1.
Sacramento, California
–
Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
2.
New Cumberland, West Virginia
–
New Cumberland is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, West Virginia, United States, along the Ohio River. It is part of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 1,103 as of the 2010 census. It was also known historically as Cuppy Town and Vernon, in 1900,2,198 people lived in New Cumberland, in 1910,1,807, and in 2000,1,099. Local industry in the past involved the manufacture of fire and paving brick, sewer pipe, glassware, foundry and machine-shop products, there were also coal mines and mills for the pulverization of fire clay for use in ironworks. The First National Bank-Graham Building and Marshall House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, New Cumberland is located at 40°29′57″N 80°36′29″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.86 square miles. Due to the proximity of the Ohio River, New Cumberland has been the victim of several floods. Notable floods include 1959, where approximately 60 families were evacuated and this climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, New Cumberland has a continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,103 people,526 households, the population density was 904.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 583 housing units at a density of 477.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 6% White,0. 5% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population. 40. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.83. The median age in the city was 47.3 years. 18. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 22% were from 25 to 44,32. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 7% male and 53. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,099 people,513 households, and 286 families residing in the city. The population density was 897.6 people per square mile, there were 568 housing units at an average density of 463.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 27% White,0. 27% Asian,0. 09% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 09% of the population
3.
Kent, Ohio
–
Kent is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the largest city in Portage County. It is located along the Cuyahoga River in Northeast Ohio on the edge of the county. The population was 28,904 in the 2010 Census and 29,810 in the 2015 estimate, the city is counted as part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area. Part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, Kent was settled in 1805 and was known for years as Franklin Mills. Settlers were attracted to the due to its location along the Cuyahoga River as a place for water-powered mills. Later development came in the 1830s and 1840s as a result of the position along the route of the Pennsylvania. Leading up to the American Civil War, Franklin Mills was noted for its activity in the Underground Railroad. With the decline of the canal and the emergence of the railroad, in 1864 the town was renamed Kent in honor of and in gratitude for Marvin Kents efforts. It was incorporated as a village in 1867 and became a city after the 1920 Census, today Kent is a college town best known as the home of the main campus of Kent State University, founded in 1910, and as the site of the 1970 Kent State shootings. Historically a manufacturing center, education is the citys largest economic sector with Kent State University the citys, the Kent City School District and the Kent Free Library provide additional education opportunities and resources. Many of Kents demographic elements are influenced by the presence of the university, particularly the median age, median income, the city is governed by a council-manager system with a city manager, a nine-member city council, and a mayor. Kent has nearly 20 parks and preserves and hosts a number of festivals including ones related to Earth Day, folk music. In addition to the Kent State athletic teams, the city hosts a number of amateur. Local transportation infrastructure includes a bus service and hike-and-bike trails. As the home of the Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent is known as The Tree City while residents are referred to as Kentites, the city has produced a number of notable individuals, particularly in politics, athletics, and the entertainment industry. The region was inhabited by various tribes of American Indians. The site, known as Bradys Leap, is now a city park, settlement by Europeans began in the late 1790s and early 19th century. Aaron Olmsted, a wealthy Connecticut merchant, had purchased the 16, 000-acre township, Franklin Township was surveyed in 1803 and settled in November 1805 when John Haymaker and his family moved west from Warren to the banks of the Cuyahoga River
4.
Austin, Texas
–
Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
5.
Outsider music
–
Very few outsider musicians ever attain anything resembling mainstream popularity, the few that do generally are considered novelty acts. This notwithstanding, there is a market for outsider music. Though Irwin Chusid claims to have coined the term in the mid-1990s, Irwin Chusid, in his book and companion album Songs in the Key of Z, includes Joe Meek, an English record producer with a number of hits to his credit, including the international hit “Telstar”. According to Chusid, fans of music are fairly unusual. Is considered a voice of the street even though they sell millions of albums. On the other hand, since outsider music has little target audience, so they are autonomous, Chusid notes that our inability to fully comprehend the internal calculus of Outsider art. Outsider musicians range from unskilled performers whose recordings are praised for their honesty, leona Anderson was a silent-film actress who revived her career in the early 1950s by releasing a series of shrill, operatic singles and the 1957 album Music to Suffer By. Anderson was well aware of her limitations and even proclaimed herself to be the worlds most horrible singer. She became widely known in the 1950s for her appearances on the The Ernie Kovacs Show. Harry Partch was a composer who built his own instruments according to his own system of musical scales. The Shaggs were a 1960s rock band composed of three teenaged sisters whose knowledge of the art form was rudimentary but who were prodded into becoming a band at the behest of their father. Their debut album Philosophy of the World went mostly unnoticed until 1980, syd Barrett was the original lead singer and songwriter for Pink Floyd. He left the group in 1968, partway through the second album. His music had a significant influence on many forms of alternative, captain Beefheart is the stage name of Don van Vliet, who performed noisy, free jazz-influenced blues in the 1960s and 1970s. His music, which used shifting time signatures and surreal lyrics, had a influence on the punk rock, post-punk. Daniel Johnston is a Texas singer-songwriter with bipolar disorder known for recording music on his radio boom box and his songs are often called painfully direct, and tend to display a blend of childlike naïveté with darker, spooky themes. His performances often seem faltering or uncertain, one writes that Johnstons recordings range from spotty to brilliant. He also has a documentary, The Devil and Daniel Johnston, centered on his life, Lucia Pamela was a St. Louis, Missouri-born multi-instrumentalist and former 1926 Miss St. Louis who, in 1965, recorded the album Into Outer Space with Lucia Pamela
6.
Lo-fi music
–
Lo-fi music are sound recordings that are of lower quality than the usual standard for modern music. The term was adopted in late 1986 by WFMU DJ William Berger, the music also refers to a movement which grew primarily from American underground music scenes in the early 1980s. Associated artists include Sebadoh, Pavement, Liz Phair, and Beck, allMusic writes, Throughout rock & rolls history, recordings were made cheaply and quickly, often on substandard equipment. In that sense, the earliest rock & roll records, most of the rock of the 60s. JW Farquhars home-recorded 1973 album The Formal Female is considered a forerunner to lo-fi artists such as R
7.
Chord organ
–
Tone-wise, a chord organ is almost identical to an harmonium, accordion, or similar. It was invented by Laurens Hammond in 1950 as a home organ based on vacuum-tube circuits, similar to his earlier Novachord. In addition to Hammond, also Wurlitzer, Farfisa and Estey Organ made electronic chord organs, in 1958, Magnus Organ Corporation introduced its electric chord organs, similar to electrically blown small home reed organs. Since then, chord organs were designed as instruments for beginners. In addition to Magnus, also Emenee, Bontempi and Belcanto made electric chord organs, daniel Johnston The Microphones/Mount Eerie Modest Mouse The Music Tapes Elliott Smith Paul Tesluk Cortney Tidwell Chord organs have seen a recent revival amongst minimalist and ambient musicians. Archived from the original on 2013-07-11, disassembly Photographs of a Small Electric Chord Organ. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12
8.
Atlantic Records
–
Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
9.
Alternative rock
–
Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
10.
Psychiatric institution
–
Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialize only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients, others may specialize in the temporary or permanent care of residents who, as a result of a psychological disorder, require routine assistance, treatment, or a specialized and controlled environment. Patients are often admitted on a basis, but people whom psychiatrists believe may pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to involuntary commitment. Psychiatric hospitals may also be referred to as psychiatric wards when they are a subunit of a regular hospital, modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes brutal, a crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry, frequently dealing with suicidal, violent, or otherwise critical individuals. Open units are units that are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. Another type of hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. In the United Kingdom, both admissions and medium term care is usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or adolescent wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children or adolescents with mental illness, long-term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation back into society within a short time-frame. Another institution for the mentally ill is a halfway house. Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums, the development of the modern psychiatric hospital is also the story of the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry. It greatly differed from the view in which the insane were viewed as under the influence of the Devil therefore needing to be isolated from society. The first psychiatric hospital was built by the Muslims in Baghdad in 705 AD, others would rapidly follow, with some of the more famous ones being built in Cairo in 800 AD and in Damascus in 1270 AD. The physicians of the Islamic world would invent and use a variety of treatments, including occupational therapy, music therapy, as well as medication. Western Europe would adopt these views later on with the advances of physicians like Philippe Pinel at the Bicêtre Hospital in France and they advocated the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. The arrival in the Western world of institutionalisation as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an event of the nineteenth century, nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in Nottinghamshire. In 1828, the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums, the Lunacy Act 1845 made the construction of asylums in every country compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary. The Act required asylums to have written regulations and to have a resident physician, at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were a few thousand sick people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000
11.
McDonald's
–
McDonalds is an American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand, the first McDonalds franchise using the arches logo opened in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as an agent in 1955. Based in Oak Brook, Illinois, McDonalds confirmed plans to move its headquarters to Chicago by early 2018. Today, McDonalds is one of the worlds largest restaurant chains, McDonalds primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies. A McDonalds restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, the McDonalds Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to a BBC report published in 2012, McDonalds is the second largest private employer,1.5 million of whom work for franchises. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, the first McDonalds with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonalds was a man with a hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was Speedee. In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the company symbol, a new mascot, Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1965. The clown-like man having puffed out costume legs served advertising aimed at children. On May 4,1961, McDonalds first filed for a U. S. trademark on the name McDonalds with the description Drive-In Restaurant Services, on September 13,1961, the company filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched M symbol. By September 6,1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, although the Golden Arches logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter M did not appear until November 18,1968, when the company applied for a U. S. trademark. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and led its expansion. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry, Kroc and the McDonald brothers feuded over control of the business, as documented in Krocs autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain and this area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonalds and Route 66 museum
12.
Nirvana (band)
–
Nirvana was an American rock band formed by singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Nirvana went through a succession of drummers, the longest-lasting being Dave Grohl, despite releasing only three full-length studio albums in their seven-year career, Nirvana has come to be regarded as one of the most influential and important alternative bands in history. Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the suicide of Cobain, their music maintains a following and continues to influence modern rock. In the late 1980s, Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene, releasing its first album, Bleach and they developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts, often between quiet verses and loud, heavy choruses. After signing to major label DGC Records, Nirvana found unexpected success with Smells Like Teen Spirit, Nirvanas third studio album, In Utero, released to critical acclaim, featured an abrasive, less mainstream sound and challenged the groups audience. Nirvanas active career ended following the death of Cobain in 1994, but various posthumous releases have been issued since, overseen by Novoselic, Grohl, and Cobains widow Courtney Love. Since its debut, the band has sold over 25 million records in the United States alone, Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, in its first year of eligibility. Cobain and Novoselic met while attending Aberdeen High, although they never connected, the pair eventually became friends while frequenting the practice space of the Melvins. Cobain wanted to form a band with Novoselic, but Novoselic did not respond for a period of time. In persuading Novoselic to form a band, Cobain gave him a tape of his project Fecal Matter. Three years after the two first met, Novoselic notified Cobain that he had listened to the Fecal Matter demo. The pair recruited Bob McFadden on drums, but after a month the project fell apart, in early 1987, Cobain and Novoselic recruited drummer Aaron Burckhard. The three practiced material from Cobains Fecal Matter tape but started writing new material soon after forming, during its initial months, the band went through a series of names, starting with Skid Row and including Pen Cap Chew, Bliss, and Ted Ed Fred. The group finally settled on Nirvana, which Cobain said was chosen because I wanted a name that was kind of beautiful or nice and pretty instead of a mean, raunchy punk name like the Angry Samoans. With Novoselic and Cobain having moved to Tacoma and Olympia, Washington, respectively, the pair instead practiced with Dale Crover of the Melvins, and Nirvana recorded its first demos in January 1988. In early 1988, Crover moved to San Francisco but recommended Dave Foster to the band as his replacement on drums, Cobain and Novoselic put an ad in Seattle music publication The Rocket seeking a replacement drummer, which only yielded unsatisfactory responses. Meanwhile, a friend introduced them to Chad Channing. Channing continued to jam with Cobain and Novoselic, although the drummer noted, They never actually said okay, youre in, Nirvana released its first single, a cover of Shocking Blues Love Buzz, in November 1988 on the Seattle independent record label Sub Pop
13.
Kurt Cobain
–
Kurt Donald Cobain was an American musician, artist, songwriter, guitarist and poet. Born in Aberdeen, Washington, Cobain formed the band Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in 1987 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene, Nirvanas debut album Bleach was released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989. After signing with major label DGC Records, the band found success with Smells Like Teen Spirit from their second album Nevermind. Following the success of Nevermind, Nirvana was labeled the band of Generation X. During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with addiction, chronic health problems. He also had difficulty coping with his fame and public image, on April 8,1994, Cobain was found dead at his home in Seattle, the victim of what was officially ruled a suicide by a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head. The circumstances of his death at age 27 have become a topic of public fascination, since their debut, Nirvana, with Cobain as a songwriter, has sold over 25 million albums in the U. S. and over 75 million worldwide. Cobain was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, along with Nirvana bandmates Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl, Cobain was born at Grays Harbor Hospital in Aberdeen, Washington, the son of waitress Wendy Elizabeth and automotive mechanic Donald Leland Cobain. His parents were married on July 31,1965 in Coeur dAlene and his ancestry included Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, and Scottish. His Irish ancestors migrated from Carrickmore, County Tyrone in 1875, researchers found that they were shoemakers, originally named Cobane, who came from Inishatieve, a townland within Carrickmore. As migrants, they first settled in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada, Cobain himself believed his family came from County Cork. His younger sister, Kimberly, was born on April 24,1970, Cobains family had a musical background. Kurt was described as being a happy and excitable child, who also exhibited sensitivity and care. His talent as an artist was evident from an age, as he would draw his favorite characters from films and cartoons, such as the Creature from the Black Lagoon and Donald Duck. This enthusiasm was encouraged by his grandmother, Iris Cobain, who was a professional artist, Cobain began developing an interest in music early in life. According to his aunt Mari, he began singing at the age of two, at age four, he started playing the piano and singing, writing a song about a trip to a local park. When Cobain was nine years old, his parents divorced and he later said that the divorce had a profound effect on his life, while his mother noted that his personality changed dramatically, Cobain became defiant and withdrawn. In a 1993 interview, he elaborated, Cobains parents both found new partners after the divorce, although his father had promised not to remarry, after meeting Jenny Westeby, he did, to Kurts dismay
14.
Hi, How Are You
–
Hi, How Are You, The Unfinished Album is the sixth self-released music cassette album by singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston, recorded in September 1983. It is arguably his most popular album, Johnston claims he was in the midst of a nervous breakdown while recording it, and calls this his unfinished album. The album is one of the most sonically varied of Johnstons early output, two songs feature Johnston singing along with an instrumental LP by Johnny Dankworth. This was the first Daniel Johnston album to be given a widely distributed release, as a vinyl LP, on Homestead Records, the cover of the album was also popularized by a shirt worn by Nirvana lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain
15.
The Devil and Daniel Johnston
–
The Devil and Daniel Johnston is a 2005 documentary film about the noted American musician Daniel Johnston. It chronicles Johnstons life from childhood up to the present, with an emphasis on his experiences with bipolar disorder, the film was directed by Jeff Feuerzeig and produced by Henry S. Rosenthal. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes calculates a rating of 89 out of 100 for The Devil and Daniel Johnston, the film won the Documentary Directing Award at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival. It is available on DVD from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, which includes a supplemental feature documenting the reunion between Johnston and his obsession and muse, Laurie Allen. A manufacture on demand Blu-ray was scheduled to be release through Sonys Choice Collection on September 6,2016, official website The Devil and Daniel Johnston at the Internet Movie Database The Devil and Daniel Johnston at Rotten Tomatoes
16.
Sanyo
–
Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd. is a Japanese major electronics company and formerly a member of the Fortune Global 500 whose headquarters was located in Moriguchi, Osaka prefecture, Japan. Sanyo had over 230 subsidiaries and affiliates, Sanyo was founded by Toshio Iue. On December 21,2009, Panasonic completed a 400 billion yen acquisition of a 50. 2% stake in Sanyo, in 2011, Sanyo became a wholly owned subsidiary of Panasonic Corporation. Sanyo utilizes an extensive socialization process for new employees, so that they will be acclimatized to Sanyos corporate culture, new employees take a five-month course during which they eat together and share company-provided sleeping accommodation. They learn everything from basic job requirements to company expectations for personal grooming, Sanyo was incorporated in 1949, in 1952 it made Japans first plastic radio and in 1954 Japans first pulsator-type washing machine. The companys name means three oceans in Japanese, referring to the ambition to sell their products worldwide, across the Atlantic, Pacific. Sanyo expanded their North American presence with the purchase of Whirlpool Corporations television business, Warwick Electronics, in 1982, Sanyo started selling the MBC-1000 series of CP/M computers. More recently, though, Sanyo decided against supporting Sonys format, the Blu-ray Disc and this was ultimately unsuccessful, however, as Sonys Blu-ray triumphed. In North America, Sanyo manufactured CDMA cellular phones exclusively for Sprints Sprint PCS brand in the United States, the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake severely damaged Sanyos semiconductor plant and as a result Sanyo recorded a huge financial loss for that year. The 2005 fiscal year financial results saw a 205 billion yen net income loss, Sanyo posted signs of recovery after the announcement of positive operating income of 2.6 billion yen. Sanyo remains the number one producer of rechargeable batteries. The Eneloop line competes against similar products such as Rayovacs Hybrid Rechargeable line, on 24 November 2006, Sanyo announced heavy losses and job cuts. Tomoyo Nonaka, a former NHK anchorwoman who was appointed Chairman of the company, the President, Toshimasa Iue, also stepped down in April of that year, Seiichiro Sano was appointed to head the company effective April 2007. On April 1,2008, they sold their cell phone division to Kyocera and they became a subsidiary of Panasonic on December 21,2009. In 2010, Sanyo sold its operations to ON Semiconductor. On July 29,2010, Panasonic reached an agreement to acquire the shares of Panasonic Electric Works. By March 2012, parent company Panasonic plans to terminate the Sanyo brand, the Sanyo HIT solar cell is composed of a mono thin crystalline silicon wafer surrounded by ultra-thin amorphous silicon layers. Sanyo Energy opened its solar module assembly plants in Hungary and in Mexico in 2004, in 2007, Sanyo completed a new unit at its solar module plant in Hungary that was to triple its annual capacity to 720,000 units in 2008
17.
Boombox
–
Boombox is a common term for a portable transistorized cassette tape recorder/player and AM/FM radio with an amplifier, two or more loudspeakers and a carrying handle. A boombox is a device capable of receiving radio stations. Many models are capable of recording onto cassette tapes from radio. Designed for portability, boomboxes can be powered by batteries as well as by line current, the boombox was introduced to the American market during the mid-1970s. The desire for louder and heavier bass led to bigger and heavier boxes, by the 1980s, most boomboxes were battery-operated, leading to extremely heavy, bulky boxes. The boombox quickly became associated with society in the United States, particularly African American. Cities petitioned for the banning of boomboxes from public places, the boombox became closely linked to American hip hop culture and was instrumental in the rise of hip hop music. The first boombox was developed by the inventor of the compact cassette. Their first Radiorecorder was released in 1966, the Philips innovation was the first time that radio broadcasts could be recorded onto cassette tapes without the cables or microphones that previous stand-alone cassette tape recorders required. Although sound quality of tape recordings was poor, improvements in technology and the introduction of stereo recording, chromium tapes. Several European electronics brands, such as Grundig, also introduced similar devices, boomboxes were soon also developed in Japan in the early 1970s and became popular there due to their compact size and impressive sound quality. The Japanese brands soon took over a portion of the European boombox market and were often the first Japanese consumer electronics brands that a European household might purchase. The Japanese innovated by creating different sizes, form factors, and technology, introducing such advances as stereo boomboxes, removable speakers, in-built TV receivers, and inbuilt CD players. The boombox was introduced to the American market during the mid-1970s, with the bulk of production being carried out by Panasonic, Sony, Marantz, and General Electric. It was immediately noticed by the urban adolescent community and soon had a market, especially in metropolitan centers such as New York, Los Angeles. The development of audio jacks brought the boombox to the height of its popularity, consumers enjoyed the portability and sound quality of boomboxes, but one of the most important features, especially to the youth market, was the bass. The desire for louder and heavier bass led to bigger and heavier boxes, most units can be powered by AC or DC cables in addition to batteries. As boomboxes grew in popularity, they became more complex in design
18.
Abilene Christian University
–
Abilene Christian University is a private, non-profit university in Abilene, Texas, affiliated with Churches of Christ. ACU was founded in 1906, as Childers Classical Institute, Abilene Christian Universitys fall 2014 enrollment was 4,427 students of which 777 were graduate students. Abilene Christian University grew from an idea held by A. B. Barret, the Churches of Christ in Abilene agreed to back the project. J. W. Childers sold Barret land and a house west of the town. Childers Classical Institute opened in the fall of 1906, with 25 students and it initially included a lower school starting in the seventh grade. When Jesse P. Sewell became president of the institute in 1912, in 1920, the school paid the Childers family $4,000 and formally changed the name. The Optimist, the universitys student-produced newspaper, was founded in 1912, the Prickly Pear, the school yearbook, was founded in 1916. The JMC Network, a student media operation, was created in 2008 to produce all student-led news media. The campus literary-arts magazine has been in production since 1933, in 1927, with the help of a $75,000 contribution from the city of Abilene, the board of trustees purchased 680 acres northeast of Abilene. In addition, residents donated 75 acres of adjoining land, the new campus opened in the fall of 1929. From the time of its founding to the present, the university has been governed by a board of trustees made up of members of the Churches of Christ. Abilene Christian University has historically been the largest organization in the United States that has set aside each class day for chapel. Chapel attendance is required, absent an approved exemption, and those failing to meet the requirement over a period of more than one semester may be subject to suspension. Abilene Christian College first received accreditation in 1971 when it became an accredited member of the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges. Amberton University, previously Amber University, was created as a campus of Abilene Christian University. It was launched in Mesquite, Texas in 1971, moving to Garland and it became a separate institution as Amber University in 1982, and was rechristened Amberton University in 2001. Like Abilene Christian University, Amberton remains affiliated with the Churches of Christ, on February 22,1976, the name was changed to Abilene Christian University. The university celebrated its centennial in the 2005–06 school year, in July 2015, the university signed a lease for an expansion campus located in Addison, Texas
19.
Kent State University at East Liverpool
–
Kent State University at East Liverpool, also known as Kent State East Liverpool and Kent State East Liverpool Campus, is a public university located in East Liverpool, Ohio. Administered with Kent State University at Salem as part of Kent State University Columbiana County, Kent State East Liverpool offers bachelors, the campus consists of two buildings in downtown East Liverpool, the Main Building and the Mary Patterson Building. Together, the East Liverpool and Salem campuses serve more than 3,500 students, tuition is less than $5,300 annually for in-state, lower division classes. Out-of-state tuition for residents in select counties in West Virginia and Pennsylvania was reduced in the spring of 2010. Residents must reside in either Brooke, Hancock, or Ohio counties in West Virginia, or, Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Lawrence, Kent State University Columbiana County Campuses
20.
Kent State University
–
Kent State University is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States. The university also includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio and additional facilities in the region, the university was established in 1910 as a teacher-training school. The first classes were held in 1912 at various locations and in buildings in Kent. As of September 2016, Kent State is one of the largest universities in Ohio with an enrollment of 40,782 students in the system and 30,167 students at the main campus in Kent. It is ranked by the Carnegie Foundation as one of the top 77 public research universities in the US, in 2010, Kent State was ranked as one of the top 200 universities in the world by Times Higher Education. U. S. News & World Reports 2017 rankings put Kent State as tied for #188 for National Universities, Kent State had a Fall 2015 acceptance rate of 85%. Kent State University was established in 1910 as an institution for training school teachers. It was part of the Lowry Bill which also created a school in Bowling Green. As such, it is the public university in Ohio named for an individual. The first president was John Edward McGilvrey, who served from 1912 to 1926, McGilvrey had an ambitious vision for the school as a large university, instructing architect George F. Hammond, who designed the original campus buildings, to produce a master plan. Classes began in 1912 before any buildings had been completed at the campus in Kent and these classes were held at extension centers in 25 cities around the region. By May 1913, classes were being held on the campus in Kent with the opening of Merrill Hall, the school graduated 34 students in its first commencement on July 29,1914. In 1915, the school was renamed Kent State Normal College due to the addition of four-year degrees, by then additional buildings had been added or were under construction. Kent States enrollment growth was particularly notable during its summer terms, in 1924, the schools registration for summer classes was the largest of any teacher-training school in the United States. In 1929, the state of Ohio changed the name to Kent State College as it allowed the school to establish a college of arts, mcGilvreys vision for Kent was not shared by many others outside the school, particularly at the state level and at other state schools. His efforts to have the funding formula changed created opposition, particularly from Ohio State University. This resulted in a 1923 credit war where Ohio State refused Kent transfer credits and it was this development – along with several other factors – which led to the firing of McGilvrey in January 1926. From 1944 to 1963, the University was led by President George Bowman, during his tenure, the student senate, faculty senate and graduate council were organized
21.
Songs of Pain
–
Songs of Pain is the first album by folk singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston, recorded on a simple tape recorder and released on Compact Cassette. Johnston recorded these songs in the basement of his parents house in West Virginia and it was recorded in 1980 and 1981, and handed out to friends by Johnston. It was rereleased on cassette by Stress Records in 1988, and on Compact Disc in 2003 by the label Dual Tone, all songs feature Johnston on vocals and piano, except for Premarital Sex where he plays organ. The opening track, Grievances, introduces themes that reoccur throughout Johnstons career and he sings about his unrequited love to the librarian, which refers to a girl named Laurie Allen who has functioned as a muse in many of Johnstons songs. This has been described as the quintessential Daniel Johnston song, including by Johnston himself, not only the lyrical but also the musical theme of the song has been alluded to in later works. The word grievances has also been reused in other titles, like on More Songs of Pains Mabels Grievances. Other themes on the album are premarital sex, Christianity and cannabis, between some of the songs are recordings of Johnstons mother screaming at him that he will never make anything of himself. All songs written by Daniel Johnston. com
22.
MTV
–
MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
23.
1990 (Daniel Johnston album)
–
1990 is the eleventh album by American singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston. It was released in January 1990, through record label Shimmy Disc and it was originally intended that all tracks would be first studio recordings. However, Johnstons ongoing problems with mental illness prevented him completing an albums worth of sessions, as a result, the album is compiled from studio recordings, home recordings and live performances. All tracks written by Daniel Johnston, except as noted
24.
It's Spooky
–
Its Spooky is a collaboration album by musicians Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair, of the band Half Japanese. It was first released in 1989 on 50 Skidillion Watts Records, under the title Jad Fair and it was re-issued on CD in 1993 on Paperhouse. The album originally featured 25 songs, and a six tracks were added for a re-release in 2001. The 2001 re-issue also features, as an enhanced CD bonus, although receiving praise from critics and fans alike, the record was commercially overlooked. Both Johnston and Fair play the majority of instruments, including vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards, all songs written by Jad Fair and Daniel Johnston, except where noted. The album features both artists typically idiosyncratic approach to songwriting, clever wordplay, simple instrumentation, and wild imaginations for song themes. Seven of the songs are covers, artists covered include Burt Bacharach, the Beatles and Phil Ochs
25.
Half Japanese
–
Half Japanese is an art punk band formed by brothers Jad and David Fair around 1975, sometime after the familys relocation to Uniontown, Maryland. Their original instrumentation included a drum set, which they took turns playing, vocals. Both Fair brothers sang, although over time Jad moved into the frontman role, the band members are John Sluggett - guitar, Gilles-Vincent Rieder - drums, Jason Willett - bass, Mick Hobbs - guitar, and Jad Fair - vocals and guitar. Jad is well known for playing an electric guitar. Their lyrics often deal with monsters and the supernatural, in addition to conventional themes. They have stated that all their songs are love songs or monster songs. The band released their first single Calling All Girls in August 1977 and it is possible they were the first band to begin with a triple album. The band played and recorded as a duo until the early 1980s when they began incorporating additional members into the group, Mark Jickling and brothers Ricky, Jad is the only member who has been with Half Japanese from the beginning. David Fair eventually left the band in the early 1980s to focus on his family and he has continued to make guest appearances with the band from time to time. The next line-up of Half Japanese came together in the late 1980s, proving to be a long-lasting and stable unit recording several albums and touring throughout the U. S. Europe. This incarnation featured guitarist/multi-instrumentalist John Sluggett, multi-instrumentalist Jason Willett, cobain was wearing a Half Japanese T-shirt when he died. The bands history and influence are chronicled in the 1993 documentary Half Japanese, the band was chosen by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrows Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead. The album Hot from 1995 was one of their noisiest grunge albums with heavily distorted vocals, in 1997, the band released Heaven Sent. The title track, over sixty minutes long, was a recording for a radio broadcast on Radio 5 VPROs De Avonden. In 2011, the band toured through Europe in the formation Jad Fair, John Sluggett, once a year David Fair is in charge of the ShakeMore Music Festival in Westminster, Maryland. Each year the start up formation with the Fair brothers, the Dreyfuss brothers, John Moremen, early drummer Rick Dreyfuss died on March 14,2013, and was replaced by Skizz Cyzyk and Chris Batworth Ciattei from the band, Go Pills. In October 2013, long time members, John Sluggett, Gilles-Vincent Rieder, Mick Hobbs, Jason Willett. In 2014 a new album, Overjoyed, was released on Joyful Noise Recordings,2 Calling All Girls Horrible Real Cool Time/What Can I Do/Monopoly EP Everybody Knows, Twang 1 EP4 Four Kids EP Postcard EP Eye of the Hurricane/Said and Done/U. S
26.
Jad Fair
–
Jad Fair is an American singer, guitarist, graphic artist and a founding member of lo-fi alternative rock group Half Japanese. Fair was born in Coldwater, Michigan, in 1974, he and his brother David formed the lo-fi group Half Japanese. Since then, Half Japanese has released nearly 30 records, mascis, Jason Willett, Monster Party, Weird Paul Petroskey, R. In 1982 Fair released his first solo work, the single The Zombies of Mora-Tau followed by the full-length album Everyone Knew, besides his musical career Fair is also active as a visual artist, drawings as well as papercuttings. He took up papercutting to alleviate boredom while touring on the road, many of the album covers are made by Fair. Four books of Fairs art have been published and its Spooky is a 1989 collaboration album by Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair. Strange but True is an album between the band Yo La Tengo and Jad Fair. It was released by Matador Records in 1998, song titles on the album were taken from outrageous newspaper headlines. In 2002 Fair recorded an album with R, words Of Wisdom And Hope is a collaboration between Glasgow, Scotlands Teenage Fanclub and Fair, released in 2002. In 2008 Vincent Moon made a documentary called Paris lost in Texas. In this short movie he visits Fair in house in Texas, in the same year experimental instrument builder Yuri Landman constructed for Fair a special 2 string instrument called the Bachelor QS. In 2011 Half Japanese reunited as a band and toured through Europe. In 2011 Thick Syrup Records released the compilation album 78 LTD and this album features the track 36 Perfect Ways I Ching of Love Fair made with Ken Stringfellow. In 2012 Fair contributed to the Landman album Thats Right Go Cats with a 22-minute vocal contribution on side A of the record, the Nantes based venue Le Lieu Unique has organised a large exhibition of graphical work made by Fair and Daniel Johnston in April 2012. In the same month Fair released a lost album called Songs from a Haunted House with Gilles Reider on Interbang Records, in 2012 Jad Fair released on Joyful Noise Recordings a collaboration with French experimentalist trio Hifiklub, and German guitarist/producer kptmichigan. The band was assembled to provide the audio component to Jad Fairs art exhibition at Le Dojo - Nice in France,2011
27.
Everett True
–
For the cartoon character, see The Outbursts of Everett True. Everett True is an English music journalist and musician, who grew up in Chelmsford and he became interested in rock music after hearing The Residents, and formed a band with school friends. He has written and recorded as The Legend, in 1982, he went to a gig by The Laughing Apple and met the groups lead singer Alan McGee. According to McGee, there used to be this guy whod stand at the front of all the gigs and he was originally billed as the legendary Jerry Thackray, eventually shortened to simply The Legend. He instead started his own zine, The Legend, under which name he recorded the single 73 in 83, the first to be released by McGees Creation Records. In 1984, he released a single, Legend Destroys the Blues. He puts this down to the fact that he didnt like to perform a more than once. In 1983, Thackray began working at the New Musical Express, in 1988, he was sacked from the paper, and instead took a job at its rival, Melody Maker. He was told to adopt a new pseudonym, as the Legend, name was too closely associated with the NME. He chose Everett True, from the twentieth century cartoon The Outbursts of Everett True. Within months, he was sent to Seattle to cover the emerging grunge scene and he helped to publicise the music and befriended many of the bands. In 1989, he performed guest vocals on a single with Calvin Johnson, in 1991, he introduced Kurt Cobain to Courtney Love at a Butthole Surfers and L7 gig. The three became friends, and, in 1992, True wheeled Cobain on stage at the Reading Festival. In 2006, True published Nirvana, The True Story, a book about his relationship with the band. Leaving MM in the late 1990s, he became editor of Vox and it has been claimed that the band theaudience were formed after founder member Billy Reeves bet True £100 that he could form a band and get it signed. In 1998, True returned to Seattle, where he worked for a year as editor for The Stranger before heading for Australia. He also recorded an album under the name The Legend featuring well-known Hobart guitarist, back again in the UK, he set up the magazine Careless Talk Costs Lives in 2002. By the twelfth issue, it was clear that it would not achieve its ambitions, between 2004 and 2009, True helped oversee Plan B alongside others, notably Frances Morgan, Chris Houghton and designer Andrew Clare
28.
Yip/Jump Music
–
Yip/Jump Music is the fifth self-released music cassette album by singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston, recorded over the summer 1983. The album was re-released on cassette in 1986 by Stress records, the album has been re-released twice by Eternal Yip Eye Music, once in 2003 on CD and CD-R, and once in 2007 as a double vinyl LP. Yip/Jump Music is the first album to feature Johnston on the chord organ and it was recorded in his brothers garage in Texas. Speeding Motorcycle is one of Johnstons best-known songs, it has covered by Yo La Tengo and The Pastels. King Kong was covered by Tom Waits and this version was released on his 2006 album Orphans, Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards. Rocket Ship was covered by The Dead Milkmen on their 1987 album Bucky Fellini, worried Shoes was covered by Yeah Yeah Yeahs frontwoman Karen O. This version was released on the soundtrack to the 2009 film adaptation of Where the Wild Things Are, the album featured at number 35 in Kurt Cobains list of his 50 favourite albums from his journal. Casper The Friendly Ghost was covered by Mike Doughty on his album Sad Man Happy Man. com
29.
Mental hospital
–
Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialize only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients, others may specialize in the temporary or permanent care of residents who, as a result of a psychological disorder, require routine assistance, treatment, or a specialized and controlled environment. Patients are often admitted on a basis, but people whom psychiatrists believe may pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to involuntary commitment. Psychiatric hospitals may also be referred to as psychiatric wards when they are a subunit of a regular hospital, modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes brutal, a crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry, frequently dealing with suicidal, violent, or otherwise critical individuals. Open units are units that are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. Another type of hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. In the United Kingdom, both admissions and medium term care is usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or adolescent wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children or adolescents with mental illness, long-term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation back into society within a short time-frame. Another institution for the mentally ill is a halfway house. Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums, the development of the modern psychiatric hospital is also the story of the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry. It greatly differed from the view in which the insane were viewed as under the influence of the Devil therefore needing to be isolated from society. The first psychiatric hospital was built by the Muslims in Baghdad in 705 AD, others would rapidly follow, with some of the more famous ones being built in Cairo in 800 AD and in Damascus in 1270 AD. The physicians of the Islamic world would invent and use a variety of treatments, including occupational therapy, music therapy, as well as medication. Western Europe would adopt these views later on with the advances of physicians like Philippe Pinel at the Bicêtre Hospital in France and they advocated the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. The arrival in the Western world of institutionalisation as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an event of the nineteenth century, nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in Nottinghamshire. In 1828, the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums, the Lunacy Act 1845 made the construction of asylums in every country compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary. The Act required asylums to have written regulations and to have a resident physician, at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were a few thousand sick people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000
30.
Elektra Records
–
Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of folk music. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMGs Atlantic Records Group, after five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. The label has been run by Gregg Nadel since 2015 who officially became its president in 2017, Elektra was formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzmans St. Johns College dorm room. The usual spelling of the Greek mythological Pleiad Electra was changed, Holzman famously explained, I gave her the ‘K’ that I lacked. He found the C in the name too soft but liked the solid bite of the letter K. The first Elektra LP, New Songs, was a collection of Lieder and similar art songs, Holzman also recorded Josh White, who was without a record deal as a result of McCarthyite blacklisting. In 1964, Elektra launched Nonesuch Records and this classical budget label was the best-selling budget classical label of the era. In 1965, Elektra began a joint venture with Survey Music called Bounty Records which was Elektras first foray into pop music. The most notable signing for Bounty was the Paul Butterfield Band who was moved over to Elektra when Bounty folded, the labels most important signings were the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Los Angeles bands Love and The Doors, and the Detroit bands The Stooges and MC5. Included in Elektras LA signings were Tim Buckley and Bread, in 1968, the label also signed pioneering rock guitar soloist Lonnie Mack to a three-album deal. Also in 1967, Elektra launched its influential Nonesuch Explorer Series, excerpts from several Nonesuch Explorer recordings were later included on the two Voyager Golden Discs which were sent into deep space in 1977 aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes. Elektra, along with its Nonesuch Records subsidiary, was acquired by Kinney National Services in 1970, soon afterwards, Kinney consolidated their label holdings under the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic umbrella. Holzman remained in charge of Elektra until 1972, when it merged with Asylum Records to become Elektra/Asylum Records, Asylums founder, David Geffen, would head the newly combined label. Holzman, in the meantime, was appointed vice president and chief technologist for Warner — ushering the company into home video. Holzman also went on to acquire Discovery Records, in 1975, Geffen stepped down due to health problems. He would be replaced by Joe Smith, who went on to become CEO of Capitol Records. Although the company was listed as Elektra/Asylum Records on the label credits
31.
Metallica
–
Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982
32.
Satan
–
Satan is a figure appearing in the texts of the Abrahamic religions who brings evil and temptation, and is known as the deceiver who leads humanity astray. In the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, Satan is primarily an accuser and adversary, a malevolent entity, also called the devil. Although Satan is generally viewed as having negative characteristics, some groups have different beliefs. In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered a deity who is either worshipped or revered, in LaVeyan Satanism, Satan is a symbol of virtuous characteristics and liberty. The original Hebrew term satan is a noun from a verb meaning primarily to obstruct, oppose, as it is found in Numbers 22,22,1 Samuel 29,4, ha-Satan is traditionally translated as the accuser or the adversary. The definite article ha- is used to show that this is a title bestowed on a being, thus, this being would be referred to as the satan. Ha-Satan with the definite article occurs 13 times in the Masoretic Text, in two books of the Hebrew Bible, Job ch. 1–2 and Zechariah 3, 1–2. 32 behold, I went out to thee,1 Samuel 29,4 The Philistines say, lest he be an adversary against us 2 Samuel 19,22 David says. 1 Kings 5,4 Solomon writes to Hiram, there is neither adversary nor evil occurrent, when the angels present themselves to God, Satan comes as well. God informs Satan about Jobs blameless, morally upright character, God therefore gives Satan permission to test Job. In the end, Job remains faithful and righteous, and there is the implication that Satan is shamed in his defeat, some scholars see contact with religious dualism in Babylon, and early Zoroastrianism in particular, as influencing Second Temple Judaism, and consequently early Christianity. Subsequent development of Satan as a deceiver has parallels with the spirit in Zoroastrianism, known as the Lie. In the Septuagint, the Hebrew ha-Satan in Job and Zechariah is translated by the Greek word diabolos, the Book of Enoch contains references to Satariel, thought also to be Sataniel and Satanel. The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren Michael, Raphael, Uriel, the Second Book of Enoch, also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a Watcher called Satanael. It is a text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven, a similar story is found in the book of 1 Enoch, however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called Semjâzâ. In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world, in the Book of Jubilees, Mastema induces God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac. He is identical to Satan in both name and nature, in Judaism, the term satan used since its earliest biblical contexts to refer to a human opponent
33.
Butthole Surfers
–
Butthole Surfers is an American rock band formed by singer Gibby Haynes and guitarist Paul Leary in San Antonio, Texas in 1981. The band has had numerous changes, but its core lineup of Haynes, Leary. Teresa Nervosa served as drummer from 1983 to 1985,1986 to 1989. The band has employed a variety of bass players, most notably Jeff Pinkus. Butthole Surfers have an appetite for psychoactive drugs, an evident influence on their sound. Although they were respected by their peers and attracted a devoted fanbase, the album contained the hit single Pepper which climbed to number one on Billboards Modern Rock Tracks chart that year. Butthole Surfers formed at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas during the late 1970s, though it was their overall strangeness and shared taste in non-mainstream music that caused them to become friends, both appeared to be headed for very conventional careers. In 1981, Haynes and Leary published the magazine Strange V. D. which featured photos of abnormal medical ailments, after being caught with one of these pictures at work, Haynes left the accounting firm and moved to Southern California. Leary, at the one semester shy of his degree, dropped out of college. Haynes and Leary played their show at a San Antonio night club, The Bonham Exchange, in 1981. By 1982, the band were backed by the rhythm section composed of bassist Quinn Mathews. The band did not gain a following in San Antonio, during a brief concert at the Tool and Die club in San Francisco, Dead Kennedys frontman and Alternative Tentacles overseer Jello Biafra witnessed their performance and became a fervent fan. Biafra invited the group to open for Dead Kennedys and T. S. O. L, the band then returned to San Antonio to record at BOSS Studios. However, the Mathews brothers did not enter the studio with Haynes and Leary, the bass position was taken over by Bill Jolly, who would play on Butthole Surfers next two releases, and a number of drummers participated. The last of these, King Coffey, is still with the band to this day, the album cover, like the many bizarre illustrations that would accompany Surfers succeeding work, was designed by the band itself. Teeming with humor, Butthole Surfers laid the foundation for what was to come and it influenced at least one future superstar in Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain, who listed it as one of his ten favorite albums in his Journals. Cobain later went on to list the album Pee Pee the Sailor by Butthole Surfers as one of the fifty most influential albums for Nirvanas sound, Cobain would later meet his wife, Courtney Love of Hole, at a Butthole Surfers/L7 concert in 1991. She and Coffey would drum in unison on separate, stand-up kits, with her arrival, the bands core classic lineup — Haynes, Leary, Coffey, and Nervosa — was in place
34.
Fun (album)
–
Fun is an album by singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston. It was his first major release, as well as his only album for Atlantic Records. The album was produced by Butthole Surfers member Paul Leary, Johnston, now under the impression that his manager was also possessed by Satan, fired him and continued to look elsewhere for a music label. Johnston signed under Atlantic Records, and released Fun in 1994 while housed in a mental institution, the album was a commercial failure, and in 1996, two years after the release, Johnston was dropped from the Atlantic Records label
35.
Mural
–
A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surface. A distinguishing characteristic of painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture. Some wall paintings are painted on canvases, which are then attached to the wall. Whether these works can be accurately called murals is a subject of controversy in the art world. Murals of sorts date to Upper Paleolithic times such as the paintings in the Chauvet Cave in Ardèche department of southern France, many ancient murals have been found within ancient Egyptian tombs, the Minoan palaces and in Pompeii. During the Middle Ages murals were executed on dry plaster. The huge collection of Kerala mural painting dating from the 14th century are examples of fresco secco, in Italy, circa 1300, the technique of painting of frescos on wet plaster was reintroduced and led to a significant increase in the quality of mural painting. In modern times, the became more well-known with the Mexican muralism art movement. There are many different styles and techniques, the best-known is probably fresco, which uses water-soluble paints with a damp lime wash, a rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface, and often in parts. The colors lighten as they dry, the marouflage method has also been used for millennia. Murals today are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media, the styles can vary from abstract to trompe-lœil. Initiated by the works of artists like Graham Rust or Rainer Maria Latzke in the 1980s, trompe-loeil painting has experienced a renaissance in private. The buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a layer of wet, fresh. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster, after a number of hours. After this the painting stays for a time up to centuries in fresh. Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster, the pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg, glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. By the end of the century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work, in Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors applied in a cold state were used
36.
Baja Fresh
–
Baja Fresh is a chain of fast-casual Tex Mex restaurants founded in Newbury Park, California in 1990 and headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona and is owned by Canadian franchisor MTY Food Group. The chain emphasizes fresh ingredients, and each restaurant features a self-serve salsa bar, at the time of its acquisition by MTY in 2016, the chain operated 162 restaurants in the United States, Dubai, and Singapore, most of which are franchised. In 1990, Jim and Linda Magglos took out a mortgage on their home and opened the first Baja Fresh in Newbury Park. Franchising began in 1995, and the chain had expanded to 31 outlets by 1997, dollarhyde became CEO with Siracusa as Chairman and Magglos as President, they then grew the chain from 45 locations in 1998 to 249 stores. In 2002, Wendys International purchased Baja Fresh for $275 million, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Wendys, the 249 restaurant chain saw consistently declining same store sales. The consortium was led by David Kim, who took on the role of CEO, in 2009, Baja Fresh moved its corporate headquarters from Thousand Oaks to Cypress, California, and closed all locations in central Ohio. Between 2009 and 2010, the closed stores in Berkeley, Pasadena and Torrance. When the chain opened its first international location in Dubai in 2010, in late 2011, the company moved its main corporate office from Cypress to Irvine. In early 2012, the chain closed its store in Newbury Park, on April 12,2013 Baja Fresh closed all 5 locations in Phoenix, Arizona without notice. On April 5,2012, David Kim stepped down from his position as company CEO and his position was assumed by company president Chuck Rink, who began to hold both titles. Five Phoenix-area locations were closed by an operator in 2013. In September 2016, it was announced that Baja Freshs parent, at the time of the acquisition by MTY, Baja Fresh had 162 restaurants and its sister company La Salsa had 23 restaurant with 16 of the combined 185 locations were franchised. It is unclear if the new owner would combined the two chains or keep them separate, in an earlier press release announcing MTYs acquisition of Kahala Brands just two months previously, MTY gave the vague statement that Kahala will stay in Kahalas current headquarters. While MTYs US operations will move into Kahalas offices and this statement could imply that Baja Fresh might become a subsidiary of Kahala instead of just sharing space with Kahala and reporting directly to MTY corporate headquarters in Canada. Published newspaper reports are not very clear about the relationship between Kahala and MTY units in the United States. The first location outside of the United States was open inside the Dubai Mall in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates in 2010 by franchise owner Vetra Investments. By the end of 2011, two locations were opened in Dubai at the Mall of the Emirates and Deira City Centre plus another location in Sharjah by the same franchisee. A fifth UAE location was opened at Mirdiff City Centre in Dubai in 2014
37.
Larry Clark
–
Lawrence Donald Larry Clark is an American film director, photographer, writer and film producer who is best known for his controversial teen film Kids and his photography book Tulsa. His work focuses primarily on youth who casually engage in drug use, underage sex, and violence. Clark was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and he learned photography at an early age. His mother was an itinerant baby photographer, and he was enlisted in the business from the age of 13. His father was a sales manager for the Reader Service Bureau, selling books and magazines door-to-door. In 1959, Clark began injecting amphetamines with his friends, Clark attended the Layton School of Art in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he studied under Walter Sheffer and Gerhard Bakker. In 1964, he moved to New York City to freelance and his experiences there led him to publish the 1971 book Tulsa, a photo documentary illustrating his young friends drug use in black and white. Shattering long-held mythical conventions that drugs and violence were an experience solely indicative of the urban landscape and his follow-up was Teenage Lust, an autobiography of his teen past through the images of others. It included his family photos, more teenage drug use, graphic pictures of teenage sexual activity, Clark constructed a photographic essay titled The Perfect Childhood that examined the effect of media in youth culture. His photographs are part of collections at several art museums including the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 1993, Clark directed Chris Isaaks music video Solitary Man and this experience developed into an interest in film direction. Clark continued directing, filming a handful of independent feature films in the several years after this. In 2002, Clark spent several hours in a cell after punching and trying to strangle Hamish McAlpine, the head of Metro Tartan. According to McAlpine, who was left with a nose, the incident arose from an argument about Israel and the Middle East. In a 2016 interview, Clark discussed his struggle with drug abuse. Clark stated that his films were made in periods of complete sobriety and he confessed that the only exception made to his practice of abstinence while filming was Marfa Girl 2. Clark explained that filming that movie he used opiates for pain due to double knee replacement surgery. Clarks films often deal with seemingly lurid material but are told in a straightforward manner, directors such as Gus Van Sant and Martin Scorsese have stated that they were influenced by Clarks early photography, according to Peter Biskinds book Down and Dirty Pictures
38.
Kids (film)
–
Kids is a 1995 American independent coming-of-age film written by Harmony Korine and directed by Larry Clark. It stars Chloë Sevigny, Leo Fitzpatrick, Justin Pierce, Rosario Dawson, the film generated a massive controversy upon its release in 1995, and caused much public debate over its artistic merit, even receiving an NC-17 rating from the MPAA. It was later released without a rating, the film opens with Telly and a 12-year-old girl making out on a bed. With no adults around, Telly, who is older, persuades the girl. Afterwards, he meets his friend, Casper, and they talk about his sexual experience very crudely, Telly has taken to only having sex with virgins. They go inside a store, where Casper shoplifts a bottle of malt liquor as Telly distracts the cashier. Looking for drugs, food and a place to hang out, they head to their friend Pauls apartment and they arrive at Pauls house, talk about sex and smoke marijuana while watching a skate video. Casper inhales nitrous oxide out of balloons, which Telly considers dangerous, the scene intercuts with a group of girls, among them Ruby and Jennie, talking about sex—each gender contradicting what the other gender says, especially about oral sex. Ruby and Jennie mention that they were tested for STDs at Rubys request. Rubys test is negative, though she has had sexual encounters. She says she has had sex once, with Telly. Jennie spends the rest of the film trying to find Telly, Telly and Casper walk to Tellys house and steal money from Tellys mother, who is preoccupied with taking care of her new baby. They go to Washington Square Park and buy a bag of marijuana from a Rastafari. They then meet up with a few friends to talk and smoke, as they do, Casper and many others taunt a gay couple passing through the park. On the side, Telly briefly talks to Misha, a girl who strongly dislikes Casper, as Casper rides on a skateboard, he carelessly bumps into a man, who furiously threatens him. He pushes Casper, but is struck in the back of the head with a skateboard by Harold, a friend of Telly and Caspers, causing him to collapse. A number of other skaters join in, beating, stomping and he convinces her to go with them to a pool. The other girls engage in kissing and flirtation, but Darcy is restrained
.jpg)
