has been the 2015 David Bowie Is exhibit, the museum also presents dance, theater, music, and multidisciplinary arts. The current location at 220 East Chicago Avenue is in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area, Josef Paul Kleihues designed the current building after the museum conducted a 12-month search, reviewing more than 200 nominations. The museum opened at its new location June 21–22,1996, the museum was originally located at 237 East Ontario Street, which was originally designed as a bakery. It opened in fall 1967 in a space at 237 East Ontario Street that had for a time served as the corporate offices of Playboy Enterprises. Its first director was Jan van der Marck, in 1970 he invited Wolf Vostell to make the Concrete Traffic sculpture in Chicago. Initially, the museum was conceived primarily as a space for temporary exhibitions, however, in 1974, the museum began acquiring a permanent collection of contemporary art objects created after 1945. In 1978, Gordon Matta-Clark executed his major project in the townhouse. In his work Circus Or The Caribbean Orange, Matta-Clark made circle cuts in the walls, in 1991, the museums Board of Trustees contributed $37 million of the expected $55 million construction costs for Chicagos first new museum building in 65 years. In fact, none of the finalists had made any prior structures in Chicago, the selection process, which started with 209 contenders, was based on professional qualifications, recent projects, and the ability to work closely with the staff of the aspiring museum. The physical structure is said to reference the modernism of Mies van der Rohe as well as the tradition of Chicago architecture, the museum operates as a tax-exempt non-profit organization, and its exhibitions, programming, and operations are member-supported and privately funded. It has a board of trustees consisting of four officers,18 life trustees, the current board chair is King Harris. The museum also has a director, who oversees the MCAs staff of about 100, Madeleine Grynsztejn replaced 10-year director Robert Fitzpatrick during the 2008 fiscal year in this capacity, and she is the MCAs first female director. The museum operates with three programming departments, curatorial, performance, and education, peter Taub is the director of performance programs, Heidi Reitmaier is the Beatrice C. Mayer Director of Education, and Teresa Samala de Guzman is the Chief Operating Officer. The curatorial staff consists of Chief Curator Michael Darling, Curator Naomi Beckwith, Curator Lynne Warren, in 2009, the museum reported $17.5 million in both operating income, 50% of which came from contributions, and operating expenses
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Wexner Center for the Arts
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The Wexner Center for the Arts is The Ohio State University’s multidisciplinary, international laboratory for the exploration and advancement of contemporary art. The Wexner Center opened in November 1989, named in honor of the father of Limited Brands founder Leslie Wexner, the Wexner Center is a lab and public gallery, but not a museum, as it does not collect art. The collection serves a role in the Centers programs in the visual, media. While it is available to University students and scholars for study. Peter Eisenman won the competition for the Wexner in 1983 over four other, more experienced finalists, Cesar Pelli, Michael Graves, Kallmann McKinnell & Wood. It typically drew 200,000 to 250,000 visitors a year before the renovation, in November 2005, the Wexner Center reopened. It was the first major building to be designed by Eisenman, previously known primarily as a teacher. He has gone on to design and build a number of major projects including the Greater Columbus Convention Center. The design includes a large, white metal grid meant to suggest scaffolding, to give the building a sense of incompleteness in tune with the architects deconstructivist tastes. Eisenman also took note of the street grids of the OSU campus and the city of Columbus, which vary by 12.25 degrees. The result was a building of sometimes questionable functionality, but admitted architectural interest, the center’s brick turrets make reference to the medieval-like armory building that occupied the site until the 1958. Included in the Wexner Center space are a film and video theater, a space, a film and video post production studio, a bookstore, café. The 2005 renovation originally enlisted the help of a local firm, in addition to the building envelope, the scope of renovation includes HVAC, lighting, electrical, plumbing, fire protection systems. The renovation works had a impact on the original architectural design while improving environmental, daylight. With the restoration of the center as a whole, the bookstore, film and video theater, and café sections were all revamped, equipment and layout-wise. In 2002, the Wexner staged Mood River, one of the most comprehensive exhibitions of industrial and commercial design staged in America, featuring artwork by Simparch, Tony Cragg, E. V. Day, designs by Peter Eisenman, Kivi Sotamaa, and Ben van Berkel, and products like the Stealth Bomber, the Wexner Centers Film/Video department is known for screening films that are new and different, rare and classic, or just too edgy for the multiplex. They have a theater program that includes independent films, international cinema, new documentaries, classics
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Thora Birch
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Thora Birch is an American actress. She had early roles in the short-lived sitcom Day by Day and in Purple People Eater and she also starred in other films, such as All I Want for Christmas, Patriot Games, Hocus Pocus, Monkey Trouble, Now and Then and Alaska. Her breakthrough role came in 1999 with the Academy Award winning film American Beauty and her performance was well received by both critics and audiences and brought Birch to international recognition. She later played the role in Ghost World for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. She appeared in independent films, such as Dark Corners, Train, Birch was born in Los Angeles, the eldest child of Jack Birch and Carol Connors. Her parents, who have been her business managers throughout her career, are former adult film actors. Birch is of German Jewish, Scandinavian and Italian ancestry, the familys original surname was Biersch. Her name, Thora, is derived from the name of the Norse god of thunder and lightning, Thor, Birch appeared in commercials in the late 1980s for Burger King, California Raisins, Quaker Oats and Vlasic Pickles. Also in 1988, she guest-starred in an episode of Doogie Howser, M. D. and was cast as Molly in the NBC television series Day By Day, the show aired for two seasons on NBC and earned her two Young Artist Award nominations. In 1990, Birch had one of the roles in the sitcom Parenthood. It aired on NBC and was cancalled after one season, in the next year, she starred in the drama Paradise, with Don Johnson, Melanie Griffith and Elijah Wood. She won her role more than 4,000 other young hopefuls who auditioned for it. Roger Ebert felt she played her part with strong, simple charm, for the rest of the 1990s, Birch continued to find steady recognition as a child and teen actress through leading parts in numerous comedy and family feature films. She starred in the romantic comedy All I Want for Christmas, as a girl who plans to get her parents back together for Christmas. The film received reviews and moderate attention from audiences upon its theatrical premiere. In 1992, she played the daughter of Jack Ryan in the spy thriller Patriot Games, Birch appeared in the fantasy comedy Hocus Pocus, opposite Bette Midler, Kathy Najimy and Sarah Jessica Parker. The film saw her play the younger sister of a boy who inadvertently ressurects a villainous trio of witches. Hocus Pocus rated average with reviewers and made a modest US$39 million in the US, in the 1994 comedy Monkey Trouble, Birch portrayed a girl who adopts a Capuchin monkey trained to pick pockets and burglarize houses
